Zimbabwe News, Vol. 25, No. 5

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Alternative title Zimbabwe News Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (Harare, Zimbabwe) Date 1994-09-00 Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, Malawi Coverage (temporal) 1994 Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. Description EDITORIAL. LETTERS. NATIONAL NEWS: The girl child in education. Women prepare for World Conference. Women and AIDS programmes in Zimbabwe. AIDS worsens the plight of orphans. International year of the Familty. Thenjiwe Lesabe — a humble and unwavering leader. Indigenous businessmen sailing on stormy waters. Women Parliamentarians and their work. REGIONAL NEWS: Why weapons don't buy peace. Banda pays tribute to Malawians. Malawian civil service to be reformed. Malawi's social transformantion smooth and solid. INTERNATIONAL NEWS: Women second class citizens in their communities. Death by pregnancy — a needless risk. Women empowerment key to population problems. Governments confront population growth. The reproductive revolution — choice is the key. First woman captain for British Airways. Women entrepreneurs a powerful force. More women alcoholics. Summit discusses economic issues. Western espionage worries Russia. Africa's farmers after war. SPORT: Kriss Akabusi, hero of the track. The father of tennis superstars. OBITUARY: George Bodzo Nyandoro. Format extent 44 page(s) (length/size)

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ZANU PF UnV Peace and 0evelopment Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF Department of Information and Publicity, 14 Austin Road Volume 25 Nn r 1 94 Rni~t--lt ,'rPCl Ki-^-- 70O ncl. sales tax) r roduct /, ds greats

THE NEW $50 NOTE The new $50 banknote will be issued on 14th March. It retains the traditional security features which have been improved and new ones have been introduced to make the note easy to recognise. Look for these five(5) distinctive features :" CHECKLIST FROT * The Zimbabwe Bird Watermark. Two see-through rhinoceroses on either side which are in perfect register. 3 The security thread with 4 3 2 RBZ50 printed on it. BACK 4 Raised print which can1 easily be felt by running your nail along It. 5 Extra small print which reads 50, 50, 50 ... situated to the left of the balancing rocks. The New $50 Note... the convenience of handling money is now here. Published by R.B.Z. 7th Mach 1994

Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF Editorial: Letters: National News: Regional News: International News: Sport: Obituary: CONTENTS The girl child in education ...... Women prepare for World Conference ...... Women and AIDS programmes in Zimbabwe ...... AIDS worsens the plight of orphans ...... International year of the Familty ...... Thenjiwe Lesabe - a humble and unwavering leader ...... Indigenous businessmen sailing on stormy waters ...... Women Parliamentarians and their work ...... Why weapons don't buy peace ...... Banda pays tribute to Malawians ...... Malawian civil service to be reformed ...... Malawi's social transformantion smooth and solid ...... Women second class citizens in their communities ...... Death by pregnancy - a needless risk ...... Women empowerment key to population problems ...... Governments confront population growth ...... The reproductive revolution - choice is the key ...... First woman captain for British Airways ...... Women entrepreneurs a powerful force ...... More women alcoholics ...... Summit discusses economic issues ...... Western espionage worries Russia ...... Africa's farmers after war ...... Kriss Akabusi, hero of the track ...... The father of tennis superstars ...... George Bodzo Nyandoro ...... I d 0MM Zimbabwe News is the official Organ of the Zimbabwe African National Union IZANU PF| and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co., No. 14 Austin Road, Workington, Harare. World Copyright, Central Committee [ZANU PF|. Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende Cde. C. Ndhlovu Cde. S. Kachingwe Cde. A. Sikhosana-Cde. M. Munyati. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994

EDITORIAL False assumptions on political morality On July 14, 1994, two separate statements sharing a common fallacy were published by the Daily Gazette. From separate view points, the two statements accused the ruling ZANU PF of marginalising oppo. sition Parties were issued. The first statement was an editorial comment which called for "equal air time for all Parties" during pre-election campaign broadcasts. The second statement was by B. Dzvova, a provincial leader of the Forum Party for Mashonaland East. "The political Parties (Finance) Act, 1992", says Dzvova, "should really be called the immoral Act and at stake is the principle of morality versus immorality." These two statements share in common two undemocratic fallacies, namely (a) that ZANU PF's overwhelming representation of the majority of Zimbabweans is questionable, (b) democratic morality is synonymous with absolute distribution of equal rights both deserving and undeserving entities. Politics is a subject of social responsibilities and accountabilities towards the electorate and not a lucky occasion for testing one's chances of getting into power. it has become the habit of a variety of political opportunists in Zimbabwe'to announce themselves as representing a registered political party and to follow this up by demanding right of equality with those put in power by the electorate. Once the electorate has voted a particular political party into power for a definite duration, as in our case for five years, it is morally democratic to assume that the winning party represents majority opinion during its term of office. Conversely, it is morally undemocratic for losing opposition parties to demand equal privileges wi.h the winning party. Equal privileges among the winner and losers presuppose the equality of authority between those in the majority and their minority opponents. This undemocratic view is a misinterpretation of John Stuart Mills' philosophic statement that if 99 people out of 100 have a right to say one thing is right the remaining person has an equal right to say the same thing is wrong. Mill's statement is only relevant in matters concerning the moral right of the minority to oppose majority opinion. This right of minority opposition parties to oppose the majority verdict is prescribed by freedom of speech and does not go as far as demanding rights of taking action against representatives of the majority. Acting against representations of the majority puts minority opposition parties in the same category as rebels. Like all active non-conformists, rebellious minority parties are theoretical anarchists and practical subversives. This is so because opposition to the choice of the' majority is opposition to the voice of God Nox populi Nox dei (The voice of the majority is the voice of God). One ZANUPF leader has fallen victim to the opposition's undemocratic demand, that parliamentary seats must be allocated for them even if they lose in an election. Cde. Cyril Ndebele, MP for Gweru North recently told a stunned House of Assembly that Ccle. President Mugabe "should appoint at least 12 opposition candidates as MPs even if they will have lost in general elections." It is a serious crime against democracy to impose MPs upon an unwilling electorate. Any candidate who loses an election does not deserve being a parliamentary representative of a constituency. Unrepresentative MPs are unaccountable to the electors and this is undemocratic. Transparency in a democratic process centres on accountability; then there is no democracy and where there is no democracy; there is dictatorship. Therefore, Cde. Ndebele's idea promotes the dictatorship of the minority over the majority. Zimbabwean electors should stand firm and say "NO" to Ndebele's undemocratic suggestion. 0 ZIMBABWEN6W.At 6...N,. 994

The sacred blood of the people of Zimbabwe watered our independence Doord-to-door campaigning ensure effective organisation at grassroots level Many overseas investors now have confidence in the economic viability of Zimbabwe President's overseas trips justified Dear Editor President Robert Mugabe and his Cabi. net Ministers must be commended on their efforts to woo British investors to Zimbabwe. It was only after reading the articles oublished in the last issue of-he Zimbabwe News, that I realised how mucE work was done when the President was in Britain. It is true that your magazine did not give as much coverage to his other trips to Malavsia and Hong Kong. However since both were trips aimes at attracting investors to our country and boosting business, the same amount of work must have been done. I do hope that those critics of the Presidential trips overseas will be bold enough to publicly apologise for their misinformed judgement. Cde. President, do not tire in your efforts to guide our country to economic prosperity. M.S. Kubvaruno Gweru mV Dear Sir We will soon be remembering our fallen heroes and re-dedicating ourselves to the development of our country during the Heroes holidays. However, one thing that I feel should be done, that now there is peace in Mozambique, is for ZANU PF and the Government to facilitate trips for us and see historic places like Chimoio, Nyadzonia, Mboroma and so forth. We only hear about them, and many Zimbabweans who were murdered by the Ian Smith regime are buried there in mass graves. This would help us understand more about our history and deepen our appreciation for the work that was done by those who fought for the country's freedom. Food for thought Buhera Pseudo human rights groups I totally agree with Mr. Peter Gunda who in your last issue, condemned recent criticisms of Cde. President Mugabe's call on his Party youths to engage in a house-to-house campaign. These pseudo human rights groups are just a cover not only of opposition Parties, but also of those people who are i not happy that Ove are not happy that we are ruling ourselves. This is shown by the way they try to blow issues out of proportion in manner that could cause chaos. They also try to detract the government, from concentrating on bread and butter issues by bringing up unfounded allegations that do not contribute in anyway to the economic development of our country. That now everybody knows the agenda of these agents bent on working against development, I hope no one will take them seriously. J.T. Moyo Bulawayo ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994

The gir child in education By Wilfred Nyandoro Zimbabwe provides education for girls better than any other country in the subSaharan -region To commemorate this year's Day of of unpaid labour, sexual harassment the African Child which took place which exposes her to the threat of rape on the 16th of June, the theme in which has traumatised a lot of girl chilZimbabwe was "the Girl Child in the Fa- dren in Zimbabwe. Her contribution to mily and Wider Society". During this the family commences at a very tender years' commemoration events, growing age as she is expected to assume more concern was placed on the need to iden- domestic roles than her brother(s), Not tify the reasons behind the poor aca- only does this overload of work rob her idemic performance of girls in compari- of her time of study, but she also has son with that of boys. One report, based very little time for recreation which at on research and official statistics com- this stage is a necessity in every child's piled by Rosemary Gordon (CAUSES OF life. As she grows up, her own nutritionGIRL'S ACADEMIC UNDER ACHIEVE- al, medical and educational needs beMENT, December 1993), outlines the rea- come a secondary issue particularly in sons for lower levels of academic times of economic hardships where first achievement of girls in public preference is given to her brothers. Afexaminations. ter an unstable career in education '#The Day of the African Child was declared by the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in memory of the children who were massacred in Soweto, South Africa in June 1976. Zimbabwe celebrated this day for the fourth successive time this year by holding the Children's Parliament, amongst other activities. The theme was' meant to give youth and children an opportunity to review the status of "girl children", in order to eliminate the obstacles that not only hinder their full development, but the well being of generations to come. From birth to womanhood, the girl child goes through a lot of difficulties. These include, among other things, lack of moral, financial or emotional support, exploitation, which includes long hours which is mainly characterised by inequalities between boys and girls,'negative attitudes and lack of motivation from parents and a hostile learning environment, only a few girls do manage to obtain a meaningful education. This leaves the rest with marriage as an option for 'self development'. Within the three levels of socialisation, namely the family, the educational sector and the national level, sex biases between boys and girls manifest themselves in a number of ways: 0In families girls are responsible for more domestic roles than boys, while boys are given first preference to medical and .educational facilities. better chances to proceed to higher levels of education. Boys' schools have better facilities for both academic studies and sports. * At a national level, cultural preference for boys at the expense of girls is common place. Over the years, Zimbabwe has made considerable progress in providing primary education for girls. According to UNICEF's Report on the Progress of Nations, 93 percent of girl children in Zimbabwe reach at least grade 5 of primary school. This figure goes way beyond the regional average of 40 percent (and the world average of 68 percent) and ranks Zimbabwe first in the SubSaharan region. However, the govern'ment is faced with a lot of obstacles, in its endeavour to restructure the educational system in such a manner that equal education for all (regardless of sex) is achieved. These hindering factors include cultural, societal and economic attitudes. The major area of concern is the transition from one level to another within the educational sphere (i.e. from primary of Form 1 and from '0' Level to 'A' Level) which often leads to a high drop out of girls. In 1992 63 percent of the girls proceeded to form one compared to 73 percenf which represent boys. The transition from primary to secondary schools is a very crucial stage in a girl's educational career. This stage is governed by a number of factors such as academic performance and the economic conditions which determine whether or not she will proceed to secondary education. The high rate of drop-out by girls in relation to boys in the later stages of secondary education (forms IIl and IV) is caused by domestic work demands, early marriages and teenage pregnancies. Gender stereotyping From the beginning of her educational career, the girl child is exposed to an environment where gender stereotyping is prevalent. In text books she sees women portrayed in low pay occujations while in zeal life the hierarchy of the school's administration, from headmaster to senior teacher is dominated 9 In the educational sector boys have Continued next page ZIMBABWE I)

The girl child in education by men. The gender role models por- mance as stemming from their cultural harassment of girls by boys during or trayed by the teachers creates an inferi- backgrounds and primary socialisation. outside lessons is not uncommon. ority complex on the part of the girl. She The teachers become less in touch of Though verbal abuse is most prevalent, grows up with the belief that high posi- their role as leaders in identifying ways physical assault also occurs within the tions are meant for men. in which the girl child can be assisted. schools. Unfortunately, in a number of I The problems that girls face in their homes are mirrored by their poor academic performance. In rural and farm schools girls are condemned to very long hours of domestic work regardless of how much homework they have. Lack of motivation and support (which is a very big problem in both rural and urban schools) is also prevalent in many families where most parents do not show any interest in the education and performance of their daughters. This lack of interest is seen in their reluctance to support the girls during sporting activities and to communicate with teachers in matters concerning their progress or failure. To them, education is just a step in life but the most important thing is to be a wife and a good mother. Parents influence their daughters' attitudes and beliefs in a number of ways. Gender socialisation at home by means of observation of role models of the mothers also influences the girl's self concept. Some parents may have a negative influence in the girl's educational career especially when they determine which subjects are suitable for their daughters. This leaves the girls with a dilemma of whether to adopt to modern changes which entail them to study certain subjects or to preserve a culture that their parents think is suitable for them. Science subjects, especially biology, have been discouraged by parents who blame them for causing a decline in the moral standards. According to them biology leads to promiscuity as the girls become more consious of their bodies and "how not to get pregnant." Instead of acting as advocates of equality between boys and girls in the educational system, teachers, both male and female are actually ignoring the special needs of the girl child. According to Rosemary Gordon, teachers have created stereotypes on the girls' abilities by characterising them on their female characteristics, abilities and aptitudes. "They expect girls to perform poorly in a number of subjects and to behave in a way they consider appropriate to girls". The teachers' attitudes reinforce instead of eliminating sexual differences. Their attitudes and expectations to pupils affect the way girls think of themselves. They emphasise the girl's poor academic perfor- Most teachers, in the manner in which they conduct lessons also groom girls to be "good wives and mothers". They see it as their duty to emphasise the im- cases, teachers are not prepared to protect the Girl Child from this psychological torment. portance of the females in the domes- Study habits for girls depend on situatic roles of the family. tions in their homes. In families domesAcademic performance tic work is a primary concern, Unlike The attitude of the boy students towards long back where division of labour exThe atite alof the by sdens eto s isted in families, the bulk of the work the girls also have a diverse effect on is left for the mothers while the fathers their academic perfomance. In the are in the cities. While boys are mobile presence of boys some girls become and free to research and associate with very sensitive, concentrating more on how they should dress or how they society, the girls are confined to their homes, with the load of work on their should comport themselves. All this is backs. After school they are faced with due to verbal bullying of girls by boys the task of looking for firewood, fetchwhich makes them more reserved and te oing tor ad chtimid. Such behaviour affects their par- ing water, doing the laundry and cookticipation in various curricular activities ing. In some cases girls have to walk A feeling of uncertainty and insecurity, long distances and they do not have istime to relax before getting down to iavey comon among.he grairf e- wotk. The only time they can get to sit aly when they are afraid of down and do their homework is usual laughed at and criticised on the grounds of their feminine weakness. Sexual Continued next page In the presence of boys, some girls become reserved, affecting their academic performance ZIMBAB J5S= %,! 5, 1994 r f

