The Republic and the Civil War in Spain

EDITED BY RAYMOND CARR

Macmillan St Martin's Press © Raymond Carr, Edward Malefakis, Richard Robinson, Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1971 Stanley Payne, Burnett Bolloten, Ram6n Salas Larrazabal, Ricardo de la Cierva y de Hoces, Robert H. Whealey, Hugh Thomas I97I

First published I97I by MACMILLAN AND CO LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in New York Toronto Dublin Melbourne Johannesburg and Madras

Library of Congress catalog card no. 79-148464

ISBN 978-1-349-00060-9 ISBN 978-1-349-00058-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-00058-6

The Papermac edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Contents

Preface vii Glossary of Political Terms ix

Part One THE SECOND REPUBLIC

I Chronological Table 3 2 Editor's Introduction 5 3 The Parties of the Left and the Second Republic r6 EDWARD MALEFAKIS 4 The Parties of the Right and the Republic 46 RICHARD ROBINSON 5 The Army, the Republic and the Outbreak of the Civil War 79 STANLEY PAYNE

Part Two THE CIVIL WAR 6 Chronological Table III 7 Editor's Introduction II4 8 The Parties of the Left and the Civil War 129 BURNETT BOLLOTEN 9 The Growth and Role of the Republican Popular Army 159 RAM6N SALAS LARRAZABAL IO The Nationalist Army in the Spanish Civil War 188 RICARDO DE LA CIERVA Y DE HOCES II Foreign Intervention in the Spanish Civil War 213 ROBERT H. WHEALEY 12 Anarchist Agrarian Collectives in the Spanish Civil War 239 HUGH THOMAS Notes on Contributors 257 Index 259 Preface

THE history of the Second Republic and the Civil War is still a highly controversial topic. Not everyone will agree with all the conclusions of these essays; the editor does not, nor has he suppressed the con tradictions between them. The next stage in the historiography of this period must be a series of local studies which examine what the years 1931-9 meant to those who lived through them in the cities, towns and villages of Spain. Only thus, for instance, can the workings of the twin war economies be evaluated. It nevertheless seemed, in the meantime, useful to gather together the general conclusions of the researches of the experts in the field. It is impossible to examine this period in any depth without a know ledge of Spanish. Thus the bibliographies inevitably include Spanish works since these are necessary for any further study.

R. c. Glossary of Political Terms

C.E.D.A. Confederaci6n Espanola de Derechas Aut6nomas. A con federation of rightist parties whose main programme was the revision of the anti-clerical legislation of the constituent Cortes. Leader Gil Robles, who came from a Car list background but was a supporter of 'ac cidentalism' (i.e. forms of government were irrelevant to Catholics provided the interests of the church were protected). C.N.T. Confederaci6n Nacional de Trabajo. The anarcho syndicalist union; main strength in Catalan industrial region and parts of Andalusia. It abstained from 'bourgeois' politics in favour of 'direct action'; in dividually, nevertheless, some C.N.T. members voted for the Popular Front in February 1936. Car lists Or traditionalists. Historically had supported the claims of pretenders who rejected liberal parliamen tarianism. The most militant of the right-wing parties, with a strong activist tradition in Navarre. Unified April 1937 with the Falange. Esquerra The Catalan left: the main supporter of the au tonomous government of Catalonia (the Generalitat). Leader Luis Companys; collaborated with Azaiia. The conservative Catalan party was the Lliga Regionalista. F.A.I. Federaci6n Anarquista Espanola. An activist revolu tionary group which operated within the C.N.T. Falange A small nationalist, anti-Marxist party, the nearest ap Espanola proach to a fascist party in Spain; outlawed in March 1936. Its leader Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the 'dictator' : executed by the republicans 20 November 1936. The party grew rapidly in the early, months of the Civil War and was amalgamated with the Carlists, forming the F.E.T. de la J.O.N.S., the sole political movement of nationalist Spain. X POLITICAL TERMS Izquierda The republican left, a grouping of republican parties Republicana created and led by Azaiia in 1934. Popular An electoral coalition, from republican left to socialists, Front formed to avenge the Asturian repression and to fight the elections of February 1936. P.O.U.M. Partido Obrero de Unificaci6n Marxista. An anti Stalinist revolutionary Marxist party, with its main strength in Catalonia. P.S.U.C. Partido Socialista Unificado de Cataluiia: a fusion of the socialist and communist parties in Catalonia en gineered and dominated by the communists. Renovaci6n An Alfonsine monarchist party whose main leader was Espanola Calvo Sotelo; latterly influenced by French right-wing parties in an increasingly militant direction. U.G.T. Uni6n General de Trabajadores. The trade union federa tion of the socialist party; its most prestigious leader Francisco Largo Caballero. U.M.E. Union Militar Espanola. An organisation of officers op posed to the policies of the Popular Front. U.M.R.A. Uni6n Militar Republicana Antifascista. An organisa tion similar to U .M.E. but supporting republican governments.