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the vol 28 no 6 june 2015 www.thepsychologist.org.uk

Better not look down… Leading neurosurgeon Henry Marsh reflects on mistakes, mystery and the mind

letters 430 opening up to disclosure 458 news 438 youth unemployment 462 careers 492 methods: confidence intervals 476 reviews 502 does have a gender? 508 Contact The British Psychological Society the psychologist... St Andrews House 48 Princess Road East ...features Leicester LE1 7DR 0116 254 9568 [email protected] www.bps.org.uk

The Psychologist Better not look down… 466 www.thepsychologist.org.uk Leading neurosurgeon Henry Marsh reflects www.psychapp.co.uk on mistakes, mystery and the mind [email protected]

tinyurl.com/thepsychomag This is improbable too 452 Marc Abrahams with more research to make @psychmag you smile and think

Advertising Opening up to disclosure 458 Reach 50,000 Anna Ruddle and Sarah Dilks consider at very reasonable rates. whether therapists should talk about Display Aaron Hinchcliffe themselves in therapy 020 7880 7661 466 [email protected] Youth employment – the missing facts 462 Recruitment (in print and online Angela Carter looks to a better understanding at www.psychapp.co.uk) Giorgio Romano 020 7880 7556 of young people by employers

[email protected] P HILIP New voices: Deception – understanding lies

May 2015 issue W with collaboration 474 OLMUTH 46,467 dispatched Emma Williams with the latest in our series / REPORTDIGITAL Printed by Methods: Building confidence in Warners Midlands plc confidence intervals 476 on 100 per cent recycled

. Graham Smith and Peter Morris encourage paper. Please re-use or recycle. CO . UK you to rely less on significance tests ISSN 0952-8229 ...digests Cover 462 artwork by Mercedes Uribe seduction by superfluous neuroscience; autistic www.mercedesuribe.com children’s sensory experiences, in their own words; and much more, in the latest from our Research Digest (see www.researchdigest.org.uk/blog) 446 © Copyright for all published material is held by the British Psychological Society unless specifically stated otherwise. As the Society is a party to the Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA) agreement, articles in The The Psychologist is the monthly publication of The British Psychological Society. It provides a forum for Psychologist may be copied by libraries and other organisations under the communication, discussion and controversy among all members of the Society, and aims to fulfil the main object terms of their own CLA licences of the Royal Charter, ‘to promote the advancement and diffusion of a knowledge of psychology pure and applied’. (www.cla.co.uk). Permission must be obtained from the British Psychological Society for any other use beyond fair dealing authorised by copyright legislation. For further information Managing Editor Jon Sutton Journalist Ella Rhodes about copyright and obtaining Assistant Editor Peter Dillon-Hooper Editorial Assistant Debbie Gordon permissions, e-mail Production Mike Thompson Research Digest Christian Jarrett (editor), Alex Fradera [email protected]. The publishers have endeavoured to Associate Editors Articles Michael Burnett, Paul Curran, Harriet Gross, Rebecca Knibb, Charlie Lewis, trace the copyright holders of all Wendy Morgan, Paul Redford, Mark Wetherell, Jill Wilkinson illustrations. If we have unwittingly Conferences Alana James Nathalie Chernoff infringed copyright, we will be pleased, on being satisfied as to the owner’s Interviews Gail Kinman Reviews Kate Johnstone Viewpoints Catherine Loveday title, to pay an appropriate fee. International panel Vaughan Bell, , Alex Haslam, Elizabeth Loftus the psychologist vol 28 no 6 june 2015

the issue ...debates If I make a mistake in my job, I may feel mortified (see p.503), but nobody letters 430 dies. Maybe that’s why I was so behaviour change; prisons; voter engagement; impacts of the social care market; gripped by leading neurosurgeon Scarred FOR Life exhibition; and more Henry Marsh’s memoir Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death and Brain ...reports Surgery. Marsh echoes René Leriche’s view that every surgeon news 438 carries about him ‘a cemetery of new disclosures on psychologists and torture; Wellcome Book Prize; Society’s bitterness and regret, of which he Annual Conference; The Psychologist at Latitude Festival; REF; TEDS at 20; and more seeks the reason for certain of his failures’. It’s a frank, touching, society 482 horrifying, funny book, and so I Professor Jamie Hacker Hughes’s first President’s column; review of Member invited Henry to tell us more about Networks; speaking out on mental health; and more how he views the psychology of his mistakes, and how his perspective ...meets on the brain has been altered by interview 472 many years of looking down on the Gail Kinman meets Anna Machin to discuss close physical stuff of life, hopes and fears relationships, fatherhood, and more mapped out below him. As ever, there’s loads of content careers 492 in this issue and plenty of exclusives we meet occupational psychologist Almuth McDowall, at www.thepsychologist.org.uk. But and Ann Wood shares her reflections on running a I would particularly like to draw your spirituality group to an announcement on one on one 512 p.441: The Psychologist’s first festival with Lydia Hopper, from Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago appearance, at Latitude! With news 492 of a very special Research Digest live event to follow next month, I’m ...reviews proud to be looking onwards, upwards and outwards. The Falling; The Jinx; Force Majeure; Dr Jon Sutton books and more. For opportunities to Managing Editor @psychmag contribute, see our website or follow us on @psychmag. 502

502 ...looks back Does psychology have a gender? 508 Alexandra Rutherford, Kelli Vaughn-Johnson and Elissa Rodkey

Three years ago Go to www.thepsychologist.org.uk for our archive, The Psychologist and Digest the psychologist Editorial Advisory Committee vol 25 no 6 june 2012 including a look at Big picture centre-page pull-out Catherine Loveday (Chair), Phil Banyard, psychology in the The winning entry in our first ever Olivia Craig, Helen Galliard, Harriet Gross, bathroom poetry competition, ‘A Wonder World Rowena Hill, Stephen McGlynn, Tony for Enid’, from Lynne Cameron, Wainwright, Peter Wright accompanied by her own artwork

Toilet psychology Nick Haslam on why psychologists should open the door

conference 418 tall poppies and schadenfreude 434 careers 462 defining learning disability 440 Incorporating Psychologist Appointments £5 or free to members of new voices 472 opinion: the brave psychologist 446 The British Psychological Society looking back 476 psychology in the Arab world 448

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk Changing behaviour – taking a broader LETTERS

Leafing through the BPS Annual Report for 2014, my attention was caught by an item on behaviour change from the Society’s Behaviour Change Advisory Group (BCAG). The group was set up to advise policy makers on how to get people to change their behaviour. Behaviour is central to psychology – who better to advise policymakers than psychologists? The article (and the five briefings it refers to) mentions behaviour change at individual, community or societal levels. But the focus of the briefings is almost entirely on individual behaviour. Not only that, social problems and policy implementation are framed in terms of individual behaviour. Only the briefing on energy conservation highlights the potential drawbacks of not taking a broader perspective, referring to the DEFRA report Carrots, Sticks and Sermons. There’s little consideration of the possibility that policies themselves might lead to unwanted behaviours: that educational policy might have an adverse effect on school attendance, that transport policy could have resulted in less physical activity, or that financial policies might have reduced tax revenues or encouraged people to borrow. When I was an undergraduate in the 1970s, social scientists were acutely aware of the impact of social, political and economic systems on individual behaviour. So were governments. That awareness problems in terms of individual behaviour – doing so appears to have dimmed somewhat. conveniently diverts attention from any unintended and It’s politically expedient for governments to frame social unwanted outcomes of policies themselves. The BCAG briefings

Cutting services in prisons

I would like to thank Michelle Lowe and a variety of psychological interventions substances as a way of managing their Bob Balfour for their excellent article ‘The for these men who meet the criteria for distress. In addition, because they have unheard victims’ (February 2015). I have complex trauma and not exclude them offended and ended up in prison their managed a primary care psychological because they do not meet the criteria for disclosures can often be met with even service in a male local prison for eight PTSD, because they may have personality more disbelief than those men who have years and have attempted to promote the disorder diagnoses, or because of their been sexually abused and who have not needs of men in prison who have been understandable difficulty in trusting offended. sexually abused. We have been in the others and resorting to coping strategies Sadly, our service, like a number of fortunate position of being able to offer such as self-harm and the use of illicit primary psychological services in prisons

THE PSYCHOLOGIST NEEDS YOU! …and much more We rely on your submissions throughout the publication, and in return we help you to get your message across to a large and Letters

contribute diverse audience. These pages are central to The Psychologist’s role as a forum for communication, discussion and controversy among all ‘Reach the largest, most diverse audience of psychologists in the UK members of the Society, and we welcome your contributions. (as well as many others around the world); work with a wonderfully Send e-mails marked ‘Letter for publication’ to [email protected]; supportive editorial team; submit thought pieces, reviews, interviews, or write to the Leicester office. analytic work, and a whole lot more. Start writing for The Psychologist now before you think of something else infinitely less important to do!’ Letters over 500 words are less likely to be published. , Oklahoma State University The editor reserves the right to edit or publish extracts from letters. Letters to the editor are not normally For details of all the available options, plus our policies and acknowledged, and space does not permit the what to do if you feel these have not been followed, see publication of every letter received. www.thepsychologist.org.uk/contribute

430 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 letters perspective Standards in clinical need to appear relevant to government, of course. Whether it’s helpful for them to adopt a We write in response to the committed to providing the governmental frame of reference is another matter - article ‘I felt let down by highest standard of care by the briefing on tax compliance even refers to psychology’ by Niamh Lowe ensuring appropriate training taxpayers as ‘customers’. I’m not sure most of us (February 2015). We were and supervision through our would view our relationship with HMRC in quite surprised and disappointed programme of training that way. to read of her experiences (Qualification in Clinical The great strength of psychology is that it can following a road traffic Neuropsychology) and address behaviour at all levels; from the individual accident. We are not in a membership of the Specialist to the global. Policy making isn’t just about position to comment on her Register in Clinical individual behaviour; it’s about changing complex individual case but would Neuropsychology. systems and needs to be approached as such by stress that the Division of We understand that there everybody involved. I appreciate that the BCAG Neuropsychology’s previously is a significant shortfall in the briefings want to show that there’s more to published competency number of trained clinical changing individual behaviour than carrots, sticks framework (DoN, 2012) places neuropsychologists working and sermons, but governments need to be aware the patient at the centre of any in the field of brain injury that there’s more to policy making than nudging, assessment or intervention. rehabilitation, and this may tweaking and persuading. I’d be interested to know We would expect any mean individuals do not what prompted the BCAG’s focus on individuals. neuropsychological assessment always receive the level of Sue Gerrard to be conducted sensitively psychological support they Shropshire and professionally, recognising need. We are actively looking the significant impact that an at ways that this can be Editor’s note: We have invited a representative from the acquired brain injury on key addressed. Behaviour Change Advisory Group to respond – watch this areas of functioning including Gus A. Baker space. emotional adjustment. Katherine Carpenter While we accept that there Peter Rankin will always be variations in the Phillip Yates way clinical On behalf of the Executive of the neuropsychologists practice, Division of Neuropsychology we would not expect that this would lead to a compromise in Reference the standards that have been Division of Neuropsychology (2012). proposed by the Division of Competency framework for the UK across the country, is not going to be Neuropsychology. clinical neuropsychology profession. recommissioned due to cost cutting and The Division of Leicester: British Psychological the emphasis being placed on providing Neuropsychology is Society. medical model services in prisons that do not include psychological interventions. I wonder if it is possible for the British Psychological Society to work more A net improvement for directly with commissioners to inform and educate them of the importance of providing psychological services to this student wellbeing? group of people. The need for these men to be able to talk about their experiences A mind-boggling one third of students drop out of university is crucial and to only offer them (Loveys, 2011). Why? And – importantly – what can we, as medication and a possible diagnosis psychologists, do to support students on their academic journey will not help them in the longer term. so that they can successfully reach their destination? The research looking at the recently Onsite student support services exist to fight this battle, yet well-publicised increase in male suicides with limited resources they struggle to cope with high demand. indicates the need for men to have the This demand does not even reflect true need. Many students still opportunity to talk if they are struggling consider asking for help as a failure in itself, and therefore their rather than believe that it is ‘unmanly’ to needs remain unidentified and thus unmet. Getting help via do so. The danger is that if clinicians are private routes could be an option, but usually at a cost not not being listened to when it comes to the affordable for students. Aside from students who face serious importance of providing these services, drawbacks, a larger proportion of students face mild or moderate these men will be silenced even more. difficulties (be it psychological or study skill-related), which Dr Kerry Manson keep them from achieving their true academic potential and Consultant Clinical Psychologist enjoying the university experience to its fullest (Royal College Primary Care Psychological Services of Psychiatrists, 2011). HMP Liverpool So what can we do? How can we, at an affordable cost, meet

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 431 letters

the needs of large numbers of students who might be facing of it, is welcome to contact Dr Patapia Tzotzoli difficulties, but do not require formal support or may feel ([email protected]). stigmatised by it? The internet might turn out to be a helpful ally in this Dr Marietta Papadatou-Pastou CPsychol undertaking. Web-based psychotherapeutic interventions have University of Athens, Greece been found to be as effective as face-to-face therapy (Barak et al., Research Associate for iConcipio 2008) Why not take this approach and adapt it to the needs of Dr Elisabeth Barley students in higher education institutions (HEIs)? If all students Florence Nightingale School of Nursing, King's College could have free access (with charges borne by their universities) Dr Nicole de Zoysa to web-based programmes that can identify mild to moderate Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College Hospital psychological/study-skill difficulties and provide individually Dr Patapia Tzotzoli CPsychol tailored support programmes, then HEIs’ student support CEO and Founder of iConcipio services could use their resources more efficiently. Easy-to- implement, efficient, and cost-effective. References A web-based solution addressing mild to moderate Barak, A., Hen, L., Boniel-Nissim, M. & Shapira, N. (2008). A comprehensive review psychological and study-skill needs is being developed as you are and a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of internet-based psychotherapeutic this letter. A proof-of-concept study with approximately interventions. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 26(2–4), 109–160. 1000 students has been successfully completed and is ready to Loveys, K. (2011), 1 April). Scandal as a third of students drop out of university. Mail be published, and a feasibility study will start in September Online. Retrieved 23 August 2013 from tinyurl.com/k8grvw8 2015. Anyone interested in finding out more about our Royal College of Psychiatrists (2011). Mental health of students in higher education. endeavour, or wanting to explore opportunities to become part College Report CR166. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists:. Impacts of the social care market T

I would like to draw the attention of IM trained professional staff to believe that S

readers of The Psychologist to a report ANDERS the application of a simple formula will that has just been published by the resolve the complex problem of Centre for Welfare Reform – Who cares? delivering effective and humane services; The Impact of Ideology, Regulation and and result in the creation of an inflexible Marketisation on the Quality of Life of service that is unresponsive and People with an Intellectual Disability insensitive to the needs of people with (www.centreforwelfarereform.org/library/ intellectual disabilities. by-date/who-cares1.html). The report also highlights the fact The report argues that there is a risk that in order to tackle the issue of staff that the macro-institutionalisation of the costs, an increasing number of care 19th century, a notorious episode in our companies are introducing CCTV to social history, is in the process of being monitor residents and staff. It is argued replaced by an equally shaming process in defence of this practice that it protects of extensive micro-institutionalisation, both the resident and staff member: where people with an intellectual acting as a safeguard, preventing abuse disability are placed in underresourced, and encouraging good practice. However, inadequately staffed and socially and the report argues that the adoption of physically isolated residences in the such technology runs the risk of community. are being sidelined. These changes appear reintroducing some of the salient The content of this report should be to be driven by cost and not quality-of-life characteristics of the ‘total institution’ of interest to readers of The Psychologist considerations. identified by Goffman (1961): (a) because one of the consequences of the The report makes the point that the individuals progressively losing their marketisation of social care has been the propagation of the policy of inclusion identity; (b) constraints being placed on growing marginalisation of professional within a crusade, as is happening at this basic liberties (e.g. freedom of movement workers (e.g. educational psychologists, time, is both dangerous and and action); (c) life within a setting clinical psychologists, social workers, counterproductive, for it can foster becoming routinised and closely general practitioners) in decision-making professional intolerance, division and regulated; and (d) staff maintaining a processes related to assessment and disaffection; lead to the application of social distance between themselves and placement of people with an intellectual powerful and insidious pressures on residents. disability. Decisions are increasingly being professional staff to conform; devalue the Dr Robin Jackson taken by local authority commissioners worth of those who, for valid professional Visiting Research Fellow for services. Thus a process of de- reasons, find ground for criticism; University of Hertfordshire professionalisation is occurring in which promote the growth of a propaganda the role of those with relevant knowledge, industry which places a low value on Reference expertise and experience and who are well objectivity and truth; prompt the use of Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the social placed to make informed decisions strategies and techniques that indoctrinate situation of mental patients and other inmates. San concerning the individual needs of clients rather than teach; encourage poorly Francisco: Anchor Books.

432 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 letters

Scarred for life Like most image-conscious teenagers, describes any heart condition present survival. To this end, it has been moving when it came to choosing an outfit for from birth. The most common complex to witness how positively the exhibition any special occasion I coveted something birth defect, which affects 1 in 125 babies, has been received with sensitive media both flattering and fashionable. But more includes a wide variety of conditions coverage and encouraging responses from pressing was that it would hide the tracks varying in severity. Advances in medicine visitors who were able to speak for that run from my breastbone to my back over the last 50 years have ensured that themselves by commenting in a visitors’ where surgeons had fitted pacemakers, more people with this condition are book. throughout my childhood, beneath my surviving longer than ever before. In the We hope this exhibition has been ribs to my growing heart. Any outfit also 1940s, only 20 per cent of infants born able to use art informed by psychology needed a neckline high enough to cover with a heart condition survived, whereas to challenge negative about the vertical line marking where my today around 90 per cent are now scars and in doing so help to empower breastbone was opened, aged 12, to mend reaching adulthood with an estimated adults born with a heart condition and the hole in my heart, and straps wide 250,000 adults with CHD in the UK maybe even have a wider impact on enough to hide the messy site, beneath (Warnes et al., 2001). However, many prevailing cultural ideals about body my left collarbone, that has hosted will experience medical, psychological image. As a teenager, I would certainly various pacemakers since my early teens. and social problems at some time in their have benefited from role models to make Although I was born with a heart adult lives (Morton, 2014; Verstappen et me feel more comfortable with my scars, condition, I did not wear the scars that al., 2006; Wray et al., 2012). and my involvement in this project has prove it with pride and instead feared The idea for The Somerville liberated me by overwhelmingly changing they were evidence that I was Foundation’s exhibition ‘Scarred FOR Life’ my relationship with them for the better. unforgivably different from my peers. emerged from a conversation I had with I might even wear, for the first time, Yet, earlier this year I was one of two friends, Jenny Kumar and Caroline a strapless top this summer (in the rare eight adults born with a heart condition Wilson, about the need for improved hope that the Scottish weather permits!). bearing my scars for a photography awareness about the heart condition(s) Sadly, one of our models, David, died exhibition in the Central Hall of we had each lived with since birth. To on 25 Feb 2015 following complications Glasgow’s Kelvingrove Art Gallery & this end, it surpassed our hopes with with his heart transplant. With his Museum. The story of each model’s coverage in most national and local family’s permission, David’s legacy lives journey navigating the complexity of newspapers and both the Scottish BBC on in his photograph, which remains part living with this condition, in our own and STV news and radio. of our exhibition, and he was proud to words, was written on the reverse of our One of the main aims of the project know it was having a positive impact. eight-foot high photo banners to give was to challenge the that scars We can only echo his dad’s words: ‘He voice to and empower this often hidden should be hidden away. Fashion and was an inspirational man. His courage, population (see portrait photographer Kirsty Anderson gentleness and much more will always be www.scarredforlife.org.uk). sensitively captured portraits of us remembered. Thank you, David, with all Congenital heart disease (CHD) displaying our scars as a symbol of our love.’ The exhibition moves to the Forth Valley Royal Hospital in June and then to the Scottish Parliament in October. We are open to any ideas or offers to get NOT IN THE PINK our message out there. You can donate to The Somerville The May issue centre spread reporting research into whether painting prisoners’ Foundation’s Scarred FOR Life campaign cells pink induces calm and reduces aggression didn’t induce calm in me. There are by texting SCAR15 £3 / £5 / £10 to 70070 currently 85,590 prisoners in and Wales, many of whom really should not (e.g. SCAR15 £3 or SCAR15 £5). be incarcerated, including people with mental health problems or substance Liza Morton dependency, juveniles, and women with children. Instead of painting cells pink, The Somerville Foundation psychologists should be lobbying to reduce the rate at which people are placed in a damaging environment that often leads to aggression, self-harm, and even suicide. References Rehabilitation programmes have repeatedly been shown to work better in Morton, L. (2012). Healing hearts and minds. The community settings. The probation service has provided much of this valuable work, Psychologist, 26(9), 694–695. yet the last Coalition government privatised a large proportion of the probation Verstappen, A., Pearson, D. & Kovacs, A.H. (2006). service, signing contracts with large multinational commercial organisations. Let’s Adult congenital heart disease: The patient’s hope the new community rehabilitation companies pay due respect to the evidence perspective. Cardiology Clinics, 24, 515–529. of what works for offenders and the need for adequate training for staff delivering Warnes, C.A., Liberthson, R., Danielson, G.K. et al. services. (2001). Task Force 1: The changing profile of So, there seems to me to be a more pressing agenda for psychologists than congenital heart disease in adult life. Journal of the studying colour charts and worrying about interior decoration. American College of Cardiology, 37, 1170–1175. Mary McMurran PhD Wray, J., Friglola, A. & Bull, C. (2012). Loss to Professor of Personality Disorder Research specialist follow-up in congenital heart disease: Institute of Mental Health Out of sight, out of mind. Heart. University of Nottingham doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302831

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 433 letters Germanwings crash and the psychology of risk

I’d like to applaud the careful statement made by the BPS on the article admits, will probably not help to avoid a deliberate act of Germanwings disaster (News, May 2015), but I wish to draw homicide by a pilot. attention to a site of psychological interest that is missing from A psychological focus would need to emphasise two related this account. issues of this endorsement too. Firstly, the heightened perception When responding to such dreadful incidents as this, I’d of personal risk due to flying being identified as a dread risk like to recommend that more attention be paid to the wider (Slovic, 2000), a perception that may include issues of the psychology of risk perception with regard to flying and safety. association between automatic control and trust surrounding The more recent history of transport safety is predominantly one airlines, cost and safety. Secondly, a focus on attenuating the of the promotion of fail-safe social amplification of risk (Pidgeon et al., 2003) resulting from systems of automation to a potential association between fear of flying and fear of mental reduce human error, often health conditions, an amplification for which the media may be as a result of disasters. As a contributor. Professor De Croo of the Such an emphasis could help to remind the public that flying European Transport Safety is a hazard to be controlled rather than a dread risk to be feared Council stated in 1999: ‘When when combined with dispositional attributions of mental health, technology became reliable, which include the fear of the depressed, and the perceived man proved to be unreliable’ madness of the terrorist hijacker. It may also remind (Rumar, 1999). psychologists and media that a probable psychological cause The BPS could actively of a crash does not necessarily mean that personal psychological endorse the promotion of interventions would promote the most effective safety outcomes. automatic life-saving systems in Dr Simon Harrison aircraft, working towards the state York where it is impossible for the pilot to fly the plane in a way that would crash it, given that the aircraft is still airworthy, so helping References to protect against deliberate ‘unreliability’. Psychologists could Pidgeon, N., Kasperson, Roger, E., Slovic, P. (Eds.) (2003). The social amplification of insist that the focus of attention is more towards addressing the risk. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. potential fear of automatic control in hazardous contexts (in this Rumar, K. (1999). Transport safety visions, targets and strategies: Beyond 2000. case, flying, but there are parallels with driverless cars) rather Brussels: European Transport Safety Council. than towards personal mental health interventions, which, the Slovic, P. (2000). The perception of risk. London: Earthscan.

Male psychology conference

With the suicide rate for men Following the success issues that impact the we need to form a Male now approaching 80 per cent of an inaugural one-day wellbeing of men, and Psychology Section of the of all suicides, and men conference last year, we have therefore impact the wellbeing British Psychological Society. If scoring poorly on a whole expanded this year’s event to of all of us as a society. you believe as we do that such range of psychological and a full two days on 26–27 June Our conference will report a Section is vital if the BPS is health indices, there is a at University College London on, for example, new to lead the way in pioneering pressing need to understand (UCL). We would welcome initiatives in finding better scientific understanding the and address the causes of these your presence to explore with ways of reaching vulnerable part of gender that is normally important problems. us some of the important men (e.g. new strategies being overlooked, then please do adopted by Samaritans). Over take the time to vote at the two days there will be a http://response.questback.com/ range of presentations on britishpsychologicalsociety/ NOTICEBOARD topics in clinical and health malepsychsection psychology, and some poetry If you care about these Do you check your work e-mails outside your work hours? Or do and music, giving different issues, we really look forward you switch off? We are looking at how employees use (or don’t use) ways to help us connect to seeing you in June. technologies to perform work during their non-work time, and invite with the male experience John Barry you to have your say and take part in a 25-minute survey. If you are (full details at Martin Seager interested, access the survey under tinyurl.com/Survey-Employee-ICT http://malepsychology.org.uk). Luke Sullivan or e-mail me. Survey ends 14 June 2015. It may or not surprise you Organising Committee of the Male Svenja Schlachter to know that we still only have Psychology Conference 2015 [email protected] little more than half the 500 expressions of interest in that

434 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 letters

Turning out to vote I found the series of articles on the almost everyone felt strongly (yea or nay). Another article, ‘The psychology of election (May 2015) most interesting. Another point that was not mentioned voting, digested’, reports on the influence As regards the issue of voter apathy raised and that often seems to be overlooked of polling stations but does not mention in ‘Back to the ballot box’, I have a few concerns the voting system: in the the effect of voting in dismal village halls comments to make. referendum every vote counted whereas in and places like the one shown in ‘Back to The article points out the high turnout general elections with constituencies and the ballot box’. If one were in two minds for the Scottish referendum as compared first past the post, people who feel that about voting, the lack of allure of some with 21st-century general elections. their party has no chance and are polling stations would be enough to Whilst agreeing that this could have been unwilling to vote tactically may well feel clinch it on a wet evening. Surely the time due to the former being a very significant, that there is no point in turning out. has come for an online voting system. ‘big’, issue about which people felt they Whilst wondering if voters being Finally. and on a positive note, the could bring about real change, I feel that ‘opinion polled out’ might be a turn-off, high referendum turnout does seem to the article does not go far enough in the article does not raise the possibility have carried over to the general election distinguishing it from a general election: it that polls may put people off voting, not in Scotland where a 71 per cent turnout was a once-in-a-generation (or so we were because of the turn-off factor, but because (up from 64 per cent in 2010) compares told that at the time) and (if it had been of the apparent pointlessness of voting for favourably with 66 per cent for England ‘Yes’) almost certainly irreversible decision a party that is way down in the polls. Polls and UK (much the same as in 2010). on an issue that was above party politics could, therefore, become self-fulfilling Alverie Weighill or even politics itself and one about which prophesies. Is there any research on this? New Abbey, Dumfries obituary Professor Terence Lee MA, PhD (Cantab), FBPsS (1924–2015) Terence (Terry) Lee was not the first psychologist to see the During his 16 years at Surrey he made a number of crucial importance of taking psychology out of the laboratory and appointments, including Lionel Hayward, Harry McGurk and putting it into the service of society, but he was arguably the Glynis Breakwell. He also established Surrey as one of the pre- first in the UK to see the potential application of psychology eminent international research centres for environmental to the problems of urban planning and the environment. psychology. On ‘retiring’ from Surrey, Terry returned to St Internationally, he was one of the first researchers to formulate Andrews as an Honorary Professor, and established the a theoretical research-based analysis of how people make sense Environmental Psychology and Policy Research Unit, a small of their physical environment – a contribution and foresight research centre that attracted funding from industry and which profoundly influenced the development of environmental government. psychology, and the lives of many who have worked in this field. He was appointed a member of the Royal Society Committee After service in the Fleet Air Arm during the Second World on Problems of the Environment, the Royal Society Study Group War, and a bachelor’s degree in Moral Sciences (Experimental on Risk Assessment, and a member of the National Radiological Psychology, 1949) at Magdalene College, Cambridge, Terry Protection Board. He was also a consultant advising both started his doctorate under the supervision of Sir Frederick UNESCO and the IAEA on the social and psychological Bartlett. Bartlett had been approached by the Labour government consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. But Terry would to undertake research to support its radical social policies. In have been the first to argue that it is not always prudent to look contrast to the uniform and soulless ribbon development of the for the direct and immediate application of research results. 1930s, the government wanted to build ‘Neighbourhood Units’ As he said, ‘Research results make people think – they are not and ‘New Towns’. Bartlett asked his young doctoral student to sufficiently trusted by our sponsors to make them dash out to ‘put down some ideas’ – ideas which led to a PhD that forged a apply solutions.’ Terry believed that the impact of the early relationship between social and . For Terry, research in environmental psychology was to create an appetite socio-spatial schemata, or conceptual maps, not only provided an for more research. And so perhaps his lasting legacy was that he insight into people’s inner representations of space and place, but situated psychology in general and environmental psychology in these in turn provided templates for the design of urban spaces. particular into government thinking about people–environment His work was about as far from the orthodoxy of early 1950s relationships, whether it was urban neighbourhoods, education Cambridge psychology research as one could get, dominated at or risk communication and the nuclear industry. the time by the ‘psychology as natural science’ paradigm. Anyone meeting Terry would be immediately taken with his Terry met and married Daphne Wallace in 1950 and, in 1953, charm, humour, urbanity and generosity of spirit. He was always shortly before completing his PhD, moved to the University of fun to be with and had a disarming way of reining in colleagues’ Exeter where he worked as a Research Fellow, examining the excesses. There are many psychologists practising today who owe social-psychological consequences of changing methods of rural much to Terry Lee for his warm guidance and encouragement. education in Devon. Three years later, they moved to Scotland, Terry died on 12 February 2015 and is survived by two where Terry was appointed lecturer in psychology at St Andrews daughters, Annabelle and Stephanie, seven grandchildren and (1956–65), and then senior lecturer at Dundee (1965–71). In five great-grandchildren. His wife, Daphne, pre-deceased him in 1971 they returned south when Terry became the first Professor 2002. and the Head of Department of Psychology at the relatively new Professor David Uzzell University of Surrey. University of Surrey

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 435 Focused Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Mastering the Basics Presenters: Kirk Strosahl Ph.D & Patricia Robinson, PhD

Thursday 26th & Friday 27th November, 2015, 9.30am – 4.30pm Learning Objectives Cecil Sharp House, 2 Regent’s Park Road, London, NW1 7AY Participants will:

• Learn about the evidence for radical Clinicians are being faced with the ever growing pressures of how to optimise client outcomes with as few treatment change in therapy sessions as possible. This workshop will introduce participants to ‘Focused Acceptance and Commitment Therapy’ • Try out brief approaches to assessment (FACT), a brief, powerful, contextual behavioral intervention approach rooted in the three principles of acceptance, • Discover brief, accurate case mindfulness and values based change. formulation strategies • Plan powerful interventions to improve The workshop is super practical, demonstrating and practicing specific clinical techniques that make up the FACT client openness, awareness and approach: Focused contextual interviewing skills, using the Four Square and Psychological Flexibility Profile to engagement • Learn to use intervention tools that have promote rapid case formulation and treatment targeting, and core interventions such as the Life Path and True tried and tested with a broad range of North exercises. You will come away with a bundle of extra tools for your therapy toolkit! clients in a wide variety of treatment settings Kirk and Patricia are dynamic and interesting speakers who, through out the workshop will use a combination mini- lectures, experiential exercises, clinical role plays, guided practice and video demonstrations. Don’t miss out on this Rates rare opportunity to see two world experts in ACT present their powerful and innovative model. Super early bird £199 (24th August) Early bird £210 (28th September) Standard rate £239 (19th November)

For more information on how to register, go to: www.contextualconsulting.co.uk

  !  ! )   " %     -+,. Connect… !     -+,/  "  % $ ! !  !  !                           !                 !    "#          …with !  " ' The Psychologist ###($! ( and the Society’s  ( * %($((! free Research Digest service for          more psychological    $ (&'(!(&')% news and analysis  tinyurl.com/thepsychomag and    !! &"  % $ Follow us at www.facebook.com/researchdigest  #  $ !  & www.twitter.com/psychmag and    % %&"  % $ www.twitter.com/researchdigest

436 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 THE SET IN 10TH HENHAM PARK EDITION SUFFOLK

16TH - 19TH JULY 2015

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 437 NEWS New disclosures – on psychologists and

A new report has made claims that the American Psychological in secret opinions that the program was legal and did not Association (APA) worked secretly with government officials constitute torture, since the interrogations were being during the Bush era to create an ethical justification of the monitored by health professionals to make sure they were safe.’ torture programme used on prisoners in the wake of the 9/11 He added that the Bush administration had relied heavily terrorist attacks. The authors analysed around 600 newly on psychologists, over psychiatrists or other health disclosed e-mails that show this occurred after increased media professionals, in monitoring interrogations. ‘[This was] at least attention on interrogation techniques after the revelation of in part because the psychological association was supportive of abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. the involvement of psychologists in interrogations, a senior The report (tinyurl.com/plvxwv2), written by six health Pentagon official explained publicly in 2006,’ he said. professionals, including two Blogger and psychologist Vaughan Bell, writing at

t has psychologists, and human rights www.mindhacks.com, noted the presence of several top uded with the Bush actices of the ‘War on Terror. activists, makes the conclusion: psychologists in the e-mails, including and Martin Dr. Melba Vasquez, then-APA President, in a to Psychologists for an Ethical APA ‘The APA secretly coordinated Seligman. ‘To be clear, I am not suggesting that Ekman and

vioral Scientist, in an August 6, 2003 “You won't get any feedback from [Dr. James] Mitchell or [Dr. Bruce] Jessen. They with officials from the CIA, Seligman were directly involved in CIA interrogations or A Director of Science Policy are doing special things to special people in special places, and generally are not available.” Dr. Kirk Hubbard, then-CIA Senior Behaques were discussed with Mitchell, White House, and the torture,’ Bell writes. ‘Seligman has gone as far as directly email to Dr. Geoffrey Mumford, then-AP (explaining Mitchell’s and Jessen’s lack of response after an APA/CIA/RAND Department of Defense to create denying it on record. But there is something else interesting conference where interrogation techni Jessen and other CIA operational psychologists) here would be interested to know that A this [Psychological Ethics and Nation an APA ethics policy on national which links Ekman, Seligman and Mitchell: lucrative multi-

“I thought you and many of those copiedthis effort off the ground over a year ago security interrogations that million dollar US Government contracts for security grabbed the bull by the horns and releasedefully selected Task Force members. Security] Task Force Report today.... I also wanted to semi-publicly acknowledg comported with thenclassified programmes based on little evidence that turned out to be next your personal contribution... in getting s were well representedford in by a Julyveryli ence 5,car 2005 community. emailthe to CIA, Hubbard,Dr. Kirkwas Hubbardby who then publicly workin and oth c legal guidance authorizing the to useless.…Applying psychology to improve airport security CIA torture program.’ screening, soldiers’ well-being and interrogation are all Writing in (tinyurl.com/mqjh6aa) reasonable aims. But rather than reviewing the evidence to see author James Risen said: ‘The involvement of health what’s possible and contracting relevant specialists to develop professionals in the Bush-era interrogation program was and evaluate programmes where possible, they seem to have significant because it enabled the Justice Department to argue contracted supporters of the “war on terror” for work that

WELLCOME BOOK PRIZE

A tale of a family’s journey through terminal illness has won the Wellcome Book Prize. Artist Marion Coutts’ memoir, The Iceberg, describes the 18 months leading up to the death of her husband, art critic Tom Lubbock, after he was diagnosed with a brain tumour. Chair of Judges Bill Bryson said in a statement: ‘From an extremely strong shortlist of books that blend exquisite writing with scientific rigour and personal experience, The Iceberg stood out. Marion Coutts’ account of living with her husband’s illness and death is wise, moving and beautifully constructed. Reading it, you have the sense of something truly unique being brought into the world – it stays with you a long time after.’ Marion Coutts is an artist and writer and wrote the introduction to Tom Lubbock’s memoir Until Further Notice, I am Alive, published in 2012. She is a Lecturer in Fine Art at Goldsmiths College and lives in London with her son. Worth £30,000, the prize celebrates the best new books, fiction and non-fiction, that engage with aspects of medicine, health or illness. Director of Culture and Society at the Wellcome Trust, Simon Chaplin, said he was delighted that Coutts had taken the prize. He added: ‘The Iceberg shines a burning light on the devastating impact of illness and loss on those who surround and support someone in decline, while simultaneously celebrating the powerful bonds of family and love. It is tremendously difficult to read, but impossible not to become absorbed.’ Bill Bryson was joined on the judging panel by psychologist Professor Uta Frith (University College London), bestselling author Mark Haddon, BBC presenter Razia Iqbal, and barrister and broadcaster Baroness Helena Kennedy QC. Another book shortlisted for the prize was Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death, and Brain Surgery by Henry Marsh. See p.466 for his piece giving a neurosurgeon’s perspective on the brain and psychology. ER

438 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 news torture

lacked an applied evidence base. The outcome has been expensive and ineffectual.’