The girl child T h i educat ly after supper but unfortunately they termining what the girls would be too tired to concnr te in future. Group B scho Primary socialisation rei terised by low percentag cant factor in determining how much r upper stream, which is time the girls avail themselves to study- K boys. ing. In an environment where not much Gender disparities are v weight is put on the impotance of aca- co-educational schools. demic success, the girls soon lose in- more male teachers terest in studying. teachers and a high perc Although the majority of schools in Zimbabwe have made all subjects available to everone, the choice of subjects by girls still depend on a number of factors. They are mainly governed by the profession they may wish to take, their academic self concepts and their perception of female abilities and aptitudes as well as their beliefs about,appropriate roles for women. For most girls technical subjects have no relevance i what they want to do in future, Occupations like engineering, carpentry, building and driving are considered to be for men. Instead they feel more confortable when studying fashion and fabrics, and food and nutrition which they feel are prereq uisites for both feminine occupations and feminine domestic roles. Classification of subjects on whether they are masculine or feminine accotnts for the girl students' reluctance to tke up all three science subjects (biolgy, physics and chemistry) which they rate as very challenging. However, biology is seen as a feminine subject in .relation to occupation and also because it is essential in daily life and the feminine roles in the family. Different attitudes Girls in different educational institution have different attitudes towards education. This is mainly influnced by primary socialisation with a particular reference to role models displayed by the mothers, social and cultural background, proximity to the schools, amount of domestic-work and the learning environment. The girl child in a rural or farm school faces a more unstable educational career in comparison with the girl child in an urban school. The threat of dropping out is vry high among girl children in ral scoos because of the economic insiabltl within the families as well as domestic work demands. They also face a lot of problems such as having to walk lpng distances to and from school. Lack of encouragement from families is very common in rural areas. The transition from "0" to "A" level is almost impossible for rural girls as there are no schools which pro, vide such facilities in rural ar.as Choice of subjects governed by future careers Group A schools offer some of the best facilities in the country. These mainly cater for students who come from high or medium income families. For girls in A schools motivaticm,-of pupils comes from their families arhey fo gender role models of their- in most cases are, successful. They' get more encourage ent from famili andciety aid from situations aro md-hem. In Group A schools many giri .ebecoming aware of the growing need for success as women. Although performing domestic tasks is a traditional responsibility of the girls, this responsibility is to a large extent reduced. For many girls in Group A schools there is no marked difference between boys and girls in te s of mental abilities. They are also wilito take up science subj hich are usually regarded as fiel men afidlook forward to career hnical field. in comparison to that of g harassment of girls by common in co-educa Those who fail to resist tli which may include both -i physical bullying become viol chological torment and fear. a negative attitude towards However, co-educational sch big advantage to those wi up technical subjects whic available in girls only scho schools offer a better leai ment for girls as they arei to the evils of sexual discrei inequalities. However, the ma is that some of them are; many technical subjects ik drawing, metal work or wo In Zimbabwe the enrolmeni students in technical colleges due to their avoidance of, technical subjects at secofn They are well represente courses and cultural as we studies. Poor participation ni mainly seen in architectureb engineering. However, with t awareness of the importanc, education, the gender gap educational institutions are t decrease. Zimb leadir tion of th Child barke gend to thr lot of catio is als elimi rural Group B schools have been denied spe- still n cial facilities that are afforded to group tive A schools. These include sporting facili- also ties for girls. Group B schools are main- catio ly situated in areas of low income population. These areas are normally very *The crowdethus affecting th girl's study- cerpt iri habits, The envi -L srround- "Cau ing',thse Schools is tati de- Unde . h ZI ABWE abwe should be comi ng African countries4 of the girl child. Sin e Convention of the i in 1990 the governm4 d on a programme t er disparities with spec e educational sector. A attention being paid n of the girl child, the o making considerabi nating regional disparie and urban areas. Ho% eeds to be done toenh ittitude not only for tl of the parents concern n of their children. - writer acknowledge s from Rosemay Gor se of Girls 'rachievement. " will ols,, eS4 dO. ery ( vhe th, enti

Women prepare for world conference Compiled by Mrs T. Pembere, Ministry of National Affairs he United Nations declared the Tyears 1976 - 1985 the decade for T women. All United Nations mem ber countries were called upon to make the decade a period of joint actions to achieve equality between different sexes in order to guarantee the broad participation of women in the economic, so- The late Sally Mugabe championed the cause for the underpriviledged The Sally Mugabe Foundation is a charitable non-profit making Organisation founded and launched by the Women's Organisations of Zimbabwe on the 1st February, 1993 to honour and perpetuate various activities which aim at strengthening and uplifting the status of women in Zimbabwe, in memory of the late First Lady and the first heroine of Zimbabwe to be buried at the National Heroes Acre in Harare, Cde. Sally Mugabe. The main objectives of the Foundation are: (a) To provide scholarships and grants cial, political and cultural development in their respective countries. In July 1985, a world conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya to review and appraise the achievements made and the obstacles encountered in attaining the goals of the decade. In September 1995, the UN will convene the Fourth World to deserving students at a tertiary level. (b) To establish training facilities and educational facilities for women at village, district, provincial and national levels. (c) To help and support any disadvantaged members of society. (d) To give continued support to the existing programmes. The Foundation aims to reach a target of Z$1 million before disbursing the funds to the relevant persons. Various methods of fundraising are being implemented to reach the target. Whilst waiting for the target, the Foundation does not forget those in need. Individuals, non-governmental organisations and companies are urged to contribute donations'in material, financial, scholarship, bursary and or an apprentice/skills training position that may assist women, the poor and less fortunate members of our society. Kindly address donations to: The Treasurer Sally Mugabe Foundation P.O. Box 2007 Harare Zimbabwe N.B. All cheques and postal orders must be crossed. [] Conference on Women in Beijing, China. The Fourth World Conference has got four objectives:- To review and appraise the advancement of women since 1985 in terms of the objectives of the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women up to and beyond the year 2 000. - To mobilise women and men of both policy making and grassroots levels to achieve these objectives. - To adopt a "Platform for Action" that concentrated on addressing the identified obstacles that have hindered the advancement of women. - To determine priorities to be followed in 1996 2000 and finally to come up with strategies to address the identified priorities. At regional level, preparations are being organised by the United Nations Regional Commission for Africa (ECA). It is an inter-governmental regional preparatory meeting to be held in Dakar, Senegal in November 1994, with the theme of entrepreneurship. The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 36/8 in preparation for the Fourth World Conference on Women recommends that governments establish a National Preparatory Committee as a focal point to initiate and promote the preparations. In line with this resolution, Zimbabwe set up a National Preparatory Committee (NPC) which is comprised of a broad spectrum of organisations ranging from churches, nongovernmental organisations, the private sector, political parties, academics and professionals. The Ministry of National Affairs, Employment Creation and Co-operatives is providing secretarial services to the NPC, in order to ensure effective co- ordination of activities and communication of progress to government resource persons from the various ministries who are assisting the NPC on sector policies, and in mapping out programmes on improving and enhancing the status of women. 0 ZIMB .5,1994

Naioa Ne%%s Woe and AIDS prgame nZibbv he commonest mode of HIV infection in Zimbabwe, like in many other African countries, is sexual transmission. The inherent socio-cultural factors in our society make women highly vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases and subsequently HIV infection. The National AIDS Coordination Programme is focussing on the plight of women with or without HIV/AIDS. The major area of focus is to reduce risk for further sexual transmission of HIV and also the impact of AIDS on women. Prevention control and care strategies therefore look at women's child- bearing and other roles within the family, as well as their disadvantaged social, economic and political status. AIDS By Eunice Takawira Specific socio-economic needs of women must be addressed in order to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS. At the same time women are mobilised and empowered to actively participate in these activities. In order to reduce vulnerability of women to HIV infection, programme strategies are working with and through other women's and related organisation. HIV/AIDS/STD education has been integrated into related ongoing women programmes. Focus on marginalised women through peer education has enhanced awareness on STD/AIDS. Efforts to reduce the impact of AIDS on those infected and affected is being made through the Community Home Based Care Programmes. worsens A comprehensive approach to women's plight is currently looking at a National Family Health Programme in the prevention care and control of STD/AIDS through women's and related organisations. This approach recognises the ongoing women's targeted programme by different agencies. Other health and related issues will be addressed within the context of AIDS Prevention control. However, a lot still remains to be done. Awareness and women's motivation will need creation of a supportive environment for women to reduce their own vulnerability as well as satisfactorily fulfilling their multifaceted role in society. El the plight of orphans As the deadly AIDS pandemic By M'ichelle Hakata is the extended family~but conc sweeps across Zimbabwe, it is many of them cannot expand to take Homes were second-best for t taking with it, many young chil- in children orphaned by the illness. dren who cannot be kept dren who spend the remainder of Some of the orphans do not get the dis- communities. their days either abandoned ease but many of them saccumb after Bishop Hatendi says that wh, or stigmatised in a society unable to getting the HIV virus from their parents ble, government and private deal with the scourge. and this has worsened Ihe problem of tions should come in and give There is no adequate infrastructure in the orphans as they will then need med- to the orphans while they ar place in Zimbabwe to help look after the ical care. communities. thousands of young children orphaned Several organisations involved in AIDS Many organisations, including by the killer disease. I Awareness Programmes have suggest- Homer do not sem to fauw In seven years, it is estimated that halfa-million children in the country will be orphaned by AIDS and the magnitude of the problem shows that government and private organisations cannot institutionalise all these children. How then can a society already burdened by sick mothers and fathers, look after the orphans is the question that non-governmental and church organisations are battling with. Whatever the solution, millions of dollars will have to be poured into community- based programmes or orphanages to help alleviate problems of children made parentless by AIDS. ed that government put in place programmes to help AIDS orphans while they are in the communities in which -they live. The Anglican Church in Zimbabwe has taken the lead in caring for orphans with AIDS at its Shearly Cripps Children's Home in Harare. Anglican Bishop of Mashonaland, Peter Hatendi, says the orphans at the Home are not screened to determine whether or not they are infected. They are taken into the Home and with' time, those with AIDS begin to show symptoms and they are then hospitalised and taken away from the others. :edes that hose chilin their ere possiorganisaassistance e in their Children's ir irnctiti. tionalisation of children orphaned by AIDS whether they suffer from the disease or are spared. "We are totally against institutionalisation of these children. Imagine how they would be stigmatised. There is need for the government to come up with a policy and put in place programmes to help these children while they are in their extended families," says Priscilla Misihairambwi, Communications Officer for Women and AIDS support network. She says although the extended family structure appears to be disintegrating, it could still be used to care for orphans. Children's Homes are filling up and He says the best place for AIDS orphans Continued next page ZIMBABWE NrNiM 46.2. 4

The tamily has been recognised. as the basic unit in society since life began. The forms the family takes varies within regions and through history in accordance with changes in social, political and economic circumstances. In the so-called modern societies, the family usually consists of the spouses and their children and is commonly referred to as a nuclear family. In traditional societies such as ours in Zimbabwe, the family extends from spouses and their children to embrace the parents, siblings and the close relations of the spouses. The functions of the family are basically similar but the priority given to each function varies from one culture to the other and from one generation- to the other in response to the forces impacting on it from the social environment. The Zimbabwe Coordination Committee of the International Year of the Family adopted the United Nations list of the functions of the family in the formulation of the programmes for the year after being satisfied with their applicabiliAIDS worsens the Continued from previous page SOS Children's Villages are also con.cemed and are already looking into strategies on how AIDS orphans could be helped. SOS national co-ordinator, Ian Kluckov, says other countries in the region at a meeting held last year had decided to screen all children in the villages for the HIV virus but Zimbabwe was against this motion. The SOS is building a third Home ir. Bulawayo, which, according to Kluckov, is likely to have more children with HIV given the increasing prevalence of AIDS in the country. He, however, said that mothers who look after kids in the Homes would Pe trained to be able to rise to the challenge when the need arose. Maria Sithole, director of Harare Children's Home, says home-based care for orphans would not be easy to apply to children who lived at orphanages. Her Home, she noted, has no HIV infected children at the moment but added Adult persons have a right to found and raise a family ty to the local family situation. The functions identified by the UN include procreation and protection of the family members, basic care of the children, the elderly and relatives with disabilities, socialisation and education of children, the establishment of emotional, social, and economic bonds between the spouses. plight of orphans that this situation was likely to change in the near future. "Right now, we do not have children with the AIDS disease but we know that it is only a matter of time before we take in some. We have a State Registered Nurse, and we think she will be able to deal with problems that may arise in the event we have some AIDS victims," says Sithole. Matron-in-Charge of Chinyaradzo Children's Home, Stella Mesikano, said the Home was accepting children orphaned by AIDS regardless of whether they had the disease or not. The Deputy Minister of the Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, Cde. Florence Chitauro, last year said the government was considering accommodating orphans in refugee halfway homes once the refugess were repatriated. But the government alone cannot deal with the mammoth problem. There is need for the private sector to help give a better life to the orphans.- ZIANAE1 In all societies, adult persons have a right to found and raise a family. This right was recognised in the international legislation in 1948 when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. Under the declaration, the family has a right to a standard of living adequate for the health and wellbeing of its members. Simply stated the Declaration demands that each family be afforded access to adequate food, clothing, housing, and other basic social services. Responsibilities What is meant here is families should perform their functions and fulfil their responsibilities to each member according to their needs. Societies must provide opportunities and support for families to carry out their responsibilities. The world-wide economic hardships in societies where industrialisation continue to disrupt family support systems resulted in broken homes, street children, juvenile deliquency and other manifestations of deprivation. The International Years of the 1970s and 1980s devoted to women, children, persons with disabilities the elderly and youth proved that international years can successfully focus awareness and conscience of the world to the problems resulting from weaknesses of the family today. The subject of families offers a much more comprehensive and, at the same Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994 International Year of the Family time, synthesizing approach since the family represents the fullest reflection, at grassroot level of the strength and weaknesses of the social and developmental welfare environment. In order to conscientise its efforts to promote the empowerment of families and make a worldwide impact the United Nations declared 1994 the International Year of the Family in accordance with its resolutions of December 1989. In Zimbabwe the International Year of the Family was launched on the 14th May 1994 by the Minister responsible for Women's Affairs in the President's Office and Secretary for Women's Affairs in the Central Committee Mrs Thenjiwe Lesabe, MP. The occasion took place at the Harare Gardens where papers on such relevant subjects as "Communication within the family" "Cultural and social changes as they affect the family", "Religion and the family", and were effectively presented to an enthusiastic and cheering audience. Family ties In her address, the Minister enunciated the theme agreed upon as relevant to the present needs of families in Zimbabwe, that is "Protect and strengthen family ties." The decision to highlight this had been made after considering that Zimbabwe family members, especially the spouses, needed to value and strengthen interpersonal relationships in the home in order to make a concerted effort to effec- The celebrations of the International the International Year of the Women, Year of the Family were reported from children, and others who have already all provinces which was a positive out- made meaningful contributions towards come of the co-ordination committee's the promotion of policies aimed ultieffnrts to decentralise the events and matelV to strengthen the family. El Needs of the children must be provided for through the family ZIMBABWE tively discharge their many responsibilities. The minister, who is also the focal point between the Zimbabwe Coordinating Committee and the United Nations on the International Year of the Family, emphasised the need for government, the voluntary organisations and the private sector to work in support of each other in promoting new awareness of the problems engulfing families and come up with practical solutions. "It is through the family that societal norms and values are passed on to children and it is through the family that the needs of children are provided for," the Minister said. She explained that the needs of the children ranged from the basic physiological needs to the emotional, psychological and spiritual ones. She urged parents to accept their responsibilities and not apportion blame onto the teachers when they failed to instil discipline in their children. The Minister called for employment for school leavers in the formal and the informal sectors to stop them drifting to crime. On a more sombre note the Minister urged those present to commit themselves to the programmes of the year which will promote the status of children, youth and women. programmes of the year to all areas of Zimbabwe. Communication between spouses The programmes of the year are based on such issues as women's problems and communication between spouses whose roles should be complementary and not competitive. Attitudes and customary beliefs enemic to the advancement of women and support for the single parent and female-headed households especially those of grannies and their grandchildren as a result of AIDS claiming the productive young adults will also need attention. It would be wrong to give the impression that the United Nations have urged us to "invent the wheel" in this problem area. A lot has been done by government targetting various problematic aspects of family life. Zimbabwe probably leads the Third World in its legislation towards the promotion of equal opportunities between sexes, improving the living conditions of the disabled and other vulnerable groups and in encouraging NGOs to provide programmes that economically empower grassroot families in urban and rural Zimbabwe. The programmes of the International Year of the Family have been compiled i nni, F ,r-timn w^ith, i , ne rno~rinAr~ md-i, ijiwe Lesabe - a humble and unwavering leader imbabwe's Minister of State in The Z President's Office, Reponsible for Co-ordinating Women's Affairs, the Honourable Thenjiwe Virginia Lesabe was born on 5 January 1932, in Bulawayo - Zimbabwe's second largest city. sh obtained her education in mission schools outside Bulawayo where she spent most of the time at one of the pioneer historic missions, Hope Fountain, founded by The London Missionery Society in the nineteenth century. She trained as a school teacher at this school. She did her secondary education by correspondence through Lyesam College in South Africa. Between 1.949 and 1959, she taught at Luveve and Lobengula Primary schools in Bulawayo. Her teaching career ended abruptly in 1959 because of her involvement in demonstrations for the release of detained political leaders. Between 1960 and 1961, she joined the African newspapers, contributing to the women's page in the African Daily News which was banned in 1961. Work in ihe church Involvement in the work of the African Methodist Episcopal is part and parcel of Cde. Thenjiwe Lesabe's life. In 1950, she was the convention's secretary for the Young People's Department. In 1954, she became the director of the Young People's Department. In 1959 she became the vice president of the Women's Convention. Between 1960 and 1969, she was the President of the Women's Convention. For the period 1970-1973, she was a parliamentarian in the Church, and between 1974 and 1978, she was overseas diector, responsible for Malawi, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia. She carrtied out most of these responsibilities in her capacity as the Presiding Elder's wife. From 1960, Elder Lesabe was in charge of a district of the Church. Involvement in politics Cde. Thenjiwe Lesabe first became involved in politics in 1957, under the name Sawesa Khumalo in fear of being discovered as civil servants could not publicly take part in politics. She was discovered in 1958 a-,J was suspended from teaching in 19 59. This was after some one had spotted her at Amai Musodzi Hall (in Harare) during the first Cde. Thenjiwe Lesabe A.N.C. Congress in 1957, after which she was trailed and caught in 1958. In 1964, she was arrested and detained for leading a demonstration and being a spokeswoman on school fees rises. After a short release, she was again arrested in 1965 for aiding freedom fighters. Not enough evidence was found. Since Cde. Lesabe was active in church, the churches took the matter up. She was then released and from there on, she was in and out of detention. One memorable period of her detention was in 1976 when some of her colleagues left the country to join others in the armed struggle. She was released in 1977. She lived under surveillance but was not deterred by that from her determination to liberate her people and country. She then joined the armed struggle in Zambia and headed the Women's Wing of PF ZAPU and participated at the Lancaster House talks which brought about political independence to Zimbabwe in 1980. Cde. Lesabe has been a Member of Parliament since 1980, and has been chairman of the Estimates Committee, and a member of the Deputy Panel, and a member of the Committee on Standing Rules and Orders of Parliament. As a leader of women, Cde Thenjiwe Lesabe played a major role in bringing about unity between PF ZAPU and ZANU (PF). She was instrumental in integrating the women's league wings of the two parties, and after the 1989 People's Congress, she became the first deputy secretary of the Women's League of the unit- ed party and worked closely with her predecessor the then secretary of the League, the late First Lady, Amai Sally Mugabe. Cde. Thenjiwe Lesabe is a member of the Politburo and of the Central Committee. In 1990, she became Deputy Minister of Environment and Tourism and in July 1993, she became Minister of State in the President's Office Responsible for Coordinating Women's Affairs. In her political career, Cde. Thenjiwe Lesabe has shown dedication to her country and love and commitment to improving the status of women in her country. She has remained resolute and consistant in her political career - she has always belonged to one party (regardless of changes in name after each banning) she has actively participated at international fora including the Pan African Women's International Federation. Family and hobbies Cde. Thenjiwe was married to Peter N. Lesabe on 10 December 1950 and is a mother of seven; four boys and three girls and grandmother of sixteen. She is a caring mother who takes time to be with her family - a remarkable achievement for such a busy full time politician. Her interests include music, reading and meeting women from all walks of life. She cherishes peace and prosperity for all people but particularly women and children. For quick results advertise in your monthly magazine Zimbabwe News ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994

Indigenous businessmen sailing on stormy waters he government of Zimbabwe is going out of its way to promote indigenous businessmen to break into the mainstream of the country's economy which, 14 years after independence, is still foreign dominated. But the efforts are hitting against a formidable wall since the ordinary indigenous black businessman is sailing in stormy waters characterised by a miscellany of factors ranging from lack of initial capital, high taxes and stiff competition under an increasingly opening economic environment, propelled by four-year-old economic reforms. However, while many are cursing the reforms for their hardships, one of them says they are "a blessing" to his business. "To us the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) is a blessing", says Douglas Kadenhe, proprietor of DDK Consultancy. His company was founded in 1990, the same year the government launched market-led economic reforms to heal Zimbabwe's moribund economy. DDK started as a one-man band with the briefing for the first job done at an outdoor restaurant. That was four years ago. Now DDK Consultancy has grown to three highly specialised operating divisions with a staff of 245 and a turnover of more than Z$1 million (US$125 000) a year from an initial Z$200 000 annually. How did Kadenhe manage it at a time when many black businessmen are struggling against bankruptcy? "If you are going to start a small business and let grow, it's jumping the gun and borrow millions. It's the knowledge and application of what you are going to do that makes you successful," Kadenhe said in an interview. "It's always advisable to.try and save some money and not to borrow 100 percent of your starting capital". Following this advice, Kadenhe took Z$40 000 of his savings and established the Research Bureau International (RBI) with a staff of only three. Kadenhe believes one of the secrets of his success was that he went into an area of business in which he was experienced and used the contacts he had built up in his By Emilia Sithole marketing career spanning more than 20 years. One such contact, Unilever, for Which he worked as marketing director internationally for seven years, was to set his company off on market research in earnest in early 1991. From that time, RBI grew by word of mouth, obviating the need for heavy advertising. It's list of clients includes such big names as Coca- Cola (Atlanta, USA), Dunlop (Simutono Rubber Industry, USA), the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporations and the United Nations. Kadenhe does not compromise on quality. His employees, particularly the researchers, know that if they make one error, on the second mistake they are out. "We measured our quality by the quality acceptable to Unilever and that was acceptable to all our other clients. The quality of our work right from the word go was of international standards. We didn't cut corners," he said adding that the stringent adherence to high international standards extends to the other divisions of the company - Zimbabwe Media Monitoring Services and Merchandising/Promotions. He noted that the quality of their work has given them a high reputation and it was that reputation which resulted in RBI, then only a market research organisation in Zimbabwe, being chosen in January this year to become a member of the Worldwide Research international group. Kadenhe also values investing in human resources and employing qualified personnel. Despite this, his detractors point at his employment of his family, (his two daughters and his wife hold top positions in the company) as detrimental to good business. He, however, is quick to defend himself saying they are all qualified and efficient in their jobs. "It's a family kind of business but people have to be qualified. Most of those family members are orientated in marketing. You have to be qualified. If you cannot perform, you are fired," he said. One family member learnt the hard way when he was fired when his work did not measure up. DDK is popular among people with disabilities as it has a definite affirmative policy to the disabled. Half the employees in the media monitoring section are people with disabilities of one type or another. "I am not doing this because I'm a good church-going person but because there are certain areas where disabled people are superior to able-bodied people where they can concentrate with minimum mobility and maximum mobility and maximise use of intellect," he stated. With clients such as international names stated above on the verge of clinching more lucrative deals, Kadenhe can afford to look back over the last four years and say: "We have definitely graduated from being a small company to being medium. And it had nothing to do with being an indigenous businessman. I had established my reputation as a fair, reliable businessman. In the industrial world, I was known because of my previous work. If they looked at our balance sheet, they saw we would be a profitable company to deal with. It was a good risk," he said. 0 ZIMBABWE NF V 25 N., W Is your business going down? It is because people do not know your business activities. For quick results advertise in your monthly magazine Zimbabwe News Women Parliamentarians and their work By Lyn Chiwandamira see whether women have been incorporated in the legislative process of the country. Women in Parliament In Zimbabwe the figures below, illustrates the number of women who have been part of the legislative process: 1980-1985 Senate House of Total No. Men Women Assembly 100 91 9 1985-1990 Cde. Ruth Chinamano - MP hat is, or what ought to be the Wrole of women Parliamentarians? Why is it important for women to be represented in Parliament? If I begin with the latter, there is no doubt why women should be represented in Parliament. The reasons are varied and numerous. First and foremost, it will be remembered that in the heat of the liberation struggle, Zimbabwean women, transcended the traditional roles of minding domestic chores, tending the children and generally adopting a docile posture in the affairs of the state. Together with the menfolk, they fought the war, ferried arms through hostile bush so that the war. could go on; treated the war-wounded so that they could live to fight another day; and above all, carried arms in battles against the enemy. The guns that brought the enemy down had no gender. Yes, some of Zimbabwe's finest women wrote Zimbabwe's independence with their own blood. They selflessly sacrificed their lives to the service of Zimbabwe's dignity in freedom. This therefore, means that Zimbabwean women deserve a place in the decision making process of Zimbabwe. Secondly, there are some issues which are better articulated by women themselves for example sex harassment and abuse and related social ills. Having said this it isnow important to Total No. Men Women Senate House of Assembly 40 100 36 88 4 12 1990- present No Senate House of Assembly Total No. 150 Men 130 Women 18 Basically, the role of women in Parliament is not different to that of their male counterparts and it is linked with the main functions of Parliament as an institution. Therefore, to appreciate fully the role of a woman parliamentarian, it is important to look at the role of Parliament itself. While Parliament is pre-eminently a lawmaking organ Members' duties go beyond debating, amending and enacting legislation, controlling finance and monitoring the Executive. Equally important are the duties of enhancing national development, as well as promoting the nation's welfare. The long-held traditional view that Members should function only as legislators is now out-dated. The Member of Parliament being an indispensible cog in the process of national development, has a two-pronged role to play. Not only is she closely involved in the supervision and scrutiny of the Executive on matters Cde. Victoria Chitepo - Former Minister concerning Government policies and programmes, but since she represents a constituency, she actually is party to the implementation of these policies and programmes. In the House a member of Parliament takes active part in the passing of laws that facilitate the smooth-running and orderly conduct of the nation's social, political and economic affairs; and which protect individual rights. The analysis and passing of the budget provides an opportunity to review and assess all aspects.of government activity and in this way expose the Executive to Parliamentary scrutiny. This is animportant function of a Member of Parliament. Above all by participating in either House or Government Committees, a member gets many opportunities to oversee the work of government, the objective being to assess the performance of government departments. Outside the House it is required of a Member of Parliament to make routine correspondence with her constituency, the. purpose being to identify the problems of the electorate and also to explain to the electorate government policies and programmes. Equitable distribution Thus in a country like Zimbabwe for example, which aspires to create wealth for equitable distribution among all its citizens and seeks to achieve the immediate alleviation, and eventually Continued next page 71MRABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994