In February, we reported on the allegations made by James R Risen in his book Pay Any Price that senior APA staff had AYMOND colluded with psychologists from the CIA. The association F initiated an independent investigation into the alleged ARLEY complicity between the APA and the Bush administration (https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-28/february- The BPS Annual Conference 2015 was held on 5–7 May at the ACC 2015/no-torture-without-psychologists). In a renewed Liverpool, on the banks of the River Mersey. statement (tinyurl.com/mdw6qud) the APA said that ‘A third More than 500 delegates were treated to a packed schedule of top party, independent review of the allegations in today’s New speakers, including keynotes from Professor Sir Cary Cooper CBE on York Times article and the Soldz et. al. report is being mental capital and wellbeing at work, Professor Edgar Jones on air- conducted by outside attorney David Hoffman.… Our focus raids, terrorism and the crowd, Professor Sarah-Jayne Blakemore and priority are ensuring the complete independence of Mr. on the social brain in adolescence, and Professor Richard Crisp on Hoffman’s work. For that reason we are not commenting on adapting to diversity. There were parallel supervision, trainee and any allegations about APA support for the CIA torture program student conferences, along with a host of Society award lectures. at this time.’ ER Professor Dorothy Miell delivered her Presidential Address, and handed over to incoming President Professor Jamie Hacker Hughes. Professor Hacker Hughes launched the Society's Member Network Review – see www.bps.org.uk/membernetworkreview. Thomas Elton, BPS Professional Development Centre Manager, Address problems said: ‘It was fantastic to see the many and diverse areas of psychology come together to share research, practice and ideas. There was a real buzz around the conference, with high delegate expectations met with early on – HCPC the content of the programme. There was something for everyone within the themes of the conference, with the different streams, 90 The Health and Care is a literature review by Zubin poster presentations, and 248 submissions received.’ Professions Council (HCPC) Austin, a Professor of Dr Peter Branney (Leeds Beckett University) is Chair of the has released a new report, Pharmacy at the University of Society’s Standing Conference Committee. He told The Psychologist: Preventing Small Problems from Toronto, which looks into how ‘The conference was a celebration of the rich diversity of psychology Becoming Big Problems in competence in health and care with speakers from as far Australia and Japan. I particularly liked Health and Care (see has many meanings, as well as talking to Reverend Richard Coles, who spoke at the Gala Dinner, and tinyurl.com/lyhvqyd), which many frameworks. These hearing about his struggles with boundaries and confidentiality in his aims to explore the reasons include traditional frameworks pastoral work. These were issues that were also highlighted in the behind some of the complaints based on knowledge, launch of the teaching ethics competencies.’ against health and social care performance, , Reports from the conference will appear online at workers. Evidence from across reflection and outcome-based http://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk and in our July issue. We also health and care regulators, approaches. The author shows produced a special digital edition to mark the conference, compiled outlined in the report, showed how newer, emerging from archive pieces by speakers at this year’s event: see that around half to three constructs around teamwork, tinyurl.com/psychconf15 quarters of complaints were emotional and conduct-related – for example, engagement may be those poor communication – and which enable health and care to practise cases, and and where managers were that these types of complaint to shift closer to a model that interviews with users and offering support for staff. are on the rise. is fit for purpose in modern professionals about the triggers Van der Gaag concluded: Chair of the Council Anna times. It concludes that for disengagement in the ‘My hope is that this new van der Gaag CBE said there although checklist approaches workplace and the ways these research will help to generate were negative consequences, may still be necessary, they are might be mitigated. The study more activities at the reflective for complainants and the not sufficient, as the identified links between poor end of the spectrum, and professionals involved, in complexity of health and care supervisory structures, lack of reduce the activities at the bringing such complaints to increases and patients and peer support, professional regulatory end. Creating a regulatory body. She added: service users expect a different isolation, workload opportunities for reflection ‘These include emotional and relationship with management problems, and and honest conversations with psychological costs, as the professionals. incremental disengagement trusted colleagues can be a professional may not return to The second part of the from practice. The authors means of addressing problems the work for which they have report, by Christensen-Moore concluded that identifying early on. It is in everyone’s been trained, and the and Walsh at the Picker triggers for disengagement interest to prevent harm, to complainant may never feel Institute, is a qualitative early on was possible in the reduce complaints, and to see able to trust the health care mixed-method study. This right circumstances, for more emphasis on support, system again.’ comprises a retrospective example where a culture of kindness and compassion in The first part of the report analysis of a sample of fitness no blame was encouraged health and care.’ ER

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 439 news Neuroscience and criminal justice A recent report, compiled by analysed why and how to consider these types of prosecutors to predict the Presidential Commission achieve ethics integration early questions as they relate to potential future risk of for the Study of Bioethical and explicitly throughout different life stages, from offending or to assess Issues, has explored how often neuroscience research. This infancy through old age.’ competency to stand trial, American courts currently use was in response to a The second Gray Matters, and by defence attorneys as a neuroscience in trials. Gray presidential request from 2013, pulled together from public mitigating factor in a person’s Matters: Topics at the with Barack Obama writing: meetings and consultation and sentencing. The case of Peter Intersection of Neuroscience, ‘We should consider the published in March, states that Jordan Chiesa is outlined: he Ethics and Society potential implications of the neuroscience has become an shot and killed two of his (tinyurl.com/k9s8ckd) points discoveries that we expect will integral part of the criminal neighbours, and despite out the potential benefits flow from studies of the brain, justice system in the US. ‘In evidence of his planning the neuroscience could have to the and some of the questions that 2012 alone, over 250 judicial murders, Chiesa was convicted US legal system in the future, may be raised by those opinions – more than double of the lesser offence of second while also advising caution. findings and their the number in 2007 – cite the degree murder after the jury The Bioethics Commission applications – questions, for use of neuroscience by saw brain scans that showed is a panel of leaders in example, relating to privacy, criminal defendants arguing damage to his prefrontal medicine, science, ethics, personal agency, and moral their brain made them do it. cortex, temporal lobes and religion, law and engineering, responsibility for one’s actions; Already, over 5 per cent of cerebellum, which the defence advising the US President on questions about stigmatization murder trials and 25 per cent argued would affect his issues arising from advances in and discrimination based on of death penalty trials feature impulse control and temper. biomedicine and related areas neurological measures of criminal defendants using Despite pointing out that of science and technology. In intelligence or other traits; neuroscience to argue for the use of neuroscience in the its first volume, Gray Matters: and questions about the lesser responsibility or courts is still in its infancy and Integrative Approaches for appropriate use of punishment.’ therefore ‘might offer greater Neuroscience, Ethics, and neuroscience in the criminal As well as being used by utility for guiding policy Society, published in May justice system, among others. defendants, neuroscience decisions rather than helping 2014, the Commission had It will also be important to evidence is used by to resolve individual or criminal cases’, the report does postulate that it could allow for more accurate and REF PENALISING JUNIOR RESEARCHERS empirical assessments of individuals’ intentions, A survey into the effects of the Research and cynicism around the REF, as well as motives, knowledge and Excellence Framework (REF) on early-career comments about the effects on individuals’ mental states. ‘Already, defense researchers has shown that many feel that it mental health. ‘Insecurity and anxiety were attorneys have attempted to creates pressure and anxiety that largely impacts the watchwords of this survey,’ she said. use neuroscience to try to on those at the ‘bottom rung’ of the career ladder. She added, in her presentation: ‘In some prove something about Many also reported a culture of aggression and respects, the REF has become a byword for individuals’ mental states, for bullying, at a departmental level, as well as a wider culture shift in academia – a shift driven example, that they lacked the a two-tier hierarchy between teaching and by processes that extend beyond the assessment ability to act with purpose.’ research, which they say is used to inhibit career exercise itself – but it is nonetheless a focal point The authors conclude that mobility of those stuck in teaching positions. around which early-career researchers see very gradual introduction of Dr Charlotte Mathieson (Institute of Advanced real, material impacts. If that is so, then perhaps neuroscientific evidence Study, University of Warwick) carried out the with some work, the REF also has the potential and concepts, after they are survey and presented her results at Westminster to drive more positive changes in coming years.’ validated, well understood and Higher Education Forum’s ‘Next Steps for the On a more positive note, 68 per cent of those interpreted accurately, could REF’ conference. Of the 193 researchers who who filled out the survey said they felt that the potentially be highly valuable. responded, a majority were within eight years REF had changed their attitude towards impact, Other topics covered in of their PhD submission. and were thinking more about public engagement the report include cognitive Many of the respondents felt an increased from an early stage of their research. Mathieson enhancement, and capacity amount of pressure in the job market, with an said that while there have been problems raised and the consent process. intense focus on ‘REFable’ publications. with the measurement of impact it was It concludes with ‘one Mathieson also said that those researchers who encouraging to see a cognitive shift in this area overarching recommendation did not have REFable publications were stuck in coming from those starting out on their careers. that pertains to all funders casualised contracts that were short-term and She added: ‘This is encouraging looking ahead to associated with the BRAIN teaching-heavy, giving them little time to work 2020, if the weighting of impact does, as expected, Initiative’ (tinyurl.com/ towards getting published. become more significant then ECRs will be well- kw8fjks) -–that it ‘should Mathieson said she asked participants an placed to address this remit.’ ER establish and fund organized, open-ended question about other concerns they I Are you an early-career researcher in independent, multidisciplinary may wish to express and found high levels of psychology with views on the REF? E-mail efforts to support neuroscience disillusionment, dissatisfaction at the profession [email protected] or tweet @psychmag. and ethics research and education’. ER

440 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 news

The Psychologist will be making an appearance at a major UK festival this summer. ‘The Psychologist and Wellcome Trust presents…’ slot at the Latitude Festival pairs psychologist Professor Sarah-Jayne Blakemore with author Fiona Neill, for a discussion in the Literary Arena titled ‘Being Young Never Gets Old – Teenagers Debunked’. Professor Sarah-Jayne Blakemore (pictured), from the Institute of at University College London, is an internationally renowned expert on the teenage brain. Fiona Neill is a Times columnist whose new novel, The Good Girl, is described as ‘a compelling portrait of a modern family dealing with a rocky marriage, a troublesome elderly parent and two teenagers exploring their sexuality’. The story focuses on the potentially alarming repercussions of cyberbullying and teen sex in the digital age. Our editor Dr Jon Sutton, who will host the discussion, conducted his PhD in the field of bullying. The Latitude Festival, which celebrates its 10th birthday this year, draws a crowd of around 40,000 to Henham Park in Suffolk for three days of music, comedy and the arts. Dr Jon Sutton said: ‘As a regular punter at Latitude for many years I have watched with interest as the amount of psychology-related content they put on has grown. I made contact to see if they would be interested in a partnership, and I am really thrilled with the idea Tania Harrison and I have come up with. ‘A live event like this is a new venture for The Psychologist, so I am nervous but extremely excited at the prospect of reaching out to a large and new audience in an innovative way. Professor Blakemore is consistently fascinating; she knows the author; and I may have some vague input based on my past academic life! So the stars are aligned for an interesting session. And of course, that’s just one tiny part of a huge weekend with hundreds of acts across numerous stages.’ The festival takes place 16–19 July – see www.latitudefestival.com for more information and tickets (see also advert on p.437). Cheltenham Science Festival The Times Cheltenham Science Festival On 4 June psychologist and historian will join psychiatrist Guy Goodwin as will include a host of psychologists and Peter Lamont will be speaking at another they discuss the facts behind therapies neuroscientists talking on topics from BPS-supported event about thoughts, and drug-based treatments. risky professions to the existence of free emotions and desires, which, he will Neuroscientist Vince Walsh and will. The six-day festival will also include show, are not simply connections in the behavioural scientist Nick Chater will events supported by the British brain but depend on connections between explore professions where people have to Psychological Society. brains. Using words, videos and music, take risks with multi-million pound deals, The three events organised by the the audience will experience ‘mind or with life and death decisions. Along Society will begin on 3 June with a control’ and discover a new way to feel. with professional risk takers they will talk journey through the senses with head of Among the many other fascinating about the psychology of convincing the Oxford University cross-modal talks and events will be an enlightening yourself to face danger, and decision laboratory, Professor Charles Spence, and event with Rory Sutherland, author of making under pressure. molecular gastronomist Jozef Youssef. The The Spectator’s Wiki Man column, who Whether or not we have free will is pair will show how taste is not just about will speak about behavioural economics, an age-old debate among philosophers, the tongue but also involves sight, hearing neuroscience and nudging, as well as ways but modern neuroscience has weighed and touch. people can learn from the social sciences. in with its own ideas on the matter. Charles Spence will also be presenting While one in four people will suffer Philosopher Julian Baggini and alongside Roger Newport (University of from mental health disorder during their neuroscientist Patrick Haggard will Nottingham) on 5 June in a session about lifetime the treatment for depression, discuss this from multiple perspectives. ER illusions. They will demonstrate common anxiety and many others is shrouded in I Cheltenham Science Festival runs from illusions and other, more baffling varieties mystery – with tales of biased studies Tuesday 2 June until Sunday 7 June, and that can affect taste, cause your nose to funded by drug companies and trials the full Festival programme is available ‘grow’ or your arm to disappear. hidden from the public eye. David Adam at tinyurl.com/kkrsw87

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 441 news

TEDS turns 20

The Twins Early Development Study present, including founder Professor Sir really makes it practical and in many (TEDS) based at the Institute of Michael Rutter, Professor Peter McGuffin ways more fun for the twins themselves. Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and current director Professor Francesca (IoPPN), King’s College London, has Happé, for their support. What are you working on now? celebrated 20 years of ground-breaking We spoke to Professor Eley about the I am working with a PhD student called scientific discovery at an event that past, present and future of TEDS. Laurie Hannigan on some analyses in explored the genesis of TEDS, its key which we are exploring how the twins achievements to date and its future What has been your proudest and their parents saw their relationship direction. achievement or defining moment during the teenage years – what they saw Thanks to 20,700 UK twins, scientists while working on the TEDS project? the same and what they saw differently. using cutting-edge research in psychology, My proudest achievement was when The next step will be to look at how psychiatry and genetics have been able to Robert asked me to become Deputy that relates to emotional and behavioural unpick the complex relationship between Director of TEDS with a view to taking symptoms they also reported during that and nurture, transforming the way over as Director in 2018. It is such a period. we think about genetic and wonderful project and leaves such a environmental influences on diverse areas lasting legacy, I was really honoured to What’s next for TEDS? of behavioural development. be given that role. Another very proud We just received our fifth programme Early collaborators Dr Bonny Oliver moment was when my first PhD student grant from the MRC in which we will and Professor Philip Dale opened the Dr Alice Gregory, now a Reader at assess all the twins in their early 20s and event, describing the birth of TEDS and Goldsmiths, completed and was awarded also do an in-depth assessment on a its humble beginnings, before introducing her PhD (in 2004), having used data from subset of them, finding out how they are Thalia Eley, Professor of Developmental the TEDS sample for many of her doing as they navigate the first steps of and Deputy Director analyses. independent adult life. For me personally, of TEDS, who talked about the science a real excitement is that the TEDS twins and the stories of TEDS. How has the project changed over the are beginning to have children Robert Plomin, Professor of years, in terms of its focus or how it’s themselves. I have been working for a few Behavioural Genetics and Director of conducted? years now with a design called ‘Children TEDS, acknowledged the study’s major The main change has been to shift from of twins’, which allows you to disentangle impact in ‘changing the zeitgeist in terms asking the parents to tell us about their the relative influence of genes versus the of nature and nurture, moving the whole children, to asking the twins to tell us environment on transmission of traits discussion closer to a balanced view.’ He about themselves as they are now young within families down through the thanked members of the ‘TEDS family’ for adults. I used to be told I would know generations. Having so much data on the their contributions to the success of the I was old when policemen started looking TEDS twins from when they were very project, and recognised the crucial young. Instead I feel old now that the young will put us in a unique position backing provided by the Medical twins I have worked with since they were when it comes to understanding Research Council’s Social, Genetic & toddlers are all young adults building intergenerational transmission. JS Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) their own independent lives! Another big I A video about the study, ‘TEDS – Centre, the project’s home at King’s. He shift for us has been to move to using the The Journey So Far’, is available at acknowledged SGDP directors past and internet for a lot of our assessments. This youtu.be/-LAGbuQnBnQ

442 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 news Helping science reporters get their facts straight

April saw host universities should bypass level of involvement academics The issue of potential hype an online discussion about contacting the media and have in the publication of stemming from journal articles how academics and the media allow findings to be press releases about their themselves was also raised by can work more efficiently disseminated on social media. work. Many agreed that press Rebecca Nesbit. Commenter together to produce better One point of discussion releases should be made more marinajoubert said in and more accurate reports was the experience academics clear, and Dr Etchells said: response: ‘I’m currently of scientific findings. Among had of dealing with journalists. ‘I would love to see press reading up about this the panel of contributors were Largely the consensus was that releases that have a very clear phenomenon of the psychologists Pete Etchells these experiences had been section at the end saying “medialisation” of science… (Bath Spa University) and positive, but most of the (a) this is what the study does There seems to be concern Nadja Reissland (Durham members of the discussion show, (b) this is what the that some scientific studies are University), as well as science agreed that they had seen study does not show, and chosen and planned – from the media professionals. many examples of headline- (c) these are the limitations start – with a view to attracting The debate comes in the grabbing science journalism. of the study.’ There was also media interest. Giving the wake of a British Medical Giving a journalist’s agreement that press releases point of view of pressures Journal paper which found perspective, user Joe Turner, and subsequent news stories within psychology, Etchells that hype in science reporting said there were issues with about journal articles should said: ‘Certainly in comes not only from journalists who are often include a link to the original psychological research, there journalists but also from press under large amounts of paper. is far too much emphasis on releases (see our report at Also speaking “novel”, exciting results. tinyurl.com/l7telhy). The about press releases, Which breeds a culture of article looked at 462 press the Wellcome Trust’s researchers feeling the need releases from 20 leading head of media, Helen to jazz up their papers, usually universities in the UK Jamison, said academics by putting throwaway lines in alongside the original peer- and press offices should discussions and abstracts reviewed research papers and work closely together to which overhype the results.’ resulting news stories. ensure press releases are One point, posted by user The authors, led by balanced, newsworthy, MikeSimpson, sparked much Professor Petroc Sumner but not hyped: debate. He suggested that (Cardiff University), used the ‘Whenever a press university press offices should, following outcome measures: release goes out with an rather than sending press whether any of the stories, academic’s name on it, releases to journalists, press releases or papers it’s in their interests for communicate new research advised readers to change their them to also ensure its directly to the general public behaviour, contained causal accuracy – working who would then disseminate statements drawn from collaboratively is the the content on social media. correlational research, or only way to achieve this,’ He added: ‘If that’s done inferred to humans from …36 per cent contained she added. properly, then people with an animal research beyond that exaggerated inference to Some contributors interest in the topic will find stated in the associated humans from animal research suggested that academics out from the uni, in a way academic papers. Among the may not wish to speak to that is accurate and engaging, press releases they found 40 pressure and have little time journalists after press releases rather than through a per cent contained exaggerated to compile articles and cannot were published for fear of their newspaper or other media advice, 33 per cent contained approach authors for results being hyped or source whose primary goal exaggerated causal claims and comment. He added: ‘There misrepresented. Dr Reissland is generating readership.’ 36 per cent contained are few professional science said on this point: ‘Taking the Reissland said in response exaggerated inference to journalists, few outlets to write time with journalists is that she disagreed and humans from animal research. about much science and low essential, but both journalists supported having professionals Academics from varied pay. Academics need to know, and academics’ time is limited who could help academics get fields also joined the above all, they can’t ask me for hence I always prepare for their message across. She discussion to outline their editorial control over my questions which journalists added: ‘Social media is as concerns about dealing with work. If you think you can might have before the press difficult to handle as the the media; whether press control the way that the media release. Also I found it helpful printed press. Both need to be offices and even academics writes about your work, you to be able to explain the accurate.’ ER themselves over-hype scientific are wrong.’ research in detail to a few I Read the full discussion in the findings; the benefits of The discussion moved on selected key journalists who comments section following speaking directly to to university press offices and came to visit me or even talk the Guardian article at journalists; and whether communication teams and the at length on the phone.’ tinyurl.com/ob9duwn

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 443 news The highs and lows of the serotonin theory of depression

A British Medical Journal editorial (www.bmj.com/content/350 /bmj.h1771) on serotonin and depression, which made the claim that newer SSRI antidepressants are less effective than older tricyclic drugs, has been met with criticism from psychologists and psychiatrists. The article by Professor David Healy, also said SSRIs had led to the marginalisation of cheaper and more effective treatments. Professor Healy wrote: ‘In the 1990s, no academic could sell a message about lowered serotonin. There was no correlation between serotonin reuptake inhibiting potency and antidepressant efficacy. No one knew if SSRIs raised or lowered serotonin levels; they still don’t know. There was no evidence that treatment corrected anything.’ According to Healy, the lowered serotonin story ‘took root in the public domain rather than in . This public serotonin was like Freud’s notion of libido – vague, amorphous, and incapable of exploration – a piece of biobabble.’ Healy suggested this ‘myth’ has been reinforced across the general public and in the complementary health market, where people are encouraged to eat foods which ‘boost’ the neurotransmitter. they boost serotonin levels, but this is ameliorate depression. In short, SSRIs Many academics commented on the something of a straw man. He makes the probably switch on anti-depression, rather editorial, including Professor Simon mistake of assuming that antidepressants than switch off depression (which could Wessely (President of the Royal College reverse a functional abnormality in the explain the rapid efficacy of ketamine).’ of Psychiatrists). He said that while it brain that causes depression. Actually, the Professor (University was unclear how antidepressants helped theory that low ‘levels’ of serotonin in the of Cambridge) told the British depression, it was established that such brain (whatever that means, functionally) Psychological Society that a more drugs – along with psychological causes depression died many years ago, in objective view of the evidence would be treatments – were helpful in depression. spite of the fact that a deficit in the that changes in serotonin function are He added: ‘Most important of all, the synthesis of serotonin in the brain can likely to contribute to many symptoms newer drugs (the SSRIs) are safer if taken trigger relapse of depression in some of, and forms of, depression, but are in overdose than the older tricyclics. patients who are in remission – a fact obviously often not the primary causal People should not change their current which he also fails to mention. By factor. He continued: ‘SSRIs appear to help medication on the basis of this editorial contrast, the monoamine theory of ‘anti- some, but not all, depressed people, also alone.’ depression’ is alive and kicking. There their mechanisms of action are not Dr Clare Stanford, Reader in is plenty of evidence that SSRIs increase completely understood but almost Experimental Psychopharmacology, UCL, communication from neurones that certainly do so via affecting serotonin said: ‘Professor David Healy’s article treads release serotonin, as well as other function. It is naive to think of levels of a path that is well-worn but out of date. monoamine transmitters, and that the serotonin as being the crucial element; the He argues that selective serotonin ensuing downstream changes, such as system works in a more complicated way reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) antidepressants creation of new neurons (neurogenesis) which is gradually becoming better are used because of a pervasive myth that or modification of gene expression, can understood.’ ER

444 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 news

ALBERT WOLTERS 30 years of parapsychology PROFESSORSHIP Ellen Bialystok (York University, research Toronto) has been awarded the inaugural Albert Wolters Visiting The Koestler Parapsychology Unit, based at more secure footing and the continuing staff, Distinguished Professorship by the University of Edinburgh, is celebrating its me and Dr Peter Lamont, are now fully the University of Reading. 30th anniversary this year. Founder member integrated with the work of the psychology Professor Bialystok researches Caroline Watt first became interested in the department and the wider University, both of the effects of bilingualism on psychological reasons behind apparently which are beneficial for parapsychology, in my and has shown that paranormal phenomena while writing an essay opinion.’ learning and speaking more on the topic in her final-year exams at St The future of the Unit will remain based in than one language can have Andrews University. Dozens of students have research and teaching in parapsychology, but a significant impact on brain undertaken PhDs at the Unit and some have Watt has plans to increase its public development, concentration and gone on to establish new parapsychology engagement. She said: ‘My online how we switch attention between research centres at other universities. Dr Watt parapsychology course is thriving, and I have tasks. Her most recent work said there had been a few ups and downs over a book, Parapsychology: A Beginner’s Guide, in suggests bilingualism offers the years, including a restructure of the the hopper. And I’ve co-created a Science of the some protection against department after the death of the Unit’s head, Paranormal interactive workshop with symptoms of diseases such Professor Robert Morris, in 2004 (see her Professor Richard Wiseman. It’s touring science as dementia and Alzheimer's. article ‘20 years at the Koestler Parapsychology festivals this year, from Brighton to Orkney, and Unit’ in the July 2006 issue). She added: I’m going to be staging it at the 2015 Bialystok visited the university's School of Psychology & Clinical ‘However, the restructuring put us on a much Edinburgh Fringe, I can’t wait!’ ER Language Sciences for a special lecture in May. She said: ‘It is a great honour to receive the Three from ten for UK inaugural Albert Wolters Visiting Distinguished Professorship and have the opportunity to spend time at the Centre for Literacy psychology and Multilingualism. Although less than two years old, this it Three UK universities have Department of Psychology now course will further strengthen has already established itself as been ranked in the top 10 in represents the diversity of the our reputation as a centre of a leading research centre in its the world for psychology. The subject, for example from social excellence for psychology field.’ QS World University Rankings to psychobiological areas. We education and see us climb by Subject placed Cambridge would be interested to learn even higher in the rankings second, Oxford fourth and more about the precise criteria in future years.’ LITERACY BOOK UCL ninth. and the relative weightings of Biophysicist and AWARD The rankings are based the four main factors that are pharmacologist David on four factors: academic being used by QS to compute Colquhoun (University College Margaret Clark, Visiting reputation and employer these ratings. Doubtless, London) had taken to social Professor at Newman University reputation, where academics different criteria and weightings media to express concerns over and Emeritus Professor at and employers are asked which would lead to different the metrics used in such Birmingham, has won the United institutions they see as outcomes.’ rankings, asking ‘Who benefits Kingdom Literacy Association excellent either for research Five other UK universities from university rankings?’ and Academic Book Award 2015 for or for the recruitment of also made it into the top 50 in ‘How are they payed for and Learning to be Literate: Insights graduates; and citations per the rankings, among them how are they monetised?’ He from Research for Policy and paper and h-index, which King’s College London – up told us they were ‘statistically Practice. The award will be measures the productivity and from 28th place last year to illiterate’, adding: ‘They depend presented at the International impact of the published work 22nd this year. Professor Shitij on totally arbitrary weightings of scientists. Kapur, Dean and Head of of several quite different inputs. Conference in July. Professor Professor Trevor Robbins School at King’s College’s Rankings are also published Clark’s book is the first self- () Institute of Psychiatry, with no indication of errors, published work to have been questioned whether h-index Psychology and Neuroscience, something that no journal submitted for the award. and citations per paper were said he was delighted at the would ever allow. Goldstein It is available at actually measuring result. He added: ‘It is notable and Spiegelhalter showed in www.witleypress.co.uk. She has independent factors. He said: that we have risen so 1996 that the uncertainty in also self-published another book, ‘Naturally, we are happy to dramatically in the QS World rankings is large, but they Synthetic Phonics and Literacy see that we have retained our Rankings even before we start were ignored. It’s not in the Learning: An Evidence Based ranking in this year’s QS our brand new BSc in commercial interests of Critique, also available from ratings. We are especially Psychology this September. publishers to reveal how Witley Press. pleased that the newly merged We expect that this innovative unreliable the rankings are.’ ER

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 445 Seduced by superfluous neuroscience DIGEST

It seems as though neuroscience is particularly popular and explanations, thus confirming recent failures to replicate the seductive. Not only is the discipline enjoying some eye-spinningly allure of brain pictures. massive new grants, there are also ever more brain-branded It’s not just that extra, spurious neuroscience information products (like brain games and brain drinks), there are new made psychological explanations more convincing by making disciplines like neuroleadership, and there’s a growing obsession them longer. The addition of superfluous social science about the brain among many journalists, many of whom invoke information did not increase the students’ ratings of the brain science in odd contexts. explanations. Neither is it simply that neuroscience is seen as a This atmosphere has led to a near-consensus among ‘hard science’ adding weight to purely psychological explanation. commentators that there is something distinctly persuasive When the researchers tested the addition of superfluous about neuroscience. In fact, chemistry-based, maths, besides anecdotal genetic or physics argument, there is little information (i.e. science solid evidence to suggest disinclines also considered this is true (and some that ‘hard’ or prestigious), this it’s not). A landmark paper did not lead the students to from 2008 showed that rate the explanations of the images of the brain are psychological phenomena particularly compelling, more highly (this despite but this effect has failed the fact that, on their own, to replicate. these extra superfluous Another key study, also snippets were considered from 2008, demonstrated just as high quality as the the seductive allure of extra neuroscience neuroscience – participants information). found circular explanations The researchers say for psychological all this suggests there is phenomena more something uniquely convincing when they convincing about contained superfluous neuroscience in the context written neuroscience of psychological information. Unfortunately, phenomena. They believe this study had issues. For the most plausible reason example, it’s possible the is that psychology students addition of the endorse a ‘brain-as- neuroscience information engine-of-mind’ hypothesis simply acted to conceal – that is, they ‘assign to the circularity of the neuroscience a privileged explanations. role in explaining Enter Diego psychological phenomena Fernandez-Duque and his not just because colleagues. Across four neuroscience is a “real” studies, they asked dozens science but because it is of US psychology students the most pertinent science to rate the quality of short for explaining the mind’. explanations (some were In Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience That the students who sound, others were endorsed dualist beliefs circular) for psychological (seeing the mind as phenomena such as ‘face separate from the brain) recognition’ and were just as wooed by ‘emotional states’. The main take-away is that when superfluous superfluous neuroscience information somewhat undermines neuroscience information (i.e. information that offered no further this interpretation. insight) was added to the end of these explanations, the students It will be interesting to test whether these findings hold true rated the explanations more highly. The students with superior for the general public, and for people in other cultures for whom analytical skills were just as prone to this effect. The students’ the brain might be considered less important. If the allure of religious and other philosophical beliefs (such as their neuroscience is found more widely, it’s a worrying situation. endorsement of mind–body dualism) also made no difference. As the researchers explain: few, if any, mental phenomena Fernandez-Duque found the convincing influence of have single causes. ‘As such, infatuation with any single source superfluous neuroscience information applied both to good- explanation – whether it is the brain or something else – may quality and circular explanations. However, the additional impede humans’ progress to find and accept more complete presence of brain imagery did not add to the appeal of the explanations.’ CJ

446 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 digest

Autistic children’s sensory experiences, in their own words In

Children diagnosed with autism often have distinctive sensory experiences, such as being ultra-sensitive to noise, or finding enjoyment in repeated, unusual sensory It feels like… ‘the unknown is gonna Have stimulation. However, much of what we come’ know about these experiences comes from the testimony of parents, researchers and to their sensitivities, so as to participate in clinicians. Now Anne Kirby and her normal daily activities. The researchers said colleagues have published the first report this is contrary to past findings that suggest of autistic children’s sensory experiences, people with autism don’t want to be you based on these children’s own accounts. ‘neurotypical’ (perhaps such feelings can As the authors say, ‘children's voices are emerge later). still rarely heard or taken seriously in the Another theme was the methods the academic arena,’ so this is an innovative children used to recount their experiences, approach. including using anecdotes, demonstrating heard… Twelve autistic children aged 4 to 13 (e.g. by imitating the noise of the car engine, were interviewed in their homes. The or mimicking a disgust reaction), by children’s autism varied in severity, but they repeating their own inner speech from were all capable of conducting verbal particular experiences, and, in the case of interviews. The researchers used a range of two children, by using similes. On that last techniques to facilitate the interviews, such point, one child likened eating spinach to as playing family video clips of the children eating grass, another likened loud voices to prompt discussion of specific episodes. to a lion's roar. ‘The use of simile as a Kirby and her team said their first important storytelling method seemed to suggest finding was to demonstrate the feasibility of a sort of perspective-taking that is not interviewing young children with autism. expected in children with autism,’ the Careful analysis of the transcripts from researchers said. the interviews revealed three key themes. The final theme concerned the way The first of these – ‘normalising’ – showed the children frequently talked about their how the children considered many of their sensory experiences in terms of their experiences to be just like other people’s, responses to various situations and stimuli. as if rejecting the notion that there was For example, the children spoke of their something distinct or odd about their strategies, such as covering their ears, behaviour, and also showing a certain self- watching fireworks through a window, and consciousness (contrary to existing research watching sport on TV rather than in the that suggests self-consciousness is arena. They also told the interviewers about impaired in autism). their uncontrollable physical reactions, such Interviewer: What about things you don’t as the pain of loud noises or teeth brushing. like to touch or feel on your skin? When he hears loud music, one little boy Child: Um, sharp stuff. said: ‘It feels like my heart is beating, and The new podcast from I: Sharp stuff? [smiles] Yeah, exactly. um, my, uh, my whole body's shaking. Mmm C:Um, like most people do and uh, and my eyes, uh, they start to blink The British I: Yeah a lot.’ The children's reactions were often C:Um [pause], hot stuff. tied to their fear of particular situations or Psychological Society’s I: Yep. objects, such as inflated balloons. It feels C:Like, burning hot, like pizza that just like ‘the unknown is gonna come,’ said Research Digest came out of the oven. another child. … The study has obvious limitations, I: Do you have a favourite thing that you such as the small sample and lack of a like to eat? comparison group, so we can’t know for Listen via C:Uh, pizza. sure that children without autism wouldn't I: Yeah? When it’s not too hot, right? come up with similar answers. However, the www.bps.org.uk/digest C:Right. That's what most people say. research provides a rare insight into autistic children’s own perspective on their sensory The children also expressed satisfaction at worlds. ‘Through exploration of how children learning to cope with problematic sensory share about their experiences, we can come sensitivity – such as a dislike of brushing to better understand those experiences,’ the hair. ‘What's different about having your hair researchers said, ultimately helping ‘how we brushed now?’ the interviewer asked. ‘That study, assess, and address sensory features I look beautiful,’ the 13-year-old replied. that impact daily functioning among children The children appeared motivated to adapt with autism’. CJ

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 447 digest

People are overly optimistic about the benefits of optimism In Journal of Personality and