Women Parliamentarians and their work eradication of all such evils as poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, disease and all artificial inequalities based on race, sex, religion etcetera, the Member of Parliament is perhaps the best placed individual in the process of national development. Since she lives with the people she is in a position to appreciate the needs, aspirations and the interests of her constituency. She is capable of making a sound appraisal of the situation in her area in particular and the nation at large. It, therefore, becomes her responsibility to devise ways and means of managing the problems affecting her constituency. By visiting her constituency regularly, either at weekends or when the House is adjourned (or in recess) a Member of Parliament can discuss current Parliamentary issues; and answer questions and listen to the views of the electorate. Lack of constant communication breeds distrust among the people and leads to unnecessary problems. It may also hinder the smooth-running of government projects and the general progress of the nation, as a whole. The people certainly neither expect that those who represent them shall play at fiddles while Rome burns nor that they should add more coals to the raging fires. And, yet, important though the representative function is, the Member of Parliament cannot merely act as one way transmission bell. She cannot merely call the public's or goverment's attention to those matters her constituents are exercised about or which she deems require such attention. She must also and this is important to explain government's perspectives, policies and actions. Cde. Florence Chitauro - Deputy Minister of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare It should be borne in mind that policies and laws may fail to achieve the desired goals not only because of poor planning or drafting, but also because the people whom they are meant to serve do not appreciate their merits, often due to sheer ignorance. In this regard it is incumbent upon the Member of Parliament to explain to the people the value of government policies and projects. For example, some of our people find it hard to accept that the prices of certain consumer goods, including some basic ones, can go up at all in the era of the people's power. Further illustrations can be evoked. The point here is that the Member of Parliament who is worth her salt must also explain to the people the nature and basis of some of the hard choices government has to make. She must, in other words, be an educator, not merely a sounding board. In this way the cohesion of the country's national community will be raised to a new level while the quality of democracy is enhanced. Individual grievances A Member of Parliament is also expected to deal with the individual grievances of her constituency members, which cover a wide range of subjects, for example, they may concern ill-treatment of workers by employers, farmers credit and transport facilities et cetera. Some of these may be dealt with through letters to a Member of Parliament personally to explain their case or to seek advice. Not only is a Member of Parliament expected to allocate some of her time to correspondence and meetings with constituency members, but she must take up the case with the authorities concerned. Part of the duties of a Member of Parliament include the enlightenment of her electorate as to their rights either as individuals or as employees, so that they can point out any breaches to the relevant authorities and thus ensure that all government policies are adhered to by everybody. In Zimbabwe for example, unless workers are familiar with their new rights enshrined in such legislation as the Labour Relation Act, husbands and wives with the Matrimonial Causes Act or the rural folk with Parks and Wildlife Amendment Act, all efforts to bring justice to workers and couples and at conserving the country's natural resources will come down to nought, Cde. Sabina Mugabe - MP and the nation's aevelopment will correspondingly be retarded. It is also regarded as a member's duty to take an interest in the collective life of her constituency. She will be expected to attend meetings and functions of different types, be they social, educational or cultural. The Member of Parliament should welcome occasions which afford her opportunities to mix and communicate with her electorate. She is looked upon as the "Government's Public Relations Officer" in her constituency, never forgetting that what she does and how she responds to the people ultimately affects the amount of confidence people have in the government and on their willingness to cooperate with government in its efforts to develop the nation. Taxing and time-consuming though the Member of Parliament's duties may be, there is the further and necessary duty of keeping her reading and comprehension of important national duties and international events up to date. A complete grasp of internationl affairs is essential since no country exists in isolation, and in addition building and developing a nation is determined as much by national as by international events. Moreover Parliamentary contributions and speeches are not (and should never be), as a rule impromptu efforts. They should be informed and meaningful. This can only be acquired through reading and study, reflection and utilization of various forms of information networks. Real control From the analysis of the diverse officil and semi-official duties of Members of Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS1N A-Qw.. gSid,

Women Parliamentarians and their work Cde.Opah Rushesha - Deputy Cde. M. Chinomona - MP Minister of Environment and Tourism Parliament, both inside and outside the sity of views and opinions from various House, it is clear that, taken together, parts of the country, which must reach Members of Parliament have real con- the government to enable it to judge the trol over the government and they are feeling of the nation - it helps keep the the people's emissaries as well as agents government in touch with the people. for development. They represent a diver- it is simply not enough for a Member of Parliament's role to be confined to transmitting to government what the people want and to the people what government is doing and intends to do. She should devote unreserved attention to constituency members and their problems, always bearing in mind that they constitute her real power base. In Parliament a Member of Parliament who maintains constant contact with her constituency is able in all deliberations to express the views and interests of the people she represents, as well as safeguard their liberties. Above all a Member of Parliament should aim to improve the well-being of the entire nation and not to serve sectional or personal interests. In confronting the nation's problems she strives to come up with lasting solutions. Indeed, the Member of Parliament who contributes most of the process of nationbuilding is the one capable of doing things, not because they are politically expedient but because they are right and beneficial to the nation. D ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994 Subscription Form For ZIMBABWE NEWS Please send: E112 issues (1 Year) Z$15 E:6issues (six months) Z$7.50 EA subscription form for other countries than Zimbabwe to the undermentioned person: Name:...... (Please Print) A d d r e s s : ...... S ig n a tu r e : ...... The Rates Include Postage and Handling. I enclose my cheque/postal order for the amount indicated above. Mail to: The Circulation Manager The People's Voice 144 Union Avenue Harare Zimbabwe

Why weapons don't buy peace By James Mpinga N amount of arms spending can buy any country, no matter how powerful, any peace. As countries across the globe spend billions on arms to defend borders, personal or "human" security within borders is getting worse, and'the United States is no exception, says a report published for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Human Development Report 1994, published by Oxford University on behalf of UNDP, urges countries to put human ahead of national security around the world. Its central message is forceful and foreboding, yet devoid of rhetoric. In 1992, for example, the United States spent US$290 billion on territorial security, while crime within its borders cost that country $425 billion - and many lives. "That same year, more than two million workers were physically attacked, and 20 children a day died from gunshot wounds," the report says. In developing countries, vast amounts of social funds are also diverted to arms - although chances of dying from malnutrition and preventable disease are 33 times greater than those of dying in a war of external aggression. Human Development Report 1994, argues that human insecurity has been "globalised" by now. "The poor nations are concerned about hunger and disease, the rich countries with drugs and crime." Parallel concerns These two parallel concerns are more graphic in South Africa and the United States than anywhere else. What is bad for white America is worse for black America: one-third of whites live in areas polluted by carbon monoxide, when the figure for blacks is nearly 50 percent. Unemployment among US blacks is twice that for whites. In South Africa, the post-apartheid administration must cope with a blackwhite gap in human developments as wide as that between Spain and Congo, the UNDP report says. Racial disparities in South Africa are not just between two peoples. "These are almost two different continents," the report argues. South Africa ranks 93 on the Human Development Index (HDI), a yardstick UNDP uses in ranking 173 countries by combining life expectancy, educational levels and basic purchasing power. If taken as separate countries, white South Africa would rank 24 in the world, just after Spain, while black South Africa would rank 123, just above Congo. James Gustave Speth, Administrator of UNDP, argues that more resources should be spent on fighting the growing threat of global poverty, not the receding threat of the Cold War. "We need resources to ensure human security and not merely territorial security," he adds. With the end of the Cold War, global military spending declined by 3.6 percent between the peak spending years 1987 and 1991, creating a "peace dividend" of US$935 billion. "But the resulting peace dividend has not been used to finance the world's social agenda or provide human security," the report points out. Another US$460 billion could be saved over the next five years if global military spending continues to decline by three percent a year. The record to date has been dismal: several poor nations are spending more on arms than on education and health. Together, poor and rich countries share the responsibility for human security. On average, poor nations have 19 soldiers for every doctor. "If anything, the soldiers are more likely to reduce, than increase, personal security." Regrettably, the rich countries encouraging the arms trade are the very nations entrusted with global.security policy - the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. Conventional weapons To date, over 86 percent of the global exports in conventional weapons to developing countries comes from, in descending order, Russia, the United States, France, China and the United Kingdom. The biggest military spender in the third world is India - which has immense unmet human promises. Some 20 MiG let fighters were once brought at the expense of basic education for 15 million Indian girls now out of school. In Africa, Nigeria bought 80 battle tanks from Britain at a cost that could have helped immunise two million children now at risk - and provide family planning to 17 million couples. This year's report calls for bold steps, including a phase-out in all military assistance programmes over the next three years. "If a country were spending more on its army than its people, this should certainly give donors pause for thought," the report urges. At worst, human insecurity can lead to bloodshed and a "Somalia-like" national breakdown - with potential to escalate into an international hotspot. Early warning signals include deteriorating food consumption, high unemploy-ment and declining wages, human rights violations, ethnic violence, widening regional disparities, and overemphasis on military spending. "If several of these indicators point in the same direction, the country is probably heading for collapse," the report warns. The report already classifies eight developing nations as "countries in crisis" - Afghanistan, Angola, Haiti, Iraq, Mozambique, Myanmar, Sudan and Zaire. When the report was being prepared, ethnic rivalry in Rwanda was still brewing. It graduated too soon from "other countries that could follow the same path" to the full-scale theatre of bloodletting now underway. (SARDC) El ZIMBABWE NEE 4 VQ1 * 215 NO. . 1,994, Zimbabwe Newsthe official organ of ZANU PF ormer Malawian president, Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda paid tribute to the people of Malawi for allowing him to be their leader for the past 31 years. Speaking on Saturday, 21 May when the hew president, Mr. Bakili Muluzi was sworn in, Dr. Banda said Malawians "listened to me when I requested you to uphold the four cornerstones of Malawi Congress Party namely, unity, loyalty, obedience and discipline." He stated that these served as the main pillars of political stability and continuing social and economic development in Malawi. Below is the full text of his address: "Bwanas and Donas. The general elections which we were all waiting for have now come and passed peacefully and orderly. Although the results have not been officially confirmed and announced, there is every indication from the votes that have been counted so far, and announced on Malawi Broadcasting Corporation that Mr. Bakili Muluzi is the clear winner on the contest for the Presidency. I wish to congratulate him wholeheartedly for his victory. May I offer him my full support and cooperation as he takes over the presidency of this country. As one of the incoming opposition parties, I wish to assure him that the Malawi Congress Party will work with the United Democratic Front government in building a better democratic Malawi. Personally, I wish to thank all Malawians for having allowed me to be your leader for the past 31 years. You listened to me when I requested you to uphold the four cornerstones of Malawi Congress Party namely, unity, loyalty, obedience and discipline. In a way, these have served as pillars for our long standing political stability and for continuing social and economic development. You listened to me when I appealed to you to work hard in the fields and to remain peaceful and calm. Since last year, we have gone through political transition to a multiparty democracy in a manner that has won us respect. Now, we have just gone through a most Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda peaceful democratic election to consolidate that process of political change. These are achievements all Malawians should be proud of. The Malawi Congress Party will work and cooperate with the incoming government and Ao.rnlnnnIav-tc ers or all the poilticai parties or naving gone through such a vigorous campaign. I hope all the political parties will remain friends and not enemies. I am aware that the politicians said so many unkind things about each other during this heated campaign. This is the nature of partisan democratic competition. Now is the time to bury all our political differences and work together for a united and prosperous Malawi. I thank the Malawi Congress Party supporters, and those of other losing parties, and appeal to them to accept their defeat honourably and gracefully. I congratulate members of the United Democratic Front for winning. I request them to celebrate their victory with sympathy and understanding and not with vengeance. Lastly, let me once again congratulate the President-elect for his political victory. I wish him well as he takes over the challenging assignment as president of Malawi. F...... Bwanas and Donas, thank you very Lastly, let me thank the active support- much." Malawian civil service to- be reformed he government ot president Bakili Muluzi has said that it will reform the civil service "system-wide" so that government services show a significant increase in quantity, quality and cost-effectiveness. Speaking during his inauguration as the new president of the country after defeating Dr. Kamuzu Banda in the May polls, Mr. Muluzi said after such a reform, economic development will be enhanced because an efficient civil service will avoid incurring heavy fiscal deficits as revenue collection will be more efficient and expendi-d ture will be minimised. The following is ' the full text of his speech: This is a very very happy occasion for me personally, as well as for the tinited President Bakili Muluzi ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994

Malawian civil service to be reformed Democratic Front, the Party I lead and families, under a climate of genuine death to life imprisonment. While some our whole country - Malawi. peace, security and fair distribution of were definitely guilty of gruesome murdThis is a day which will remain memora the nation's resources. We are grateful er offences, there are somehow were obble for all of us. This is a joyous occa- to God for having listened to our cry for viously wrongly convicted due to the sion which will be cherished for ever. a better Malawi. serious flows in our traditional courts ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994 I Regional NeANs _= I would like to start by thanking the almighty God for having graciously made it possible for me to accede to the high office of President of t hetepublic of Malawi. With His guidance and counsel, I am confident of serving the country faithfully, and leading it to greater prosperity, justice, peace and security for everyone. Allow me to also to thank the church leaders in this country; the Catholic Bishops and the Leaders of the CCAP and Anglican Churches as well as the Muslim Association for the role they played in the democratisation process of this country. The Bishops started it. The other churches supported them. To them I want to say this: Thanks for leading the way but your job continues. If we do slacken do not hesitate to correct us whether privately or publicly. I would also like to thank each and every Malawian for the unflinching determination to press for genuine democracy even when the then ruling Party tried to resist vehemently. The privelege of leading this country is something for which I am also grateful to you all. This victory which we are celebrating and commemorating today is for all Malawians. We have emerged from dreadful authoritarian rule in which our dignity and basic human rights were pounced upon by reckless and selfish politicians. We have emerged from ruthless oppression disguised as discipline. We have now freed ourselves from the yoke of unjustice, corruption and poverty. Your Lordship, ladies and gentlemen, we have now embraced true democracy in which there will be genuine freedom of association, freedom of expression, freedom of the press and freedom of worship. My Government will ensure that Malawians realise their dreams for genuine freedom and prosperity. We seek to bring about accelerated development all over the country without discrimination against any particular region or district or tribe. Ours is a commitment for poyerty alleviation and food security for all Malawians, not just a few We do not wish to dwell on bye-gones regarding the misuse and misallocation of our human, financial and material resources in this country. My Government shall endeavour to develop the available resources for the betterment of our people. We are not alone in this fight. We have many friends near and far. We shall join hands to create a better Malawi - a better Malawi for all the people, not just a few families. In this task, we shall mobilise external assistance to augument our own meagre resources to improve the living standards of all Malawians. Ladies and Gentlemen, I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge publicly the support that came from external donors, both governments, bilateral and multilateral institutions, towards the democratisation process in our country. A lot of assistance came from the United Nations, the European Union, America, Europe, Asia and Africa and other sources too numerous to mention individually. I look forward to their continued support as we seek to entrench the principles of democracy, good governance and public accountability in our country. The fight for political pluralism and democratisation has not been a painless one. There have been so many martyrs in the process but we have finally achieved our goal. We must never again allow democracy to be curtailed or abused by anybody or any group of persons for whatever reason, otherwise those who lost their lives for our benefit will have died in vain. In this connection, I wish to announce that I have directed that all those who were convicted for political crimes must be released immediately. We have heard that there might still be some political prisoners in our jails. They must all be released forthwith. I know that there is a serious debate going on in the country just now on whether or not to abolish the death sentence. I will leave that to the people of this country to make the final decision. However, I wish today to commute the sentences of all those condemned to system. Related to this, I am directing today that all International Human Rights Organisations be allowed free access into our country, and that they should be allowed to visit our prisons without unnecessary impediments. Consequently, I have also directed that Mikuyu prison be closed instantly. This is a prison which has been closely associated with MCP's shameful violations of Human Rights like detentions without trial, torture of prisoners and other dehumanising treatment. Together with Mikuyu Detention Camp, I have also directed the closure of Dzeleka Detention Camp and Nsanje Prison. These are notorious prisons which must be closed forthwith. I have again and again talked about misallocation of resources, my Government will look at Government expenditure critically with a view to eliminate all useless and unnecessary expenditures. We have for example talked a lot about State Residences expenditure; We have always held the view that there are far too many State Residences. The President does not need all those. I have therefore decided that the New State House in Lilongwe will never be used by any one individual. My Government is turning that building into Parliament House immediately. I have also set up a Committee to look into and advise my Goverment how we can best dispose of the other State Residences which I will not be needing. One thing my Government will be trying to improve is the efficiency of the Civil Service. The Malawi Civil Service must be reformed. The reform must be systemwide so that government services show a significant increase in quantity, quality and cost- effectiveness. After such a reform, economic development will be enhanced because an efficient civil service will avoid incurring heavy fiscal deficits as revenue collection will be more efficient and expenditure will be minimised. The task of reforming tne Civil Service must be undertaken by Malawians themselves which leads me to another verv important point. We need a dediContinued next page wian civil service to be reformed imotivated civil service. I am now appealing to all the political over. My message to the victors - The rale in the civil service parties and the people to work together UDF - is that we are all Malawians and We shall be looking into constructively towards the development we must respect each other. I congratus soon as possible. of our country. late you for the hard-won victory. Wme also to say this. This country qo ery poor and matters have n en worse by Government corruption. I wish ord here that my Governi condone corruption. We be Urng into place measures to orruption. Gentlemen, we have just ofo ha vigorous and often m n period. A lot of time S+iave been spent in the i O wr dissencing voters' Various 5 were disseminated in the n paign and civil education. wanted change of Govern. chose the UDF to lead U arty Government in this M people have chosen the 1 this country for the next Our hardwon democracy must be used construtive],y for the welfare of all the peole of thi country. Therefore I appeal to yo all to put the past behind us and get down immediately to the serious task of improving the welfe of Malawians who have been deprived of any meaningful development over the last 30 years. On a slightly different note, I wish to thank Dr; Banda for accepting defeat in a c er. I wish to say here that sbeen President of this country, fover thirty years., He has played aig in this coun shall remember im for his Meanwhile we shall look after him and accord him all the necessary respect and services befitting a former head of state. Victory is always sweet. Victory deserves rejoicing. Let our rejoicing however, be controlled and not provocative. We are in a new culture - a culture of pluralism and tolerance, I am confident that we shall all co-exist happily. There should be no acts of violence. No one must victimise other people because of diffe;renceof views. I must appeal to you all to live well together with other people,: are all Malawians. This is our home, a home for all of us. Let us live together in harmony. Your Lordship the Chief Justice, the Chairperson of the Electoral Commissirn, Your Worship the, Mayor, Your Excellencies, Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, God Bless You All. God Bless Malawi. ' As I have just said, the elections are Thank you all. Thank you-so much. wi's social transformation smooth and solid By Our Correspondent kay 17, 1994 General Elections a saw the consolidation of Itiaty politics in that country !cdng a Parliament made up of s m more than one party, t" not the case before. This Jitions were contested by htical parties, but only three of id suffcient support from the ,to have their candidates arliament, which has a to,of 177 seats. 00vwere the Malawi Congress th Alliance for Democracy IetUnited Democratic Front President was elected in his it directly by the voters of the sawhole and does not have to .ilythe leader of the largest Sment. In this case, the ent is a hung parliament, there is no single party ) n overall majority, since party, the UDF, is short of to have an overall majoriW-nine (89) seats. President Muluzi, terefore, leads a minority government. Alt current ruling Party (UDF) did an absolute majority in Par ' , transfer of power from o t h {DF has beerisigoth, and the o of the win-t defeatedhaso f been markd a good degree of understanding apd respect that should normally be accorded to a former Head of State. Dr. H. Kamuzu Banda was not hurried out of the official residence of Sanjpka Palace in Bt Hwas given sufficent time to arrange ative private accommod tiesewhete, and in this particular decided to settle in Blanty:re. Ledmmet in Tunis. ZANU P ulates theiDF and President Mulu for having emerged as the largest single party in Parliament, and being victorious in the Presidential electionsand the Malawian people for having conducted their elections in such a peaceful mariner that won the approval of interliational observers. We are looking forward to working with President Muluzi closely in both bilateral and regional issues as Malawi is a sister country of the southem African region. At theOAU Summit in Tunis, President Mugabe had a very fruitful meeting with President Muluzi. It appears the situation of a hung Parliament prompted the two opposition parties, the MCP and the Aford, to engage in discussions that resulted in the signing of an agreeme it of their own to have some measure of cooperation. A combined force of the two Parties commands an overall majority in Parliament, but it is Important to note that they intend to work with the minority government for the good of their country. At the same time, President Muluzi is always emphasising the pursuit of the policy of reconciliation in order to harness the national effort to develop the country. Both sides agree that there is Continued :net page VOL: 25 NO. 5, - fY

Women second class citizens in their communities espite advances in health, education and wqrking conditions, life for millions of women across the world remains 'needlessly hard. Overworked, burdened by too many pregnancies, frequently undernourished, with little respect and care from family and society, women - young, middle aged and old - are often second class citizens within their own communities. Yet the same women hold the keys to sustainable development for the remainder of the 20th century. In fact, the future of sustainability well into the next century may depend on the choices available to women, according to this year's State of World Population Report from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Increasingly, it is recognized that empowering women through the extension of personal choice is a stimulus to economic and social change, nationally and internationally. It means offering women the right to decide whether and when to get married, whether and when to become pregnant, and to make their own decisions regarding education, employment, and their role in the community. This is important for its own sake, but extension of women's choices will also contribute towards the aim of balanced population growth. The priority for the remaining years of this century must be to ensure that these twin aims remain in harmony and that individual needs form the basis of public policy. By increasing women's decision-making capacity, their status and ability to contribute to social and economic 'development will also be strengthened. Experience shows that population - and development programmes are most effective in conjunction with action to improve the status of women. Looking towards the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in September 1994, the Report stresses that the link between population and development issues will determine the future of sustainability. "The aim will be to find ways to fulfil human rights, -needs and aspirations, while fostering sustainable use of the world's resources," the Report states. Status of women Among the stategies for achieving such objectives, education and its link to improved status for women must secure a high priority. Without greater educational opportunities for women, no general improvement in their status is likely. Conversely, for girls as well as for women, secondary and higher education is one of the most important routes to healthy choices and enhanced life quality. "Educating women is an investment in sustainable development", the Report says. "Educated women command better jobs and salaries, marry later and have their first child later. Education raises self-esteem and increases confidence in dealing with the wider world. be taken for granted. The role of education in enhancing women's social power, however, is beyond dispute. Widespread proof also exists that educated women find it easier to understand contraception and to take advantage of available services. The consequence, again, is fewer children and, subsequently, improvements in maternal and infant survival as well as better health in other family members. The demand for literacy programmes, special job training and education about contraception and reproductive health comes from older women, too. This. is particularly the case in communities where older women exercise influence in family decisions. Nepal is a case in point. Mothers-in-law by tradition oversee pregnancy and delivery and seek additional help only when they deem it necessary. Accord- education and smaller families cannot Continued next page Malawi's social transformation smooth and solid Continued from previous page a lot to be done so as to improve the living standard of the -ordinary man on the street and the rural areas. Tribalism condemned In the Preamble of their Memorandum of Understanding, the two opposition parties observed that the voting in the last general elections had shown alarming regional and tribalistic tendencies, and they pledged to resolve this problem by educating the electorate of the dangers of such political inclinations. They aim to build a national political structure that transcends regional and ethnic affiliations that function within the new multiparty political system. They emphasise that there is imperative need for joint concerted effort to monitor and curb this unwelcome trend before the situation gets out of control. We are aware that on 20th June, 1994 Aford President, Mr. Chafukwa Chihanam released a Press statement accusing the UDF of having rejected the ideas of a coalition government, or a government of national unity. As far as we are concerned this is purely an internal affair for the Malawian people alone. Trying to solve a problem Weare encouraged to note that despite these differences between the governing Party and the opposition parties, the opposition's agreement of understanding is not aimed at paralysing the government but has the objective of engaging the government in discussions with a view of resolving the problem of a country fragmented on ethnical lines, a problem which may pause a serious threat to the national security of the country. Also they want to help the UDF government adhere to the Constitution and honour the democratic freedoms enshrined in it. There had been allegations in some of the Malawi newspapers before the elections that the ZANU (PF) government favoured the MCP as opposed to other political parties in Malawi, but this was untrue. A government elected by the people of Malawi is the government we will do business with. We warmly welcome the UDF government elected by Malawian people which has to be respected and honoured. El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994

Women second class citizens in their communities ingly, mothers-in-law have an influence upon young wives' reproductive health and choice of farnly planning. Recognizing local realities, Nepal trains mothers- in-law in a wide range of topics such as antenatal care, rest, immunisation, family planning and risk factors in connection with pregnancy and birth. The inherent inequality in the status of women and men is reflected in their general health and expectation of life. While women's life expectancy improves in line with men's - the number of countries with a life expectancy over 60 years rose from 74 in 1980 to 91 in 1990 - women still die younger than men in many regions. The reasons are manifold, although some factors recur throughout the developing world. These include gender discrimination in nutrition and health care from childhood and enhanced pregnancy risks. Women are more at risk because they are disproportionately represented among the urban poor. They tend to be at the end pf the queue for both nutrition and health care. Preference for sons remains widespread. Cultural factors and perceptions economic advantages favour sons above daughters; girls' share of education, food, health care and work options are therefore frequently smaller - simply because they are perceived to be less Women still die younger than men in many regions valuable than boys. Studies show, for in- "The empowerment of women is a key stance, quite strong preferences for boys development issue as well as a human in countries like Bangladesh, Jordan, rights objective. In the process special Nepal, Pakistan, Republic of Korea and attention must be given to gender issues Syria. and, most importantly, to widening the As the State of World Population Report range of possibilities and choices for in1994 declares: dividual women and men." El Progress in the provision i modern health care accross the world has tended to obscure one tragic fact: despite renewed attention to material health, pregnancy and its consequences claim the lives of 500 000 women in Asia. Africa and Latin America. very, minute of every day one woman dies from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. Yet most of these deaths could be prevented - through existing knowledge and technology. They occur mainly due to a lack of existing reproductive health care as well as family planning information and services. A stark contrast is provided by the figures for Europe, North America and Japan. With a combined population of 800 million people, virtually no lives are lost in these three areas as a result of pregnancy. Such enormous discrepancies call for an even greater effort in a field which has seen significant advances in recent years. As the United Nations Population Fund's 1994 State of World Population Report emphasizes, better reproductive health care, family planning and equal access for all lie at the heart on any concerted' attempt to provide lasting solutions. Successful population programmes, the report notes, integrate family planning with other reproductive health services, including treatment for infertility, reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS and a wide range of STDs (sexually transmitted diseases.) Good programmes expand women's health care choices and give them a sense of competence in caring for their own sexual and reproductive health, says the report. Many of these development goals are exemplified by the Safe Motherhood Initiative. Launched in Nairobi, Kenya in 1987, and co-sponsored by seven international agencies - the International Planned Parenthood Federation, the Population Council, UNDP, UNFPA, the World Bank and WHO - the Safe Motherhood initiative's chief objective is a 50 percent reduction in the numContinued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994 7,.