‘It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task which, more than knowing that these people didn’t anything else, will affect its successful outcome.’ The sentiment differ in calibre, only in the articulated here by psychology pioneer is currently in artificial feedback they’d vogue, if its preponderance in self-help books, motivational posters, received. Predictor participants and memes is anything to go by. But are we pinning too much on expected the optimistic positive thinking? completers to do significantly A research team led by Elizabeth Tenney asked participants better than those feeling to guess how much a given task is affected by optimism, then pessimistic, but the reality is they didn’t. compared this to how people actually fared when they were feeling Another experiment used a ‘Where’s Waldo?’ task where task more or less optimistic. So in one instance, ‘task completers’ completers could study each complex image for as long as they attempted a maths task, having been given false feedback that told wanted as they sought to pick out the figure hidden within. We might them, based on their training performance, they were likely to do expect optimism to deliver results through sheer tenacity, and well or poorly, thus influencing their optimism. ‘Predictor’ indeed the optimistic task completers did persist for about 20 per participants then guessed how the completers would perform, cent longer on the task. But this translated into a scant 5 per cent

Most students struggle to take effective lecture notes – here are two ways to help them In Journal of Applied Research in and Cognition

Sit in a university lecture and first is to provide students with were simply given a blank piece taking fewer notes. The you’ll see most students notepaper containing a lecture of note paper. researchers said this is probably scribbling away taking notes outline, with headings and Afterwards, all the note because diagrams help students (or tapping away on laptops). subheadings of the material. papers and materials were see the major components of a Unfortunately, while note-taking The idea is that this eases the removed and the students were system and how they work ought to be mental demands of taking distracted for half an hour with together. beneficial in notes. a word learning test. After this, ‘These two features in principle – by The second method is to the students were tested on conjunction essentially provide encouraging provide students with notes that their understanding of the first a representation that can be reflection on, contain illustrative diagrams – part of the lecture by free directly appropriated for and systematic these go further than an outline (that is, they were asked to type constructing a more complete organisation of, and show the key components of out as much as they could mental model,’ they said. the material – a system, with labels explaining remember). Then they answered Further analysis showed countless studies how the different parts interact. a series of questions on the that the students given an have found it to Bui and McDaniel asked 144 same topic. Finally, they annotated diagram, not only have little to no undergraduates to take notes completed a test of their took fewer notes than the other benefit. It’s likely while they listened to a 12- ‘structure building’ ability – students, but their notes this is in part because of the minute lecture about car brakes essentially how good they are contained a higher proportion way students take notes. Many and pumps. At the start, some at forming a coherent mental of references to the cause-and- simply record verbatim what of them were given a skeletal structure out of information. effect dynamics described in the the lecturer is saying. outline of the lecture, others For this, they read four passages lecture. This suggests the Now the US psychologists were given an annotated of text and then answered diagram helped the students Dung Bui and Mark McDaniel diagram of the parts and steps questions on them. to focus on extracting the most have tested two ways to help involved in a car’s brakes. There Regardless of their own important information for students take better notes. The was also a control group who ability level, the students who understanding the topic at hand. received a lecture outline The researchers said their performed better at findings have practical relevance The material in this section is taken from the of the lecture than the control for lecturers who want to use Society’s Research Digest blog at participants. They also took learning aids to ‘help all www.researchdigest.org.uk/blog, and is written by its more comprehensive notes. students across the entire range editor Dr Christian Jarrett and contributor Dr Alex When it came to the specific of ability’. Of course, this study Fradera. questions on the lecture was about the teaching of a material, however, the lecture scientific topic, so it's not clear Visit the blog for full coverage including references and outlines helped high-ability how the findings would links, additional current reports, an archive, comment, students but not those with low generalise to other subjects. our brand new podcast, and more. structure-building ability. By However, the researchers said contrast, both high- and low- that for topics for which Subscribe to the fortnightly e-mail, friend, follow and ability students who received illustrative diagrams are not more via www.bps.org.uk/digest annotated diagrams performed practical, ‘perhaps other aids better at free recall than the that help scaffold construction controls and at answering the of a coherent mental model questions, despite actually might be developed’. CJ

448 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 digest

(statistically non-significant) improvement, not the hefty 33 per cent improvement expected by the predictors. Once again, people were shown to expect optimism to produce results in DIGEST DIGESTED situations where the reality was otherwise. Full reports are available at www.bps.org.uk/digest A final experiment demonstrated that even when attention isn’t drawn artificially to people’s optimism, we still overrate Memory of the pain of a marathon fades with time. When its importance. Here, nine participants were each asked to Przemyslaw Bąbel approached runners three to six months after estimate how 99 task completers had fared on a task, guided their last marathon, most of them underestimated how much pain by character profiles of the completers, which included, among they’d been in and how unpleasant it was. Memory a host of other information, their level of optimism. Each profile characteristic gave participants more or less insight Researchers have videoed a into the completers’ true performance: for instance, enjoyment of group of six repeat burglars the test was a good, but not perfect, indicator that the person had breaking and entering a real performed well on the test. Participants were quite accurate in how residential house. Compared much weight they gave to these cues – except for optimism, which with six students, the burglars they treated as a much more powerful factor than it truly was. This showed signs of ‘expertise’ result suggests it wasn’t the way the earlier experiments were including spending more time in framed that led predictors to make too much of optimism; they are rooms containing more happy to do that all on their own. expensive items and coming This work doesn’t suggest that optimism is ineffective as a away with a more valuable haul. broad strategy for approaching life, or at helping us fulfil objectives Psychology, Crime and Law at a broad scale. But it does suggest that we put more on the shoulders of optimism that it can bear. If you do badly at a test, Men and boys with an older sister tend to be less competitive than rather than fretting that the cause was your negative mental their peers. That’s according to a study that asked high school pupils attitude, it might be better to simply focus on your knowledge and and university students to choose whether to earn modest rewards approach. AF based on their own maths or maze-solving performance, or potentially greater rewards in a competitive tournament context. Personality and Individual Differences LINK FEAST It’s possible to change your personality at will. Researchers asked Brain Disorders? Precisely students how they wanted their personalities to change and then An editorial in the journal Science says syndromes once gave them personality and behaviour questionnaires to fill out considered exclusively as ‘mental’ are being reconsidered intermittently over 16 weeks. The students’ personalities and as ‘brain’ disorders. behaviour tended to change in line with their goals, albeit by only tinyurl.com/o2c93gc modest amounts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Tylenol Doesn’t Really Blunt Your Emotions Twitter users who make jokes about OCD may find that it backfires. Blogger Neurocritic casts a sceptical eye over a recent study Participants liked fictional Twitter users who mocked or trivialised published in Psychological Science. the condition less than those who tweeted about it with respect and tinyurl.com/pvm5rbl compassion. Computers in Human Behavior

How to Exploit Male Sexual Competitiveness to Raise An analysis of real-life Money interviews at a job fair has Pacific Standard reports on a new study that looked at charity debunked the myth that donations made to runners in the London marathon. most interviewers make tinyurl.com/oj29j32 a hiring decision in the first four minutes. Although If I Were Prime Minister: I’d Make Sure We Were More some snap decisions were Gentle With Crisis Care in Mental Health made, most took place later Clinical psychologist Vaughan Bell argues that more funding in the interviews or even is required to treat highly distressed patients with the after they’d ended. compassion they need. Experienced, confident tinyurl.com/puzfurt interviewers were more likely to make snap The Man Who Couldn’t Stop Giving decisions Journal of What a Brazilian man's pathological generosity says about Occupational and the biological roots of philanthropy.’ Organizational Psychology tinyurl.com/nkmqqwp Young children start using time duration words, like seconds, The Strangest Sounds in the World minutes and hours, long before they have a complete understanding As these weird audio illusions show, people have radically of their meaning. From four and up, they know the rank order of the different opinions about what reaches their ears, says David duration terms, but it’s not until six or seven that they can pair up Robson. the feeling of different lengths of time with their designated duration tinyurl.com/qcc75jt words. Cognitive Psychology

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 449 NEW Starting September 2015 MSc Work Psychology and MSc Business Psychology

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 451 that their assessment was not a statistical artifact. Of course, Dunning and Kruger are themselves university professors (though at the time they did their original

FEATURE experiment, Kruger was still Dunning’s student). This is improbable too If you have colleagues who are incompetent and unaware of it, Dunning Marc Abrahams, Guardian columnist and founder of the Ig Nobel prizes, and Kruger’s research is a useful and with more research to make you smile and think convenient tool. I recommend that you make photocopies of their reports, and send them – anonymously, if need be – to each of those individuals, much as the Italian economist Professor Cipolla collect stories: stories about improbable In one experiment Dunning and Kruger originally distributed his 1976 essay The things, things that make people laugh, asked 65 test subjects to rate the funniness Basic Laws of Human Stupidity among his Ithen think. Improbable is, simply: what of certain jokes. They then compared each closest friends. you don’t expect. test subject’s ratings of the jokes with I research improbable research, and ratings done by eight professional in the April 2013 issue of this publication comedians. Some people had a very poor Brilliant early explanations I shared some of this from my book This Is sense of what others find funny – but of genius Improbable. In This Is Improbable Too, that most of those same individuals believed Psychologists still grind away (sometimes ‘too’ is meant to imply two things. First, themselves to be very good at it, rather at each other) at explaining what genius is, that this book is second. And second, that like David Brent of The Office. and where it comes from. The effort, now the stories I write about do not stand Another experiment involved logic weary and tendentious, was exciting in its alone – the people who did these things questions from law school entrance earlier days. In 1920 and also did other things, some of which are exams. The logic questions produced Jessie Chase of fully as unexpected. It’s easy to assume much the same results as jokes. Those published a report called ‘The psychology, that the good story you know about a with poor reasoning skills tended to biology and pedagogy of genius’ person is the good story about that person. believe they were Bertrand Russell or summarising all the important new In my experience, poking through studies Mr Spock. literature on the subject. and books, and chatting and gossiping Overall, the results showed that Those early 20th-century with thousands of improbable people, incompetence is even worse than it psychologists showed a collective genius if there’s one good story about a person, appears to be, and forms a sort of unholy for disagreeing about almost everything. chances are high that other stories exist trinity of cluelessness. The incompetent J.C.M. Garnett, in a study called too, and that some of those stories are don’t perform up to speed; don’t recognise ‘General ability, cleverness, and purpose’, even better than the one you knew about. their lack of competence; and don’t even offered a formula for genius. Measure recognise the competence of other people. a person’s general ability; then measure Dunning explained why he took up their cleverness, then square both The gift of incompetence this kind of research: ‘I am interested in numbers and add them together, then In their Cornell studies, psychologists why people tend to have overly favorable take the square root. Genius. David Dunning and Justin Kruger supplied and objectively indefensible views of their We learn about C.L. Redfield, who scientific evidence that incompetence is own abilities, talents, and moral character. ‘cites 571 specially selected pedigrees bliss, for the incompetent person. They For example, a full 94 per cent of college to prove his theory’ that ‘rapid breeding staged a series of experiments, involving professors state that they do “above inevitably leads to the production of several groups of people. Beforehand they average” work, although it is statistically inferior stock’, but that ‘inferior stock can made some predictions, most notably that: impossible for virtually everybody to be be transformed into superior stock in 100 I incompetent people dramatically above average.’ In 2008 he and his years, and into eminent men in 200 overestimate their ability; and colleagues revisited their findings with years’. I incompetent people are not good at ‘Why the unskilled are unaware: Further James G. Kiernan wrote a monograph recognising incompetence – their own explorations of (absent) self-insight called ‘Is genius a sport, a neurosis, or a or anyone else’s. among the incompetent’ in order to show child potentiality developed?’ Terman and

Aubeeluck, A. & Maguire, M. (2002). The Machiavellianism scores and Menstrual joy: The construct and Its Illinois Press. Menstrual Joy Questionnaire items performance of real estate consequences. Psychology of Women Dreber, A. Gerdes, C. & Gränsmark, P. alone can positively prime reporting salespersons. Psychology Reports, Quarterly, 18(3), 375–387. (2013). Beauty queens and battling of menstrual attitudes and 96(1), 235–238. Cope, L.M., Schaich Borg, J.S., Harenski, knights: Risk taking and symptoms. Psychology of Women Aziz, A., May, K. & Crotts, J.C. (2002). C.L. et al. (2010). ‘Hemispheric attractiveness in chess. Journal of bibliography Quarterly, 26(2), 160–162. Relations of Machiavellian behavior asymmetries during processing of Economic Behavior and Organization, Aziz, A. (2004). Machiavellianism scores with sales performance of immoral stimuli. Frontiers in 90(C), 1–18. and self-rated performance of stockbrokers. Psychology Reports, Evolutionary Neuroscience, 2, 1–14. Dunning, D. & Kruger, J. (1999). Unskilled automobile salespersons. Psychology 90(2), 451–460. Delaney, J., Lupton, M.J. & Toth, E. (1987). and unaware of it. Journal of Reports, 94(2): 464–466. Chrisler, J.C., Johnston, I.K., Champagne, The curse: A cultural history of Personality and Social Psychology, Aziz, A. (2005). Relationship between N.M. & Preston, K.E. (1994). menstruation. Chicago: University of 77(6), 1121–1134.

452 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 improbable research

Chase tell us that ‘Kiernan, after a Aziz, who teaches business at Morgan test-taker to agree or disagree (see description of the ability of various men State University in Baltimore, Maryland, tinyurl.com/5vzjmzg). The statements of genius, arrives at the conclusion that together with colleagues published three range from the goody-goody: ‘Most genius is not a sport nor a neurosis.’ studies a decade ago: ‘Relations of people who get ahead in the world lead Kiernan’s paper hints, right at the start, Machiavellian behavior with sales clean, moral lives’, to the not-so-goody: that its author knew neurosis intimately. performance of stockbrokers’; ‘The biggest difference between most The byline lists his credentials at some ‘Machiavellianism scores and self-rated criminals and other people is that the length. performance of automobile salespersons’; criminals are stupid enough to get A book by Albert Mordell explains and ‘Relationship between caught’. that ‘the literary genius is one who has Machiavellianism scores and performance Aziz prepared similar questions. experienced a , drawn certain of real estate salespersons’. All appear in He got answers from 110 brokers who conclusions from it, and expressed what the journal Psychology Reports. sell stocks on a commission basis. Aziz society does’, and that ‘By making an Aziz explains that a Machiavellian also wanted to know how good these outlet for their repressions in imaginative person is someone who ‘views and stockbrokers were at their sales work, so literature Rousseau, Goethe and many manipulates others’ for ‘personal gain, he asked them to compare their own sales others have saved themselves from often against the other’s self-interest’. performance with that of their colleagues. insanity’. Aziz would have preferred not to Bent on being thoroughly inclusive, take the brokers’ word for this. But, Terman and Chase mention a book he writes, ‘the company was not called Jesus, the Christ, in the Light of willing to disclose the actual Psychology, by G. Stanley Hall. ‘In two amount of sales by individual volumes’, they write, ‘Hall has given us stockbrokers’. After analysing what an epochmaking study, chiefly from the the stockbrokers told him, Aziz psychological point of view, of the reports a strong association between greatest moral genius of all time.’ Terman the brokers’ ‘Machiavellian behavior and Chase seem to carefully dodge a scale’ rank and how good they claim bullet (or maybe a firing squad or even to be at selling. a massive artillery bombardment) of His conclusion: The stockbroker criticism, remarking only that ‘It is data support the ‘assumption of a impossible even to characterize such a positive relationship between monumental work in the few lines here Machiavellianism and sales available, much less to summarize it’. performance’. There’s much more. Aziz then did a similar study All told, Terman and Chase describe of 80 car salespersons, all of whom 95 scholarly and semi-scholarly papers work on commission. He asked and books, devoting a sentence or three them his Machiavellianism survey to each of them. The exception, the questions. He also asked each to lengthiest section of their report, is a tell him ‘(a) the number of cars lavish description of Terman’s own recent Stockbrokers, car salespersons and estate agents sold during the previous year and studies, commencing with the words appear to show positive relationship between (b) the income bracket that most ‘Terman devotes 102 pages of his latest Machiavellianism and sales performance closely matched their income during book to… ’. Terman’s writings, reportedly, that year’. His conclusion: What the are filled with insights ‘of special interest’. He says this ‘modern concept of car salespersons told him provides ‘partial Machiavellianism was derived from support for earlier findings’. the ideas of [Niccolò] Machiavelli as Rounding out the Big Three, Aziz Princely behaviour published in [his book] The Prince in then talked with 72 estate agents who By reputation, stockbrokers have 1532’, and that interest in it as a earned their money selling property on manipulative personalities. So do people personality trait blossomed in the 1970s. commission. The things they told him, who sell cars or buildings. Professor Abdul Aziz used a questionnaire based on Aziz says, ‘support earlier results from Aziz took the measure of these groups of psychological tests devised in the 1960s samples of stockbrokers and automobile professionals, hoping to see whether each that claim to measure Machiavellianism salespersons’. lives up or down to the legend. by presenting statements and asking the A few other studies have cited Aziz’s

Ehrlinger, J., Johnson, K., Banner, D. et Kiernan, J.G. (1915–1919). Is genius a menstrual distress questionnaire. Ruback, R.B., Pape, K.D. & Doriot, P. al. (2008). Why the unskilled are sport, a neurosis, or a child potentiality Psychosomatic Medicine, 30, 853–867. (1989). Waiting for a phone: Intrusion unaware. Organizational Behavior and developed? Alienist and Neurologist, Mordell, A. (1919). The erotic motive in on callers leads to territorial defense. Human Decision Process, 105(1), 36, 165–182, 236–246, 384–395; 37, literature. New York: Boni & Liveright. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52, 232–241. 98–121. 70–82, 141–157; 40, 114–118. Redfield, C.L. (1915). Great men and how Stratton, G.M. (1923). The color red, and Garnett, J.C.M. (1919). General ability, MacNeil, B.M. & Holden, R.R. (2006). they are produced. Chicago: Privately the anger of cattle. Psychological cleverness, and purpose. British Psychopathy and the detection of published. Review, 30(4), 321–325. Journal of Psychology, 9, 345–366. faking on self-report inventories of Ruback, R.B. & Juieng, D. (1997). Terman, L.M. & Chase, J.M. (1920). The Hall, G.S. (1917). Jesus, the Christ, in the personality. Personality and Individual Territorial defense in parking lots. psychology, biology and pedagogy of light of psychology. New York: Differences, 41(4), 641–651. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, genius. Psychological Bulletin, 17(12), Doubleday & Page. Moos, R.H. (1968). The development of a 27(9), 821–834. 397–409.

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 453 improbable research

work. One of the first was a Canadian waiting, waiting for access to the bulls) and cows and calves, including report called ‘Psychopathy and the telephone, people kept using that phone some who were accustomed to wandering detection of faking on self-report much longer – averaging almost four the range and others who lived in barns. inventories of personality’. minutes. The researchers obtained white, black, After varying the experiment in small red and green strips of cloth, each ways, trying to tease out exactly what was measuring two by six feet. These they Beauty queens and battling or wasn’t happening, the researchers attached ‘endwise to a line stretched high knights decided they had seen a clear cause and enough to let the animals go easily under The authors, at Stockholm School of effect – that ‘people stayed longer at the it; from this line the colors hung their 6 Economics and Stockholm University, phone after an intrusion, primarily because feet of length free of the ground, well- explain: ‘We explore the relationship someone was waiting to use the phone’. separated, and ready to flutter in the between attractiveness and risk taking in Even in the absence of payphones, one breeze’. chess. We use a large international panel can, while strolling through town, see The cattle showed indifference to the dataset on high-level chess competitions bursts of this kind of ‘territorial defence’. banners, except sometimes when a breeze which includes a control for the players’ They happen in the street and in car parks, made the cloth flutter. Males and females skill in chess. This data is combined with wherever motorists vie for parking spaces. reacted the same way, as did ‘tame’ and results from a survey on an online labor Professor Ruback went behaviour- ‘wild’ animals. Red did nothing for them. market where participants were asked to hunting in a shopping mall parking lot Farmers seem to have already rate the photos of 626 expert chess players near Atlanta. In 1997 he and a colleague, suspected this. Stratton surveyed some. according to attractiveness. Our results Daniel Juieng, produced a report with He reports that ‘Of 66 such persons who suggest that male chess players choose a title that hints at more violence than have favored me with their careful replies, significantly riskier strategies when playing the paper delivers: ‘Territorial defense in I find that 38 believe that red never against an attractive female opponent, even parking lots: Retaliation against waiting excites cattle to anger; 15 believe that red though this does not improve their drivers’. When the researchers saw usually does not excite them to anger, performance. Women’s strategies are not someone get into a car, preparing to drive although exceptionally it may; 8 believe affected by the attractiveness of the away, they measured the time until the that it usually so excites, though opponent.’ car actually departed. They saw that, exceptionally it may not; and 3 believe consistently, drivers took longer to leave that it always so excites’. if someone else was obviously waiting for One of those three dissenters Defending payphones and their space. described her views, well, colourfully: parking spots Ruback and his minions forced the ‘A lively little Jersey cow whom I had As pay telephones disappear from our issue, sending their own drivers, in various known all her six years of life, chased me cities, with them vanish opportunities to cars, all with particular instructions. They through a barbed wire fence when I was watch an entertaining, maddening form of learned that if their ‘intruding’ driver wearing a red dress and sweater, and behaviour. The behaviour was documented honked a horn, the departing driver never did so before or after. I changed to in a study called ‘Waiting for a phone: would take an especially long time to a dull gray, and reentered the corral, and Intrusion on callers leads to territorial leave. They also learned that men would she paid no attention to me, and let me defense’. The report came out in 1989, leave more quickly if they saw that the feed and water her as usual. Also a before mobile phones nudged public pay person waiting to take their place drove a Durham bull whom I had raised from a phones towards oblivion. blatantly more expensive vehicle. Women, calf, and was a perfect family pet, chased Professor R. Barry Ruback, with some though, were not cowed by such things. me till I fell from sight through some of his students at Georgia State University, brush when I was wearing the same outfit performed an experiment. They began by of crimson.’ asking people what they would do if, Red: bull More typical, though, was the farmer while talking on a public pay telephone, Bulls care little about the redness of a who told Stratton: ‘In referring to the they noticed someone else waiting to use matador’s cape. Psychologists have been saying, “Like waving a red rag before a that phone. Most people said they would pretty sure about that since 1923, when bull”, I have found that to wave anything hurry up and terminate their call. George M. Stratton of the University of before a bull is dangerous business.’ The researchers put that common California published a study called ‘The to the test. They lurked discreetly color red, and the anger of cattle’. near public telephone booths in the ‘It is probable’, Stratton opined, ‘that Having the time of your month Atlanta area. Seeing someone engaged in this popular belief arises from the fact The ‘Menstrual Joy Questionnaire’ was a call on a pay phone, they would send that cattle, and particularly bulls, have developed in 1987. It entered the world as a trained stooge to hover expectantly. attacked persons displaying red, when the part of a book called The Curse: A Cultural The stooge ‘simply stood behind the cause of the attack lay in the behavior of History of Menstruation, written by Janice caller, sometimes looking at his watch the person, in his strangeness, or in other Delaney, Mary Jane Lupton and Emily and putting his hands in his pockets’. factors apart from the color itself. The Toth. They were distressed at the existence Sometimes they sent two stooges. Every human knowledge that red is the color and influence of the ‘Menstrual Distress stooge was ‘instructed not to stare at the of blood, and that blood is, or seemingly Questionnaire’, a dour piece of work subject’. should be, exciting, doubtless has added created 19 years earlier by Rudolf H. Moos In the absence of stooges, people’s its own support to this fallacy.’ at Stanford University. phone calls lasted on average about 80 Professor Stratton, aided by a Miss Moos was a psychiatrist. He delved, seconds. When a single stooge stood Morrison and a Mr Blodgett, conducted professionally, into many kinds of nearby, people stayed on the phone longer an experiment on several small herds of distress, among them: depression; – typically about 110 seconds. And when cattle – 40 head altogether, a mixture of problem drinking; work-induced stress; two stooges queued up, clearly waiting, bulls and bullocks (bullocks are castrated and the social atmospheres of psychiatric

454 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 improbable research wards. Though few held it against him, was sarcastic or ironic (25%). Other With the exception of a few crackpots Moos had little first-person experience of participants expressed initial interest or geniuses, scientists don’t claim to menstrual emotions. His was a rigorous (12.5%), amusement (12.5%), confusion understand how the 100,000,000,000 or academic understanding. (12.5%), irritation or annoyance (5%), so parts of the human brain manage to The three menstrual joy scholars were appreciation (2.5%), or sadness (2.5%). think thoughts. Many of those a cheerier lot. They were literary folk. Some participants expressed more than multitudinous parts are connected to each Delaney was director of a prestigious one reaction.’ other in complex ways that are quirkily fiction-writing award given by the Folger ‘The results of this study’, they different in every person. Some of the Library in , DC. Lupton and concluded, ‘are interesting for several connections change over the course of a Toth were English professors: Lupton at reasons.’ life, or a day, or even a few minutes. Many Morgan State University in Baltimore, Several years later, two British tiny brain parts are clumped into big Toth at State University. psychologists, Aimee Aubeeluck at the conglomerations, some quite distinct Their menstrual savvy came from (hello, cerebellum!), but others have personal experience supplemented by fuzzy locations and borders. a vast knowledge of literature. The study does not risk getting The Menstrual Joy Questionnaire bogged down in those larger, complicated is short and simple, inquiring into 10 conundrums. It restricts itself to the joyful menstrual matters, specifically: simple question: How does immorality (1) high spirits; (2) increased sexual play out in the brain? desire; (3) vibrant activity; (4) The scientists sought their answer revolutionary zeal; (5) intense by recruiting some test subjects. They concentration; (6) feelings of affection; confronted each volunteer with several (7) self-confidence; (8) feelings of levels of immorality, in the form of words euphoria; (9) creativity; and (10) and images. feelings of power. The team used MRI machines to Seven years after Delaney, Lupton indirectly (via electromagnetic emissions) and Toth launched their admittedly monitor where largish amounts of blood whimsical questionnaire, a team of flowed in the brain as each volunteer researchers tried to gauge its impact. confronted each example of immorality. Joan Chrisler, Ingrid Johnston, Nicole In theory, anyway, blood flows most freely Champagne and Kathleen Preston of near whichever brain parts are actively Connecticut College published a study, Red bull – ‘to wave anything before a bull is thinking, or have just thought, or are just called ‘Menstrual joy: The construct dangerous business’ about to think, or are busily doing and its consequences’, in the journal something else. Psychology of Women Quarterly. Their In one test, volunteers saw different purpose, they stated, was ‘to examine University of Derby and Moira Maguire kinds of printed statements. Some were participants’ reactions to the concept of at the University of Luton, decided to about pathogens (‘You eating your sister’s menstrual joy… We found it too difficult replicate Chrisler et al.’s experiment, spoiled hamburger, You sipping your to resist the temptation to see what but chose to remove the title of the sister’s urine, You eating your sister’s women would think of the construct’. questionnaire altogether, so that no scab’); some about incest (‘You giving And so they gave the Menstrual Joy ‘’ for joy or distress would be your sister an orgasm, You watching your Questionnaire to 40 women. Then they introduced by the researchers. They sister masturbate, You fondling your asked five questions: found that the wording of ‘Joy’ questions sister’s nipples’); some about ‘nonsexual I What was your reaction to seeing a alone was enough to make women think immoral acts’ (‘You burgling your sister’s questionnaire entitled ‘Menstrual Joy’? more favourably about menstruation ‘as home, You killing your sister’s child’); and I Have you previously regarded a natural event’. others about ‘neutral acts’ (‘You reading to menstruation as a positive event in your sister, You holding your sister’s your life? If yes, describe the groceries’). menstrual cycle’s positive aspects in Naughty thoughts, In other tests, volunteers saw other your own words. hemispherically kinds of statements or pictures, each I Did the Menstrual Joy Questionnaire When a person thinks about naughty chosen for its evident moral content. encourage you to view menstruation things, does one side of the brain get more After all the immorality was seen, and in a different way? If yes, please exercised than the other? Eight scientists, the measurements made, the researchers explain. led by Debra Lieberman, a professor of calculated that the left side of the brain I Do you think you will be aware of at the University had been more involved than the right or anticipate some of these positive of Miami, studied that question. Their side. Thus, concludes the study: ‘There is aspects during your next menstrual report, ‘Hemispheric asymmetries during a left-hemisphere bias for the processing cycle? processing of immoral stimuli’, appears in of immoral stimuli across multiple I Do you discuss menstruation openly? the journal Frontiers in Evolutionary domains.’ If so, with whom? Neuroscience. The stated goal is to describe ‘the neural organisation of moral Here, in the researchers’ own words, is processing’. I Marc Abrahams is Editor and co-founder what they learned: ‘The most common The researchers had to work with a of the Annals of Improbable Research. This reactions to the questionnaire were few limitations – the same limitations that article is extracted from his book This Is incredulity or disbelief (27.5%), shock or apply to anyone who tries to describe Improbable Too (Oneworld, £6.29) surprise (22.5%) or the belief that the title what’s going on in the brain. [email protected]

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 457 is talking about it. It’s time we started: we argue that a lack of systematic consideration of whether or how

ARTICLE therapists should talk about themselves in therapy leaves us to grapple over what is ‘unprofessional’ and what is simply Opening up to disclosure ordinary human interaction. We are particularly interested in TSD Anna Ruddle and Sarah Dilks consider whether therapists should talk about as psychologists working with people themselves in therapy who experience psychosis. We have noted the lack of attention to TSD in training and research within our field. This As psychologists, we are sychologists from all corners of the contrasts with discussions with our increasingly encouraged to work discipline tend to work with people. colleagues, which revealed the frequent as equal partners with people to PWe often hear about their lives, and strategic use of TSD in therapy for overcome problems or facilitate their hopes and fears, their highs and psychosis. When someone is paranoid recovery, as defined by the lows. But do they need to hear about about your motives, it makes sense to individual. There is an emphasis ours? explain your thinking and actions. Not on the common human experience As an example, consider working with answering questions about yourself (‘I of all parties. So should we be people experiencing wonder why you want behaving differently with clients, psychosis. Here, to know that?’) only opening up more, sharing our own paranoia and social raises suspicion. So we experiences of stress, anxiety and isolation often limit focus on the potential resilience? Or would this be opportunities for value of TSD, considered unprofessional and ordinary interaction particularly with even risky? and impact on psychosis; the need developing trusting for research to gain a relationships. The deeper understanding traditional of its use; and the stereotype of scope for developing therapists as a silent TSD practice ‘blank screen’ guidelines. suggested it was unhelpful or even What do different approaches say about dangerous to share What is therapist self-disclosure? anything about self-disclosure? How is therapist self-disclosure ourselves with our Many mental health questions questions experienced by clients? clients. But recovery professionals presume Can therapist self-disclosure improve approaches to TSD refers solely to the therapy outcomes? mental health What is ‘unprofessional’ and what disclosure of mental health problems (e.g. is simply ordinary human problems. The recovery Department of interaction? literature perhaps Goldfried, M., Burckell, L. & Eubanks- Health, 2011; Slade, compounds this view, Carter, C. (2003). Therapist self- 2009) emphasise through the value it places disclosure in cognitive-behavior that the role of professionals is no longer on the employment of staff with personal therapy. Journal of ,

resources to ‘cure an illness’ but instead to work experience of mental health problems. 59(5), 555–568. with people towards what they consider Social media and anti-stigma campaigns Henretty, J.R. & Levitt, H.M. (2010). The a successful outcome. like Time to Change add to the emphasis role of therapist self-disclosure in : A qualitative review. We have explored therapist self- on promoting personal openness about Clinical Psychology Review, 30(1), disclosure (TSD) in the literature and mental health problems. Amongst others, 63–77. more anecdotally, and it is common political commentator Alistair Campbell practice. Everyone is doing it, but no one recently blogged about his own

Audet, C. & Everall, R. (2010). Therapist government mental health outcomes tinyurl.com/l6jroab Narrative therapy: The social self-disclosure and the therapeutic strategy for people of all ages. Dryden, W. (1990). Self-disclosure in construction of preferred realities. relationship: A phenomenological Available at tinyurl.com/ptpkpsx rational emotive therapy. In G. New York: Norton. study from the client perspective. Dilks, S., Tasker, F. & Wren, B. (2013). Stricker & M. Fisher (Eds.) Self- Freud, S. (1958). The dynamics of

references British Journal of Guidance and Conceptualizing the therapist’s role disclosure in the therapeutic transference. In J. Strachey (Ed.). The Counselling, 38(3), 327–342. in therapy in psychosis. Psychology relationship. New York: Plenum . standard edition of the complete Chadwick, P. (2006). Person-based and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research Ellett, L. & Wildschut, T. (2014). Are we psychological works of , cognitive therapy for distressing and Practice, 86(3), 315–333. all paranoid? The Psychologist, 27(5), Vol. 12. London: Hogarth Press psychosis. Chichester: Wiley. Dorset Wellbeing and Recovery 328–330. (original work published 1912) Department of Health (2011). No health Partnership (2013). Supporting the Freedman, J. & Combs, G. (1996). Goldfried, M., Burckell, L. & Eubanks- without mental health: A cross recovery journeys of staff. Available at Reflecting. In J. Freedman (Ed.) Carter, C. (2003). Therapist self-

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experience of alcoholism and depression inspired by your in response to comedian Stephen Fry’s resilience’). declaration of a suicide attempt. Why self-disclose? However, we take a much broader We believe that context view of TSD than simply the disclosure is key to determining the (adapted from Henretty & Levitt, 2010) of mental health problems. Consistent rationale for and with the therapy literature (see e.g. consequence of any TSD. I To promote client disclosure Reynolds & Fischer, 1983), we see The same utterance may I To foster the therapeutic relationship/alliance TSD as the sharing of any aspect of our carry a very different I To model for clients personal experience with our clients, meaning and impact I To encourage clients’ autonomy whether this is: depending on the particular I To facilitate client self-exploration and self-revelation, I the therapist sharing their thoughts client, therapist and the especially around interpersonal patterns and feelings as they arise in therapy, specific moment in therapy. I To validate reality e.g. ‘I’ve noticed you seem I To normalise and promote feelings of universality uncomfortable when I ask how you I To equalise power feel’, or their rationale for actions in Different perspectives I To repair an impasse or alliance rupture therapy; or originally I To correct misconceptions I disclosure of therapist experience or called for neutrality, allowing I To assist clients in identifying and labelling their information outside of the therapy clients to express their emotions room, from simple biographical unconscious feelings and I To show similarities information such as ‘I come from desires, enabling the therapist I To reassure Nottingham’ to stories from their to interpret their meaning I To build client self-esteem personal life, successful and and consequences (Freud, I To demystify therapy unsuccessful coping strategies or 1912/1958). However, Ziv- I To reinforce and/or shape for desirable client experiences of having been through Beiman (2013) draws behaviour adversity, including mental health attention to more recent I To offer alternative ways to think or act problems. strands of psychodynamic I To help clients recognise boundaries between what psychotherapy that actually they think and feel and what others think and feel Other distinctions between types of encourage some TSD. And a I To provide clients with authentic human-to-human TSD that we have found helpful from recent review of research into interaction reviewing the literature and/or our own TSD suggests 90 per cent of practice include: therapists do self-disclose to I reactive (client asks) vs. voluntary their clients (Henretty & (therapist initiates); Levitt, 2010). therapy (CBT) has little written about I positive vs. negative (e.g. ‘I’ve noticed Some therapy approaches, like social TSD. Some textbooks briefly reference you’re very caring and loyal’ vs. constructionist family therapy, (e.g. its value in normalising a client’s distress ‘When your worries spiral in Freedman & Combs, 1996) actively but only one article explores it in detail conversation, it’s hard for me to get advocate TSD. For example, in ‘reflecting (Goldfried et al., 2003). Some recent my opinions across’); teams’ clinicians talk in front of families ‘third wave’ cognitive approaches have I degrees of intimacy (e.g. ‘I really about what they have observed in a given it slightly more attention, such as admire people who always keep going’ session. They are encouraged to put their acceptance and commitment therapy vs. ‘I really admire you – you always comments in their personal context (e.g. (ACT). Harris (2009), for instance, keep going’); ‘As an Asian female, I can sympathise advocates TSD ‘if and when it’s likely to I degrees of personal information (e.g. with the daughter struggling to get her be beneficial to the client in the service of ‘My cat didn’t come home once and voice heard’). Associated narrative normalization, validation, promoting self- I felt anxious’ vs. ‘I lost my partner in approaches such as the Tree of Life acceptance, or enhancing the therapeutic a car accident and will never truly get (Ncube, 2006) radically challenge relationship’ (p.235). over it’); and traditional views of TSD by encouraging I similar vs. dissimilar to client therapists to share their personal life experience (e.g. ‘I also felt anxious stories and values with their clients. The rationale for self-disclosure when I was unemployed’ vs. ‘I don’t In contrast to psychoanalysis and The literature cites a wide range of agree that you’re weak – in fact, I’m family therapy, cognitive behaviour motives for TSD, predominantly gleaned

disclosure in cognitive-behavior of client perceptions of the effects of therapy with : A practice Cambridge University Press. therapy. Journal of Clinical helpful therapist self-disclosure in manual. Cheltenham: Stanley Scottish Recovery Network (2007). Psychology, 59(5), 555–568. long-term therapy. Journal of Thornes. Realising recovery learning materials. Harris, R. (2009). ACT made simple. Counselling Psychology, 44, 274–283. Reynolds, C.L. & Fischer, C.H. (1983). Available at tinyurl.com/l2vhjl7 Oakland, CA: New Harbinger. Ncube, N. (2006). The Tree of Life Personal versus professional Stiles, W. (2013). The variables problem Henretty, J.R. & Levitt, H.M. (2010). The Project: Using narrative ideas in evaluations of self-disclosing and and progress in psychotherapy role of therapist self-disclosure in work with vulnerable children in self-involving counsellors. Journal of research. Psychotherapy, 50(1), 33–41. psychotherapy: A qualitative review. South Africa. International Journal of Counselling Psychology, 30(1), 121–125. Ziv-Beiman, S. (2013). Therapist self- Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 63–77. Narrative Therapy and Community Slade, M. (2009). Personal recovery and disclosure as an integrative Knox, S., Hess, S.A., Peterson, D.A. & Work, 1, 3–16. mental illness: A guide for mental intervention. Journal of Psychotherapy Hill, C.E. (1997). A qualitative analysis Nelson, H. (1997). Cognitive behavioural health professionals. Cambridge: Integration, 23(1), 59–74.