Death by pregnancy- a needless risk South Asia and Africa account for 90 per cent of all maternal deaths in the world ber of maternal deaths before the end of the century. Safe motherhood The fact that more than 100 governments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and international donors have already participated in safe motherhood conferences highlights the size of the task. Around the world, efforts on behalf of governments, international bodies and public and private organisations continue to extend individual choice to an ever-increasing number of women. Yet poverty- induced ignorance and lack of choice and services prevent millions of other women from sharing the basic health care enjoyed elsewhere. HIV/AIDS continues to spread into female populations. Before the end of the decade, as many women as men will carry the HIV virus. Globally, women's share of HIV infections has risen from 20 percent in 1980 to 40 percent in 1992. Only in North America and Eastern Europe do HIVinfected men substantially outnumber women. Moreover, the spread of HIV/AIDS shows no sign of abatement and there are few indications that programmes designed to diminish the spread of AIDS have had significant impact. By the year 2000, the number of AIDS sufferers is expected to rise to 1.8 million per year. Less publicized but no less frightening in its impact, maternal mortality remains "a neglected and unnecessary tragedy in developing countries," the UNFPA report states. Maternal mortality Indeed, maternal mortality represents the greatest single health disparity between the indtstrialised and developing countries. On average, women in developing countries are 13 times more at risk of dying from pregnancy and childbirth than women in industrial nations. Two regions, South Asia and Africa, account for 90 percent of all maternal deaths. For everj woman who dies, ten fall ill as a result of pregnancy and childbirth. Many are in the "danger zones" for pregnancy: they were too young or too old to become pregnant safely; they had had many children, or their last pregnancy was too recent. National governments, NGOs and the international community are enhancing family planning programmes in developing countries and have joined in making available appropriate contraception counselling, professional screening and a range of family planning methods to suit individual preferences. Yet, for all these efforts, measures to broaden reproductive care choices must be accompanied by strategies which enabel women to make and sustain healthy decisions. This will be one of the subjects for discussion at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo this September. "Reproductive care, therefore, not only includes the treatment and prevention of disease, but the information and means to optimize reproductive health," the UNFPA Report declares. "Reproductive health exists in a broader context which implies that women in particular do not suffer from discriminatory social practices and traditions. This context, therefore, must include progress towards gender equity, including equal access for women to health care and education and to work in professional, academic and political spheres." ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5,1994

Women empowerment key to population problems *Zimbabwe, a success story The role of education in enhancing women's social power is undisputed mpowenng women is the key to solving population problems, says this year's State of World Population Report from the United Nations Population Fund. "The invisibility of women as individuals, as opposed to their roles as wives or mothers, may be coming to an end," says the Report, to be released worldwide on 17 August. The Report says that free and equal access for both men and women to health care, family planning and education is "not only desirable in itself but it is a practical contribution to environmental protection and economic development". In particular, women's growing command of the means to manage their own fertility improves women's health and opens up a range of options regarding education, marriage, employment, housing and migration. It will also help in achieving balanced population growth, says the Rebort. Slower global population growth will relieve pressure on the environment and other problem areas, and grant time to find solutions' "For the countries concerned, even the difference of a decade in the transition to lower fertility can have a considerable impact on the quality of life, for example in providing education, quality health care and employment opportunities," says the Report. Population increases The Report notes that world population in mid-1 994 is 5.66 billion. It will be six billion by 1998. Although overall fertility rates have fallen, annual increases are at 94 million a year, the highest increases in history. After 1997, annual additions will start to decline, and by 2020 the annual increase will be 85 million. Nearly all of this growths is in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Over half is in south Asia and Africa, with many of the poorest countries in the world. The latest United Nations projections indicate a world population of 8.5 billion by the year 2025 and 10 billion by 2050. These long range projections assume continued declining fertility. Without it, population growth could be much more rapid in the first half of the next century, reaching 12.5 billion in the year 2050. The difference between high and medium projections is 2.5 billion, equal to all of world population in 1950. But population growth could also be slower, says the Report. There is a low projection, which assumes more rapid fertility decline and would result in a population of 7U billion in 2050. The difference between medium and low scenarios at the year 2050 is 2.2 billion. Many of the actions that must be taken to alleviate poverty, improve food supply, end malnutrition, and provide adequate housing are the same as those required to achieve balanced population growths, says the Report. For example, extending the range of choice available to individuals, especially women, and equalising opportunities between the sexes form birth onwards. Individual needs and public policy are converging, says the Report. "The priority for the remaining years of this century must be to ensure that they remain in harmony and that individual needs from the basis of public policy." Extending choices Empowering women means extending choices: choices about if and when to get married, choices about education, employment opportunities, controlling the social and physical environment; choices about if and when to get pregnant, and ultimately about family size. Empowerment requires that husbands, partners, family members, and communities help to promote a healthy environment free from coercion, violence or abuse, in which women are free to use community services on a basis of equality. "The role of education in enhancing women's social power is undisputed," says the Report. Education influences the number of children a woman wants and the number of children she bears. It is important for girls to have equal access to formal schooling, but women also need special training outside school. Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994

Women empowerment key to population problems Education for older women is also im- ness of family planning and modem con- for girls is 28 percent, compared to 32 portant because they often have influen- traceptives in Zimbabwe. Among mar- percent for boys. community. modern method of family planning. The Report notes that the International Conference on Population and Development meets in Cairo in September 1994. The aim of the Conference will be to find ways to fulfil human rights, needs and aspirations, while fostering sustainable use of resources and a diverse and vigorous natural environment. Promoting equity between the genders will be an-important aim of the Conference. Success stories Governments worldwide are investing considerable resources in confronting population growth, but in the final analysis success or failure depends on the decision of individual women and men, in pursuit of their bwn personal interests. The .State of World Population 1994 cites Zimbabwe, Thailand and Colombia as examples of the impact of integrated policies. Although the conditions in these countries vary widely and each uses different methods, their success are all based on a similar approach: providing freedom of choice leads to increased responsibility on the part of individuals. In Zimbabwe, the average number of children per woman, close to eight in the late 1960s, fell to around seven by 1981, and to 5.4 at present. Fertility differences by women's educational status are striking; women with no formal education have an average of seven children, women with some primary education have six children, while women with secondary or higher education have an average of fewer than four children. In addition, there is practically universal aware- Zimbabwe's remarkable success is due in large part to community involvement, especially in guaranteeing women's participation in decision making at all levels. Since Zimbabwe's independence, the government has made the advancement of women a cornerstone of its policy. Women and men, in both urban and rural areas, have access to education. Enrolment in primary grades increased from 819 000 in 1979 to over 2 million in 1988; in the same period there was a ten-fold increase in secondary school enrolment, and higher eau'cation enrolment increased from 8 500 to almost 50 000. The expansion of adult literacy classes and other non-formal educational efforts have also benefitted men and women beyond school age. 'Thailand has given priority to population as an integral part of development Population growth rates in Thailand declined from 3.5 percent per year in 1960 to 1.4 percent in 1991. The average number of children per woman declined from 6 in the late 1960s to 3.7 in 1980 and to the replacement level of 2.1 in 1991. During the past few decades, Thailand has had one of the world's fastest growing economies. A key part of Thailand's success is that it focusses on social development and the empowerment of women. Thai women are among the most economically active in Asia. The female adult literacy rate is almost as high as the male literacy rate of 96 percent. The primary school enrolment ratio for girls and boys is equally high at 85 percent. Secondary school enrolment The advancement of women is a cornerstone of Zimbabwe's development policy During the past 25 years, Colombia experienced a remarkable decline in population growth, which occurred without any formal policy to reduce fertility. In 1960, the average number of children per woman was about 7. By 1990-1995, it had declined to 2.9 one of the lowest levels in Latin America. As a result of declining fertility rates, the rate of population growth plunged from 3 percent in the early 1960s to 1.9 percent today. Colombia places strong emphasis on cooperation with non-governmental organisations for the implementation of its social policies. PROFAMILIA, the local affiliate of the International Planned Parenthood Federation, has been the main provider of family planning services, operating 48 clinics and providing 32 percent of all modem methods used. The contraceptive prevalence rate among women has jumped from 40 percent in 1969 to 66 percent-in 1990. Needs for the future The Report states that the means are available that would allow most of the women in the world to plan how'many children they wish to have and when to have them. However, access to health care, particularly reproductive health care, is still inadequate. There are approximately 120 million women who wish to plan their families but do not have access to modern contraceptives. All countries can learn from the successful experiences of a number of developing countries, the Report states. It is possible to design successful strategies that meet individual needs, especially those of women, and that also contribute to national development priorities, the Report adds. Countries need to undertake a number of initiatives including increasing national investment in the areas of human development, especially in education, health and improving the status of women, that the Report calls the "building blocks of sustainable economic development." Extended globally, these national programmes "will contribute to slower overall population growth, and'thus to a solution of the cental issue for the 21 st century - how to balance human needs and human numbers," the Report says. The Report also urges continued cooperation among governments, the United Nations, NGOs and the private sector to ensure that the successes of the past 25 years will continue. El ZIMBARWE NEWS VOL 25 No. 5,1994

JEGA COMMERCIAL COLLEGE "The Ladder To Success In Life" November & December Intake Environment Management Training for Industry Courses contacted with the acknowledgement of UNEP, WHO and ILO include: *Chemical Safety and Accident Prevention * Environment Health and Safety Programme for Small Scale Enterprises *Cleaner Production (Pollution Prevention) *Industrial Waste Management ,51 an 6t Stre Avenu ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994

Governments confront 'population growth? overnments worldwide are investing considerable resources in confronting population growth, but in the end, success of failure depends on the decisions of individual women and men, in pursuit of their own personal interest. As women in particular become aware of a new freedom of choice, one fundamental truth is emerging. Their personal decisions are in favour of smaller, healthier families. This recognition must significantly affect national as well as international policies, says the United Nations Population Fund in its report, The State of World Population, 1994, On the national level, policies must encourage harmonization of public and private interests: internationally, new efforts must be devoted to the reallocation of human and financial resources. The effects of one obvious change in emphasis - the redirection of resources from armaments - would greatly advance steps towards the vital goal of attaining gender security. UNFPA defines gender security as the state of freedom from risks and discriminations. * Discrimination in childhood * Risks of nutritional deficiencies " Risks of physical and sexual abuse " Discrimination in education, employment and earned income and barriers to sexual and reproductive health information, services and care. "tender security," states the report, "is a realistic and necessary development goal on which the attainment of other goals may be based. It begins at birth with the acceptance that boy and girl children are of equal value and have equal rights." Encouraging progress can be seen in many of the world's poorer areas. Increasingly, women, traditionally suffering from lack of education, economic hardship, male-oriented societies and deficiencies in health services, are seizing new opportunities to improve their quality of life. *. Integrated policies The State of World Population 1994 notes Bangladesh, Thailand and Colombia as examples of the impact of Integrated policies. Building upon widely different backgrounds and applying different methods, conclusions from their experiences convey a similar message - freedom of choice leads to increase responsibility on the part of the individual. As the report states: "Bangladesh's experience shows that when priority is given to investing in people and to meeting the reproductive health needs of women and men, fertility decline occurs as long as individuals can make their own choices." The strategies of the Bangladesh government and non governmental organisations include an integrated family planning programme, basic health services and financial institutions directed towards the poor, women in particular. The Grameen Bank is one remarkable example. The bank was set up as an experiment in 1976 for the purpose of providing capital to poor people in order to generate productive selfemployment. Today it is the fourth largest bank in Bangladesh. Another credit provider, the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee, runs 15 000 village based, non-formal schools, focusing strongly on consciousness raising, literacy training and preventive health care. Such initiatives are strongly influencing traditional attitudes to women's roles in Bangladesh. Although infant mortality is still high, at 111 deaths per 1 000 live births, the trend is falling. The same applies to female literacy, which has improved, although it remains as low as 27 per cent of women between ages 15 and 44. In spite of such unfavourable indicators, however, the use of family planning has risen fourfold, from less than 10 per cent in 1975 to 40 per cent in 1991, close to the levels of Egypt and Zimbabwe. Encouraging story Starting from a firmer social and economic base, Thailand provides another encouraging story. With its population rapidly increasing from 26 million in 1961 to 52 million in 1986, population issues have for a number of years been given high priority in the country's development. In consequence, infant mortality declined from 75 per, 1 000 live births in 1970 to 29 in 1991, a level approaching those of developed countries. Over the same period, the average number of children per woman declined from 6 to 2.1. Thailand thus provides further proof of the link between women's reproductive health and social status and their general economic development. Thai women are among the most economically active in Asia, constituting 45 per cent of the workforce. They also have a correspondingly high literacy rate, up from 72 per cent in 1970 to 90 per cent in 1990. By contrast, Colombia does not operate a formal or explicit population policy. Yet concern for reproductive health, family planning and other population is. sues have been effectively addressed. In close cooperation with non governmental organisations for the implementation of social policies, the Colombian government has recognized both the individual benefits of reproductive health and family planning services as well as their consequences for social and economic development. One consequence is that Colombia, with 34 million inhabitants, has achieved a remarkable decline in population growth over the past 25 years. While in 1960 'the average number of children per woman was approximately 7, currently the figure is 2.9, one of the lowest in Latin America. Accordingly, population growth has plunged from 3 per cent in the early 1960s to 1.9 per cent today. Among the contributing factors are a decline in the proportion of poor people, a more even distribution of income, a dramatic decline in illiteracy and one of the fastest educational expansion programmes in the world. Gender differences in literacy levels and in primary and secondary school levels no longer exist and it appears that mare women than men are in higher education. The success of these countries in achieving their human development goals is an important contribution towards setting priorities for the end of the century and beyond. Their experiences and those of many other countries will be shared at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo this September. 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5. 1994 For quick results advertise in your monthly magazine Zimbabwe News