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 459 self-disclosure

from surveys with therapists. Henretty negative way or incorporate the providing information on the prevalence and Levitt (2010: see box) summarise therapist into their belief that there is of experiences clients erroneously believe a number of these, stemming from their a government conspiracy against them. to be ‘mad’ or uncommon can also be a thorough review of quantitative research Offering clients transparency about your relief – for instance, see Ellett and into TSD. Goldfried et al. (2003) also motives and actions can reduce this Wildschut’s (2014) recent article in The specifically outline the rationale for using suspicion (e.g. explaining ‘I’m asking Psychologist on the commonality of TSD in CBT. you lots of questions because I want to paranoia. It seems particularly pertinent to use understand properly, but you don’t have Chadwick (2006), an experienced TSD to build a good working relationship to tell me if you don’t want to’). clinician in the field of psychosis, and gain a client’s trust early in therapy. TSD can be used in these early stages summarises his position as coming from TSD can also be used to model effective of therapy to show you are an honest, a commitment to openness and mindful ways of coping (e.g. Dryden, 1990) and warm person with no ill intentions. You acceptance, which in his view illustrate the commonality of unhelpful might choose to use TSD via general necessitates TSD: ‘Therapists need to behaviours and thinking styles (e.g. ‘I ‘small talk’, referring to an episode of be open and consistent… If I make a tend to be a bit of a perfectionist in my EastEnders or a recent football match. mistake, I apologise; if I am stuck, I say work and sometimes I find it exhausting This builds a sense of alliance but also so; if clients ask me a personal question, too’). provides clients with genuine, authentic I take the question at face value and Note that disclosure might have human-to-human interaction, answer directly… If the question is too a number of effects. It could help the demystifying therapy. personal, I would say this…’ (p.75). client see the unhelpfulness of their current strategies; reduce distress by recognising we are What’s the impact of disclosure? all only human; or open up Henretty and Levitt (2010) possibilities for new ways of comprehensively reviewed the thinking and acting. It may quantitative research into TSD, of course also induce anxiety demonstrating there are not enough – ‘If she’s a perfectionist, am studies to reach many conclusions. Their I doing a good enough job in review suggested TSD enhanced clients’ this therapy?’! Clearly while ratings of therapist warmth but did not a therapist may have a sound have any reliable impact on other rationale for disclosing, the qualities traditionally deemed important potential consequences need to therapy outcomes, such as to be carefully considered. trustworthiness and empathy. TSD also As clinicians working with appeared to induce more self-disclosure psychosis, we have noticed by clients if used infrequently and at a the particular value of TSD low to moderate intimacy level, compared due to the specific difficulties to not disclosing or disclosing frequently. in engaging people who are However, varying definitions make it suspicious or socially isolated, difficult to generalise in this area, and and the stigma and social there are other methodological flaws, exclusion resulting from a including the use of analogue diagnosis of psychosis. Individuals TSD can also be effective when used methodology (asking non-clinical samples experiencing psychosis have often been to validate a person’s reality, even if this to imagine a therapy situation) and marginalised by society. If we listen is seen as unusual or different to what surveys of therapists rather than direct empathically to their unusual others believe. This does not mean we analyses of ‘live’ therapy sessions. experiences, discuss ordinary reactions have to agree with or endorse particular To our knowledge, there are very few to suffering, but also look beyond these beliefs (so we might explicitly say high-calibre qualitative studies exploring experiences and speak about ‘normal’ ‘I haven’t personally experienced my the experience of TSD, with the exception everyday things, this can be profoundly neighbours trying to hurt me’). But as of two frequently cited studies: Knox et empowering and de-stigmatising (‘she therapists, we can use our psychological al. (1997), and Audet and Everall (2010). makes me feel like I’m someone special understanding to offer a genuine The latter phenomenological study of as well, that I’m worthy’: client Tanya, empathic response (e.g. saying ‘If I was clients’ experiences identified three types quoted in Dilks et al., 2013, p.328). In thinking my neighbours wanted to kill of effects of TSD: (a) ‘forming a this context, we think a number of me I would feel terrified’). Or we can connection’ early in therapy, (b) reasons from Henretty and Levitt’s (2010) show our understanding that specific ‘conveying presence’ through being list are especially pertinent: fostering the beliefs make sense in the context of a attentive and responsive and (c) ‘engaging therapeutic relationship, correcting person’s life: ‘If I had experienced all the the client in a meaningful working misconceptions, demystifying therapy, abuse and violence you did growing up, relationship’ (p.338). These authors repairing an impasse in the alliance, I might also be on the lookout for people exemplified how TSD could either validating a person’s reality and out to get me.’ facilitate or hinder these processes normalising their experiences. The therapist sharing their own ‘odd’ depending on how the disclosure was In our experience of working with experiences (Nelson, 1997, p.85), done and how it was received by clients. paranoia, the early stages of therapy are including hearing voices or feeling they’ve For instance, they quote: ‘there was this critical in fostering the relationship and been followed, can be very helpful in feeling of relief and this person isn’t going gaining someone’s trust. Clients may illustrating the universality of certain to think I’m a weirdo or I’m a screw up misinterpret a benign comment in a types of human experience. Simply because they have this relevant

460 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 self-disclosure experience of their own’ (p.335), in therapy to the therapist (as one accommodating the complexities contrast to ‘It’s kind of like my therapist client put it, ‘It almost felt like a of investigating the impact of has a broken finger and my whole arm is parent–child relationship… like I was therapist–client interactions that are broken, and she says, “But you know, the therapist and she was the patient mutually influential (Stiles, 2013). we’re the same’’’ (p.336). getting everything off her chest’: In this vein, Henretty and Levitt Audet & Everall, 2010, p.335); or (2010) recommend ‘future researchers… I encourage confusion about the nature take into account multiple factors of Practice implications of the relationship (e.g. TSD for some therapist disclosure, such as We believe psychological therapists, may imply that a more intimate intimacy/depth, duration/breadth, timing, especially those working with psychosis, personal relationship is possible). quality, client readiness and content’ are in need of more systematic guidance (p.70). They also suggest considering on the use of TSD. We feel the issue With regard to ‘how’ to disclose, the whether the TSD was ‘of positive versus warrants more attention in training, both therapist could consider informing a negative information… before or after in teaching and placements. We hope this client that they might occasionally do a client disclosure… volunteered or as would encourage more open discussion this, or could seek permission in advance a result of a client question, and the and reflection in supervision. We also of a disclosure they think may have client’s expectations and preferences’ wonder about practice implications for particular impact. They may also want to (p.70). Measuring these multiple factors other applied psychologists. How much ask the client what their experience was would help capture the complexities of should educational psychologists share of of the TSD and possibly return to it later the therapeutic interaction. themselves when working with children? in therapy. Finally, therapists might Or occupational psychologists with their consider rehearsing a warm but clear clients? way of saying they are not comfortable Changing the narrative As with any therapy skill, guidelines continuing with a particular topic. In our experience, therapist self- on TSD would need to be used flexibly. disclosure is regularly practised yet rarely Use of TSD is likely to vary according to discussed. Its neglect within training, the therapeutic approach, stage of therapy, Research recommendations theory and research perhaps stems from therapist’s professional experience, Research is needed to develop clearer a longstanding narrative that TSD may be personal preference, therapy process definitions of TSD and a greater unhelpful or even dangerous. Yet a review issues and the interaction between all understanding of its use and of the literature and an informal survey of these factors. While some guidance about consequences. Although we have a expert psychologists working in psychosis staff self-disclosure exists in the recovery particular interest in TSD in working revealed TSD is much more prevalent literature (e.g. Scottish Recovery with psychosis, we believe this applies to than one might think. Indeed, it seems Network, 2007) and some NHS Trusts therapy more generally. Research would therapists are actively engaging in TSD are developing guidance (e.g. Dorset inform the theoretical underpinnings of as a therapeutic technique in itself. Wellbeing and Recovery Partnership, TSD, allowing it to be incorporated more Of course, many clinicians may want 2013), we are not aware of any specific explicitly within therapy models. For to hold their own position on TSD, and to therapy. Henretty and Levitt (2010) example, research could be developed to some may be uncomfortable with the do provide some detail in their helpful test Ziv-Beiman’s (2013) model of TSD as idea of training or guidelines. Yet mental recommendations about ‘what’, ‘when’, a pan-therapy ‘integrative intervention’. health services are moving towards why’ and ‘how’ to self-disclose in therapy, She argues TSD has a dual effect by a more recovery-focused, anti-stigma, based on their literature review. For enhancing non-specific relationship partnership model of working. Are we example, they recommend that therapists factors and working as an active therefore approaching a position of ‘self-disclose infrequently’ and ‘take into technique in its own right (e.g. expecting some therapist self-disclosure? account the client’s possible reactions’ encouraging insight, cognitive change or If so, we need to build more systematic (p.73). However, their recommendations change in the experience of self and support, guidance and research around its make clear there are no hard-and-fast others). In relation to psychosis, research use. This would help ensure we practise rules for TSD. Rather, TSD requires could examine how TSD might contribute both ethically and effectively but also, careful consideration in relation to each to the key therapist activities identified in importantly, that we look after ourselves. specific client and their individual Dilks et al.’s (2013) grounded theory context. We would therefore encourage model of therapy processes in psychosis. therapists to bear these what, when, why More systematic research is especially Anna Ruddle is a Clinical and how questions in mind whenever needed into the use and impact of TSD in Psychologist with South considering the use of TSD. real-life therapeutic encounters. For London and Maudsley NHS In addition it is also worth thinking instance, while Goldfried et al. (2003) Foundation Trust about when not to self-disclose as a make reasonable speculations that TSD [email protected] therapist (e.g. when a negative might impact on clients’ engagement in consequence is possible or likely). therapy or have a micro-impact within For instance, when the TSD may: certain CBT techniques (e.g. helping to I invoke envy in a client (e.g. ‘I’m off elicit thoughts or reflect on experiments to the Bahamas’); to test out beliefs), these hypotheses have Sarah Dilks is a Consultant I involve a personal experience the yet to be tested. Clinical Psychologist with therapist has not overcome We believe the most promising South London and Maudsley sufficiently to remain objective; research will come from studying actual NHS Foundation Trust I open up areas of questioning the interactions within therapist–client pairs. [email protected] therapist is not comfortable with; This work would benefit from lessons I inappropriately shift the focus of learnt in therapy process research,

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 461 working lives; and national government seeks to support and address the health and welfare issues of young people not in

ARTICLE work, while at the same time being aware Youth employment – of the financial and longer-term economic issues facing an ageing society and long- term unemployment. Recruiters and the missing facts managers claim to be seeking young talent to compensate for ageing workforces, but Angela Carter looks to a better understanding of young people by employers this does not appear to be adding to the jobs available to young people. How are psychologists making sense Despite a small fall in the overall ore than 950,000 young people of this situation, and what models and unemployment rate, nearly one between the ages of 18 and 24 are theories are guiding our activities? million under-25s are unemployed. Munemployed in the UK today; and Recent work by the Institute for the jobless rate is 3.74 times the adult Public Policy Research (IPPR, 2014) rate (IPPR, 2014) up from 3.5 times the The changing workplace found that the traditional link adult rate a year ago. It is not widely Current social arrangements of work between youth employment and known that less than 25 per cent of UK are very different now from what they economic growth has broken. companies employ under-24s, and less were 50 years ago (Savickas et al., 2009). Psychological research in this area than 6 per cent will take on under-18s Proliferation of work associated with mostly focuses on the issues of (UKCES, 2011, p.14). The decrease in industrialisation of the 20th century young people’s motivation, lack of entry-level jobs available to young people enabled the development of hierarchical preparation for the world and long has been happening over the last 15 work relationships and stable work transitions between education and years, regardless of the economic climate patterns. These supported a step-wise work. What the research fails to (IPPR, 2014; SKOPE, 2012). development of knowledge, skills and consider is how few entry-level Examining detailed data from the abilities, often represented by the stage jobs are offered to young people. Office for National Statistics (ONS) (March models of career development (Levinson, 2014: tinyurl.com/p5yyk5p) highlights the 1976; Super, 1957, 1990). As individuals flows of young people to and from matured and gained in skills and employment, unemployment, inactivity experience they progressed to the next (e.g. looking after home or family) and level of organisational hierarchy. It was education. With the number of young this upwards progression that gave young Why don’t employers want young people people in full-time education having people opportunities to enter trades and to fill entry-level jobs? increased significantly (from 1.42 million professions at the beginning of their work in 1984 to 3.03 million at the end of experience. What can psychologists do to change 2013), there are fewer young people in But this is no longer true in the 21st questions questions employers’ views? the labour market than before. Therefore century. Work arrangements are reacting unemployment rates expressed as a to a labour market contraction, in response proportion of the potential labour force to economic recession and the challenges (currently 20 per cent) can be misleading. to local production and processing Nevertheless, recent data from the ONS represented by increasing globalisation. BPS DOP Working Group on Youth (November 2013: tinyurl.com/mbnfkva) Job prospects are less stable and more Employment: tinyurl.com/ogjby4b highlights that young people (16–24) are short-term, making the maintenance of full The Office for National Statistics: 2.6 times more likely to flow from employment difficult and opportunities for www.ons.gov.uk employment to unemployment than those upwards progression scarce. Many people resources Institute of Public Policy and Research: aged over 40 years. are responding to these issues by taking www.ippr.org The youth unemployment issue affects a series of jobs, many of them part-time, SKOPE (ESRC Centre on Skills, everyone in our society: young people and or developing their own employment Knowledge and Organisational parents are strained and anxious about opportunities. Career planning needs to Performance): www.skope.ox.ac.uk their futures; educators strive to give be more flexible and responsive to young people the best start to their available opportunities; driven by the

Ashworth, H. (2014). E2E: Education to society. Symposium given at the BPS the organization: Perspectives of learning and working. Berkhamsted: employment. Paper presented at the Division of Occupational Psychology development]. Psychologica (Extra- Ashridge. Division of Occupational Psychology Conference, 9-11 January, Chester. Série), 549–557. Institute of Public Policy and Research Annual Conference, 8–10 January, Carter, A.J. (2013b, July). Supporting Holland, J.L. (1997). Making vocational (2014). States of Uncertainty: Youth

references Brighton. young society: What can psychologists choices: A theory of vocational Unemployment in Europe. Birdi, K. (2006). Evaluating effectiveness: do to help youth employment? Paper personalities and work environment, Downloaded 16/04/15 from The taxonomy of training and given to the BPS South West Branch (3rd edn). Odessa, FL: Psychological tinyurl.com/npr765h. development outcomes (TOTADO). ‘Psychology in the Pub, Exeter. Assessment Resources. Levi, R. & Gosden, D. (2014). Vision of an Presented at CBPOT 2, Brasilia, Duarte, M.E. (2004). O indivíduo e a Honoré, S. & Paine Schofield, C. (2009). outward facing school. In A.J. Carter Brazil. organização: Perspectivas de Generation Y: Inside out. A multi- (Chair) Sustaining communities of Carter, A.J. (2013a). Supporting young desenvolvimento. [The individual and generational view of generation Y – good work. Symposium held at the

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individual’s search for meaning at work, this is not the case for the majority of skilled jobs maintain their presence as opposed to being shaped solely by the young people looking for work. in the labour market preparing needs and aspirations of employing Examining flows of young people themselves for future skilled roles. organisations (Duarte, 2004). Explanatory between employment, unemployment, theories of careers as stages and transitions inactivity and education in recent reports These data highlight that both education must give way to flexible, individually from the ONS (tinyurl.com/p5yyk5p; and job skills are crucial steps towards driven and adaptive strategies that tinyurl.com/mbnfkva) reveals a mixed a young person gaining and maintaining encourage young people to make the best pattern of tactics being used by young employment. of the scarce opportunities available for people. They are most likely to work in entry-level positions. the lowest-skilled jobs (such as service and However, adopting adaptive career sales assistants), which for some are The see-saw model strategies is a difficult response for young convenient to fit in around educational Research is contributing to an people looking for a beginning to their activities (27 per cent of full-time students understanding of why young people have work experience. Educators and careers work). There is a high incidence of churn difficulties finding work. The focus has advisers need to build new models of in these jobs but they provide work been on motivation (e.g. Vansteenkiste et support to encourage adaption to less experience and opportunities to try out al., 2005); lack of readiness for the work predictive situations. Consider dominant a variety of jobs, enabling future career environment (e.g. Pring et al., 2012); and paradigms of career guidance, such as choice. Three factors were found to long, difficult transitions from education vocational matching (Holland, 1997) influence getting a job: to the workplace (Symonds et al., 2011). and person–environment fit as applied to I Qualifications. Young people with However, much of this work focuses on individual and organisation needs (Schein, a degree are 2.6 times more likely to young people themselves and not 1978). These may still be available to a move out of unemployment compared employers, and the trend to employ privileged few whose personal and family with those without qualifications. young people is decreasing. networks offer career opportunities, or Furthermore, young people who have While recession and globalisation are whose high standards of education allow already found employment (usually in often quoted as reasons for employment entrance to knowledge working roles, but lower-skilled job roles) are increasingly changes, they may not fully explain the leaving work to gain extra trend not to appoint to entry-level qualifications that will enhance their positions. Economic recession may have

G job prospects. made the employment of young people TYIMAGES ETTY I Job skill. Gaining job skills was found less likely but it did not cause this change: to improve job tenure (between 2012 UK organisations have been reducing the and 2013 employees were 1.4 times number of young people employed over more likely to leave a lower-skilled job the last 20 years (SKOPE, 2012). The fact than a higher-skilled job) reducing the that so few UK organisations employ risk of unemployment. These latter young people seems to go unnoticed. factors suggest leaving education Taken together this evidence suggests earlier and gaining work experience a simple model of supply and demand is likely to improve work prospects. would focus attention on the current Indeed, in 2013, 22 per cent of 21- issues of youth employment, giving a more year-olds with a degree (or equivalent) holistic view of the problems and were unemployed compared to 18 per suggesting meaningful research and cent of GCSE holders. However, by the intervention agendas. Imagine a plank age of 24 this benefit reversed with weighed down on one side by nearly one only 8 per cent of graduates (compared million young people looking for work, with 12 per cent of GCSE holders) completely out of balance with the other being unemployed. end of the plank representing jobs I Duration of unemployment. Those who provided by organisations: here we have have been unemployed for less than the see-saw model of supply and demand three months are 3.3 times more likely in youth employment (Carter, 2013a). Young people (16–24) are 2.6 times more to move back to employment than It is clear that the lack of demand from likely to flow from employment to those unemployed for over two years. organisations is not sufficient to balance unemployment than those aged over 40 Thus, young people taking on lower- the high supply of young people who are

Division of Occupational Psychology rejecting younger candidates too (2009). Life designing: A paradigm for entry into employment: some conference, 8–10 January, Brighton. swiftly? In A.J. Carter (Chair) career construction in the 21st reflections and questions. Research Levinson, H. (1976). Psychological man. Sustaining communities of good work. century. Journal of Vocational Paper no.108. Cambridge, MA: Levinson Institute. Symposium held at the Division of Behavior, 75, 239–250. Super, D.E. (1957). The psychology of Matta, H. (2013). An organizational Occupational Psychology conference, Schein, E.H. (1978). Career dynamics: careers. New York: HarperCollins. intervention to get young people into 8–10 January, Brighton. Matching individual and organizational Super, D.E. (1990). A life-span, life-space work. Paper presented at the Division Pring, R., Hayward, G., Hodgson, A. et al. needs. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. approach to careers. In D. Brown & of Occupational Psychology Annual (2012). Education for all: The future of SKOPE: ESRC Centre on Skills, L. Brooks (Eds) Career choice and Conference, 9-11 January, Chester. education and training for 14– 19 year Knowledge and Organisational development (2nd edn, pp.197–261). Palermo, G. & Bourne, A. (2014). Hold olds. Abingdon: Routledge. Performance (2012, May). Youth San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. your horses! Are UK employers Savickas, M.L., Nota, L., Rossier, J. et al. transitions, the labour market and Symonds, W.C., Schwartz, R.B. &

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seeking employment. Therefore, it is at the outperforming those older than applicants need to be currently reporting demand end of the model that research and themselves. preferences for influencing and social innovation is needed in order to supply Two further studies contribute to our confidence, those under 21 years will be more jobs for young people. understanding of young people as active screened out at an early stage of the learners encountering barriers when assessment process and will be unable to seeking work. A qualitative study, demonstrate their rapid decision making Research and actions conducted by second-year undergraduate or their strong achievement orientation. With our focus set on increasing demand students used interviews and focus groups This highlights the difficulties that it is important to examine why employers to appreciate the voice of young practitioner psychologists encounter when are reluctant to provide entry-level jobs. unemployed people in an urban they are unable to control areas of bias Few studies have taken place to examine environment and compared their activities occurring early in assessment processes this question. However, there is emerging and aspirations with a student group (e.g. prior to short-listing) or in the final evidence that UK employers may be (Carter, 2013a). Contrary to popular stage of candidate selection (traditionally rejecting younger job candidates too opinion the unemployed young people an interview with the hiring manager), swiftly (Palermo & Bourne, 2014). were more active than the student group; when current competencies alone are often In a study of over 102,000 recent job having a clearer vision of the work that considered (favouring older, more candidates completing a 15-trait they wanted to do (e.g. ‘I have set my mind experienced candidates) rather than personality assessment, role profiles of on starting a computer business in appreciating competencies that can be employers’ requirements were compared particular’). developed in the workplace by younger with candidates’ profiles expressed as Further, a Delphi study exploring the candidates. different age ranges (e.g. under 20, 21–25, job-seeking behaviours and experiences The qualitative studies also highlight and up to 51–60). Comparisons showed of British, European and Asian master’s differences in hiring managers’ needs and no overall adverse impact across the traits students following graduation (Carter, perceptions compared with those of the when role profiles were matched by 2013b) revealed several barriers to gaining young job seekers. Similar mismatches trained professionals to inform the work in the various country contexts. For were identified in the Ashridge study interview processes. However, small but example, when asked about their job- exploring a multi-generational view of significant differences were found between seeking process and the attitudes of hiring young people born from 1982 to 2002 (the the age groups showing areas where managers, one participant explained: so-called Generation Y: Honoré & Paine young people needed to develop and also ‘I passed 1st two rounds of interviews; Schofield, 2009). Young workers were where they outshone the other age but failed the 3rd round with the General confident, questioning and ambitious, but groups. For example, under-21-year-olds Manager; their attitude was quite harsh demanded much support and development have a lower preference for influencing during the process and [they] presented in the workplace. This could make and social confidence, but these an annoyed feeling towards the end of the managers reluctant to employ young preferences change rapidly over the next interview process. He started to talk about people. In addition, managers interviewing five years. Therefore selection processes his career path…’. young people require specialist training looking only at current preferences would These studies suggest employers and advice on how to deliver be rejecting these candidates, ignoring need careful guidance and training about developmental feedback to improve the their potential to develop these rejecting young people who may already attitudes and skills of young job seekers. preferences (particularly if facilitated by have excellent job-specific skills, while development programmes). Further, others – such as the ability to influence comparisons showed those under 21 years and gain opportunities – require Implementation in the UK had high levels of energy and stamina, experience to develop. Further, it is Several organisations have taken steps to were happy making rapid decisions and important that trained professionals specifically develop entry-level jobs for had strong achievement orientation involved in selection and assessment young people and offer apprenticeships, (Ashridge reported similar findings when (many of whom are practitioner such as London Local Authorities (LLA) they explored the behaviours and needs psychologists) are made aware of these (Ashworth, 2014; Matta, 2013). of 2000 graduates and their managers: issues to inform their practice. Apprenticeships are not a new concept see Honoré & Paine Schofield, 2009). However, changing selection and but they have been criticised for being Therefore, in work contexts where these assessment processes – which are often male-dominated and applicable to certain preferences were positively associated conducted with large numbers of skills (e.g. building trades and with job performance (e.g. in the service applicants using online screening – may engineering) (Ashworth, 2014). In the industry) younger people were be difficult. If criteria are set such that 1990s, following government support, apprenticeships were redeveloped to focus on occupational competence in a wide variety of industry and public sector organisations. Specific frameworks, such Ferguson, R. (2011, July 28). Pathways unemployed people’s job search to prosperity. Pathways to Prosperity behaviour, unemployment experience as those in finance, offer qualifications Project, Harvard Graduate School of and well-being. British Journal of developing apprentices to chartership Education, Industry Trade Federation Social Psychology, 44, 269–287. qualifications. These developments have Conference, Auckland, . resulted in general improvements in the UKCES (2011). The Youth Enquiry: number and quality of apprenticeships Employers’ perspectives on tackling available and offer a viable alternative to youth unemployment. Wath-upon- university education in certain work Dearne: UKCES. roles. Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., De Witte, H., Further government encouragement in & Feather, N.T. (2005). Understanding the form of the 2009 Backing Young

464 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 G youth employment TYIMAGES ETTY

Britain campaign (see useful challenge; but recognise areas tinyurl.com/lgt4cs4) saw LLA where you may need to provide ‘catch up’ pledge to take on 2000 to certain standards). apprentices during the period In examining these issues it has 2009 to 2012. One LLA with a become clear that the unwillingness to high percentage of young provide young people with work may lie people who were not in in inflexible attitudes of hiring managers employment or education supported by ill-advised selection (NEETs) examined their processes. Practitioner psychologists are organisational skills profile to well placed to influence these attitudes find that they had skills and provide appropriate training and shortages and an ageing development that will enable people from workforce. They concluded it several generations to work more would be advantageous for effectively together. I would urge them to develop an psychologists and others to: apprenticeship scheme to get I encourage the generation of work local young people into work Apprenticeships have been criticised for being male- opportunities for young people; and to grow their own talent. dominated and applicable to certain skills allaying fears, providing education and The apprenticeship scheme was changing attitudes were necessary; launched in May 2010 and was open to apprentices coming to the end of their I encourage employers to consider work local residents aged 16–24 years, offering contact, to highlight further job roles that that young people can excel in, rather a 12-month employment contact using may be available in the LLA. By 2012 the than focusing on what they need to generic and health and social care retention rate of apprentices had risen to develop; frameworks. To date, the scheme has 55 per cent. Interviews with apprentices I offer support and advice to managers successfully employed 78 apprentices not retained by the LLA found the 12- who are considering employing young (with 35 per cent being retained within month work experience offered skills and people and maintain this support the LLA in permanent job roles) and is experience that were then valued by other during the employment cycle; an ongoing part of their recruitment employers (Ashworth, 2014). I be aware that short-term work programme. Central to the success of this From this we can see there experiences may be enough to develop scheme are the four facets of support are a range benefits associated with young people sufficiently to enter the provided (close management of the employing young people. However, these job market; training provider; mentorship and support come at a cost of providing support for I raise awareness that age differences can for apprentices; mentorship and support both the apprentices and the employing influence preferences that may for managers; and an apprentice forum). managers. Much more knowledge of the adversely impact on young people’s Of particular interest is the in-depth benefits of this type of scheme is needed to performance in selection situations; support offered to managers to firstly increase employing managers’ willingness I consider developing competencies as develop the apprentice opportunity and to give jobs to young people and to well as existing competencies in job then to support managers throughout the accommodate the training and selection; and apprenticeships. development needs of current staff as well I offer and maintain support to young A multi-level evaluation of the scheme the young people. people taking on new roles and to find (using Birdi’s 2006 TOTADO Framework: Other case studies are out there, such ways of facilitating differences between Ashworth, 2014) showed that individual as the forward-thinking community young people and their managers. apprentices were enjoying the scheme college that has forged relationships with and were willing to learn. The LLA’s external business partners to develop a Within the British Psychological Society departments gained needed skills coaching programme for students (Levi & the Division of Occupational Psychology developed by the apprentices, the Gosden, 2014). This is showing benefits facilitates a Youth Employment Working workforce age profile is becoming more not only for students but also for local Group. The group’s objectives are to raise diverse, and salary costs were reduced. businesses: widening skills of working awareness of the issues of employing Further, societal analysis shows the with young people, developing viable young people so that they are better apprenticeship scheme is providing succession planning opportunities and understood by employers and other valuable work for young people, reducing meeting skills shortages. stakeholders, including psychologists the support required for NEETs; and is and HR professionals, and to stimulate developing the LLA as a ‘brand’ (people intervention and research in this area. in the local community now appreciate Summary It is time to address bias towards the the work done by the LLA and see them In summary, there are many benefits to knowledge, skills, and attitudes of young as a viable employer). However, the employers in working with young people people and develop work environments evaluation did find that apprentices could and these need to be emphasised in that support and develop their skills. be unreliable and time was needed to relation to the negative press that young counsel them about their timekeeping and job seekers often receive. In a balanced behaviour at work. Support to the scheme review of the issues, the intergenerational Angela Carter is a Lecturer worked with apprentices to develop a code study (Honoré & Paine Schofield, 2009) at Sheffield University of conduct booklet. offered recommendations for both young Management School and Managers were concerned that the LLA people (e.g. exploit your energy and Principal of Just could not provide longer-term job roles for enthusiasm; watch and listen) and those Development apprentices. To redress this issue a working with and managing young [email protected] redeployment register was used for people (e.g. be open to new ideas and

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 465 ‘steady hands’ mythical. And yet, like most doctors, I like to think that I am a good doctor. If you care for your patients and are a good doctor, how can you possibly be careless? It was difficult to escape the conclusion that my self-esteem LOOKING IN LOOKING relied on self-deception, a self-deception Better not look down… in part driven and supported by my patients’ need to believe in me. But Leading neurosurgeon Henry Marsh reflects on mistakes, mystery and the mind dangerous surgery – dangerous for the patient, that is – is difficult to do if you become too frightened by the risks, and it is why most doctors do not want to become surgeons, and in particular brain ‘Every surgeon carries about him remembering fell into the first category – surgeons. In the words of B.B. King’s a little cemetery, in which from time I had been careless. They were also the song, ‘Better not look down, if you want to time he goes to pray, a cemetery mistakes I found most difficult to to keep on flying’. of bitterness and regret, of which he remember and I suspect that some of It was while I was forcing myself to seeks the reason for certain of his my worst mistakes remain buried in my look down at the ground below me that failures.’ French surgeon René I read ’s Leriche, 1951 Thinking, Fast and Slow. I had been drawn to brain wo years ago, with retirement surgery as a young doctor approaching, I thought I should not just by the glamour and Tlook back on my career – almost danger (and my own four decades of neurosurgery – and experience of a young son reflect on what I had learned. This with a brain tumour) but meant, of course, thinking about the also by a fascination with many mistakes I had made over the the brain and neuroanatomy. years, since we learn little from I had even flirted with success. So every night I took a psychiatry as a career. I had, notebook and pencil to bed with therefore, some knowledge me and when I woke in the morning of psychology before reading I would lie in bed and, drifting in Kahneman, and marriage to and out of lucid dreaming, try to a social anthropologist (Kate remember my mistakes. The ghosts Fox, the author of Watching of the patients who had suffered at the English) – social my hands would drift up into my psychology and social consciousness, like methane stirred anthropology having much up from a stagnant pond, long- in common – has been an forgotten and deeply painful to important part of my remember. It was an unpleasant education as well. Reading process, and I soon discovered that Kahneman was revelatory – if I did not write them down I learned that my immediately I would quickly forget carelessness was part of them all over again. being human, that we are Doctors and lawyers involved in not as ‘rational’ as we like to medical litigation usually distinguish think, whatever the lawyers between careless mistakes and ‘errors might argue in court. More of clinical judgement’. The former importantly, the book gave me mistakes are negligent and culpable, Henry Marsh CBE, MA, FRCS is a Consultant Neurosurgeon tools with which to understand the latter are not, and reflect the fact at St George’s Hospital, London. His 2014 book Do No Harm: my carelessness in terms of that medical problems are often Stories of Life, Death and Brain Surgery was shortlisted for cognitive biases. complex and the consequences the Wellcome Book Prize. There are many cognitive unpredictable. Even if the doctor has biases, and since so much of considered a problem carefully he or she subconscious or have been completely surgery is about assessing risks, can nevertheless make the wrong decision erased. It was also striking that the great probability and people, surgeons are and the patient can come to harm. In my majority of the mistakes had been vulnerable to a whole raft of them. Here specialty of brain surgery, the harm can be mistakes in decision making, in deciding are three examples from among the terrible, and sometimes worse than death. whether to operate or not, about how headstones of my inner cemetery. The essential distinction between the much of a tumour to remove, or in two types of mistake is that the doctor has recognising a serious post-operative been careful. A careful doctor is a good complication. Purely technical mistakes A combination of biases doctor, a careless doctor is a bad doctor. when operating are, in fact, rare, and the I carried out a routine operation on To my distress, as I lay in bed, I could not idea that the difference between a good a young woman for a congenital deny that many of the mistakes I was surgeon and a bad surgeon is a matter of malformation at the base of her brain that

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had been causing severe headaches. WWW .

It is a fairly simple operation and I had MERCEDESURIBE probably done well over a hundred similar procedures before. The operation went exceptionally well. By chance one of . my colleagues was doing an identical COM operation in the next theatre and I could see that his operation was not going well. I felt rather pleased with myself. My patient recovered unusually quickly and went home two days after surgery. A few days later her husband telephoned me to say that she was feeling unwell. He did not sound too troubled, and since I had never had any serious complications with this operation before I reassured him that there was nothing to worry about. Only at the end of the conversation did he mention that the wound was leaking. This should have alerted me to the fact that there was a potentially serious problem but I disregarded it. The ‘availability heuristic’ (I did not associate the operation with severe complications) combined with the ‘framing effect’ (the critical piece of information only came at the end of the conversation) and my ‘optimism bias’ (a high opinion of myself) resulted in significant delays in diagnosing a rare and very serious infection that left the woman catastrophically disabled. of the brain’s major veins. The patient relying too heavily on the first piece of died as a result. The ‘halo effect’ – a term information encountered (the ‘anchor’). coined by to describe The story had a happy ending, The halo effect the tendency for an overall impression to however, in that the disc prolapse was Surgery is a practical craft and you learn influence the observer’s feelings and large enough for me to remove it from the it by doing it. Although a lot of work is thoughts about that person’s character or opposite (wrong) side, which only being done to develop simulators, there properties – had distorted my assessment confirmed my (erroneous) belief I was is still no substitute for experience. A very of my trainee’s competence. operating on the correct side. The patient important part of a senior surgeon’s work I would like to think that I am now woke up with the left-sided sciatica cured is to train and supervise the next better at judging my trainees and but with some numbness in the right leg generation of surgeons. You learn most as knowing when to intervene and when not (a common post-operative and transient a trainee when you are operating on your to – but it has taken me many years and phenomenon). She was puzzled by this own and your senior is not standing there were other, similar problems and I spent a long time on the evening beside you dictating your every move. (though not quite so disastrous) on the after the operation trying to persuade her There is a serious responsibility, therefore, way. that her original sciatica had been down for the senior surgeon to know when and her right leg, so reluctant was I to realise how much of an operation to delegate. that my memory had deceived me. I had There is an ethical responsibility to the Anchoring to admit defeat when she showed me the patient in front of you but also an ethical I had three simple lumbar disc operations consent form with ‘left leg’ written in my responsibility to your trainee’s future to do in the private hospital. Two were on own handwriting. Fortunately she found patients. These two demands are not the right side, one on the left. The this quite amusing, and her severe sciatica easily compatible, and require careful operation is done through a midline was better. assessment of the trainee’s abilities. incision irrespective of the side of the disc I delegated the beginning of an prolapse but the surgeon then explores operation to a senior trainee whom I liked only the symptomatic side of the vertebral Learning from mistakes greatly. By the time I joined him (it is, in canal. I consented the patients myself, The most important conclusion from fact, standard practice to let the juniors noting the side in each case on the Kahneman’s book is that other people are ‘open and close’ neurosurgical consent form. I carried out the two right- better at seeing our mistakes than we are operations), he had the patient’s head sided operations but when it came to the ourselves, and it follows from this that open, so that I could no longer see third case the computer system crashed discussion of difficult cases should be an exactly where he had made the opening. and I had no way of visually checking intrinsic part of surgical practice. In most I assumed it was in the right place but it which side to operate on. My memory surgical departments this takes place in turned out it was not, and when I opened told me that the disc was on the right side retrospective ‘Morbidity and Mortality’ the meninges there was severe and I operated on the wrong side. This is meetings, after the damage has been haemorrhage from the saggital sinus, one an example of the ‘anchoring’ effect: done, and – prospectively – in ‘Multi-

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 467 brain surgery and psychology

WWW Disciplinary Team’ meetings. The value . MERCEDESURIBE of these meetings depends greatly on the complex interplay of the personalities of the various people present. My own

. experience of working in the NHS for COM almost 40 years is very much in keeping with Kahneman’s comment that ‘There is…[a] remarkable absence of systematic training for the essential skill of conducting efficient meetings.’ Why should surgeons be particularly bad at meetings? It is generally accepted that medicine is a stressful occupation with high (self-reported) levels of anxiety and ‘burn-out’ (see, for example, research by Samantha Brooks, and Charles Balch: tinyurl.com/omzfdwq and tinyurl.com/cxymb8p respectively). Surgery attracts ambitious doctors who like challenges, and it is probably true to say that surgical culture does not favour public admission of doubt or weakness. As mysterious as the starry sky Surgeons, it is often said, as opposed to physicians, cannot tolerate ambiguity and see confident, quick decision making as above me a virtue, although many surgical problems are often difficult and uncertain. Besides, patients undoubtedly prefer confident, Brain surgeons must often I became entranced by belief in some kind of mind certain surgeons, and all surgeons must manipulate the brain and neuroscience as a second- or human soul separate learn at an early stage of their career to sometimes remove parts of year medical student. When from the brain – at least, pretend to a level of experience and it. The surgery involved is I saw my first cerebral if you do, you must exercise confidence that inwardly they know they often much cruder than aneurysm five years later extreme cognitive dissonance. do not have. As a young consultant you popularly supposed. The as a junior doctor, I knew In recent years, however, will soon face the dilemma of a difficult brain has the consistency immediately that all I had as my career reaches its end case where one of your senior colleagues of jelly – it seems something ever wanted to be, without and the pressures of work has greater experience than you have and of a cruel miracle that realising it, was a brain have lessened, I have come yet if you do not take on difficult cases thought and feeling, an surgeon. to understand that dealing yourself, how will you ever improve your understanding of quantum I shared the common with the brain as a physical skills? Self-deception and denial – mechanics, love, hatred, misapprehension that seeing entity on a daily basis has pretending to yourself as much as to your the obscure and lengthy the exposed, living human taught me only one lesson – patient – become important mechanisms utterances of NHS brain – and operating on it – that the brain is indeed of self-defence when confronting management, Beethoven’s would in some way explain infinitely mysterious. The problems of this kind. This means, of late quartets and First the great mysteries of scientific view of the world course, that surgeons do not always take Division football all derive existence and make me cannot even begin to explain naturally to meetings and discussion from this stuff. preternaturally wise. At how consciousness and where their self-deception may be When operating there is first, as a trainee surgeon, subjective feelings arise exposed. Interpersonal relations between a constant struggle between I was too preoccupied with from the electro-chemical surgeons within surgical departments wanting to get on with the learning how to operate to activity of nerve cells. therefore play a very important part in operation and knowing that think much more along This does not downgrade what happens to patients, for better and you should handle your these lines. When I became thought or free will or moral for worse. Good colleagues are a very patient’s brain with the a consultant, the burden of judgement but instead important part of ‘Patient Safety’. same respect with which responsibility for my upgrades matter into you would want your own patients’ lives left little time something rather wonderful, brain to be handled. Brain for philosophical which we do not understand. Patient care surgeons must resist the speculation. I cannot believe in an There are many ways in which temptation to handle it as I am certain, though, afterlife, but I find this great neurosurgeons can avoid confronting ‘just another organ’, yet it that I have never doubted the cloud of unknowing – that the fact that an operation they have is impossible to see the material nature of thought my own consciousness performed might have caused their brain as anything other and feeling. You cannot see within me is as great a patient harm, and that perhaps they could than matter when operating people whose very mystery as the starry sky at have carried it out in a less damaging way. on it. personality and moral being night above me (to borrow ‘The operation was a success but the That’s not to say the has been altered for the from Kant), and in some patient died’, as the saying goes. It is a physical matter of the brain worse by damage to the ways just as important – standard joke among neurologists that if is not a wondrous thing. frontal lobes and maintain very consoling. a brain surgeon says a patient has ‘done well’ all it means is that the patient can

468 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 brain surgery and psychology walk and thank the surgeon for operating, social psychologist Peter Collett has things have gone badly, although they even though in reality the patient has explained, conscious lying is usually probably feel more compassion towards been left hopelessly disabled. Brain accompanied by give-away non-verbal some patients than others. Drug addicts, surgeons often shy away from detailed ‘tells’. attempted suicides, psychiatric patients – psychological assessment of their patients On the other hand it can be people who are, mistakenly, considered to in the post-operative outpatient clinic – profoundly painful for honest and be responsible for their own misfortune – perhaps because the more you look, the empathic surgeons to know that they will elicit less sympathy than others. On more problems you will find. The have made a mistake and to tell their the other hand treating medical cognitive and psychological consequences patient about it. It is only human to try to colleagues – your own tribe – will often of brain surgery can be subtle and easy to avoid the admission both to yourself and produce anxiety in the surgeon as well as gloss over. They are easily justified on the to your patient. Politicians and safety sympathy. grounds that the consequences of not experts might talk of enforcing ‘the duty operating would have been even worse. of candour’ with the force of the criminal Judgement as to how to handle your law when mistakes have occurred, but it Forcing surgeons to look down patient’s brain is all-important, and most shows little understanding of the complex Can one teach wisdom, empathy and surgeons, if they become judgement? Can you force surgeons patients themselves, are to look down? Will they just develop just as concerned with their severe vertigo and learn nothing (just colleague’s personality (one as the dancing mice in the Yerkes- might say psychology) and Dodson experiments failed to learn if their reputation for sensible the electric shock was very strong)? decision making as with I have probably learned most from their technical ability. my own and my family’s experiences Doctors can make of illness and health care, but when careless mistakes because one is a young doctor such of cognitive biases, but they experiences are few and far between. can also make such Patients – at least in England – rarely mistakes because they do complain or answer back, anxious not not care for their patients. to displease the people upon whom It is often said – although their life depends, so it is surprisingly as far as I know has never difficult to learn how to talk to been convincingly shown – patients, and how to make difficult that surgeons have decisions with them, because of this psychopathic tendencies. lack of negative feedback. I believe The antisocial personality that much more is now taught in disorder Factor 2 of Bob medical schools about practical Hare’s PCL-R model psychology than when I was training, (unstable, socially deviant, but students have no responsibility criminality, impulsive for patients and have not yet had to violence) for diagnosing develop the self-deception and denial that psychopathy is rather hard to apply to tangle of feelings and facts involved. is an important part of being a surgeon, surgeons but the ‘selfish, callous and The same considerations apply to surgical which one must then struggle to remorseless use of others’ with ‘superficial research – successful new treatments will overcome with experience. charm’ of Factor 1 can, I suspect, often be dogged by failure and much Being an old doctor myself, close to sometimes be observed. patient suffering in their early stages. retirement, I like to think that doctors get In some respects, surgery is a blood A certain remorseless detachment is better with age. The importance of sport – most surgeons become surgeons required if the work is to proceed to understanding psychology – one’s own in a quest for stimulation and excitement success. even more importantly than that of the as much as out of altruism, but the work Finding this balance between patient – is probably something best is only exciting to the extent that you care professional detachment and compassion shown by example rather than formally for what happens to the patient after the is, of course, central to the practice of taught. This was perhaps easier in the operation. This care is usually based on medicine and is a problem all doctors days when surgery was still an empathy, but it can also be based on the must face. It is most easily demonstrated apprenticeship and surgeons worked in wish for financial success and fame, and by the way in which most surgeons small groups led by consultants known often a combination of both. The two would find it impossible to operate on as ‘firms’ – many of the recent changes in motivations can be equally beneficial for members of their own family (or even postgraduate medical education and the patients (surgeons will not be successful friends or colleagues), although the single shortened working hours have made this in private practice if their patients tend to most important ethic in medicine is that much more difficult, although not do badly), but surgeons who are primarily you should only treat patients as you impossible. I have now retired from motivated by self-interest will probably be would want yourself or your family to be operating, but will continue to teach better exponents than their empathic treated. I know a few surgeons who – as surgical trainees. I hope that I might be peers of the arts of lying and far as I can tell – do not suffer at all when able to help them to understand manipulation. Furthermore, as Robert their patients’ suffer, but they are themselves a little better, to understand Trivers has written in Deceit and Self probably in a minority. Most surgeons, psychology, and hence avoid making Deception, deceiving the self is the most though they do not care to admit it, suffer some of the mistakes that I have made in effective way of deceiving others. As to some extent with their patients when the past.

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 469 470 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 Annual Conference 2016 East Midlands Conference Centre 26–28 April This year the conference themes are: G Faces G Ageing G Impact G Wellbeing

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‘big picture’ pull-out www.thepsychologist.org.uk i Poetry A

BIG PICTURE competition En

Our winning entry, from Lynne Cameron. My Image: Go back to your room now, Acrylic on paper. Sc sim This poem, by Lynne Cameron, wins The Psychologist’s first ever poetry competition. Ga Competition judge David Sutton (a published poet, as well as being the editor’s father!) said: Of ‘Lynne’s poem stands out immediately as being an effective and affecting primary response to something seen and strongly felt, where the emotion is allowed to shape the poem without En running away with it.’ Lynne describes poetry as a ‘life In companion’. She is now a practising artist, passionate about colour, language and un imagination. Previously Professor of Applied Linguistics at the Open University and University I w of Leeds, she has published widely on metaphor and empathy. to Lynne told us: ‘This poem complements a series of abstract expressionist paintings with the same title (http://lynnecameron.com/ index/#/enid). My art and poetry come out of En and respond to my emotions. The most intense emotions of the last few years were generated It's by my father's Lewy body dementia, and by my experiences as I watched it take away his sense I h of place, as we answered increasingly anxious phone calls from him lost in his own living En room, and as I sat next to him on visits to the care home we had to move him into. ‘The poem and the series of paintings that I call 'A Wonder World for Enid' emerged when these multiple, complicated emotions were brought into the studio. Enid was a frail old lady who lived across the corridor in the care home. While it was still too hard, too raw, to make work directly relating to my father's last illness, re-imagining Enid allowed the possibility of poetry and painting through metonymy, appropriation and projection. ‘In my paintings, tones and textures of greys on top of the colour layer work as a kind of ‘inverse sculpting’ by excluding and veiling. The bright shapes underneath and among the grey suggest the rich lives of people with dementia that are gradually obliterated, but remain accessible longer than we think. They reflect the moments that brightened my visits when we managed to connect across fading and anxiety.’ Dr Catherine Loveday, Chair of the Psychologist and Digest Editorial Advisory Committee, commented: ‘This piece captures and powerfully expresses a unique perspective on the experience of dementia. It’s food for thought for both practice and scientific understanding and a beautiful illustration of why science and art must sit together.’ c n n n n n w h a m f y s enes sowonderfulthatyoufelt, childrenholdingyourstronghands. Wonder WorldforEnid knowing andscaredbyyourownmind. id, theseareforyou. id, theseareforyou, id, theseareforyou. id, foryou. dissolve yourfearsandrelaxbonyshoulders. rden memoriesofwarmthandsong. your carehomeroom, old theworldforyouandwish, allIcando,fromthisside. wish:thatyouhadawonderworldinfrontofyourpaledeyes, ish Icouldbringyouawonderworld ply, joy.

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iv vol 28 no 6 june 2015 15th and 16th September 2015 at Professor MARSHA LINEHAN

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 471 non-kin and measure their response time. For example, you find out that your relative or your friend is leaving their 10- year-old child home alone. What do you do? Do you do nothing, do you confront them, or do you inform the appropriate INTERVIEW Close up and interpersonal authorities? We find that people respond much more quickly if the hypothetical Gail Kinman meets Anna Machin to discuss close relationships, person is a relative than a friend, fatherhood, and more supporting the view that such dilemmas involve considerably less cognitive processing. We argue that the evolutionary advantage gained from the release in processing power from the reduced our research focuses on close You have a particular interest in the cognitive load conferred by the kinship Yhuman social relationships, but you evolutionary origins of kinship. How did schema has allowed us to expand our didn’t originally train as a psychologist. this develop? social network to the 150 individuals What was your background? Social anthropologists have written a great (made up of relatives and friends) that I began my academic life doing a general deal about why human kinship systems people typically have in their social anthropology degree, and I would still are different, but nobody had really networks today. We also have evidence consider myself an anthropologist. My explored why every culture in the world that larger functioning social networks PhD was not on living things at all – I has a kinship system and why individuals enhance the capacity for survival. People used archaeological records to explore the adopt that kinship system and its with more social capital recover better evolution of social and sexual behaviour descriptive terminology into their world from chronic illness and have lower in the Lower Palaeolithic period, about view at a very young age. This must have mortality rates. 500,000 years ago. I then moved to conferred some evolutionary advantage, Oxford to work with , but what might this benefit be? You have also looked at genetic whose main focus is on relationships and Our theory is that kinship systems variation as a cause of difference in social networks, and developed a strong reduce the cognitive load involved in prosocial behaviour. interest in understanding how people maintaining close relationships. Yes, this research is ongoing. Previous operate in close dyadic relationships Reciprocity is what makes relationships studies showed that variations in genes characterised by trust and obligation. endure – if you are in a relationship where relating to the production, transportation Anthropologists are magpies – we pinch you are always giving and the other and operation of neurotransmitters, such ideas from other disciplines. I gradually person is always taking, it is likely to as oxytocin, dopamine, serotonin and started drawing on psychological theories, break down. But keeping track of the beta endorphin, influence the extent to measures and techniques, as well as ideas reciprocity is very cognitively demanding. which individuals instigate social emerging from other fields, such as You have to think ‘When was the last time relationships and how they behave in neuroscience and biochemistry, to gain this person let me down? Have they ever these relationships. Several studies show insight into how people develop lied to me, belittled me, abandoned me. that the oxytocin receptor gene, in attachments within a dyadic relationship etc?’ studies suggest that particular, is highly polymorphic, and and how these relationships are keeping track of reciprocity involves not that this is related to individual variation maintained over time. My research now only , but also areas of in empathy, altruism and emotional covers several aspects of close human the brain that influence social cognition. vulnerability. Beta endorphin is a relationships – kinships systems, best Moreover, relationship dilemmas are not naturally occurring opiate that appears to friendships, romantic relationships and like maths problems: people have to influence experiences of love and feelings new fatherhood, as well as prosocial weigh many different possibilities, and of social acceptance. There is a version of behaviour, attachment and bonding. there can be high costs if they get it the opioid receptor gene associated with wrong. We thought that the cognitive load beta endorphin, which has been labelled The importance of a multidisciplinary involved in maintaining relationships may a ‘gain of function’ variant. People with approach to understanding the human be reduced when people are dealing with this version of the gene tend to wear their condition is gradually being kin. We already know that we are less heart on their sleeve; they fall in love very recognised. likely to expect reciprocity from our kin, hard and tend to experience love The only way you can study humanity is as helping somebody you are related to is passionately and euphorically. They also from a multidisciplinary perspective. In beneficial for your genetic fitness. In other feel social rejection much more intensely my cross-cultural work, I draw heavily on words, kinships confers a shortcut to trust, and tend to have more powerful negative ethnographic techniques I learned during which reduces the cognitive load involved reactions when relationships break up. my training in anthropology. Having a in deciding whether to help people or not. Interestingly, there are also differences at wide range of experimental techniques to There is also a reputational effect where if the cultural level – for example, the choose from also makes conducting you don’t help your kin, the rest of your frequency with which versions of the research much more interesting. I keep relatives will probably find out about it. oxytocin receptor gene are found in any my eyes open for new techniques arising population seems to be linked to whether from other disciplines that might be What sort of experiments do you countries are classified as collectivist or useful. Sometimes it is a steep learning conduct to examine these effects? individualist. We are not saying that these curve, but ultimately it keeps things We present people with social problems relationships are deterministic – there is challenging. or moral dilemmas involving kin and a major gene–environment interaction –

472 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 interview but it is another piece of the jigsaw. We bond between new fathers and their committed to the organisation and less are about to start on a large-scale study babies sounds novel. worthy of promotion. collecting genetic and psychological data In collaboration with the National Exactly. It isn’t enough for policies to pay to increase our understanding of the Childbirth Trust, I conducted a study lip service to the importance of fathering. genes that might underpin individual looking at 15 first-time fathers to examine Childbirth tends to occur at times in variation in behaviour within and the bonding process. I followed the men’s lives when they are building a experiences of relationships. fathers from seven months gestation until career – they feel they have a lot to lose if the baby was six months old. Nowadays, they neglect their work. During paternity You talk of ‘single badge groups’ in healthcare and the media promote an leave, fathers have been given a glimpse your research – what does this mean? idealised view of ‘involved’ and ‘hands-on’ of ‘baby world’ and felt really involved An element of similarity between people fatherhood and I wanted to explore the and empowered, but then had to return to that might mimic a kinship relationship. realities of their bonding experiences and a very different role where they may only If you meet someone and learn that see the baby for an hour a day. Also, they have something in common with the fathers were deeply worried that you – for example, you might support they didn’t immediately experience the same football team, be members of bonding and the great flash of deep, the same political party, or both be warm, wonderful love. It was only psychologists – is this a short-cut to when the baby became less reliant trust in the same way that a kin on the mother that bonding with the relationship would be? If we are father started to occur… for many, this presented with a moral dilemma, would took a long time. we be more likely to help people that Fathers want their voices heard. we perceive to be ‘pseudo-kin’ – I was surprised that I had no problems members of the single badge group – recruiting men for this study – in fact than those we may feel we have no it was massively oversubscribed. connection with? We haven’t yet Hopefully, the growing evidence for examined these issues experimentally the importance of the father’s input but plan to do so in the future. into development will increase resources and change attitudes so that You’ve also researched how people men can be helped through the select partners and best friends. transition to fatherhood and be deeply People choose romantic partners within involved in their children’s lives. a ‘mating market’: the most successful relationships are those where people I know you’re keen for your mate with others of similar ‘value’ to research to have real impact. How themselves. Interestingly, although can your findings improve the similarity may drive attraction initially, Anna Machin, Postdoctoral Researcher, quality of relationships? we have found that women tend to put Department of , Dysfunctional relationships have a their male partner on a bit of a pedestal. University of Oxford ([email protected]) major cost economically and socially, They will score him above themselves across generations. For example, on a wide range of personal attributes people brought up in a dysfunctional such as physical attractiveness, sense their role transition in general. Our parenting relationship are much more of humour, kindness and intelligence. findings suggested that, in relation to likely to have mental health problems and Unfortunately for women though, men fatherhood, men are where women were addictions and to perform antisocial acts. also tend to rate themselves more highly in the 1980s: they are told ‘you can have We need to understand what makes a than they do their female partners on it all’ and then suddenly discover they relationship functional and healthy, as these attributes. Men also differ in the can’t without experiencing a considerable well as maladaptive. That is why I feel the way they see their romantic relationships; negative impact on their physical and work I am doing with parents is so they don’t tend to define themselves in mental wellbeing. Our fathers tended to important – you need to get in as early as terms of the success or failure of their shun the traditional authoritarian possible. We know that touching, holding love life, but this has a major influence qualities associated with fatherhood, and stroking babies and maintaining eye on women’s self-esteem and confidence. such as being the financial provider and contact promotes the growth of the areas In terms of ‘best’ friendships, we have administering discipline, and strongly of the brain that are involved in found that people are more similar to endorse being involved with the baby’s enhancing bonds, which, in turn, helps their closest friend than they are to their practical care and emotional them build functional social relationships romantic partner. Both men and women development. Sadly, their high when they are older. We also know that also tend to be more intimate with their expectations were not realised – this led adolescence is a time where we get a best friends than their partner and are to feelings of guilt, deep disappointment second chance to intervene and hopefully more likely to disclose emotional and emotional pressure engendered by reverse any damage that may have been vulnerability. We found this effect in trying to juggle different elements of their done. The power of interdisciplinary cross-gender as well as same-gender best life without any support. research is that understanding gained at friendships, supporting the view that the neurochemical, genetic and male/female friendships are not a ‘proxy’ Few men are taking up the option of behavioural level will help us develop for romantic relationships. extended paternity leave, and some effective interventions to reduce risks and studies show that employers and enhance the quality of interpersonal Your work on the development of the colleagues see those that do so as less relationships at all ages.

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 473 consider messages. Since telling lies is considered more cognitively challenging than telling the truth, Deception – understanding with findings of longer response times to questions for liars (Walczyk et al., 2003), this is particularly relevant to lies with collaboration deceptive communication. NEW VOICES I The lack of nonverbal cues found in Emma Williams with the latest in our series for budding writers the majority of online environments (see www.bps.org.uk/newvoices for more information) may also increase the difficulty of trying to differentiate honest from deceptive communicators, as highlighted by both social presence theory (Daft & Lengel, 1986) and ike most other psychology students, highlight the role that social media and media richness theory (Short et al., I regularly encountered the question online communications have played in the 1976). L‘Can you read my mind?’ during my recruitment of terrorists, the ‘grooming’ of undergraduate years. When I started a children by paedophiles, and cyber- Given the potential ease of online PhD in the area of lie detection, this was bullying. deception and its possible consequences, soon replaced with ‘Can you tell if I’m Social media offers those bent on it is increasingly important to understand lying…?’. Although I would have loved deception a number of advantages over these processes. Although research has to impress my friends and family with and above face-to-face communication. examined potential differences in my super-human lie-detection skills, Although not explicitly focused on deceptive behaviour across different unfortunately all I could offer in response deception processes, an interpersonal media (i.e. potential differences across was a discussion of the variable findings communication theory known as the computer-mediated communications in this complex research field, much to hyperpersonal model (Walther, 1996) compared with face-to-face their disappointment! highlights how individuals can communications: Lewis & George, 2008), My PhD research at Cardiff University, strategically edit information in order to there is still considerable work to be done focused on two main areas of deception aid self-presentation in online to keep up with the continually changing research. The first was an exploration of environments: nature of online environments and the cognitive processes involved in telling I In face-to-face communication, we interactions. a lie, whilst the second explored potential can choose what information to share To date, deception in online dating individual differences in the ability to to a certain extent, but there is much sites and within e-commerce settings has detect deception. Although my PhD work greater potential to do this online. For received particular attention in the focused on observable behaviour and example, a lack of physical verification research literature, with findings interactions, as my research career has may make it difficult to determine demonstrating the prevalence of strategic progressed I have become increasingly whether an individual’s stated age, sex and carefully considered deception in interested in the influence of social media or other physical characteristics are these environments (Ellison et al., 2006). on deceptive communication. indeed true. In online dating, message senders have Unlike more traditional forms of social I When communicating across social been found to carefully consider the communication and interaction, social media, there are fewer contextual cues potential impact and interpretation of the media provides a means for individuals to available to receivers to aid in the information and cues that they present create, modify and exchange information processing and judgement of and apply the same consideration to across virtual networks and communities, presented information. Online subtle cues that may be present in the thereby allowing interaction between relationships that occur based on profiles and messages of others (Ellison people who may have never met before common interests or group solidarity et al., 2006). Online dating profiles in and who have no prior knowledge of each can result in receivers idealising the particular provide an interesting research other (Kietzmann & Hermkens, 2011). persona of the sender and considering area for the deception field, since Although this capability provides all of their messages in relation to individuals may be more likely to significant benefits to society, it also has this idealised view (i.e. potentially construct exaggerated or less-than- the capacity to be used to achieve more in a more positive or honest light). truthful presentations of themselves to damaging ends: the media regularly I Senders have longer to edit and appear more desirable and attractive. This

Aditya, R.N. (2001). The psychology of Science Publishing. Kietzmann, J. & Hermkens, K. (2011). Toma, C.L. & Hancock, J.T. (2010). Looks deception in marketing. Psychology & Daft, R.L. & Lengel, R.H. (1986). Social media? Get serious! Business and lies: The role of physical Marketing, 18(7), 735–761. Organisational information Horizons, 54, 241–251. attractiveness in online dating self- Caspi, A. & Gorsky, P. (2006). Online requirements, media richness, and Lewis, C.C. & George, J.F. (2008). Cross- presentation and deception.

references deception. CyberPsychology & structural design. Management cultural deception in social Communication Research, 37, 335–351. Behavior, 9(1), 54–59. Science, 32(5), 554–571. networking sites and face-to-face Toma, C.L., Hancock, J.T. & Ellison, N.B. Cromwell, C.R., Narvaez, D. & Gomberg, Ellison, N., Heino, R. & Gibbs, J. (2006). communication. Computers in Human (2008). Separating fact from fiction: A. (2005). and Managing impressions online: Self- Behavior, 24, 2945–2964. An examination of deceptive self- information ethics. In L.A. Freeman & presentation processes in online Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. presentation in online dating profiles. A.G. Peace (Eds.) Information ethics dating. Journal of Computer-Mediated (1976). The social psychology of Personality and Social Psychology (pp.19–37). Hershey, P.A: Information Communication, 11, 415–441. telecommunication. New York: Wiley. Bulletin, 34, 1023–1036.

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is supported by findings that online users, and younger users have been found scientists, psychologists and economists. daters who are considered less attractive to deceive more than older users (Caspi & The project is exploring the fundamental are more likely to lie about their physical Gorsky, 2006). However, unlike processes of deception in online characteristics and to enhance their traditional deceptive communication, interactions and the means through which profile photos (Toma & Hancock, 2010). deception in online environments does such deceptions can be deterred using The relationship between attractiveness not appear to generate the negative game paradigms. For example, and deception is found only in relation to emotions, such as guilt, fear or shame that participants may play games against other physical characteristics however, and does have been found to accompany face-to- players who could be computerised, not seem to extend to factors such as face interactions. This suggests an altered anonymous, socially connected or partly occupation or income. Due to the form of ethical judgement or differing identifiable, and manipulations include potential for future face-to-face meetings social norms in such circumstances the extent that such players are able to to take place in such contexts, cheat and punish. these deceptive self- Since finishing enhancements are likely to be my PhD in 2012, only minor deviations from the I have increasingly truth rather than all-out lies appreciated the (Toma et al., 2008). benefits of The extent of such multidisciplinary deceptive presentations may working in order also be influenced by factors to address current related to the design of online issues, such as online dating web pages. The types of deception, within profile questions, the required society. Rather than content, any verification remaining within requirements, and the ease academic research with which the profile can be communities, I have altered or creatively composed taken research all potentially affect the positions within both likelihood and ease with which public and private deceptive strategies are used sector organisations (Toma & Hancock, 2010). focused on human Within e-commerce settings, factors and information presentation, behaviour change, information content and including as a information generation can all behavioural scientist be manipulated by product within the Human sellers to deceive receivers in Social media offers those bent on deception a number of advantages Factors Capability at BAE order to influence their over and above face-to-face communication Systems Advanced product choices (Xiao & Technology Centre. This has Benbasat, 2011). For instance, allowed me to work with visualisations or designs that distract (Cromwell et al., 2005). Social media members of several disciplines, including attention can be used during message environments can be considered a historians, anthropologists, computer processing to impact the extent to which relatively new communication method: scientists and engineers, and as a result particular information may be actively considering the anonymity and resultant my approach to psychological research considered or neglected by potential ease with which profiles and actions may has evolved considerably – in terms of the customers (Aditya, 2001). be ‘deleted’ or ‘disassociated’ from actual research designs and approaches that are Research has also examined potential individuals, deceptive strategies online taken, how findings are communicated, individual differences in the extent that may present a very different phenomenon and the overall aims and scoping of deceptive behaviour is displayed in online to traditional deception approaches until projects. environments. Frequent users of online such behaviour is seen to have an Psychology has a tremendous forums and discussion groups have been observable consequence outside of a contribution to make to current issues found to deceive more than infrequent virtual community (which an individual across a wide spectrum of industries and may easily remove themselves from). communities – the deception field is just In my academic career so far, I have one example. I hope to continue to been happy to ride a wave of interest in participate in this journey through the online deception, which looks to explain development and conduct of research that Walczyk, J.J., Roper, K.S., Seemann, E. & Humphrey, A.M. (2003). Cognitive such processes in terms of related theories attempts to bridge the infamous mechanisms underlying lying to of communication and behaviour in order ‘academic–practitioner divide’. questions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, to develop pragmatic detection or 17, 755–774. intervention strategies. This interest is Emma Williams is a Walther, J.B. (1996). Computer-mediated reflected in recent multidisciplinary Research Fellow at the Bristol communication. Communication projects, such as the deterrence of Social Marketing Centre, Research, 23, 3–43. deception in socio-technical systems, University of the West of Xiao, B. & Benbasat, I. (2011). Product- which is a collaboration between England related deception in e-commerce. MIS Cambridge, Newcastle and Portsmouth [email protected] Quarterly, 35(1), 169–195. Universities and UCL, involving computer

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 475 to draw conclusions regarding hypotheses about populations. However, they help compensate for our limited abilities so Building confidence in that we avoid many of the mistakes that

METHODS significance tests encourage (Coulson et al., 2010). confidence intervals How does one use CIs to evaluate a potential solution to an applied problem, Graham D. Smith and Peter E. Morris encourage you to rely less on or to test the prediction of a theory? Here significance tests is a two-step quick-start guide.