The reproductive revolution - choice is the key Historic progress has been made in the field of family planning over recent years. Only a generation ago, fewer than one woman in five worldwide could plan her family. Today, three-quarters of all couples in industrialised countries, and well over half of those in the developing world, use family planning. The "reproductive revolution" has firmly established itself as the major force in population trends worldwide. ecent findings contest the view that poverty is the main barrier to increased use of family planning. Instead, they identify a direct link between individual choice and family size. When women, even poor women, are offered a real choice, they opt for fewer children. In doing so, they also open up a range of other options regarding education employment housing and migration. "Extending a wider range of choice for both men and women," according to the UN Population Fund's State of World Population Report 1994. "is the key to human development in the rest of the century and beyond." Women in particular find themselves at a historic crossroads. The empowerment of women to make their own decisions regarding family size will enable them to make decisions in other areas of their own and their communities' development. As a consequence, slower global population growth in the early part of next century will relieve pressure in a number of problem areas and grant time to find solutions. "Freedom of choice has. special significance for women because it recognizes the importance of women's contribution, present and future," the State of World Population Report notes. "The invisibility of women as individuals, as opposed to their roles as wives and 350 million couples in the world not reached by family planning services mothers, may be coming to an end." From 1990 until today the number of people who have adopted some means of contraception has risen from 51 per cent to 55 per cent. Whereas 75 per cent of couples in the industrialized countries are using modern forms of contraception, the figure for the developing countries is now 55 per cent. In numerical terms, this corresponds to 450 million people as against 60 million less than 35 yehrs ago. Differences The statistics, however, disclose wide national and regional differences. Among populous developing nations with moderate to high per centages are Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand and Bangladesh. At the opposite end of the scale, countries in sub-Saharan Africa maintain a low average of 10 per cent with 20 per cent in the Maghreb and elsewhere in northem Africa. Average levels in Asia are 35 per cent in South Asia, 50 per cent in East Asia and the Pacific and 57 per cent in Latin America. Overrall, the lowest level of prevalence found in cross-national surveys is in Niger, 4 per cent. In contrast, among the highest is that of the Republic of Korea at 77 per cent. The general picture in recent years is one of dramatic progress. In Africa, for example, four countries, Zimbabwe, Bot- swana, Kenya and Ghana, show sub-* stantial gains in recent years. Foremost among them' is Zimbabwe, having. achieved a prevalence level of 45 per cent since their programme started in. 1980. Other figures serve as a reminder of the,, magnitude of the task remaining. While the number of couples world-wide practising family planning has exploded during the last generation, the full range of family planning services remains beyond the reach of an estimated 350 million couples. Enabling women to make informed choices is not only a matter of individu-,. ality and personal preference. In the wider context, encouraging and support, ing women's growing command of the. means to manage their own fertility is a matter for national governments and' the international community. They will" be an important topic of discussion at the International Conference on Popula-: tion and Development in Cairo in'this September. "Freedom of choice is essential to achieving balance between populations and the resources available to sustain them," the UNFPA report states. "If barriers to free choice are removed, the overrall result is smaller families and slower population growth to a rate more compatible with sustainable economic , growth." w ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994

ONDON: British Airways has just appointed its first-ever woman captain. Captain Jenny Fray became the toast of the airline's 3 200 flight crew when she took command of an Advanced TurboProp (ATP) airliner on a flight from Manchester in north-west England to Jersey in the Channel Island. British Airways employs 1 410 captains within its fleet and just 42 women among its first officers. Jenny learned to fly single-engine trainer aircraft with the air squadron at Cambridge University in eastern England, where she studied for a degree in architecture. She was sponsored by British Airways for a place on its pilot training scheme in Prestwick, Scotland, where she graduated in 1.989. She joined the airline in September of the same year. omen are now a powerful force in business around the world - and Britain leads the way. For a British woman, Vivien Freeman, has been named International Woman Entrepreneur of the Year (1993). The new award was made during the 41 st congress of Les Femmes Chefs d'Entreprises Mondiales (FCEM), held in London in May and hosted by the British Association of Women Entrepreneurs. BAWE - as the members call it - is celebrating its 40th year. Established in 1953, its aim is to bring together all women who own or control a business, whether they operate alone, with codirectors or with members of their family. When Jenny first went to BA's base at Manchester, she flew twin-jet BAC 1-11 airliners but soon progressed to Boeing 737s and began retraining on the ATP in February this year. Of recent, she has been flying ATPs in the Highland and Islands division of Scotland, where she eventually won her command early in May. She commented: "I am obviously very honoured to be the first female captain with British Airways. Hopefully, I will be the first of many!" jenny is engaged to a Manchester-based ATP captain who won his command with the airline two weeks before her. The couple, who first met on the training course at Prestwick were scheduled to marry last June. Their best man was a newly qualified ATP captain. LPS El social support as well as encouraging business and economic opportunities at home and abroad. Through BAWE and its affiliation to FCEM - women can do business, swap ideas, learn new techniques and make new friends and contacts from east to west. Women's network Jeannette Radley-Kane, who has her own public relations company with offices in Redbridge, Essex, southeast England, has been a member for four years. Jean*nette joined BAWE after she returned to England from the United States. She says: "I felt it was essential to be part of a women's network and I did a lot of research into everything available at that time. The association fosters networking and Continued next page First woman captian for British Airways ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5. 1994 More women alcoholics By David Carrabco nce believed to afflict only men, alcoholism now affects a growing number of Panamanian women due to widespread unemployment and stress, both at home and at work. Alcoholism is now one of the most serious social problems among the country's female population, according to a group of experts who met last June in Panama under the auspices of the InterAmerican Commission for the Control of Drug Abuse (CICAD). Lidia Arosemena, head of the Mental Health Department of Panama's Ministry of Public Health, said studies show an alarming rate of consumption of al. cohol and transquilisers among women. "We are dealing with people who try to make up for the lack of security and selfesteem through liquor consumption," said Arosemena. Gonzalo Gonzalez, co-ordinator for the Health Ministry's Epidemiological Vigilance Project, said in Panama, one of every three persons addicted to alcohol is a woman. Gonzalez said these facts were based on cases treated in the emergency sections of the country's hospitals, in rehabilitation centres and prisons. Guillermo Garcia, president of Panama's Association of Liquor Manufacturers, said last year, the industry increased its production by five per cent in comparison to 1992. He said the industry has increased by 25 per cent since 1984. According to the director of the Institute of Criminology in the University of Panama, Marcela Marquez, the availability of the product, the publicity given to it and its sale in public places have all contributed to the rising demand for alcohol. He said many professional women were beginning to show up in the bars of exclusive hotels where alcohol drinks were twice higher than in ordinary bars and restaurants. The analysts in the meeting stressed that women and the communities themselves are vital forces in the battle against drug addiction, which experts, the government and the addicts themselves consider the scourge of present society. - IPS 11 I hilernatiolial NeNs

WoIen elplll nTs ao lrWomen entrepreneurs a powerful force "Through BAWE, I met women I felt were on a par with me and I liked the idea that, no matter where I went in the world, I could always find other members through the international links. "It is always an enriching experience to meet other like-minded women. Friendships develop out of the meetings, widening international contacts. FCEM - the world association - which was founded in France in 1946, now has around 30 000 members." BAWE has a programme of events, opening each year with a "Welcome" dinner. Another popular event is the annual "Showcase Your Business". Members hold seminars tied in with groups like the Institute of Directors and the Confederation of British industry. Networking is an important by-product of all events, both nationally and internationally, and a world-wide computerised data bank for networking is being set up. Nucleus of members Over the past 40 years, BAWE has had nine presidents. The first was Mrs Meiko Ozz Ezwn, principal of an independent girls' school. She gathered a nucleus of members from all fields of business and industry. Others since then include Nora Whalley, who pioneered the concept of a careers advisory service for girls; Tina Dutry, who had an important/export business and became the world president of FCEM, and Nicky loyce, who has her own placement agen- wenty-one leaders of Latin America, including President Fidel Castro of Cuba, Portugal and Spain converged on Cartagena, Colombia for the Fourth Ibero- American summit. The annual summit convened to discuss, among other things, economic problems, integration and trade. The 4th Summit also met at a time when dramatic economic changes are transforming Latin America such as privatisation of elephantine state industries, ecouragement of foreign investment and opening up of the once long-sheltered economies to trade. The meeting also served as a run-up to the Miami hemispheric summit scheduled for December this year which will bring together many of the same heads cy for executive women and has been secretary general of FCEM for the past 12 years. Vivien Freeman's award, which was made at this year's congress, was initiated by BAWE. "We hope that by recognising the position women hold in the international business world, the award will inspire other women who would like to achieve the highest success in business," said the current president, Aileen Sweeney. The television personality, Esther Rantzen, one of the judges, said: "Vivien's success in a male-oriented business and other considerations made her a natural -choice, although the judges were reluctant to vote for a businesswoman in the host country." Hectic schedule Vivien has been a member of BAWE for more than a decade and although she has a hectic business schedule, she still finds time to support BAWE events and to help and motivate newcomers to the export field. She founded her company, Stan Chem International in 1977 together with her American and English partners. Today, the company sells over 250 chemical products to more than 30 countries. It has British offices in the midlands and southern and eastern England as well as throughout North America, Africa and the Far East. Initially, Stan Chem exported English and American chemicals to selected Afri- of state to discuss economic community building. Conspicuously uninvited to the Miami hemispheric summit is the Cuban leader, President Fidel Castro. Haiti is also the other country which was not invited. Leaders attending the Summit called for, among other things, a) commitment to fight against the production, trafficking and illegal consumption of narcotics and hallucinatory substances, money laundering resulting from drug trafficking and terrorist activities linked to drugs. b) need to move towards greater coordination of monetary policy, tech' nology transfer and joint produc- can territories but the company quickly expanded into the Far East. Exports from the English china clay mines alone now run into thousands of metric tonnes each year. During the last five years, a new venture for importing raw materials to support the off-shore North Sea oil drilling industry has been set up in Great Yarmouth, in eastern England. Another new venture within the Group has been the development of natural products concerned with water retention for horticultural products and for sludge and odour control. Exciting challenge Looking back, Vivien recalls: "Starting my own chemical business in the 1970's in a male-dominated industry was certainly a challenge - but also tremendously exciting." BAWE is now in the process of establishing regional groups throughout Britain to provide stronger and more immediate on-the-spot support for new and existing members whose business base is a long way from London. Vivien hopes to start the first regional branch in the West County. "We hope to inaugurate the opening in September. It will be an excellent way for women who have money at stake in their own business already, or who are thinking of starting their own company, to meet other women in business, to advertise their own activities - or learn more about setting up on their own." LPS-I tions in order to expand trade and investment within the region. c) need to introduce privatisation and state reforms as the means of eliminating corruption. d) need to forge ahead with consolidating democratic processes and governments. The Cuban leader, who in a wardrobe change which saw him dressed in a white guayabera shirt for the first time instead of his classic olive-green military uniforms, was bombarded by several leaders on issues of democracy and need of introducing a market economy in Cuba. The harshest comments came from the president of Argentina, Carlos Continued next page ZIMBABWA NEWS VO" ,76 NO , 1994

Summit discusses economic issues Odenem, who surprised everyone present at the summit when he said he 4ias in full support of Washington's ecornomic blockade against Cuba. In response to the various comments by several Latin American leaders, the Cuban President defended his policies by saying "Finally, I would like to say that Prespect your ideas and respect them with all sincerity, the thoughts, concepts 4nd ideas you have about democracy. We would have to hold a summit to discpss what democracy is, what the participation of the people is and what it means when millions of people die in this hemisphere every year due to illness and hunger, when they can be saved," le went on to say that Cuba too has ,,Western espionage worries Russia ussian counter intelligence official, Sergei Stepashin has declared that his country will upgrade its counterespionage measures because western arid other espionage against Russia haVe, reached such an intensity that the functioning of vital processes in the rmilitary-industrial sector was being threatened. According to an Itar-Tass news agency report carried by the Executive Intelligence Review (EIR), a number of foreign spies, some of them in the diplomatic community were arrested for spying on Russia. The Itar-Tass report released in Moscow did not give names or further details about the arrest. D News f o god esuts its own ideas and concepts about democracy. All he was asking for was respect for Cuba's point of view in the same way as Cuba respected other countries' points of view. Apart from the change in dress, the Cuban leader stood up to his ideas and did not show any indication that he was prepared to move even an inch. The adverse comments from other leaders did not have the desired impact on President Castro who seemed not perturbed throughout the summit deliberations. Apart from criticising Cuba's political and economic system, the summit did not condemn the United States economic blockade against the island. This apparent lack of concern for Cuba by the leaders, infuriated President Castro who, towards the end of the summit, implored on all those present to condemn the blockade. It was only after Fidel's intervention that the leaders made a tacit rejection of the blockade. The fourth Ibero-American summit did not provide a rescue to Cuba's economic, problems. Instead it only served as a forum for Latin American leaders to lecture Cuba on aspects of democracy and a market economy. Like at previous summits, Cuba did not emerge any better at this particular summit. Maybe it is now time Cuba reconsidered its policies and bring them into line with those of the region if she is to be integrated fully into the regional groupings. E- ZIMBABWE ...... There are no birds of our feather. XJJ Because we offer the truly definitive example of the printer's art. The total job: typesetting, origination, printing and binding - utilising thelatest technology and completed to the highest international standards. Our very competitive prices will also give you something to crow about. JONGWE PRINTING & PUBUSHING CO (PVT) LIMITED 14 Austin Road. Workington. Harare. Telephone 64749, 68428 & 68431.