Step 1: Calculate a point estimate of the population effect size. To evaluate a hypothesis the magnitude ‘If you want to teach people a new Towards sharper tools and direction of an effect must be way of thinking, don’t bother trying to It is said that bad workers blame their quantified. The effect might simply be the teach them. Instead, give them a tool, tools, but it is worse to misuse them; like difference between two means. Or the the use of which will lead to new ways holding a cricket bat back-to-front, or mean difference could be standardised by of thinking. knitting a cardigan using a pair of dividing it by the scores’ pooled standard Richard Buckminster Fuller screwdrivers! Significance tests (i.e. deviation (SD), yielding Cohen’s d. statistical procedures that generate p Pearson’s correlation coefficient is an values) are almost ubiquitous in effect-size measure of the relationship tatistics are tools to aid thinking. . Yet these tools between two variables. There are many But a misused thinking tool can are frequently misused. P values are other effect-size measures designed for Smislead. sometimes taken to be: (i) a valid estimate a host of situations (see Fritz et al., 2012; We psychologists are frequently of the magnitude of effects; (ii) the Morris & Fritz, 2013b). misled by statistics, albeit unwittingly probability that the null hypothesis is An effect size is not just a useful (e.g. Coulson et al., 2010; Hoekstra et al., true; (iii) the probability of replicating description of a sample; it guides us to 2014). These misunderstandings a result; or (iv) an indication of the conclusions about the population from contribute to a major problem where theoretical or practical significance of which the sample is drawn. Many effect- many effects reported in our journals results. Yet each of these interpretations size measures are designed to give cannot be replicated (Ioannidis, 2005; is false (Nickerson, 2000). Typically, unbiased point estimates of the true size Kühberger et al., 2014). significance testing is used to determine of the effect in the population. In other This article aims to help readers reach the probability of obtaining the observed words, the sample’s effect size tells us the sound conclusions about data, use better effect if a null hypothesis of zero most plausible value of the population’s tools for the job and avoid some common difference or zero correlation were true. effect size. misunderstandings. We encourage you to More useful non-nil null hypotheses can rely much more on confidence intervals be employed but in practice rarely are. Step 2: Calculate the likely range of the and less on significance tests. If you do, Many statistically savvy commentators, population effect size. then you will see research findings in a journal editors and psychological societies Whilst a point estimate of the population new light, enriching your understanding have concluded that we ought not to effect size is useful, we need to remember of psychological evidence. depend so heavily upon significance that the actual population effect size We start by exploring some of the testing (APA, 2010; Cohen, 1994; could be among a range of values either pitfalls of significance testing. Next, we Cumming, 2014; Nickerson, 2000). side of the sample effect size. It is less and introduce an alternative approach to Psychologists need to employ more less plausible that the population effect inferential statistics based on confidence ergonomic statistical tools; ones that are size is at values farther and farther away. intervals of effect size. Then we give a not so easily misused or misinterpreted. The distribution of plausibility (i.e. series of examples demonstrating that this Confidence intervals (CIs) are the relative likelihood) of various values of alternative approach is more revealing statistical equivalent of the ratchet the population effect size, under the than significance testing. Finally, we screwdriver and the non-stick frying pan. parametric assumptions, is shown in reflect on why confidence intervals may Like significance testing, CIs are Figure 1. have been overlooked. inferential statistics in that they enable us It would be useful to know how far

Altman, D.G., Machin, D., Bryant, T.N. & promote adolescent safe sex 997–1003. 25, 7–29. Gardner, M.J. (2000). Statistics with intentions. British Journal of Coulson, M., Healey, M., Fidler, F. & Fidler, F. & Loftus, G.R., (2009). Why confidence (2nd edn). London: British Psychology, 101(1), 155–172. Cumming, G. (2010). Confidence figures with error bars should replace Medical Journal Books. Baguley, T. (2012). Can we be confident in intervals permit, but do not p values: Some conceptual

references American Psychological Association. our statistics? The Psychologist, 25, guarantee, better inference than arguments and empirical (2010). Publication manual of the 128–129. statistical significance testing. demonstrations. Journal of American Psychological Association Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis Frontiers in Psychology, 1(26), 1–9. Psychology, 217, 27–37. (6th edn). Washington, DC: Author. for the behavioural sciences. Hillsdale, Cumming, G. (2012). Understanding the Fritz, C.O., Morris, P.E. & Richler, J.J. Armitage, C.J. & Talibudeen, L. (2010). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. new statistics. New York: Routledge. (2012). Effect size estimates: Current Test of a brief theory of planned Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p < Cumming, G. (2014). The new statistics: use, calculations, and interpretation. behaviour-based intervention to .05). American Psychologist, 49, Why and how. Psychological Science, Journal of Experimental Psychology:

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effect to be there are important relationships between evaluated academic achievement and these two together personality dimensions. Maybe this (Cumming, should be being taken into account by 2012). From universities in their selection and a single CI, treatment of students? However, Poropat one can know was not misled by the significant p values, whether the because the correlation coefficients of plausible range extraversion and stability with academic of effect sizes achievement that he found were –.01 and includes .01 respectively. If we estimate, by negligible, squaring the correlations, the variance small, large, of academic achievement predicted by positive, extraversion or stability we see in each negative and case the figure is only 0.01 per cent. The humongous correlations may be statistically significant values. A single but the relationships are virtually non- Figure 1. The plausibility of potential locations of the (unknown) significance test existent. They are significant not because population effect size. The most plausible value of the population invites a the effects are substantial but because the effect size is the same as the sample effect size. It is very likely that conclusion meta-analysis has accumulated sample the 95 per cent confidence interval has captured the population effect about only one sizes of over 59,000. If a sample is large size, but not certain. null hypothesis enough then even the most trivial effects that typically is are statistically significant (Nickerson, away from the population effect size the tangential to the research hypothesis. 2000). Poropat rightly overlooked the p point estimate might plausibly be. What Multiple significant tests with different values and drew conclusions from effect range encompasses 95 per cent of the null hypotheses would be required to sizes. Furthermore, we calculate the 95 most likely effect size values? This is just match the versatility of CIs. Furthermore, per cent CIs for the correlations of what a 95 per cent CI tells us. It helps us CIs ensure proper attention is paid to the academic achievement with extraversion to visualise the distribution of plausibility magnitude of effects and thereby and stability to range between .00 among potential population effect sizes. discourage many misinterpretations that and –.02, or .00 and .02 respectively. In A value near the sample effect size is are promoted by significance testing. other words, it is reasonable to conclude about seven times more plausible than a Now, let us build confidence in CIs that the actual population values for these value close to the 95 per cent confidence through a series of examples of their correlations are negligibly tiny. limits (Cumming, 2012). Only rarely (5 interpretation, compared with Significance testing cannot give per cent of the time for 95 per cent CIs) conclusions from significance testing. grounds for believing a null hypothesis, will the CI turn out not to have captured We have chosen to use imaginary data for partly because absence of evidence is not the population effect size. CIs indicate the some of the examples. This is not because evidence of absence. Furthermore, non- precision of estimates of effects. real examples are rare, but because we do significant results do not imply that not want to imply criticism of the few observed effects are negligible, as this Together, point and interval estimates of authors that we might select. can equally arise through low power. Yet, population effect sizes allow us to draw CIs can demonstrate that, under certain conclusions about almost any research conditions, even a significant effect is so question. There are CIs for nearly every Statistically significant yet small as to be not worthy of our situation that there are tests of negligible attention. significance (see Altman et al., 2000; In his meta-analysis of personality Fidler & Loftus, 2009; Newcombe, 2013). variables and academic achievement, The CI methods described later require Poropat (2009) found statistically Statistically significant yet the parametric assumptions but non- significant correlations (both p values potentially not substantial parametric CIs exist too. were < .001) between academic We have just seen how the range of likely CIs deal directly with research achievement and both extraversion and values indicated by the CIs is very small if hypotheses in that they allow hypotheses stability. Described solely in terms of the sample size is very large. However, about the many potential values of an statistical significance, this sounds as if with the sort of sample size common in

General, 141, 2–18. Wagenmakers, E.J. (2014). Robust PLoS ONE, 9(9). Poster presented at the Psychonomic Grissom, R.J. & Kim, J.J. (2011). Effect misinterpretation of confidence doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105825. Society Annual Conference, Long sizes for research: A broad practical intervals. Psychonomic Bulletin & Morris, P.E. & Fritz, C.O. (2013a). Effect Beach, California. approach (2nd edn). New York: Review, 21(5), 1157–1164. sizes in memory research. Memory, Morris, P.E., Fritz, C.O. & Buck, S. (2004). Psychology Press. doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0572-3. 21(7), 832–842. The name game: Acceptability, bonus Hoekstra, R., Finch, S., Hiers, H.A.L. & Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2005). Why most Morris, P.E. & Fritz, C.O. (2013b). Why are information and group size. Applied Johnson, A. (2006). Probability as published research findings are false. effect sizes still neglected? The Cognitive Psychology, 18, 89–104. certainty: Dichotomous thinking and PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124. Psychologist, 26, 580–583. Newcombe, R.G. (2013). Confidence the misuse of p values. Psychonomic doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124. Morris, P.E. & Fritz, C.O. (2014). The intervals for proportions and related Bulletin & Review, 13(6), 1033–1037. Kühberger, A., Fritz, A. & Scherndl, T. challenge of the Psychonomic Society measures of effect size. Boca Raton, Hoekstra, R., Morey, R.D., Rouder, J.N. & (2014). Publication bias in psychology. guidelines on statistical issues (2012). FL: CRC Press.

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 477 methods

many experiments, the CI of even a small effect size can still be a valuable the same independent measures significant population effect may be quite discovery when it relates to life and death experiment replicated by different wide. Typically, researchers fail to avail health issues. researchers. The difference of means in themselves of this useful and sobering Study A is 13.9 (SD = 20.0), t (38) = 2.20, extra information. For example, one of us p = .03. The difference of means in Study co-authored a paper (Morris et al., 2004) Not statistically significant yet B is 9.1 (SD = 21.1), t (28) = 1.18, p = .25. reporting an experiment in which potentially substantial Are the findings consistent or participants played two versions of a Imagine your research compares the contradictory? In one study the difference game intended to promote recall of language development of girls and boys. is statistically significant but in the other people’s names. The elaborate name game You find that a sample of 16 girls (M = study it is not. Would you conclude that was rated as being significantly more fun 57.6, SD = 21.4) scored higher than a the findings are inconsistent? Might you to play than the simple name game; t sample of 16 boys (M = 46.7, SD = 18.5) then carefully examine the articles for (214) = 1.79, p = .04 (one-tailed). This on a measure of verbal fluency. But an methodological differences to explain the finding was taken as support for a minor independent measures t test shows the outcomes? prediction. difference is not significant, t (30) = 1.54, Perhaps you are being tempted into a However, secondary analysis using the p = .13. mistake. Significance testing encourages CI of an effect size goes beyond the p What should you conclude? You misleading black-and-white thinking value. Cohen’s d, might be tempted to infer (Hoekstra et al., 2006; Nickerson, 2000). calculated from t and that the null hypothesis is Statistical significance and non- the sample size (Fritz probably true. Concluding significance do not equate to the et al., 2012), is 0.24. “Significance testing that a null hypothesis is existence and non-existence of an effect. This can be referred to encourages likely to be true because an A significant effect is not necessarily as a small effect misleading black-and- effect is not statistically significantly greater than a non-significant (Cohen, 1988) white thinking ” significant is a mistake effect (Baguley, 2012). Ought you to although categorising frequently seen in the conclude that the findings complement effect sizes ought to be literature (Hoekstra et al., 2006). each other? On their own, the p values undertaken with caution (see Morris & So perhaps you would drop this line of cannot help you decide. Fritz, 2013a). A one-tailed 90 per cent CI inquiry and try something else with a A clearer picture emerges when we of d is consistent with the finding of a better chance of being successful. Would look at CIs. The CI of the significant difference. However, suppose you consider a p value of .13 close enough (unstandardised) difference of means is we were instead interested in the range to the .05 criterion to justify the time and calculated easily from means, SDs and within which the population mean for cost of collecting more data? On its own, sample sizes (e.g. Altman et al., 2000). this comparison might lie if there were the p value does not give you the The 95 per cent CI for Study A is 1.11 to no prediction. Cumming’s (2012) ESCI information to decide. But a CI does. 26.71 and for Study B is –6.71 to 24.91. software indicates that the 95 per cent The mean difference of girls’ and boys’ These intervals are largely overlapping, CI of d is –0.04 to 0.52. In other words, verbal fluency scores (M = 10.9) translates so it is quite plausible that there is little it is reasonable to conclude that the to a Cohen’s d of 0.56. The 95 per cent CI difference in the true size of effect in the population effect size is somewhere of Cohen’s d, calculated from d and the two studies. between a negligible effect and a medium- sample sizes (Cumming, 2012; Grissom But do they overlap enough? It seems sized positive effect. Only further research & Kim, 2011), is –0.14 to 1.27. Towards so. A meta-analysis combining the two with much larger samples and possibly the lower limit, the population d could studies using Cumming’s (2012) ESCI tighter control of variance in the design plausibly be between a very small negative software reveals the 95 per cent CI is 2.38 can answer whether Cohen’s d really is value and negligible positive value, to 21.56 and the p value associated with substantial. consistent with the finding of non- the null hypothesis of zero difference is Fortunately, this particular significance. But it would be wrong to .01. You may be surprised that this p value comparison was not central to the discount the effect because of the is less than either of the p values of the conclusions of the paper, but it does possibility that it is negligibly small. original studies. However, this surprise illustrate how CIs can lead researchers to Remember both extremes are equally would be misplaced; the evidence for more appropriately nuanced conclusions likely. Towards the upper limit, the true statistical significance is accumulated about significant results. Any effect size population effect could just as easily be because the study findings are largely must always be interpreted in terms of its large or very large (Cohen’s d of 1.27 consistent and the sample size is practical importance. For example, a accounts for 30 per cent of variance; Fritz, cumulative. et al., 2012). We may not have precise enough an estimate of the population effect size to justify publication, yet we Using and misusing CIs ought not to assume that the effect is Sadly, few empirical articles report CIs and Nickerson, R.S. (2000). Null hypothesis significance testing. Psychological negligible when it is much more plausibly even fewer interpret the CIs they report. Methods, 5, 241–301. medium-sized, large or very large. It is Morris and Fritz (2014) found that only Poropat, A.E. (2009). A meta-analysis of well worth attempting replication with a 11 per cent of the 463 empirical papers the five-factor model of personality larger sample. The p value was in danger published by the Psychonomic Society’s and academic performance. of encouraging us to abandon a journals in 2013 reported CIs, and very Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 322–338. potentially exciting line of inquiry. few interpreted these CIs. Looking back through the last five years of the British Journal of Psychology Contradictory yet consistent? we can find only one article that puts CIs Imagine two articles that report essentially at the heart of the analysis and

478 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 methods interpretation: Armitage and Talibudeen conclude from this neglect that CIs are hold misunderstandings about CIs. (2010). They report the mean difference not superior after all. Here are several However, the misunderstandings may be in acceptance of a safe-sex message potential explanations. First, due to lack of familiarity. Coulson and between an attitude-change intervention psychologists may not know enough others (2010) found that because and a control was 0.82, 95 per cent CI about CIs to realise their usefulness; the psychologists are relatively unfamiliar [0.57, 1.07]. Had they merely stated the basics are not widely known. Many with CIs they frequently reinterpret them means and a p value then we would not mistakenly believe that CIs are merely as two-tailed significance tests, by know how small or large the difference descriptive statistics, and even observing whether or not zero is captured could plausibly be. For all we would have experienced researchers are unaware that within the interval. There is little point in known, the population difference in CIs exist for Pearson’s r and Cohen’s d. merely using CIs in this way – it leads to message acceptance could just as easily Few statistical textbooks and statistical the same conclusions as conventional have been somewhere between 0.07 and packages do sufficient justice to the CI significance testing. CIs, when interpreted 1.57, a much less impressive finding. The approach. Second, one ought not to appropriately, yield richer conclusions authors also tell us that Cohen’s d for the underestimate the normative influence than significance tests; more nuanced and effect is 0.77. Were they preparing the of the literature. Results reporting may possibly in contradiction. paper today they could have used be a matter of habit. The lack of good To see the real utility of CIs we need Cumming’s (2012) ESCI to determine the examples such as Armitage and to go beyond the significance testing CI of d. Our secondary analysis of their Talibudeen (2010) may mean that mindset. Only then will we beam new results suggest that the effect in the researchers fail to consider using CIs. A light on research findings. So take these population is likely to be between third reason why CIs may not be reported powerful thinking tools out the box and medium and large; 95 per cent CI [0.48, is that they often reveal a very wide range give them a go! 1.06]. This suggests that the change in within which the population values may attitude is not just potentially greater than lie (Cohen, 1994). It is uncomfortable to I Graham D. Smith is a Senior Lecturer at zero, it is substantial. One might be able be reminded of the imprecision of one’s the University of Northampton to make a case for the effect being large data, but trying to ignore that imprecision [email protected] enough to make a practical difference in will not make it go away. safe-sex behaviour. Although CIs are better tools than I Peter E. Morris is Emeritus Professor at If CIs are superior to significance significance tests, they are not foolproof. the University of Lancaster and Honorary testing, why are they reported so Hoekstra and colleagues (2014) recently Visiting Professor at the University of infrequently? It would be wrong to reported that experienced researchers Northampton

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 479 EMDR Training Schedule 2015 Fully accredited EMDR trainings for Psychologists EMDR International Association (EMDRIA) and EMDR-Europe Association (EMDR-E) accredited trainings conducted by Alexandra (Sandi) Richman, Chartered Psychologist. Learn how to integrate this evidence-based therapy into your existing clinical skills. Richman EMDR Training offer small interactive EMDR trainings (max 20 participants), incorporating the complete ‘standard’ EMDR training accredited and approved by EMDRIA/EMDR-Europe plus an Intermediate Vacancies for the post of Editor workshop between Part I and Part 3 training. After Part I participants are able to practice EMDR and Part 2 revises the protocol and offers in the following journals are supervision of case material. Part 3 training teaches EMDR with more available: complex cases and offers further case consultation. EMDR 2015 Trainings are as follows: British Journal of (London unless otherwise indicated) Part 1 (3 day training) &EVDBUJPOBM1TZDIPMPHZ 24 - 26 June 2015 (Glasgow), 29 - 31 July 2015, 16 - 18 September 2015, 21 - 23 October 2015 (Leicester), 2 - 4 December 2015 +PVSOBMPG0DDVQBUJPOBM Part 2 (1 day training) 19 June 2015, 3 September 2015, 30 September 2015, BOE0SHBOJ[BUJPOBM 14 October 2015 (Glasgow), 4 November 2015 Psychology Part 3 (3 day training) 9 - 11 September 2015, 15 - 17 October 2015 (Glasgow), 18 - 20 November 2015 Our partnership with Wiley offers Editorsthe opportunity to build upon the success of ourjournals For more information contact in collaboration with a global publisher. Theaims of the Mary Cullinane, Training Co-ordinator. partnership are to enhance the globalprofile of our Tel: 020 7372 3572 Email: [email protected] journals, develop each journal to be aninternational www.emdr-training.com leader in its field, and provide enhancedsupport to each journal editor. We are seeking candidates with a strong research background and significant publishing experience to lead editorial boards, contribute to editorial policy CPD Workshops development and work with the Wiley team.The term of office is three years from 1 January 201with the Teaching Clients to use option of extension for a further three years.The posts carry an annual honorarium. Mindfulness Skills With Dr Maggie Stanton & Dr Christine Dunkley If you wish to be considered for either of these posts, 10th Sept 2015 - Exeter please submit: a CV outlining your publication record and any previous editorial experience; a brief statement Medicines used in Mental Health of how you would wish the journal to develop; and a With John Donoghue th statement indicating how you would wish to establish 19 June 2015 - Uffculme Centre Birmingham an editorial board to support this development. Joint submissions are welcomed but should include an Anger Treatment Professor Ray Novaco indication of how responsibilities would be divided. 20th July 2015 – The King’s Centre Oxford Your submission will be considered by the Editorial Advisory Group (Chair: Professor Andy Tolmie), who Using Social Media in your will make recommendations to the Board of Trustees. Therapy Practice David Taylor 12th Sept 2015 – BPS London Submissions should be sent to: Professor Andy Tolmie, c/o Lynn West, The British Psychological Society, St Andrews CBT for Insomnia House, 48 Princess Road East, Leicester LE1 7DR. Professor Kevin Morgan & Dr Maureen Tomeny th Informal enquiries can be made via [email protected] 18 Sept 2015 – Queens University Belfast and will be directed to Professor Tolmie. For details and for our full range of workshops :- The deadline for submissions is  +VMZ 201. stantonltd.co.uk or grayrock.co.uk

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 481 President’s column SOCIETY President Jamie Hacker Hughes Professor Jamie Hacker Hughes Contact Jamie Hacker Hughes via the Society’s Leicester President Elect office, or e-mail: [email protected] Professor Peter Kinderman

Vice President Professor Dorothy Miell his is very strange for me to write as my served as one of our honorary officers since first column as your new Society President. 2008, first as Honorary Treasurer, then as Honorary General Secretary TAt the time of writing, Professor Dorothy President Elect and then as President before Dr Carole Allan Miell is still serving the final few weeks of her his most recent role. Professor Pam Maras has presidency, the team of Trustees that I have been stepped down after five years as Honorary Honorary Treasurer working with over the past year as President General Secretary, the first of these in a dual Professor Ray Miller Elect (a year, by the way, which I have found to role with her final year on the Presidential have been incredibly helpful and insightful, but Team, to be succeeded by Professor Carole Chair, more of that later) is still intact and the BPS Allan, also previously a President. Dr Gerry colonisation of the ACC in Liverpool for the Mulhern ends three years as a Trustee, having Membership Standards Board 2015 Annual Conference been on the Presidential Dr Mark Forshaw is all still yet to happen. Team before that, and We will not yet have Professor Ken Brown Chair, heard Professor Sir Cary ends over 10 years’ Education and Public Cooper’s keynote service to the Board, Engagement Board address, nor Professor including a term as Professor Catriona Morrison Miell’s Presidential Honorary Treasurer, then Address, nor that after serving as President and Chair, dinner speech by the Vice President and finally Reverend Richard Coles two terms as a Trustee, Research Board (of Saturday Live and Dr Lyndsey Moon and Professor Daryl O’Connor Communards fame) Dr Gene Johnson also following the gala dinner step down after two terms Chair, in that iconic venue by each as Trustees, in Professional Practice Board the quayside in addition to a number Dr Ian Gargan Liverpool docks. of other Society roles. But all these things Finally, Professor Judi Ellis The Society has offices in Belfast, have indeed now come Dot has been a very steady and firm hand ends two terms as Chair of Cardiff, Glasgow and London, as to pass as you read this at the Society’s wheel the Research Board to be and so it is now time to succeeded by Professor well as the main office in express some heartfelt Daryl O’Connor. May I say Leicester. All enquiries should thanks and to say some a very sincere thank you, on be addressed to the Leicester goodbyes. The first thanks must go to my behalf of all in the Society, to them all and we office (see inside front cover for predecessor, Professor Dorothy Miell, who has wish them well for the future. In their place we address). just come to the end of her term as the Society’s welcome Peter, Carole and our three new 80th president. Dot has been a very steady and Trustees, Dr Abigail Locke, Dr Chris Lynch and firm hand at the Society’s wheel and under her Dr Lindsay O’Dell to the Board. We expect great The British Psychological guidance, first as President Elect and then as things of them all, and I know that we shall not Society President, she has presided over the be disappointed. was founded in 1901, and introduction of the Society’s new strategic plan This is an extremely exciting time to be your incorporated by Royal Charter in and has also overseen a number of important Society President. We are in the midst of a wide 1965. Its object is ‘to promote the reviews, including a review of the way in which second consultation on the review of our advancement and diffusion of the BPS exercises its governance. I am delighted member networks, which we launched at the that Professor Miell now moves into the role of society’s AGM at Annual Conference. The a knowledge of psychology pure the Vice President and I look forward to her consultation is now in progress and remains and applied and especially to sage and accessible advice being afforded to open for all your comments until 6 July. Please, promote the efficiency and Professor Peter Kinderman, our new President if you have not responded already, may I urge usefulness of Members of the Elect, and myself over the coming year. you to do so now. I should like members’ Society by setting up a high As we welcome Peter into his new role, response to this consultation on the future however, it is also time for us to say farewell organisation of our Society, which will so standard of professional to a number of Trustees who have now left the much determine our future contribution to education and knowledge’. Board, many after a very considerable length of our work and life outside it, to far outstrip the Extract from The Charter service to the Society. Dr Richard Mallows has turnout at this year’s General Election. Please just ended his term as Vice President and has tell all your colleagues about it. To participate,

482 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 society if you have not already done so, go to the member network review webpage (www.bps.org.uk/membernetworkreview). REVIEW OF MEMBER NETWORKS Please give us your input now, and please share the link as widely as you can The Society has launched a consultation on options for the future structure of our with fellow psychologists, especially those organisation. This is part of the work to implement the Society’s strategic plan 2015–2020. who are not currently members of our The options centre on how we organise our 39 separate member networks. Society. Thank you. I shall be reporting on Three options are being considered: the Original Structure; an Academy of Psychological the progress of this most important set of Science and College of Psychological Practice; and a College of Psychology. changes as they are considered, decided Professor Jamie Hacker Hughes, President, said: 'Our networks are important, helping us upon and implemented month by month. to provide a range of services for our members. However, the current structure doesn’t My priorities over the coming year as always work as well as it should and can often create barriers to joint working and your new President are to work towards communication. Sometimes this stands in the way of our Society being as effective as it might achieving a higher profile for our be.' profession, a stronger voice for The Trustees set up a small working party to carry out this review and report back with psychology, and greater influence and recommendations. The second phase of consultation runs to 6 July. impact on policy and practice locally, I To read more and take part, see www.bps.org.uk/membernetworkreview nationally across our four nations and internationally, and to seek to achieve better access, equality and transparency both into and across our Society. In other words, seeking to build our profile, our voice, our influence and our organisation Making sense of crime so that we may continue to develop and grow as we go into the future. The Society has outside the criminal justice As part of this vision, the editor of contributed to a report system; crime isn’t caused The Psychologist, Dr Jon Sutton, has been warning that sweeping by a single factor such as receptive to my ideas around themed claims about crime made unemployment, poverty, content for topics of personal interest in the general election bad parenting, government to me which also demonstrate the policy manifestos of the UK’s cuts or influences such as impact of psychology. This month’s related political parties are nearly video games; ‘criminals’ article is from Angela Carter, on youth always wrong. aren’t a separate group unemployment, to tie in with my focus on Making Sense of Crime, from the rest of society; homelessness, unemployment and social a guide published by Sense and police statistics are justice. The themes for July are Sport and About Science, sets out not the best way to judge Exercise, Physical and Mental Health and, why such generalisations crime rates. for August, Languages and Culture, are misleading (see Sense About Science is Cognition, Travel, and Aviation. We are http://www.senseaboutscie encouraging people to use planning to put the full programme on nce.org/resources.php/182/ its new ‘crime exaggeration the website, with other information, in making-sense-of-crime). checklist,’ published a newly created ‘President tab’ on the They wrongly assume alongside the guide, to alarmist but is a factual website as soon as we can make this crime is a single spot misleading statements and accurate available. We shall be reinforcing these phenomenon to be on crime by politicians, representation of the issue, themes through our press releases, and addressed by headline- commentators and think whether it be rising or I would also encourage member networks grabbing measures and tanks. falling crime, police to echo them around the country wherever they ignore evidence on Professor Daryl effectiveness or the impact possible. I am now encouraging member what works and what O’Connor, Chair of the of custodial sentences.’ networks to nominate members who are doesn’t in reducing Society’s Research Board, Prateek Buch, director subject matter experts in any of these different types of crime. said: ‘It is essential that of the Evidence Matters areas, and skilled communicators, to join In the guide, experts in policy making in all areas campaign at Sense About me in a ‘President’s Panel’, telling everyone violent crime, policing, should be based on Science, said: ‘Politicians of about the fantastic work that psychology crime science, psychology reliable, robust evidence. all stripes, commentators and psychologists are doing. and the media’s reporting Making Sense of Crime not and think tanks make To contact me about this, or anything of crime share insights only challenges policy sweeping statements about else, e-mail [email protected] from this evidence, which makers to ensure that the causes of crime and or find me on Twitter as @profjamiehh. contradict many election policies are made on the policies to tackle it. The I shall also be writing a weekly blog which promises. basis of the very best best available evidence will be posted on the website and, when The insights include available evidence, but also says they’re wrong, so I am tweeting as President, my tweets will that most types of crime to not be afraid to admit instead of being misled or always carry a #BPSPresident hashtag. are falling across when mistakes are made having wool pulled over I am now really looking forward to developed countries and or when the evidence is our eyes, it’s time for working with you, with all the Trustees have been for around 25 not as reliable as it could people to ask for evidence and my colleagues on the Presidential years, so individual be. In addition, there is a behind crime policy and Team, and I feel extremely privileged that policies don’t have a big responsibility on the media demand that public figures you have trusted in me to become your effect; the most effective to ensure that its reporting take account of reliable new President. Together, we can. ways to cut crime might lie is not sensationalist and evidence.’

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 483 society Speaking out

At the beginning of Mental Health Awareness Week 2015 (11–17 May) the Society’s presidential team called on the government to recognise the impact of war, poverty, social divisions, inequity and the abuse of fundamental human rights on psychological health, and to do all that it can to combat these evils. The team is made up of Society President Professor Jamie Hacker Hughes, President Elect Professor Peter Kinderman and Professor Dorothy Miell, Vice President. Their statement read:

To mark Mental Health Awareness Week, we call on the government to recognise the impact of war, poverty, social divisions, inequity and the abuse of fundamental human rights on psychological health, and to work to protect citizens’ mental health through addressing these problems. Too many people, especially women and children, are To promote genuine mental health and wellbeing we need to traumatised by war and armed conflict. We must work actively for protect and promote universal human rights, as enshrined in the peace, and we must extend both humanitarian care and the hand United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Because of friendship to people escaping from conflict zones. experiences of neglect, rejection and abuse are hugely important in We know that psychological health and wellbeing are largely the genesis of many problems, we need to redouble our efforts to dependent on our social circumstances. Especially in this period protect children from emotional, psychological, physical or sexual of economic austerity, we must work collectively to create a more abuse and neglect. humane society: to reduce or eliminate poverty, especially childhood Equally, we must protect both adults and children from bullying poverty, and to reduce financial and social inequality. We need to and discrimination: whether that is racism, homophobia, or work harder to promote peace, social justice and equity, and ensure discrimination based on sexuality, gender, disability, ‘mental health’ that citizens are properly fed, housed, and educated, and living in or any other characteristic. We can all do more to combat a sustainable natural ecosystem. discrimination and promote a more tolerant and accepting society.

Society for Dialectical Behaviour Therapy SOCIETY NOTICES Annual Conference 2016, Nottingham See p.i Division of Educational and Child Psychology Annual Conference Call for Papers and TEP Day See p.479 European Congress of See p.481 DBT Annual Conference: BPS conferences and events See p.485 Monday 14th December 2015 CPD workshops 2015 See p.486 BPS/POST Postgraduate Award See p.488 Trinity College Dublin Psychology in the Pub See p.489 Developmental and Social Psychology Sections Joint Annual Keynotes: Martin Bohus & Perry Hoffman Conference See p.489 Division of Clinical Psychology Faculty for Sexual Health and HIV day conference on FGM See p.490 Division of Clinical Psychology Faculty of Eating Disorders anorexia masterclass See p.491 Papers invited in Call for these categories; papers on; Community, Inpatient, DBT implementation, Adult, CAMHS, Forensics, service evaluation, Society vacancies LD, ED, PD, Substance innovative practice, misuse case studies and British Journal of Educational Psychology outcome research Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology Editors See advert p.480 Closing date 17 July 2015

Deadline for receipt of abstracts Friday 11th September Clinical Neuropsychology Qualifications Board Visit www.sfdbt.org to download the application form Two positions: Chair; Chief Assessor Elect See adverts p.490 Closing date 17 July 2015

484 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 Organised by BPS Conferences BPS conferences are committed to ensuring value for money, careful budgeting and sustainability

2015 Division of 1–3 July Manchester Metropolitan University www.bps.org.uk/dfp2015 Psychology of Women Section 8–10 July Cumberland Lodge, Windwor www.bps.org.uk/pows2015 Division of Counselling Psychology 10–11 July Majestic Hotel, Harrogate www.bps.org.uk/dcop2015 Qualitative Methods in Psychology Section 2–4 September Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge www.bps.org.uk/qmip2015 Developmental Section & Social Section 9–11 September The Palace Hotel, Manchester www.bps.org.uk/devsoc2015 Division of 16–18 September Radisson Blu Portman, London www.bps.org.uk/dhp2015 Children and Young People 6–7 October Crowne Plaza Birmingham NEC www.bps.org.uk/cyp2015 Psychology4Students 19 November Mercure, Sheffield www.bps.org.uk/p4s2015 Psychology4Students 1 December Friends Meeting House, Euston, London www.bps.org.uk/p4s2015 Psychology4Graduates 2 December Friends Meeting House, Euston, London www.bps.org.uk/p4g2015 Division of Clinical Psychology 2–4 December Radisson Blu Portman, London www.bps.org.uk/dcp2015 Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology 14–15 December The Queens Hotel, Leeds www.bps.org.uk/dsep2015

Division of Occupational Psychology 6–8 January East Midlands Conference Centre, Notts www.bps.org.uk/dop2016

2016 Annual Conference 26–28 April East Midlands Conference Centre, Notts www.bps.org.uk/ac2016

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 485 2015 CPD Workshops Professional development opportunities from your learned Society

Parenting across cultures (Manchester) (DCP) 1 June Peer group supervision: A structured model for facilitation of community working & professional development (Cross network) 15 June Meta-synthesis (QMiP) 16 June Cognitive assessment of children and young people (Day 1) Glasgow (Cross network) 18 June Working successfully in private practice 25 June Self-compositioning coaching: A method for leadership development (Cross network) 26 June Cognitive assessment of children and young people (Day 2) (Cross network) Leeds 1 July Co-creating change through dialogue (DOP) 6 July Working with gender and sexual minorities in therapy (Sexualities Section) 20 July Expert witness: Responsibilities and business (Workshop 1) 3 September Expert witness: Report writing (Workshop 2) 4 September Overcoming resistance to change using process consultation (Cross network) 8 September Working successfully in private practice 10 September Engaging effectively with the supervision and reflective practice process (Cross network) 23 September Working with refugees and asylum seekers (Cross network) 28 September An introduction to sleep: Psychobehavioural assessment and treatment strategies for people with insomnia (Cross network) 2 October Pluralism in qualitative research (Cross network) 6 October Person-centred planning: A practical introduction for psychologists (Cross network) 6 October Supervision skills: Essentials of supervision (Workshop 1) 16 October A somatic approach to Integral Life Theory Practice (ILP) – Taking theory into practice (Cross network) 19 October Introduction to ethics and professional practice: Ethical decision-making (DFP) 20 October Psychological interventions for a variety of contexts: Issues of design and implementation (SGCP) 22 October Cognitive assessment of children and young people (Day 2) (Cross network) Glasgow 29 October An introduction to mindfulness-based interventions for health psychologists (DHP) 30 October CYP-IAPT and clinical psychology (DCP) Manchester 30 October Counselling skills for sport and physical exercise (DSEP) 5 November Expert witness: Court room evidence (Workshop 3) 5 November Expert witness: Using psychometrics (Workshop 4) 6 November Supervision skills: Enhancing supervision skills (Workshop 2) 6 November

For more information on these CPD events and many more visit www.bps.org.uk/findcpd.

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Training Extended with RFT and FAP - Kings Cross, London With three ACBS peer-reviewed ACT trainers Including assessment of your learning through regular supervision 1. ACT Experiential Introduction with Martin Wilks & Henry Whitfield 26-27 Sept + 17-18 Oct 2015 2. ACT Intermediate level skills training with Martin Wilks & Henry Whitfield 21-22 Nov + 5-6 Dec 2015 3. Supervision for Extended ACT programme with Martin Wilks 4. New Online Functional Analytical Psychotherapy (FAP) Training starting end of September with Jonathan W. Kanter MBCT Experiential Intro with Martin Wilks 12-13 Sept + 10-11 Oct Mindfulness Training Ltd. To book call 020 7183 2485 or visit www.presentmind.org

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 487 BPS/POST Postgraduate Award The Award provides an opportunity for a postgraduate psychologist to be seconded to the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST), to assist in providing objective briefing material for MPs and Peers on a psychological topic.

POST is an office of the two Houses of Parliament (Commons and Lords), charged with providing balanced and objective analysis of science and technology based issues relevant to Parliament. Award: Three-month secondment to POST. An allowance of £5,000 will be provided to fund the secondment. Eligibility: All postgraduate students registered for a higher degree by research (PhD or MPhil) in their penultimate or final year of full-time study (or part-time equivalent) at the time of the start of their placement at POST. How to apply: Produce a concise (no more than two sides A4, typed) summary of any aspect of psychological research that the applicant considers and shows to be relevant to public policy, including an explanation of why parliamentarians should be interested in this topic. For further details and an application form please contact Liz Beech, at [email protected].

Closing date for applications: 31 August 2015

HIGHGATE The only series of books CONSULTING to be approved by the British ROOMS Psychological Society. Visit our website to find MASTER PRACTITIONER * Purpose-built for books for the practitioner, the EATING DISORDERS & OBESITY academic, the instructor and psychotherapy A comprehensive, experiential 3 course programme whose * Architect designed the student, including: modules may be taken individually. We offer a substantial discount when all 3 courses are booked together. and elegantly U BPS Textbooks in The modules of this programme are: furnished Psychology, with * Sound-proofed supporting Online Excellence in Practitioner Skills for Eating Disorders * Air-conditioned Resources An 8 day diploma course teaching integrative theory & effective practical skills for the treatment of binge eating, bulimia & group room U BPS Student Guides anorexia. * Entryphone system • Autumn 2015: 22-25 October & 5-8 November, London to all rooms * Waiting areas What’s more, as a member you will qualify for a discount: Essential Obesity: Psychological Approaches * Support staff 3 days drawing from counselling, clinical and health psychology approaches to change the lives of overweight adults. * Sessions to suit 20% BPS member discount individual on all titles • Summer 2016: 2-4 June 2016, London requirements 30% BPS student member Nutritional Interventions for Eating Disorders discount on all titles 3 days teaching practical and effective Contact Sally for further details: treatment of nutrition-related aspects West Hill House, 6 Swains of eating disorders. Lane, London N6 6QS Go to: • 26-28 November 2015 London Tel no: 020 7482 4212 www.psychsource.bps.org.uk E-mail: now to find out more. [email protected] View a prospectus for each course online at: Web: www.eating-disorders.org.uk (select ‘Training’) www.consulting-rooms.co.uk Or call 0845 838 2040 for further info.

488 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 Psychology in the Pub

Bristol The Home of Existential Therapy ‘Some university lecturers are gay. Get over it!’ Applications throughout the year Wednesday 3 June 2015 • Foundation certificate in Psychotherapy, Counselling and Coaching Dr Victoria Clarke • MA in Existential Coaching* • MSc in Psychotherapy Studies (online)* Plymouth • MSc in Typical and Atypical Development through the Lifespan** Developing compassion • DProf in Existential Psychotherapy and Counselling*** from the inside out • DCPsych in Counselling Psychology and Psychotherapy*** Thursday 18 June 2015 • Professional Certificate Existential Supervision and Group Leadership Dr Mary Welford

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Developmental & Social Sections Joint Annual Conference 2015 9–11 September 2015, The Palace Hotel, Manchester

Keynote Speakers Dominic Abrams, Malinda Carpenter, Hazel Markus & Tania Zittoun Programme We are delighted to announce that our joint Section conference programme is now available and jam-packed with a mix of inspiring presentations from practitioners and academics across both developmental and social fields, plus exciting networking opportunities. Download the full conference programme online for more information. Registration Early bird rates apply until 15 July 2015.

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 489 Faculty for Sexual Health & HIV

Working with women who have STUDY WITH US AT THE experienced female circumcision, genital cutting or FGM UNIVERSITY OF NORTHAMPTON Thursday 9 July 2015 We are recruiting now for the following courses: BPS London Office, 30 Tabernacle Street, • MSc Child and Adolescent Mental Health London, EC2A 4UE • MSc Counselling Children and Young People • MSc Counselling This event is organised by the BPS DCP Faculty for • MSc Psychology Sexual Health and HIV and administered by KC Jones conference&events Ltd, 01332 224505 For further details please contact: [email protected] or call: 0800 358 2232 For further information, please visit the website: www.bps.org.uk/dcphiv2015

Clinical Neuropsychology Qualifications Board Clinical Neuropsychology Qualifications Board Qualification in Clinical Neuropsychology Qualification in Clinical Neuropsychology Chair Chief Assessor Elect The Board is seeking to appoint a Chartered Member of the The Board is seeking to appoint a Chartered Member of the Society who is a Clinical Neuropsychologist to take on the role of Society who is a Clinical Neuropsychologist to take on the role of Chair from 1 November 2015. The Clinical Neuropsychology Chief Assessor Elect from 1 September 2015. The Clinical Qualifications Board is concerned with the assessment of the Neuropsychology Qualifications Board is concerned with the Society’s Qualification in Clinical Neuropsychology (QiCN), which assessment of the Society’s Qualification in Clinical confers eligibility to be entered onto the Society’s Specialist Neuropsychology (QiCN), which confers eligibility to be entered Register of Clinical Neuropsychologists. The Board’s work is onto the Society’s Specialist Register of Clinical overseen by the Society's Qualifications Standards Committee Neuropsychologists. The role of Chief Assessor Elect involves (QSC), which consists of the Chairs of all Society Qualifications shadowing the Chief Assessor on a range of matters before fully Board, which in turn is answerable to the Membership Standards taking over as Chief Assessor. The role of Chief Assessor is to Board (MSB). manage the assessment of all candidates undertaking this qualification. The role will start on 1 September 2015 with a For further information and a Statement of Interest form, please shadowing period, before fully taking over the role on 1 contact Sarah Day, Qualifications Officer, at [email protected] November 2015. or on 0116 252 9518 between 2pm and 4.30pm. Completed forms and documentation should be received by For further information and a Statement of Interest form, please Friday 17 July 2015. contact Sarah Day, Qualifications Officer, at [email protected] or on 0116 252 9518 between 2pm and 4.30pm. Interested parties are welcome to contact the current Chair, Dr. Ingram Wright, via Sarah Day for an informal discussion before Completed forms and documentation should be received by they put forward their statement of interest. Friday 17 July 2015.

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Faculty for Eating Disorders

Kelly Vitousek - Working With Anorexia Clinical Masterclass Monday 29 and Tuesday 30 June 2015 BPS London Office, 30 Tabernacle Street London, EC2A 4UE

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 491 London” it was also one of the first colleges to admit women as students; curious to think that this shocked the nation at the time. Over the years, it’s

CAREERS ‘The scientist/ practitioner been a stronghold of adult and further education. That’s why a lot of teaching is done at weekends and in evening divide is nonsense’ sessions. Sometimes this is challenge for my own work–life balance, not least as Ian Florance meets occupational psychologist Almuth McDowall I am juggling a large research project which has to remain secret for the moment. But I’ve come to relish the full- day workshops.’ caught up with Almuth McDowall at University of London, having previously Almuth has been involved in the I the 2015 Division of Occupational worked at City University and Surrey Society for some time – she was formerly Psychology (DOP) conference in University, based in the Department of chair of the DOP. I asked her how she’d Glasgow. Among a number of appearances Organisational Psychology, which was the started contributing to its work. in the programme she reported on first of its kind in the UK! I am Course ‘One of my many PhD supervisors progress in revising the Stage 2 Director of the CIPD accredited MSc suggested I give time to the BPS. I started qualification process for the training programme in HR development and working in the DOP and grew interested and accreditation of occupational consultancy, I lead specialised modules, in continuing professional development. psychologists. It seemed a good time supervise postgraduate work, do funded Being honest, I got a bit fed up with how to pick her brains on occupational research – it’s a full-time academic role. long it took to get things done. The psychology as a career. Birkbeck is an interesting place: originally membership networks continue to be run ‘I’m now full-time at Birkbeck set up as college for the “working men of by volunteers, and we simply didn’t have the resources to drive things through, and, in any case, in a members’ organisation there are set steps you have to go through to action any initiative. So I took a back seat for a while until the need for urgent action dawned on me when I became an MSc course director. ‘I realised that clients and potential customers don’t understand what we still refer to as “Chartership” (AKA a Stage 2 society-led qualification, which people undertake once they have completed their MSc): we need to shout the benefits of working with a regulated profession from the rooftops. It also became increasingly clear that the master’s curriculum did not fit the reality of occupational psychology work. The world of our work has changed – examples include the growth in coaching, more emphasis on wellbeing and the decline of ergonomics as a specialism. It was also clear that we were not working enough in organisational development and change, leaving this practice area to other professions.’ Almuth is clear that psychologists have so much to give: ‘…specialist

Have you taken a look at our relaunched For other Society careers resources, see website, www.thepsychologist.bps.org.uk? www.bps.org.uk/careers.

If you click on the ‘…meets’ tab across the For the latest jobs, visit top, you will find an archive of all our more www.psychapp.co.uk. Society members can

careers online careers personal pieces, including our ‘Careers’ sign up for suitable e-mail and RSS alerts. pages. Alternatively, just search ‘careers’ Recruiters can post online from just £750, with our new and improved site search. The and at no extra cost when placing an ad in archive is now complete – back to 1988. print. For more information, see p.496.

492 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 careers knowledge and technical expertise, as years’ time. But this is not just an issue particularly to classical dance) and the well as our ethical stance, an appreciation for the Division. Psychology has huge need for (staggering amounts of) of the limits to our competence, and opportunities given the thirst for discipline feeds into success as a drawing from evidence-based practice. psychological knowledge, particularly in psychologist Still, at an organisational level you also the media. A question I often hear is Did psychology surprise you? ‘I’d need the guts to be potentially “What is behavioural science?” Shouldn’t been warned about the statistics and controversial by suggesting something we as psychologists be in the forefront of “science bit”’, so no. I’d already done different, to be courageous and self- that debate? Increased public promotion a course in systemic therapy at Birkbeck confident enough to work with senior of psychology is written into the Society’s and was initially interested in counselling teams. Psychologists often lack strategic plan but we need concrete and psychology, but psychologists have an conviction, and there’s a real tension tangible action.’ absolute responsibility to call a spade between what we know and how we a spade and be honest about what we are package ourselves. In Europe, even MSc good at. I was not suited to working with training involves more work experience, I grew up surrounded by British individuals day in day out. But I’ve kept as students undertake two-year squaddies up my interest in the area and am a very programmes, and I feel that it is vital to Where does this huge commitment to active member of the Special Group in integrate such practical components into her profession as well as her strong views Coaching Psychology. I did my own MSc our UK-based training.’ on the future of psychology come from? at Goldsmiths where there was a Almuth described her route into wonderful faculty that inspired me. Clive psychology, and I suspect it explains, Fletcher convinced me to do a PhD and I felt it was the last-chance in part at least, her unique perspective. I stayed at Goldsmiths for a few years. saloon for our profession ‘I grew up in Westphalia which is My supervisors changed a lot and I ended ‘Anyway, I re-involved myself in the DOP. a lovely but also very boring part of up finishing my PhD at City University Central to my work is a strong belief that Germany! My home town housed the where John Rust’s Psychometrics Centre the scientist/practitioner divide is a load now last remaining British army base in was at the time. Then I moved to Surrey.’ of nonsense. Applied psychologists are Germany, so I grew up surrounded by about evidence-based practice. Simple.’ British squaddies. I originally came to Hazel Stevenson, then DOP chair, England to complete my classical dance Work as we know it is changing suggested that Almuth step forward as training but fell out of love with dance as we speak the next chair. ‘I felt it was the last-chance here. In the UK you repeat endless You’ve mentioned some internal issues for saloon for our training path and therefore drills. The Russian school, which I’d occupational psychology as a profession. the future of our profession. We’d had grown up with, stressed a more mentally Given your experiences, what are the key done a major review of what we do and challenging and creative approach. issues for it as a practice? ‘Change and how we are perceived – OP First, the I suppose that’s where I learnt internal complexity. If you want to make a report published in 2006 – out of which discipline, but also to put on a show, even difference in any organisation, you have had come the clear recommendation that when you don’t feel like it. These are core to address these. Slowly but surely action was needed, but it hadn’t had any skills which have stood me in good stead, organisations are beginning to take the great effect. Then Hazel came along and as working with clients, but also working diversity agenda on board, and this has persuaded some of the best minds in our in education, is often about performance. positive implications for the work–life Division to undertake a review of training Our clients and our students deserve to balance issue, which is very dear to my and development, which reiterated that get the best, and it’s not only what you heart. But there’s lots to do. Work as we not doing anything was far more risky know but also how you deliver this that know it is changing as we speak, as we than trying to initiate change. I’m pretty makes the difference. I also discovered work more connected, more virtual, and stubborn and thought “I can get things that I was less interested in teaching often also with more ambiguity. Plus, we done”. You have to be realistic as a children, but I loved teaching dance seem to lose sight of the necessity of Division chair though and only take on to adults as I could be as creative as switching off – young peoples’ work what you can deliver. But the revision of I wanted, rather than stick to set penetrates every aspect of their life, as Stage 1 – the MSc curriculum – is now instructions. So I trained as a fitness they are often connected 24/7.’ done and dusted, being adopted and instructor and really enjoyed being a Almuth practises what she preaches getting good feedback. I knew from the personal trainer to some high-profile ensuring she balances her work with a start that work on Stage 2 would be more people. But I began to realise that some wide range of external interests. But she difficult, and as you saw at the conference were becoming over-dependent on me is passionate, though clear-sighted, about session there are widely differing ideas and expecting to be sure of the results of occupational psychology, drawing on her about what qualifying training should fitness training. And, of course, you can’t work experience, her training and the cover, how long it should take, what change physically unless you change views developed through her roles in the stages there would be. The issue of mentally. As my workload had been Society. ‘I’d encourage anyone to go in for understanding post-MSc qualification growing but I was also having thought it, even though I’ve suggested the future routes remains key and we have to about how best to look into the future, is uncertain. Most practitioners I know do promote the value of being registered.’ I had two choices – start up a company to what they do because they see it as a way What does the future of occupational service my growing client base or retrain. to make a genuine difference to people’s psychology look like? ‘We need I did the latter.’ lives. Work is so important to our life something dramatic to trigger change It’s interesting that, in interviewing satisfaction, to our happiness, to our and a process of self-organisation. If that practitioners for The Psychologist, training mental health and wellbeing. We have an doesn’t happen I suspect that in dance has cropped up more than you important and satisfying role; the beauty occupational psychology will not exist as would expect. Almuth suggests the link about occupational psychology is that you a major identifiable profession in 10 between mind and body (which is central, can apply it anytime and anywhere.’

seek and advertise at www.psychapp.co.uk 493 careers People first, science second

Ann Wood explores the personal and professional issues encountered when addressing the spiritual lives of service users in mental health settings

It has been suggested that religion and I was also concerned about some of disappointing, my reading nonetheless spirituality is psychiatry’s ‘last taboo’, and the very difficult, personal and spiritual proved extremely useful in other ways that the spiritual beliefs of service users topics that we would talk about in group. because a theme that I repeatedly are frequently ‘pathologised’ by mental I felt unable to prepare myself adequately encountered in my reading was that health practitioners (see the Mental to respond and support group members, spirituality is an area that is ‘religiously’ Health Foundation report from 2007, especially when discussing such a diverse, overlooked by services. Keeping the Faith, tinyurl.com/l7qxbrz). ‘unscientific’ topic in a ‘manual-free’ I was also pleased to discover that Isabel Clarke, a clinical psychologist some authors had indeed with a special interest in spirituality, reviewed spirituality groups recalls (tinyurl.com/nfe6znb) offering offered on mental health units. spirituality awareness training for staff For example, Russell Phillips and how it was an extremely difficult from Bowling Green State subject for some to discuss, as difficult University facilitated a semi- as issues of sex and sexuality once structured group, and each was: ‘…staff were frequently at a loss week they proposed a specific when faced with the religious and topic (e.g. forgiveness, hope) spiritual preoccupations of the people (see tinyurl.com/myunhhw). they were working with.’ They asked group members for Whilst this could be considered informal feedback and found an extreme response and aversion to that the group was highly spirituality, the sentiments shared valued and that participants resonate quite strongly with me. wanted it continue. And Nancy Whilst working as an assistant Kehoe, a psychologist who has psychologist on an inpatient ward, 30 years’ experience of running I was asked to facilitate a spirituality spirituality groups, says that such group and was astonished by the number environment. I lacked confidence in my a group ‘provides valuable therapeutic of professional and personal issues it own clinical skills and was perhaps drawn experiences in tolerance, acceptance of raised. I will briefly explore this issue to offering structured sessions that other’s views, and thoughtful examination and how the experience of facilitating the provided me with a sense of order and of belief systems, as well as opportunities group led to fundamental changes in how confidence in the material discussed; a to apply spirituality and values to life I work and interact with service users. sense of legitimacy and authorisation for questions’ (see tinyurl.com/oz3gwju). the interventions. The descriptions of these two groups I also considered whether discussing gave me the final push I needed, despite My experience and ambivalence spirituality might be difficult or unhelpful my reservations, to commit to running about the group for some service users. Harold Koenig has the group spirituality group at Phoenix. The spirituality group, ‘My Journey’, was found (tinyurl.com/6wbm6du) that offered at Phoenix Ward, a rehabilitation approximately one third of people who unit for 18 individuals at Springfield are experiencing psychosis either describe My journey University Hospital, London. The ward or are pre-occupied with ‘religious My initial ambivalence about facilitating specialises in offering care and treatment delusions’. Others have found that people the group melted away very quickly when to individuals who have significant with schizophrenia who were engaging in we got started. I soon found being mental health difficulties and have found very excessive religious practice, such as involved with the group extremely it difficult to live independently or in less spiritual healing, were more likely to rewarding. The whole atmosphere in the supported accommodation. In recent experience further episodes of psychosis group was completely different to any years a spirituality group has been offered (see tinyurl.com/krk4xv8). Therefore, it other group that I had experienced. From on the ward many times, and along with is perhaps understandable that many the moment we invited people to attend the chaplain I became a group facilitator practitioners, including myself, are the group it felt different. Each week in 2010. hesitant about discussing spirituality. everyone was warmly invited to attend I was very ambivalent about becoming I was also very aware that, despite the group, as you might invite someone involved in the group as I was more having worked in mental health services to attend a social event. It was a personal familiar with offering sessions that were for over 10 years I had not been involved and genuine invitation for people to highly structured, psycho-educational in with or even aware of spirituality groups spend time together. In practice, whilst nature and with a ‘proven’ evidence base, being offered on inpatient units. I carried the facilitators always had some ideas and such as cognitive behaviour therapy. At out a literature review of the topic and topics in mind, the group was largely the outset I was particularly concerned struggled to find many research articles. directed by group members and the topics about the value of this intervention and I had also hoped to uncover a ‘manualised’ which they wanted to bring. However, if in particular whether it was endorsed by approach that I could confidently use as topics or items were introduced by the research evidence. a guide. Whilst this was all quite facilitators, the emphasis remained on the

494 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 careers personal interpretation and meaning solely within the ‘functional office’. The for group members. We encouraged an group encouraged me to consider the environment where people could share ‘mysterious room’ and to experience for honest and critical opinions. myself this way of being with people. Over the course of two years we The experience has also led to me discussed many different topics, such as reflecting on the mindful atmosphere religious festivals, religious texts and within the group. Mindfulness stories, spiritual journeys and suffering – practitioners often refer to the two modes no two sessions were ever alike. This was of ‘being’ and ‘doing’. Often we are in the a group about acceptance, people being ‘doing’ mode and lose contact with the themselves and being present with one here and now or the ‘being’ mode. I feel another. The chaplain was particularly that the very directive work which had good at encouraging group members to been my preferred approach was akin to Lead Clinical share their own beliefs, and I could see the ‘doing’ mode whilst the group made Psychologist that his curiosity and genuine interest room for ‘being’ with service users. Midlands - East meant a great deal to service users. To £45,000 to £60,000 emphasise the importance of each depending upon experience contribution we started the ‘Phoenix Book Evaluation of Wisdom’; a book where participants It was rewarding to see people ‘come could share and record their own ideas. alive’ when they were in the group, the The atmosphere within the spirituality pride reflected in their faces when they group might be described as ‘non- themselves and their views were warmly directive’, an approach that has infused accepted. When we asked people what many psychological theories, such as the group meant to them, they tended to recovery approaches and person-centred say it offered a sense community, that therapy. I was already familiar with the their contribution was respected, and that work of the American counselling we were not trying to change them. They psychologist from the 1940s, were thankful for the compassion and Research Associate and I feel that the atmosphere within our interesting discussions. Of course, this East Anglia group promoted the three ‘core was an optional group, and we therefore Competitive salary conditions’ of this approach – only met with people who had a genuine unconditional positive regard, empathy wish to engage with us. And we could not and congruence. I also found that I was demonstrate that this group made a continually drawing on different difference for service users in terms of psychological theories and therapeutic their symptoms, prognosis and length of approaches, such as motivational stay in hospital. But we nevertheless felt interviewing, psychodynamic theories, that it had made a difference in terms of mindfulness and guided discovery. Whilst how people felt about themselves and that in the past I would have used theory in it had strengthened our therapeutic a more mechanical and rigid manner, relationship with many service users. in this group I was still drawing on my Despite the apparent success of this Forensic or Clinical knowledge and skills but was doing so group and the format used, it is also Psychologist in a more sympathetic, responsive and important to recognise that it was offered Various locations creative manner. I have since learned in a context where service users were Competitive salary that this approach also has a name: an offered many different interventions. ‘integrative’ approach. Our group was facilitated alongside However, I am still left wondering more directive interventions, assisting whether a tension remains within me individuals to alleviate symptoms of their about how to work with people: the one mental health problems and work side drawn to offering pure, therapy from towards their goals. However, this group one theoretical viewpoint and the other seemed to offer a therapeutic feeling more confident about responding counterbalance to interventions that place more creatively using an integrative more emphasis on the need for change. approach. Whilst reflecting on this I I look back at my experience in this Product Consulting found it useful to consider the comments group with great affection. I was inspired Manager of Isabel Clarke in her book Madness, by many aspects of the experience; but Various locations Mystery and the Survival of God, as she mainly, the sensitivity of the chaplain, Competitive salary recommends that there are two ways of group members’ enthusiasm and the thinking about the self: the ‘functional respectful and welcoming atmosphere office represents the rational, either-or fostered. I am also more inclined towards logic, way of knowing. The mysterious being in the moment, present and To check the latest jobs room with no clear limits corresponds mindful with service users. Whilst I will please go to to the relational and emotional, way of continue delivering more ‘recognised’ and knowing that is based on experience.’ evidence-based treatments, I feel www.psychapp.co.uk I suspect that when I became involved nonetheless that my experience of this with the spirituality group I worked group has made me a better practitioner.

seek and advertise at www.psychapp.co.uk 495 Advertising with The British Psychological Society

Reach 48,000 readers as part of the publication for psychologists - a large, prime, well-qualified audience. Advertising is also now available on the Society’s award-winning Research Digest blog DISPLAY ADVERT APPOINTMENT PUBLISHING DATE DEADLINE SECTION DEADLINE at www.researchdigest.org.uk/blog. There are also other online options, including the ‘featured job’ at www.psychapp.co.uk. Jul 3 Jun 10 Jun 25 Jun Aug 8 Jul 15 Jul 30 Jul All recruiters in the print edition of The Psychologist get their vacancy posted online at www.psychapp.co.uk at no extra cost. Members can Sept 5 Aug 12 Aug 7 Aug then search by job type and geographical area, and then view full APPOINTMENT SECTION details online or via RSS feeds and e-mail alerts. DISPLAY RATE (WITH FREE ONLINE AD)

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ASSISTANT PSYCHOLOGIST 13 month contract/Salary £15,000 Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences Applica ons are invited for the posi on of Assistant Psychologist to work with service users School of Psychology with learning disabili es who present with challenging behaviour and who have a secondary diagnosis of mental illness or have a diagnosis of au s c spectrum disorder. The successful candidate will join and be part of a well-established friendly and suppor ve Teaching Fellow B in Psychotherapeutic mul -disciplinary team. The post holder will be required to rou nely collect and present and Counselling Psychology behavioural data, carry out observa ons, produce reports, conduct sta training, carry out therapy, a end clinical mee ngs and provide support to the Consultant Clinical Psychologist The School of Psychology runs a highly regarded Practitioner Doctorate and Behavioural Specialist. Regular supervision will be provided. This role will be of par cular in Psychotherapeutic and Counselling Psychology and welcomes a full-time relevance to psychology graduates with an interest in future clinical psychology training. Teaching Fellow (1 FTE) to join the course team. The programme provides For applica on pack please email: lynne.plummer@careopportuni es.co.uk a comprehensive three-year full-time training that embraces epistemological Closing date for applica ons: 19th June 2015 pluralism and a relational attitude towards clinical practice. The role encompasses teaching and assessment of trainees with the main focus of the post on research training and supervision. You will therefore have an opportunity to contribute to the academic and research input of the training as well as supervision of doctoral level theses. In line with BPS and HCPC requirements the candidate will be either a Vacancy Deputy Course Leader Chartered Counselling Psychologist registered with HCPC and BPS (Division - online MSc programmes of Counselling Psychology) or a Psychotherapist registered with the UKCP, BPC and/or BPA. of Psychotherapy and Counselling is looking For informal enquiries please contact Dr Elena Manafi at to appoint a part-time deputy course leader for its distance [email protected] learning online Masters programmes in Psychotherapy Studies To apply and for further information, please visit: and in Typical and Atypical Development. https://jobs.surrey.ac.uk/vacancy.aspx?ref=022915 This is a 0.2 appointment pro-rata of £35.000 p.a. Closing date: 30 June 2015. Full job description on our website www.nspc.org.uk Interview board date scheduled for: w/c 6 July 2015.

Applications by the 17th of June for the attention of Dawn We acknowledge, understand and embrace diversity. Farrow [email protected]

www.surrey.ac.uk/jobs NSPC Existential Academy 61-63 Fortune Green Road London NW6 1DR

496 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST (NEUROPSYCHOLOGY) Location: 28-32 London Road, Bagshot, GU19 5HN Hours: Part/Full time | Band 7/8a

A new opportunity has arisen for a clinical psychologist specializing in Neuropsychology to work in our exciting private unit. Ascot Rehab is a specialist rehab unit providing bespoke interdisciplinary rehabilitation for 15 inpatient beds and an outpatient service. We are looking for a clinical psychologist dedicated to working in neurorehabilitation to join our expanding neuropsychology team. For more information please contact Dr Sal Connolly, In addition to your psychology colleagues, you will be joining a team of physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech Head of Clinical and and language therapists and rehabilitation assistants. Neuropsychology via [email protected]. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THIS JOB IS TO: ESSENTIAL EXPERIENCE • Provide highly specialized clinical neuropsychological • Registration with the HCPC Application Packs are service to adults with neurological, neurosurgical or • Doctorate in clinical psychology and demonstrated available on request. related psychological conditions and to their families interest/experience in Neuropsychology and carers under the supervision of more senior • Experience of working as a member of a Applications from newly neuropsychology colleagues. multidisciplinary team qualifi ed clinical psychologists • To assess, formulate, plan, implement and review • Knowledge/experience of neuropsychological welcome. appropriate rehabilitation programmes. assessment • To advise the wider team and family/carers on • Good formulation skills in a neuropsychology setting. Closing date for applications strategies to manage behaviour. DESIRABLE EXPERIENCE is 15th June 2015. • To provide supervision to the assistant • Experience of working in a neurorehabilitation psychologists. setting Interviews to be held on • To be involved in training members of the team • Training in neuropsychology in addition to doctoral either 23rd or 25th June. about various psychological principles. training. • To be involved in, and where appropriate to take a • Experience of research in a neuropsychological fi eld. lead in, research being undertaken at Ascot Rehab.

Job Title: Clinical Psychologist (Neuropsychology) Employer: Ascot Rehab

Ascot Rehab is a high-quality neurorehabilitation facility which is relatively suites. There is certainly the opportunity to work with a broad range of newly established in Bagshot in Surrey. The service is very well resourced disorder and of disability.’ and provides a high-intensity interdisciplinary service to patients with Ascot Rehab is not an NHS service – referrals come from case neurological conditions and trauma, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, managers, from insurance multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, some neurodegenerative disorders companies, from overseas and spinal cord injury. and some self-funders. Dr Sal Connolly, Head of Clinical and Neuropsychology, tells us: ‘This is ‘Where necessary we work the perfect job for someone who wants to gain varied neuropsychological with the assistance of experience within a dynamic team and a developing service. It is fast paced interpreters with our and exciting but very well supported. The person coming to this role would overseas patients,’ Dr be joining a consultant clinical neuropsychologist, an 8b and an assistant Connolly says. ‘Working psychologist who work closely with other members of a multidisciplinary with these patients forces team.’ us to assess carefully what Dr Connolly tells us that the service is now developing and evolving. ‘It’s we are trying to get across a great time to join if you want to really be involved in shaping a new service and how best to do that. In addition to the challenge of working across based around patient need instead of limited resources. The rehabilitation languages, this also presents us with a very different cultural environment team work closely together in a patient-focused, interdisciplinary model to to consider. Working in this setting is exciting and has to be patient-focused deliver intensive inpatient if it is to be positive. You will really learn the nitty gritty of constructing a and outpatient rehabilitation patient-led programme when you work with a person who has very programmes. We are able to different priorities.’ manage patients with Dr Connolly concludes that the job ‘is about opportunities. profound disability through Opportunities to learn and to test out what really works for a very diverse to those who are returning group of people, opportunities to work across cultures and languages, to independent living and opportunities to be really involved with the development and growth of a who may be occupying one service and to think about how best to measure that, and opportunities to of the transitional living grow as a clinical and a neuropsychologist.’

seek and advertise at www.psychapp.co.uk 497 Make someone’s tomorrow brighter than their today

Forensic or Clinical Psychologist (with forensic experience) Competitive Salary Partnerships in Care is one of the largest and most experienced independent providers of secure and step-down services across the UK, with over 4,000 employees and over 30 hospitals. This role will require you to provide psychology assessments and treatment to patients at Oaktree Manor in order to meet their psychological needs and promote recovery via a variety of evidenced based tools utilising both individual and group work. You will be working within a full MDT, where you will mainly be responsible for delivering a service mainly to an adult male forensic ward. This service will include group therapies, 1 to 1 therapies, assessments, writing of reports, attending meetings, supervision of assistant psychologists and a trainee forensic psychologist, supporting the ward staff, as well as liaising with external parties where deemed necessary. You will receive full supervision on site. Applicants must have a graduate qualifi cation in clinical or forensic psychology & registration with the Health Professions Council.

For further information please contact Kay Alcock, on 01255 871748 or visit www.piccareers.co.uk

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to advertise please contact: Giorgio Romano, 020 7880 7556, [email protected]

498 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 Are you thinking of a change in your career? Want to work in one of the most beautiful parts of the world? Are you looking for a Listen to what change with a breath your head of fresh air? is telling you

Consultant Clinical Psychologist/Neuropsychologist, Mental Health Services, Hwyel Dda University Health Board

Hywel. Dda University Health Board that have memory, cognitive or This is an exciting opportunity for a is located in West Wales in an area MDTQNORXBGNKNFHB@KCHƧBTKSHDR 8NT highly experienced psychologist to of outstanding beauty. It covers will also provide consultation from a provide a senior and highly valued role the National Park coastline of neuropsychological perspective to the within our services. Pembrokeshire and rolling hills of rural forensic and learning disability services. To apply please visit our corporate Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire. The You will lead on Clinical supervision and webpage’s and click on the link at area consists of hamlets, villages, market consultation for psychology and other www.hywelddahb.wales.nhs.uk/jobs towns as well as some larger towns. It is RS@ƤVHSGHMD@BGNESGDRDRDQUHBDR

an ideal place to live and work. For more information on what Hywel Dda Experience of working in adult and B@MNƤDQ@RVDKK@R@VNMCDQETKOK@BDSN We are seeking a clinical psychologist older adult mental health services and live, please visit: VHSG@M@CCHSHNM@KPT@KHƥB@SHNMHM memory clinics is required. Experience Neuropsychology to work directly in of working with people with mental www.hywelddahb.wales.nhs.uk adult and older adult mental health GD@KSGCHƧBTKSHDRSG@SG@UDDWODQHDMBDC For more information about the post services. You will provide direct stroke will also be advantageous. please contact: assessment and treatment for people VHSG@LDMS@KGD@SGCHƧBTKSHDR The post will be based in Carmarthen [email protected] 01437 and will provide a three county remit. 773096 Help transform the lives of others and we’ll help transform yours

seek and advertise at www.psychapp.co.uk 499 Product Consulting Manager opportunity with Talent Q

We are currently looking to recruit an experienced psychologist to The successful candidate should possess: lead our Product Consulting practice working with clients. The role • Doctorate/masters level education and/or equivalent technical expertise will report directly to the Director of Products & Innovation. • Chartered BPS with commensurate experience in psychometric consulting and delivery Talent Q, part of the Hay Group global consulting business, off ers online • Experience of full consulting cycle for psychometric assessment – sales, assessment, training and consulting through its UK business and in over project scoping, project management, psychometric delivery, evaluation 25 other countries worldwide. We focus on combining innovation with a • Knowledge of HR market place for psychometric solutions – recruitment pragmatic, business-focused approach, which has enabled us to become one and talent management – competitors, trends and technology innovations of the fastest growing companies in our sector, with aspirations for further • Proven track record in project management delivering effi cient and eff ective growth. client projects that meet specifi cation, preferably with global clients • Strong infl uencing and selling skills Your role will be to drive revenue by helping to design, sell and deliver • Excellent communications and infl uencing skills projects that utilize and adapt core Talent Q intellectual property to meet the • An innovative, achievement orientated and fl exible character needs of clients, both globally and within the UK. In particular you will lead the technical input into the innovative development and customization of Now owned by Hay Group, we can off er great opportunities for both personal and psychometric assessment products to meet the needs of clients. professional development. The role can be located fl exibly between our Oxfordshire and London offi ces. We off er an attractive salary and benefi ts package. You will also be responsible for defi ning and managing the methods and working practices of the globally oriented product consulting team and For an informal; discussion about this great career opportunity please innovating to keep our off erings fresh in a rapidly changing global market contact James Bywater, Director of Product and Innovation, on: place. As part of this you will play a key role representing the business [email protected] through research and user conferences to generate positive publicity for Talent Q. To apply, please send your CV with a covering letter explaining how you meet our requirements to Alison Pickford, Business Support Manager, at: A key part of this role is leading client projects and participating in client [email protected] to arrive by 11th June 2015. meetings as a lead technical expert. You need to be a whizz with SPSS and psychometrics, but beyond that you should be able to give clear and wise counsel to clients and colleagues about how to turn their psychometric needs into practical business solutions.

“ it is impossible...... to imagine a prettier spot” Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service Queen Victoria Clinical Psychologist Job ref: 470-15-053-AN Do you have a specific interest in working with children and In 2013 we were recognised by the Royal College of Psychiatry as CAMHS team of young people who have been diagnosed with Autism? Are you the year. a clinical psychologist? If so this could be the job that you are This post offers the opportunity for research and professional development in looking for. utilising strong links with Southampton University and other regional organisations Community Child and Adolescent Mental Health on the Isle of Wight are looking for The Island offers the opportunity for multiple sporting activities combined with rural a dedicated Clinical Psychologist to work as part of our multi-disciplinary CAMHS areas of outstanding natural beauty and easy commuting distance to the mainland team with our Consultant Paediatric colleagues in delivering post diagnostic training with good road and rail links to London and Southern England and regional airports - and therapeutic support to young people who have a diagnosis of Autism. so life and work on the Island is “connected”. This exciting new position offers you the opportunity to develop and run psycho- For further information please contact Dr Andrea Burrow, Consultant social groups for parents, carers and professionals as well as groups for young Clinical Psychologist or Sue Morris,Team Leader on 01983 523602. people to develop competence in their skills to overcome anxiety and other To view the job description/person specification or to apply, associated social challenges. visit: www.jobs.nhs.uk. Closing date: 11 June 2015

The Trust is an equal opportunities employer and offers flexible working. We also operate a non-smoking policy.

500 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 To check the latest jobs please go to www.psychapp.co.uk

to advertise please contact: Giorgio Romano, 020 7880 7556, [email protected]

seek and advertise at www.psychapp.co.uk 501 Mass psychogenic illness, or more spooky?

REVIEWS The Falling, directed by Carol Morley, is centred on an epidemic of a reaction to overly rigid, hierarchical or depressing social fainting at an English girls’ school in the 1960s. Two teenage girls – conditions, a reaction to the discontents of civilisation, to the role Lydia and Abbie – are best buddies, but then Abbie loses her you are expected to play – this was ably explored by Erika virginity to a boy, leaving Lydia feeling abandoned and jealous. Bourgignon in her 1973 book Religion, Altered States of Experience Abbie tries to explain what sex is like – ‘it’s a little death… it takes and Social Change. Humans need ways to lose themselves, to go you to another place’ … Lydia is desperate to escape into that other beyond the ego and go to ‘another place’, and if their culture place. All is not right in her world – her dad ran off, her horny doesn’t give them that, nature will find a way. brother is into the occult, and her emotionally distant mother is Is there anything spiritual in such occurrences, or are they just agoraphobic. regressions to primitive or infantile stages of development, as Lydia then faints in a class, in a Freud would suggest? Morley tries to keep the question open and rather dramatic fashion, and soon other ambiguous in her film, to balance medical explanations with more girls are following suit. Even a young spiritual explanations – that the outbreak is somehow connected art teacher succumbs to the spell. Are with the occult, with ley-lines, with a numinous energy in nature. the girls faking it to get attention? Is it But it was interesting, in an audience Q&A for the film which mass hysteria? An outbreak of the I attended at the London Film Festival last year, how the possibility libido from the unconscious? Or has the that this is also a film ‘about’ spiritual energy was completely charismatic Lydia become some sort of ignored. There’s a common idea in every culture (except the portal or channel for occult energy modern secular West) that nature is infused with spiritual energy, from the environment? and we can tap into it and access its power, either consciously – Morley has previously explored through worship or meditation or drugs or sex or magic – or ‘mass psychogenic illness’ unconsciously and accidentally, through spiritual experiences, (‘psychogenic’ means illnesses where near-death trauma, or sudden epidemics like dancing manias. there’s a mental cause for physical We seem to access this energy via altered states of The Falling symptoms) in a short film called consciousness, and it also sometimes involves certain places – Carol Morley The Madness of the Dance, in which pilgrimage sites, particular mountains or fields. The modern, (Director) a professor of medical humanities secular, mechanistic culture of the West defined itself against this takes us on a tour of the condition: idea, and debunked successive traces of it – whether that be the dancing manias of the Middle Ages Descartes’ ‘animal spirits’, élan vital of Vitalism, Mesmer’s ‘vital [Editor's note: see also the July 2009 fluid’, or the entire ‘spiritual energy’ industry of the New Age. That 'Looking back' piece by John Waller, tinyurl.com/ke6xvu9], ‘exorcism of spirits‘ from secular culture was not altogether a bad outbreaks of biting and mewing like cats among young nuns, thing, because the concept was often used as a means to exploit or epidemics of laughing among Tanzanian factory workers, and so on. control the gullible. And yet we’re still haunted by the ancient idea What’s going on in such cases? They seem to involve what of spiritual energy – Freud called it the libido, Max Weber called it psychologists call the placebo or nocebo effect – our bodies and charisma, William James spoke of ‘energy’ that can be accessed immune systems are highly connected to our emotions and through spiritual experiences or the ‘subliminal self’, while today’s imaginations, and physical symptoms like nervous tics or more cautious psychologists still reach for terms like ‘mental compulsive laughter can spread between people through a sort capital’, ‘pool of attentional resources’ or ‘psychic energy’. of sympathy and suggestibility. No one has ever found this energy or empirically measured it, The preacher Jonathan Edwards observed this phenomenon so it’s easy to dismiss it as woo-woo, a vestige of the animist past in the mass ecstasy of the First Great Awakening in 18th-century we have thankfully left behind. Personally, I am inclined to believe America, during which congregations fainted, screamed, sobbed, this energy exists in nature and is connected to our consciousness, laughed and danced wildly. In his masterpiece Religious Affections, and that we can align ourselves with it through spiritual practice. But Edwards tried to discern what was genuinely spiritual in these I may very well be wrong. We should simply admit that we don’t yet mass ecstatic outbursts, and what was psychological or pathological. know – as the psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi recently noted, He suggested that sometimes it is more the influence of custom or psychology doesn’t even have a working understanding of ordinary imitation than a genuine visitation of the Spirit. I’ve been in the consciousness yet, let alone altered states of consciousness. middle of highly charismatic services in Wales, with people fainting What is certainly the case is that some film-makers are and rolling on the floor, and had some experiences like that myself. exploring this shadowy area in interesting films – I have written Definitely, people are following a script, and the physical symptoms a piece about ‘the art of trance’ in the films of David Lynch, Fellini, are triggered by their expectations (they came to get down, as it Kubrick and others. Peter Weir explores it beautifully in Picnic at were). But there may be something more at work, too… Hanging Rock, which is all about the dark numinous power of Such outbreaks of ecstasy can also occur outside the church, nature. In recent British cinema, films by Ben Oakley and Pawel for example in raves. In the 1990s, at the same time as the Toronto Pawlikowski explore this dreamy terrain. Blessing, acid house and trance music spread across the UK, Morley’s film explores this zone too. It’s not just about mass including to the Hacienda, where Carol Morley regularly went. psychogenic illness… it’s possibly bit more spooky than that. I wonder if her interest in this area partly stems from that experience of ‘the madness of the dance’ – it’s certainly what got I Reviewed by Jules Evans who is Policy Director, Centre for the History me interested in this area. Think of, say, Beatlemania, or the Jitter- of the Emotions at Queen Mary, University of London. He co-edits the Bug, or girls screaming as Elvis twitches and sings ‘well bless my History of Emotions Blog (https://emotionsblog.history.qmul.ac.uk). An soul, what’s wrong with me, I’m itching like a man in a fuzzy tree…’ extended version of this review was originally published there, and Such outbreaks clearly have social determinants: they can be reproduced on our own website.

502 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 reviews

A compelling view of what makes us violent Virtuous Violence: Hurting and Killing to Create, Sustain, End, and Honor Social Relationships Alan Page Fiske & Tage Shakti Rai (Foreword by )

One of the most frequently asked questions areas and can demonstrate the applicability later chapters of the in psychology is ‘What motivates humans to of VVT to make sense of the motivations book reinforce this, commit violence against each other?’. Fiske behind these actions shows the utility of demonstrating how and Rai’s virtuous violence theory (VVT) is an their hypothesis. VVT can be applied in intriguing and compelling take on answering The first few chapters outlining the the real world not this question. Their hypothesis is ‘…most theory’s applicability raised some questions. only to understand violence is morally motivated. Morality is There is a short dividing piece at this point violence but how its about regulating social relationships and where authors delineate the first half of the incidence can be reduced, using examples violence is one way to regulate book as considering the easy questions, from American gang culture. The last relationships.’ Initially it would appear where motivation for violence and chapter progresses further, suggesting a difficult to understand how violence could be understanding how VVT applies is fairly number of questions for future researchers seen as moral. When considered in the light black and white. The second half is then in this area, including expanding on the of a relational models framework, supported introduced as intending to both answer theory itself, and providing some intriguing by of a wealth of ethnographic cases, some of the questions raised and focus on food for thought. While one book can’t historical examples and classical literature, the harder questions, where in the abstract expect to fully answer such a broad question the argument is both powerful and VVT makes sense, but the cases can be as ‘What motivates humans to commit persuasive. harder to view objectively. violence?’, this one certainly provides a large By their nature the examples and The authors state upfront that they do piece of the puzzle. discussions of violence are quite graphic, not condone violence; they are keen to covering some difficult areas (rape, torture clarify that the discussions and examples I Cambridge University Press; 2014; Pb £16.99 and initiation rites, including FGM). However, included are for illustrative purposes and Reviewed by Louise Beaton who is an Open the fact that the authors do not avoid these that they feel all violence to be immoral. The University psychology graduate

Who guards the guardians? Voting behaviour The Dark Side of Transformational Leadership Human Zoo Election Special Dennis Tourish Radio 4

Within the book’s 11 chapters, At the end of each chapter This is an extended special edition on the election from the Human Tourish collates research on there are discussion points that Zoo, the Radio 4 programme that looks at psychology through an transformational leadership are suitable for lecturers to use experimental lens. Various experiments were discussed that, it was providing a wealth of with their students, making it an argued, demonstrated irrational behaviour, and unconscious information that progresses into ideal educational book, but they influences on voting intentions. For example, given clear evidence suggestions for new ways of are also helpful as general that crime has reduced did not convince any participants to change thinking about leadership. There thinking points for any reader. their mind that crime levels are rising; but participants asked about are three sections: the first It is typically an occupational climate change in an overheated room were more convinced that looks at the theoretical aspect psychology subject but it is climate change is a problem. However, the programme did not of transformational leadership, highly relevant to all interested address whether any of these effects could be considered lasting or the second provides case in the impact of leadership on robust, or how they might related to specific voting patterns. In real studies of the effects of un- organisations. life, voting behaviour may be too complicated a concept to be monitored leaders whose The final chapter proposes captured in a laboratory. decisions have not been alternative ways of thinking questioned by others, and the about leadership, looking at the I Available on demand at www..co.uk/programmes/b036tbly third section looks at other social systems in which leaders Reviewed by Kate Johnstone who is a postgraduate student at UCL ways of perceiving leadership. reside. Successful organisations and Associate Editor (Reviews) Extending upon previous are not just the result of one articles he has written, Tourish person and require writes in a style that invokes collaboration rather than interest and a desire to know control. Tourish’s thinking In the May issue ‘Reviews’ section, Professor Rory O’Connor gave more. He clearly has a depth of seems to be synonymous with a moving and personal account of his involvement with the BBC knowledge and has undertaken that of Abraham Lincoln, who programme Life After Suicide. Unfortunately, we illustrated it with qualitative analysis of interview wanted people around him with a photo of his identical twin, Professor Daryl scripts examining the spoken opposing views, who were not O’Connor. This was a particularly unforgivable slip themes of some of the bankers afraid to speak their minds to by our editor, given that he’s been telling people involved in the banking crisis. formulate stronger decisions. recently that it is lazy to say they can’t tell the It is extremely readable and O’Connor twins apart, because they’re really not creates a spotlight upon the I Routledge; 2014; Pb £24.99 that similar. He would like to apologise profusely dangers of having unregulated Reviewed by Elizabeth Carter to both O’Connors, and point you to a handy power and the negative impact who is a Chartered Psychologist primer on the difference between the two: this has on employees, currently working at the tinyurl.com/thatisrory and tinyurl.com/thatisdaryl. organisations and society. University of South Wales

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 503 reviews

Depth, strength and potential in Search for Meaning Dmitry A. Leontiev (Ed.)

Positive Psychology in Search for chapters lay a solid foundation Meaning, edited by Dmitry A. that demonstrates the depth, Leontiev, is a collection of strength and potential prevalent academic works collated to under this research topic. explore the concept of meaning Positive Psychology in Search within the larger field of positive for Meaning reads and flows psychology. These papers were well, harnessing a structure that originally published in the compels further reading with an Journal of Positive Psychology, interlocking and complementary in November, 2013. Positive approach to chapter psychology and ‘meaning’ are organisation. The title follows Stranger than fiction introduced as two increasingly the convention of academic relevant concepts in modern journal writing and is well The Jinx: The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst psychological research. supported by empirical Sky Atlantic The central theme of meaning is outlined as The 2010 film All Good Things (available on DVD) came and went a connector of disparate without anyone much noticing. Despite the star power of Ryan interpretations, being Gosling and Kirsten Dunst, viewers did not engage with the both rigorously fictionalised story of a multi-millionaire property investor’s academic and flexibly involvement in the disappearance of his wife, and murder of a humanistic. Leontiev neighbour. Now that film’s director, Andrew Jarecki, has ditched the argues that the search fiction and returned to the same subject in the six-part series The for meaning within Jinx: The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst (Sky Atlantic). This time he human experiences is has a winner on his hands. an old one, and that the It seems unlikely that the series would have been made if Durst multitudes of traditional hadn’t put himself forward for interview. He tells Jarecki his lawyers theories that spar with it have advised him against it. No wonder. Durst’s life story is genuinely (Freudian, post- stranger than fiction. The series examines his life largely in Freudian, Vygotskian, chronological order, from childhood onwards. Jarecki gains post-Vygotskian) all interviews with most of the key players, with a few notable obscure any clarity in exceptions. The more we hear about Durst, and the more we see of definition for modern him on camera, the stranger he seems. On occasions, he seems to researchers. find human interaction alien; at others, anything but. How far can Collectively, the his behaviour be accounted for by undoubtedly traumatic childhood assembled works aim to events, and the freedoms available to those who have unlimited build a modern concept wealth? Is he all cold calculation, or is Durst a stranger even to of ‘meaning’ and integrate it evidence, yet remains largely himself? within the current psychological accessible, to the credit of the At times, Jarecki can’t resist making his points more forcefully lexicon. writers. The text is most suited than evidence will allow, and he dramatises certain key moments. This is achieved by first for those with a background Sometimes these are effective – in one scene we see Durst’s wife exploring the nature of personal understanding of positive Kathie board the Manhattan-bound train alone late at night (as Durst meaning, and the importance of psychology and interest in wider has maintained she did one night in January 1982). The next time we individual consideration and philosophical questions of the see this scene, no one gets on and the train doors whoosh shut with wider multifaceted human experience – but is a brutal finality. Occasionally these dramatisations seem voyeuristic, characteristics of any equally accessible to curious and veer too close to entertainment for comfort. But we are interpretation of such. The title newcomers to the field. An gradually presented with an accumulation of evidence that seem to then leads the reader through interesting interpretation of lead to only one conclusion. the qualities of meaning within established and modern The series has been compared to the podcast Serial, which the human experience psychological principles. followed a journalist’s investigation of a murder and the possible (including the role of intuition unsafe conviction of Adnan Syed. But the similarity is only skin deep. and motivation), draws a clear I Routledge; 2015; Hb £90.00 The Jinx is on a whole different scale than the more homespun distinction between ‘meaning’ Reviewed by Rory McDonald Serial, and needs to be: the lives of many people have been and ‘happiness’, before outlining who is a researcher and writer irrevocably changed by Robert Durst. measurement tools to aid future at the University of Central Spoiler alert: don’t Google if you want maximum enjoyment. research. Overall, these Lancashire There are at least three genuine jaw-dropping moments, the final one of which was widely reported. The last scene leaves the viewer reeling. And it’s a certainty that we will be seeing Durst on our screens again, one way or another. MORE REVIEWS ONLINE See www.thepsychologist.org.uk for this month’s web-only reviews I Reviewed by Kate Johnstone who is a postgraduate student at UCL and Associate Editor (Reviews)

504 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 reviews

Timely and welcome Processing Inaccurate Information: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives from Cognitive Science and the Educational Sciences David N. Rapp & Jason L.G. Braasch (Eds.)

This thoroughly informative book focuses on challenges for education and cognitive the topic of inaccurate information among science. This situated research on the current state of research in the areas of inaccurate information among contemporary language, memory and education. It strongly debates such as the misinformed link encourages the notion of interdisciplinary between autism and the MMR vaccine, and research, trying to bridge the gap between its ‘continued influence effect’ on memory. the cognitive and educational sciences in There was also an excellent section on the this field, and I believe it succeeds in doing variety of epistemological perspectives on so. misinformation. The 19 chapters in the book describe What I found most informative about almost every conceivable angle on the topic, the book were the detailed frameworks of written by 40 contributors worldwide and not when and how inaccuracies would lead to only covering the various theoretical difficulties in comprehension and, always perspectives, but also highlighting the in an effort to try and link the areas of diversified methodological approaches in cognitive and educational sciences, the a profound effort to bring together related possible routes of remediation and research from different fields. By doing so, it intervention. empirical perspectives, but also on the provides a valuable and up-to-date resource I would say the main endeavour of consequences of inaccuracies in information for anyone working in the area of this book is to highlight the importance for knowledge acquisition. In this sense it is misinformation and knowledge acquisition. of acknowledging the significance of both timely and welcome. Some chapters describe the behavioural misconceptions in learning and knowledge consequences of relying on misinformation. acquisition, which the editors argue many I MIT Press; 2014; Hb £34.95 A particularly good contribution was on studies have tended to ignore. It offers both Reviewed by Zayba Ghazali who is a PhD correcting misinformation and the an informed take on the theoretical and student at University College London

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 505 reviews

Scandi blanche Force Majeure Ruben Östlund (Director)

Force Majeure (on general release) finally arrives in UK cinemas via the Cannes Film Festival, where it won a prize in the ‘Un Certain Regard’ section, for original and different work. It is undoubtedly both. We see the perfect family at the start of the perfect holiday. Handsome Swede Tomas (Johannes Bah Kuhnke) and his willowy wife Ebba (Lisa Loven Kongsli) ski the slopes of the French Alps with Visually, the film is a treat, not least because of Östlund’s their beautiful pre-adolescent son and daughter. There’s comfortable tendency to shoot wide, allowing the eye to room wherever it will. exhaustion from a hard day’s skiing, and cute sulkiness from the boy. It also gives the close-ups far greater impact when he does use The only fly in the ointment is Tomas’s attachment to his iPhone. them. And all of the performances are terrific, especially Kuhnke’s. Clearly, 90 minutes of this unadulterated harmony would be Östlund finds the perfect balance between the main characteristics excruciating for the poor viewer. Fortunately, director Ruben Östlund associated with Scandinavian film-making: glacial coolness à la knows what he’s about. A slightly unhinged arrangement of Vivaldi’s Bergman, and von Trier histrionics. A force to be reckoned with. Four Seasons saws away beneath footage of the efforts the resort has to go to, to keep the slopes pristine. Then there’s the ominous I Force Majeure is on general release and available on demand at nightly boom of cannons, fired to create controlled avalanches. It’s www.forcemajeurefilm.co.uk a metaphor that works on a number of levels: not just the gap Reviewed by Kate Johnstone who is a postgraduate student at UCL between appearances and reality, but the tension between man and and Associate Editor (Reviews) nature. Eating lunch on an open-air veranda on their second day, the family are initially awed as what seems to be another controlled Highly recommended avalanche heads their way. This rapidly turns to terror as it picks up speed and size. The veil of civilisation is ripped away when we see Cognitive Therapy of Personality the very different reactions of Tomas and Ebba to a life-threatening Disorders situation. The repercussions of this event accumulate with Tomas’s Aaron T. Beck, Denise D. Davis steadfast refusal to admit what happened. & Arthur Freeman (Eds.) At the heart of the drama is a question about masculinity, and how it is defined in 21st century Western countries. Is Tomas less This is the third edition of the values of a man because of how he acted, or because he won’t admit his widely used practitioner clarification, vulnerability? Is his true nature revealed by this event, or how he resource and builds well upon schema role plays and other deals with it? Is Ebba a better person because her reaction was previous editions. It clearly experiential exercises. different, or because she’s a woman? Be warned: if you watch this describes common presentations Importantly, the authors add film with a member of the opposite sex, you’re likely to have a big and conceptualisations of 12 a chapter on clinical argument on the way home. specific personality disorders, management, which and provides detailed acknowledges the challenges descriptions of clinical people with personality disorder Sample titles just in: interventions, using case commonly present to mental The Forgiveness Project Marina Cantacuzino illustrations. health teams and ways to Shrinks: The Untold Story of Psychiatry Jeffrey A. Lieberman The authors extend the address these. This adds a with Ogi Ogas chapters on clinical interventions systemic perspective, crucial

contribute contribute The Science of Happiness Stefan Klein with comments on treatment to the effectiveness of therapy. A Book of Dreams: The Book That Inspired Kate Bush’s Hit goals, lifespan or developmental Put together, these additions Song ‘Cloudbusting’ Peter Reich considerations, termination provide a comprehensive issues, common challenges in resource for both experienced For a full list and info on reviewing, see www.bps.org.uk/books. working with each disorder and and less experienced clinicians, Send books for potential review to The Psychologist, tips for clinician self-care. and is highly recommended. 48 Princess Road East, Leicester LE1 7DR Chapters on clinical interventions have been refreshed to integrate I Guilford Press; 2014; Hb £36.99 Our ‘Reviews’ section covers psychology in books, films, plays, newer developments in the field Reviewed by Dr Nina TV, radio, apps, exhibitions and more. Seen or heard something of cognitive behavioural therapy Memarnia who is a clinical psychological? Get in touch on [email protected] or follow that are relevant to personality psychologist with Haringey East @psychmag for suggestions, competitions, offers and more. disorders: motivational Community Support and interviewing, mindfulness, Recovery Team

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 507 portraits of four women in early British experimental psychology: Beatrice Edgell, Victoria Hazlitt, May Smith and Nellie Carey (Valentine, 2008, 2010). While Does psychology have a graduate student at University College London, Carey won the prestigious Carpenter Medal, awarded only every a gender? three years for a doctoral dissertation of exceptional distinction in experimental LOOKING BACK LOOKING Alexandra Rutherford, Kelli Vaughn-Johnson and Elissa Rodkey psychology. Carey undertook carefully designed experimental work on sensation, perception and the structure of mental abilities. Edgell, Hazlitt and Smith too were all enthusiastically devoted to n 1967, a year before his death, them in his gentleman’s club!), Boring laboratory science, as were many of the American psychologist Edwin Boring would later come to insist that women early women in American psychology like Ipublished an account of The were, with only a few notable exceptions, Christine Ladd-Franklin and Margaret Experimentalists, the invitation-only unsuited for and uninterested in the Floy Washburn. psychology club that his mentor, British- laboratory. In his subsequent writings As Valentine notes: ‘In terms of born and Oxford-educated Edward on scientific eminence, Boring portrayed experimental psychology specifically, it is Bradford Titchener, founded at Cornell science as a distinctly masculine noteworthy that women often undertook University in 1904. Boring began enterprise for which women were heroic experiments and pioneered new attending meetings in 1911 while a temperamentally and intellectually methods… There is no evidence graduate student with Titchener. He later unsuited (see Rutherford, in press). for…separate spheres of operation for wrote the following of his inaugural Gender historian Judith Zinsser has men and women, with women occupying experience with the club: ‘It was my first recently commented that, ‘Historians of meeting, and the occasion when Dodge every region of the world know that and Holt attacked Titchener on “learning” and the “learned” have not . My wife-to-be and Mabel been fixed entities. All that has been fixed Goudge secreted themselves in a next in the past is the sex and gender of those room with the door just ajar to hear what who defined the concept and enjoyed its unexpurgated male psychology was like’ prerogatives’ (Zinsser, 2014, p.5). So we (Boring, 1967, p.322). Boring’s wife-to-be pose the questions, Does psychology have was Lucy Day, herself a graduate student a gender? What would a history that with Titchener. So why weren’t she and approached psychology as itself gendered fellow student Mabel Goudge in the club? look like? Why would it matter? Not only were women banned from The Experimentalists until after Titchener’s death, but the meetings Gendering psychology themselves were designed to be distinctly Since the 1970s or so, historians and masculine affairs. As historian Laurel psychologists have developed a Furumoto has documented, the practices, wonderfully rich literature on the history atmosphere, and even kind of psychology of women in psychology in many parts of permitted for discussion was gendered the world (e.g. Gul et al., 2013; Gundlach (Furumoto, 1988). Titchener was a et al., 2010; Scarborough & Furumoto, staunch advocate of psychology as an 1987). This literature was and is a needed instrument-heavy, laboratory-based corrective to histories that had, until then, science. Although apparently he did not been written largely by and about men, see this kind of psychology as gender- treating male and masculine as unmarked specific (he supervised many women and universals. Elizabeth Valentine, for appears to have been quite proud of their example, in previous issues of this accomplishments, despite not wanting publication, has offered tantalising

Boring, E.G. (1967). Titchener’s 1890–1940. In M.G. Ash & W.R. (2013). Reconstructing the Hegarty, P. (2007). From genius inverts to Experimentalists. Journal of the History Woodward (Eds.) Psychology in 20th experiences of first generation gendered intelligence. History of of the Behavioral Sciences, 3, 315–325. century thought and society (pp.93–113). women in Canadian psychology. Psychology, 10, 132–155. Braine, L.G. (2009, March 14). Interview by Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press. Canadian Psychology, 54, 94–104. Morawski, J.G. (1985). The measurement

references L. Ball, A. Rutherford & A. Karera Furumoto, L. (1988). Shared knowledge: Gundlach, H. Roe, R. Sinatra, M. & of masculinity and femininity. Journal [Video recording]. Psychology’s The Experimentalists, 1904–1929. In Tanucci, G. (Eds.) (2010). European of Personality, 53, 196–223 Feminist Voices Oral History and J.G. Morawski (Ed.) The rise of pioneer women in psychology. Milan, Nicholson, I. (2011). ‘Shocking’ Online Archive Project. Newport, RI. experimentation in American Italy: FrancoAngeli Psicologia. masculinity. Isis, 102, 238–268. Furumoto, L. (1987). On the margins: psychology (pp.94–113). New Haven, Haraway, D. (1990). Primate visions: Rutherford, A. (in press). Maintaining Women and the professionalization of CT: Yale University Press. Gender, race and nature in the world of masculinity in mid-20th century psychology in the , Gul, P., Korosteliov, A., Caplan, L. et al. modern science. New York: Routledge. American psychology. In E. Milam &

508 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 looking back

“caring” practitioner roles, and men meaning of others’ knowledge and There were people to talk to in a different ‘understanding’ scientist roles, that their place in the ‘learned culture’. way. I didn’t feel I had to be careful about became prevalent later in the century…’ Oral history is a powerful what I said. I felt more welcomed. It was (Valentine, 2010, p.974). Despite Boring’s methodological tool for uncovering these a gradual move… I’m not unhappy, but exhortations, the laboratory was a social processes. In our Psychology’s there really was a lot of sexism in my comfortable place for women in the Feminist Voices oral history move into earliest days of academic psychology. So and digital archive project developmental’ what happened? Furumoto has shown (www.feministvoices.com), (Braine, 2009, that it was not until after WWI that one can find multiple “gendered meanings p.13). Braine’s American women began to be explicitly examples. For example, infused every step of story highlights funnelled into ‘lower status’ applied work, Canadian-born psychologist the design of the that her move – often with children (Furumoto, 1987), Lila Braine earned her experiment” and perhaps those effectively setting up the separate spheres doctoral degree in of many other to which Valentine refers. physiological psychology in women – into what has The patterns of women’s participation 1951 with noted neuropsychologist typically been regarded as a feminine area in our field provide a revealing window Donald Hebb at McGill University in of psychology had little to do with her on the gendering of certain areas of Montreal. Post-PhD she began working in original interests and talents and much to psychology – the process whereby the neuropsychology laboratory of Hans- do with the power and professional women’s ‘preferences’ and ‘predispositions’ Lukas Teuber at New York University. dynamics she encountered. come to appear as natural or essential A full-time researcher, she decided she rather than as a result of social processes would like to get some teaching in which power and authority have experience. Accordingly, she approached Gendering genius played decisive roles. Those in positions the head of the psychology department at Although individual life narratives of power, as Zinsser reminds us, have had New York’s City College and asked if she provide one window on the gendering the ability to dictate the value and could teach physiological psychology. The of science, there are multiple ways that department head said no, but he could gendering works in and through offer her a course in . Consider the work of psychology. When she refused on the psychologist Peter Hegarty. In his grounds that she was not a developmental historical research, Hegarty has analysed psychologist and had never taken a the career of Lewis Terman to expose the course in the subject, he averred that it knotty relationship between scientific was okay, ‘you’ll learn, you’re a woman. theories of intelligence, and gender and Just keep a chapter ahead’ (Braine, 2009, sexuality (Hegarty, 2007). Specifically, p.13). Hegarty examines Terman’s research to Braine did not accept his proposal to show how it was designed to reinforce the keep a chapter ahead, but decided that logic that genius was gendered masculine, learning a bit about developmental and heterosexual. In Terman’s Genetic psychology, especially the cognitive and Studies of Genius both boys and girls were perceptual development of children, given IQ tests and tests of might not be a bad idea. The next year masculinity/femininity. Overall, for both she went back and taught developmental. boys and girls, higher masculinity was When she began giving papers at associated with higher IQs. When conferences in developmental psychology, effeminate boys did show high IQs, she found the gender dynamics much Terman attempted to downplay their more congenial than those she had potential for homosexuality to reinforce encountered in the virtually all-male the notion that high IQ was also equated world of physiological psychology. In with heterosexuality. Thus, Terman developmental psychology she found enforced both the link between ‘a lot of women, for one thing’. In intelligence and masculinity and contrasting this with the masculine intelligence and heterosexuality – at least domain of physiological, she remarked, in men. ‘I…found it so much more hospitable. As an example of gender analysis, Hegarty’s work attends to the process through which genius became gendered in the empirical work of a male scientist, how gender ideologies, as well as R. Nye (Eds.) Masculinities in science. the human sciences from the natural Osiris, Volume 30. sciences? History of the Human ideologies about sexual orientation, Scarborough, E. & Furumoto, L. (1987). Sciences, 18, 1–25. course through science, and how the Untold lives: The first generation of Valentine, E. (2008). The other woman. The gendering of a neutral category – American women psychologists. New Psychologist, 21(1), 86–87. intelligence – served to enforce the York: Columbia University Press. Valentine, E. (2010). Women in early 20th- power/authority of a particular group. Shields, S.A. (2007). Passionate men, century experimental psychology. The emotional women: Psychology constructs Psychologist, 23(12), 972–974. gender difference in the late 19th century. Zinsser, J.P. (2014). Imagining patterns of Gendering the laboratory History of Psychology, 10, 92–110. learned culture: A cross-cultural view. Deploying gender analysis in a different Smith, R. (2005). Does reflexivity separate Gender & History, 26, 5–22. way, historian of psychology Ian

read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 509 looking back

Nicholson has used the iconic Milgram shock-box experiments to show that laboratory practices themselves can reveal much about the gendered concerns of certain times and places (Nicholson, 2011). While typically presented as a product of post-Holocaust anxiety over the nature of evil, Nicholson proposes that there was another explicitly gendered concern that coursed through not just the external logic of the Milgram experiments but also the very performance of them. He argues that the obedience-to- authority experiments reflected deeply felt American Cold War anxieties over gender, science and the strength of masculine national character. He embeds the experiments in social and cultural concern over an enfeebled American masculinity, and shows Using life and career narratives to Floy Washburn, and over 120 other how gendered meanings infused understand the ways that gendering affects women in the history of psychology, can be every step of the design of the all aspects of science – what Evelyn Fox- accessed at the Women Past section of the experiment – from the manliness Keller calls the science/gender system – site (www.feministvoices.com/past). Over of the confederate who was cast as is one of the goals of the Psychology’s 120 profiles of self-identified contemporary the experimenter, to the effeminacy Feminist Voices project, an oral history and feminist psychologists, including Lila of the beleaguered, submissive digital archive initiative that we launched in Braine, can be found in ‘Feminist Presence’ learner who was chosen to look the 2010 to collect, preserve, and disseminate (www.feministvoices.com/presence). Full part of an ‘inferior male.’ The the narratives of self-identified feminist transcripts of the interviews we have learner was effectively emasculated psychologists, and to highlight women who conducted with these psychologists are in front of the subjects as he was have made contributions to psychology also available to illuminate how feminism, strapped to his chair and hooked since it was founded in the late 1800s. gender, race/ethnicity, class, and sexual up to the machine: ‘What was on Profiles of Lucy May Day Boring, Beatrice orientation have influenced their lives and display in this polished, gender- Edgell, Christine Ladd-Franklin, Margaret careers and ultimately psychology itself. enhanced context was not simply “obedience” but masculinity itself’ (p.255). Thus, as an example of gender psychology’s late 19th-century about gender itself. It is a powerful analysis, Nicholson shows how the representations of ideal emotionality in contributor to – as much as it draws very performance of a psychological men and women. She has argued that upon – the ‘beliefs about gender’ that experiment becomes freighted with gendered interpretations served to keep affect everyday experience and how we gendered meaning and reveals, not only women tied to the domestic sphere and understand each other and ourselves. timeless, universal laws about human highlighted men’s suitability for public This deeply reflexive nature of psychology nature – as the Milgram experiments were and political life, thus serving an has been extensively discussed by purported to do – but the psychology of important power function (Shields, historians (see Smith, 2005). Gender is a very particular cultural and political 2007). Even psychologists’ assumptions one of the primary axes of self- moment. about animal behaviour have been understanding and social and political gendered, as Donna Haraway has shown organisation – including that of science. in the case of the primatological research Thus, examining how the gendering of Gendering the history of of (Haraway, 1990). psychology has influenced its knowledge- psychology Examples such as these convince us that generation about gender can help us There are many other individual studies attending systematically to the gendering begin to disentangle the science/gender that apply gender analysis to aspects of of psychology would result in a very system in new ways. Finally, by bringing the history of psychology. For example, different view of the discipline’s history, if close historical scrutiny to the ways that Jill Morawski has shown how early not the history of its subject matter, from gender ideologies run in and through mental tests and personality measures what we have seen up to now. To write psychology, we can start to destabilise – were imbued with assumptions about such a history is a daunting task. Why and perhaps even change – them today. normative masculinity and femininity, should we undertake it? leading psychological researchers not only Gender analysis offers some to reify these categories but to reinforce particularly rich historiographic potential I Alexandra Rutherford, Kelli Vaughn- prescriptions about social order for psychology as a science that is not Johnson and Elissa Rodkey are at York (Morawski, 1985). Stephanie Shields has only gendered on multiple levels but also University, Toronto analysed British and American directly produces scientific knowledge [email protected]

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read discuss contribute at www.thepsychologist.org.uk 511 Wolfgang Köhler. Although something that is not often originally published in 1925, actively explored. … with Lydia M. Hopper it is amazing to me how contemporary many of the One thing that you would experiments that Köhler change about psychology ‘I’m fascinated by conducted, and described in The desire to gloss over

ONE ON his book, feel. Unlike many of variance in data. I study his peers, who were interested differences across species, but animals’ in how individual animals differences within species can solved problems, Köhler noted be equally meaningful. No the importance of data set is perfect and that is understanding how the interesting in its own right, behaviour of one chimpanzee especially when considering influenced another’s actions. personality differences as an One event that defined the and challenge – perfect That’s something I continue to explanatory variable. course of your career attributes for a scientist. observe and study through my When I was around 10 years Between them, they own research into primate One cultural old, I visited the Sepilok continually encourage me to social learning. recommendation Orangutan Rehabilitation pursue my interests and to With its views out over the sea Centre in Malaysia where find roles that I find satisfying One key ingredient to and the glorious Cornish light I was fortunate to observe and stimulating. successful research pouring in through the rehabilitant orphaned Collaboration, orangutans climbing through One proud moment especially the trees and exploring the Most recently, being invited interdisciplinary jungle. I had always been by the Gruter Institute for collaboration, as fascinated by animals, but Law and Behavioral Research it encourages seeing these methodical and to provide a comparative you to look at thoughtful creatures piqued perspective on the psychology your research my interest in primates of innovation, as part of a questions and specifically. Therefore, whilst workshop held at the House methods from an undergraduate at Liverpool of Lords. a fresh University, I sought perspective, opportunities to study the One film which in turn orangutans at Chester Zoo I adore the BBC’s adaption of helps to produce and that was the true Stella Gibbons’ Cold Comfort more interesting beginning of my career Farm directed by John and rigorous studying primate (both Schlesinger; it is an enduring research. human and nonhuman!) pick-me-up for me. The cast is Furthermore, social cognition. fantastic, a real who’s who of collaboration British drama, and I especially with individuals or institutions windows, Tate St. Ives is a One inspiration enjoy the beautiful period outside of academia can be lovely space in which to spend My parents. I hope they can, 1920s costumes, which create incredibly valuable, especially an afternoon. collectively, count as ‘one’. the striking contrast between when trying to reach or Beyond instilling in me a love country and city life. It is influence and wider audience One future goal for your and respect for animals, they especially lovely to watch now with your research. research also taught me to question that I live in America as many To combine pure and applied of the scenes were filmed in One alternative career path research in every study that East Sussex where I grew up, you might have chosen I run at Lincoln Park Zoo. Lydia M. Hopper and so watching this film One of my favourite aspects I continually strive to conduct is Assistant Director of whisks me back to my familiar of my job is writing, so I think research that is academically the Lester E. Fisher countryside of rolling hills and one alternative career path that interesting and that also helps Center for the Study & Sussex farmhouses. I might have pursued would inform how we can provide Conservation of Apes, be as a science reporter. the best possible care for our Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago One book I could spend my time primates – my personal goal [email protected] The Mentality of Apes by communicating science to for the future is to conduct a wider audience, which is research that can achieve both a passion of mine. goals simultaneously.

Cricket, monsters, animals in captivity and much more... One mentor One nugget of advice for I Contribute: reach 50,000 colleagues, with something to suit all. See My former postdoc adviser, aspiring psychologists www.thepsychologist.org.uk/contribute or talk to the editor, Dr Jon Dr Sarah Brosnan, was an If used well, social media can Sutton, on [email protected], +44 116 252 9573 incredible mentor. She not be a wonderful forum to only fostered my scientific connect with researchers, hear coming soon coming I Comment: email the editor, the Leicester office, or tweet @psychmag. I To advertise: Reach a large and professional audience at bargain skills and interests, but also about the latest research, and rates: see details on inside front cover. shared insights into how to communicate with your wider balance work and family life, community.

512 vol 28 no 6 june 2015 Masters/PG Diploma in Clinical and Applied Paediatric Neuropsychology Applications are now invited for entry to our training programme in October 2015 delivered by University College London and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. The Masters in Applied Paediatric Neuropsychology is open to all professional psychologists and psychology graduates. For the first time this year, this programme will also be available as a Post-graduate Diploma course allowing a greater number of entries onto this competitive course. The Masters/PG Diploma in Clinical Paediatric Neuropsychology is open to Clinical Psychologists and Educational Psychologists. To make an application to the programme, view our free on-line lectures or to enrol on one of our short CPD/Taster courses please visit our website: www.ucl.ac.uk/neuropsych Programme Director: Dr. Peter Rankin !

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