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Mugumba (Sales Rep), Miss Joyce Chirongoma (Sales Rep) and Mr. Chenjerai Kuchicha Head Office Branch Office Stand No. 92 Stand No. 1749 J. Tongogara Road Mhofu Road Chinhoyi Industrial Site Kambuzuma P. Bag 7707 Harare Chinhoyi Tel: 64877 ZIMBA, W . ..,, ,":W,-5, 1994 eace appears to be settling over significant parts of Africa. A number of countries are still racked by war and severe conflict, but large-scale fighting has wound down since the beginning of the decade in Mozambique, Ethiopia and Eritrea, while as yet uncertain peace accords have been signed in Uberia and Rwanda. Millions of Africans, most of them small-scale farmers, now have a chance to resume their lives and livelihoods, after years and sometimes decades of disruption, flight, impoverishment and hunger. They are again able to go to their fields - to raise food for their families and growing urban populations and to produce the other crops upon which their nations' economies depend. Fortunately, improved security has been accompanied by generally good rains over the past year, reinforcing people's sense of optimism. "With the rains," observed the Mozambican weekly Domingo, ,the whole countryside is bustling with peasant activity. From dawn to dusk, on every side, along the trails, you see people working, sowing seed. The only sign of the recent war is the fact that these people are undernourished." But as they always have, the rains will remain uncertain. And even if they hold, far more is required to ensure that Africa 's war-ravaged countrysides are able to recover. Entire communities and peoples were displaced by the fighting, losing their homes, livestock, tools and seeds for planting. Others who were able to remain in their villages had to sell off whatever they had to survive, since the disruption of war frequently brought famine in its wake. To get back on their feet, such farmers have specific immediate needs. And like farmers anywhere, they also require supportive policies that can ensure affordable agricultural inputs and credit, favourable crop prices, and access to ,markets, consumer goods and social services. Providing this would be a challenge even A bumper harvest this year. But Mozambique farmers are still hungry for arable land in countries that have remained at peace, but it is especially difficult where war has only recently ended. Very limited financial resources, massive population movements and the re-entry into civilian life of former combatants bring additional strains and competing priorities - in countries where social and political tensions may still be very high. The scale and complexity of this challenge point to the need not only for significant external financial assistance, but also for a genuinely collaborative effort among local communities, African governments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and external relief and development agencies. "Business as usual" will not work, stress many of those active in rehabilitation programmes. It is time, they argue, for greater innovation, flexibility and openness to ordinary people's own views and initiatives. Investment in peace Because of the massive physical destruction of war and the diversion of scarce resources towards military spending, few of these countries now have the necessary funds of their own to simultaneously rebuild their own shattered economies and tackle their people's pressing social needs. "The state has no capacity to undertake any investment at all, except with recourse to foreign aid," lamented Mozambique's finance minister, Eneas Comiche, in presenting his government's 1993 budget. Mozambique, in addition to 1 million deaths, suffered a staggering $15 billion in war-related losses over 1980- 89, according to UN estimates, and is now ranked by the World Bank as the poorest nation in the world. In Eritrea, President lsaias Afewerki reminded the jubilant crowds at the independence celebrations in May of the huge tasks lying ahead of them. He also appealed for international aid: "The reconstruction of the European countries which were ruined in World War 11 required massive financial support. Even if the Eritrean people are working hard to rehabilitate their country's economy, it will be difficult without the support of the international community." Timely assistance, African leaders often argue, can be considered an investment Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS OL: Z§ NO. 51 994 I In e n to a .. ...

Africa's farmers after war in peace, while failure to quickly begin addressing the problems of mass poverty in postwar transition periods when new governments and political coalitions are often fragile - risks a renewed. outbreak of war. The prompt provision of land, tools and retraining for demobilised combatants is especially vital for lasting peace, Mozambique's leaders stress, a priority reflected in that country's rehabilitation programme, which earmarks $23.5 million for former troops. The resumption of fighting in Angola following a tentative peace accord, plus the ongoing conflicts in Somalia, Zaire, Sudan, South Africa and several other countries, serve as reminders of the high human, social and economic costs that renewed war could entail. "It would be better to spend funds now on reconstruction than to spend them later on new relief programmes," acknowledged Anthony Lake, the current US national security adviser, in his introduction to a 1990 study, After the Wars. Phasing out food aid A consensus is emerging that while the amount of external assistance to Africa is important, the kind of aid and how it is utilised are equally crucial. This is reflected in the debates over the contradictory effects of food aid. Typically in Africa, war is accompanied by famine, since crops are destroyed, farmers are displaced and transport and markets are disrupted. Relief agencies 1 *ually give out as much food as they can. Many lives are saved by these efforts; without them the human suffering would be immeasurably greater. Even after wars end, there is usually a period in which many people still need food aid: returning refugees, demobilized soldiers, the urban poor and impoverished farmers yet to bring in their first significant harvests. But indiscriminate food distribution can drive down market prices for farmers' own crops, just when they are trying to get back on their feet. Rakiya Omaar and Alex de Waal of African Rights, based in London, believe that has happened in Somalia. In a May 1993 critique of the international military intervention, they argue that the "misguided relief and rehabilitation strategies of the donor agencies" in Somalia have "damaged the prospects for the economic recovery of farming communities by over-supplying imported food." They, propose instead a policy that "stabilises the price of food at a level at which it is economic to produce, but not beyond the reach of the mass of the population." This can be done by relief agencies buying food locally, rather than importing it, to establish a reserve that can be released onto the market if food prices start climbing too high. Meanwhile, "higher producer prices will mean ... that it is much easier for poor farming families to rehabilitate themselves." There is an additional solution. Increasingly, the UN's World Food Programme and other agencies are initiating "food Aid for Mozambique. Food relief is still needed after wars end, but should be carefully targetted to ensure that it does not drive down market prices for local farmers. for work" projects, which are less disruptive of local markets than free food distribution. Since it is the poorest people - those who cannot buy much food on the market anyway - who take part, prices are affected only minimally. Moreover, such projects directly benefit farming communities since they often focus on rehabilitating roads and other rural infrastructure. Simple yet complex The initial experiences of countries like Mozambique, Ethiopia and Eritrea indicate that when peace returns, rural people's most immediate needs are really very simple: land and agricultural inputs, food until the first secure harvests, access to markets so they can sell their produce, and health care, education and other social facilities. With such basic needs met, these villagers' capacity to produce is greatly enhanced and they become less dependent on outside aid. "The reality is that people can improve their own lives if the conditions allow them," affirms John Seaman, head of overseas policy development for the UK's Save the Children Fund. , The actual needs may be easy to icOntify, yet how they are met - wht 'ler by governments, markets, local commu. nities, non governmental organisations *or donor agencies - has been much debated, as have issues of timing and priority. Seaman notes that the problem is further complicated by the way the main international donor agencies tend to "pigeon-hole" their aid allocations, depending on whether something is considered to be an "emergency" need or a "development" goal. In practice, this has meant that people's real needs are sometimes addressed only partially or in an uncoordinated way, a particular problem in periods of postwar rehabilitation when priorities continually shift and combine in diverse ways, defying simple categorisation. Development expert Reginald Herbold Green, discussing Ethiopia, has warned that many people could continue to die in peacetime if financial resources are not promptly "reprogrammed" after wars end, especially if emergency ar.d refugee aid falls faster than production can be restored or other financial inflows increase. Aid organisations need to take a broad view and be far more flexible, African leaders stress. To a limited extent, greatContinued next p'ge ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994

Africa's farmers after war er flexibility and coordination are already appearing in the field, as aid personnel find ways around the bureaucratic obstructions imposed by their home offices. In the UN's current emergency programmes for Mozambique and the countries of the Horn, there is an effort to include projects on health, water, agricultural inputs and other aspects that just a couple of years ago were handled separately, under the rubric of "development." Programme coordination is especially vital in complex situations invloving refugee repatriations and other large-scale population movements, to "ensure that nobody falls between the cracks," says Peter de Clercq, the Mozambique desk officer of the UN High Commissioner for RefugeesStructural adjustment The complexities of postwar rehabilitation may be further aggravated by the structural adjustment programmes promoted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), some experts warn. Mozambique has been attempting to implement such a programme since the mid-1980s, while policy discussions are now under way between these international institutions and the governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea. While aspects of such programmes may be necessary, Seaman argues, "adjustment is having effects that need to be reconsidered." One short-run effect "is that poor people get a lot poorer." In periods of postwar rehabilitation, major investments in health, education and basic infrastructure are needed. But large new investments, especially in the public sector, run against the grain of most adjustment programmes, which stress austerity and less state involvement. And ironically, while the private sector is favoured in theory, the high interest rates that accompany adjustment's tight monetary policies make it difficult for local entrepreneurs to secure credit. This can be disastrous for the small transporters and merchants who are so vital for reestablishing rural marketing networks. Lake, in his 1990 study, also drew attention to the political context, in which fragile governing coalitions may have to balance amid sharp ethnic and regional tensions. If the World Bank and IMF insist on strict adherence to the economic conditions attached to their loans, he suggests. such governments may not survive. Urging greater patience, as well as policies that promote poverty alleviation and "economic justice," he asked: "Where is it more important for the international finincial institutions to pursue.such politically aware and pro-poor policies than in nations just emerging from shattering wars?" International institutions are not the only ones bein urged to display greater sensitivity. African governments too are now expected to listen more attentively to their people's needs, to provide greater democratic space for popular initiatives and participation in the difficult process of postwar recovery. In each of the countries where war has ended, village communities and NGOs are playing a central role in the rehabilitation process: repairing roads, schools and health clinics, mobilising local financial resources; helping returning refugees and demobilised soldiers find their place in society; and developing new and innovativp ways to tackle the multiple problems they face. Some of these tasks are simply beyond the reach of any government or international agency. John Rowley, an analyst for the British NGO Oxfam, cites the vexing issue of land tenure. In Ethiopia, with the change of government and the return of refu. gees, displaced people and the return of refugees, displaced people and former soldiers to their home areas, "the whole system of tenure has broken down," he says. It's very uncertain to anybody now who owns particular pieces of land," a situation that dissuades farmers from resuming prodcution. Wary of centralised, national land reallocation programmes, which previously were marked by abuses, Rowley says that Oxfarn is urging local communities to try to sort our conflicting land claims among themselves. Similar concepts are becoming increasingly common in other areas of rural development and rehabilitation, and have changed attitudes towards the processes and institutions of government itself. After all, many note, repressive and arbitrary methods of rule were among the factors that contributed to war in the first place. "The search for an alternative to a centralised system can no longer be avoided," said Bona Malwal, a prominent Sudanese historian and editor, at a conference on postwar prospects in the Horn. Reflecting the thinking of a number of Africa's emerging leaders, he stressed that "self-governance," in which people are able to freely organise and engage in collective action at all levels, "must be explored and must evolve in all the countries of the Horn, indeed in the whole of Africa." LI ZIMBABW 1994 ZANU PF Women's League Conference 4- 6 August 1994 Mobilisation For Economic Development International News

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Kriss Akabusi, hero, of track By Reg Hayter riss Akabusi is known as the man. who clung on for an Olympic bronze medal over the 400 metre hurdles at Barcelona in 1992. And no athletics fan is likely to forget - his thrilling relay leg at the 1991 world championships when he overhauled the then world 400 metre champion Antonio Pettigrew on the last leg of the 4 x 400m relay, helping Britain to a shock win over the United States. Yet for a long time Akabusi appeared to be one of life's also-rans. Although he had well-connected African parents (his father is Duru Oji Aku 11, chieftain of a Nigerian village), Kriss and his younger brother Riba were brought up in Britain, because their parents felt he would benefit from a European education. Akabusi had a tough childhood, but one that made him determined to succeed in life. "I've always wanted to prove that I'm just as good as anyone else," he said. "Sport was the ideal way because no matter who you are, everyone's equal on the track." At that stage no-one would have guessed athletics was to be his forte: at school he was only the second-string 400 metre runner. When he was 16, he joined the British army (which he left in 1990). Officers recognised his talent and encouraged an initially reluctant Private Akabusi to compete in army championships, where he won junior and senior 400 metre titles. I Next to spot Olympic medal potential was top German athletics coach Hansi Bohme, while Akabusi was stationed in Germany and enjoying football. "Hansi took me under his wing and told me I had to dedicate myself to athlet"ics," said Akabusi. "He was fed up when I constantly showed up for training with football injuries." Akabusi improved his 400 metre time by more than two seconds to 48.0 seconds under Bohme. He continued to improve back in Britain, was selected for the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984 where he won a silver medal in the 4 x 400 metre relay - and made the semifinals in the individual 400 metre. Kriss Akabusi Late starter "The fairytale began to unfold from 1983," he remembered. "I was 24 and a late starter in athletics, but a year later I was standing on the Olympic rostrum in Los Angeles collecting a silver medal. I was euphoric." Two years later, though, he was knocked off the top of the British rankings by a younger generation of 400 metre runners, and was only reserve for the relay team at the 1986 European championships. It was time for a change. "I made the decision to switch to the hurdles after the European championships in Stuttgart," he said later. "I realised that unless I made a move these would be my. last championships never again would I run in front of a huge crowd and enjoy the atmosphere of a major championship. Watching the British guys in the hurdles, I knew I could make the world championship team." So Akabusi spent a long, hard winter preparing for the 400 metre hurdles. Advice came from coach Mike Whittingham and former Olympic 400 metre hurdles champion Ed Moses. His first race came in the United States, at a lowkey college meeting. commentator was singing my praises," said Akabusi. Unfortunately, at the eighth hurdle, Akabusi was flat on his face, eyeballing the track. "The hurdle just grew ten inches. It tackled me as I went accross. I fell on my face and saw the other guys go off into the distance." First year But by! the end of the year Akabusi showed what he could really do, reaching the 1987 world championship final. He ran a world-class 48.64 seconds in the semi- finals, a personal best which capped a remarkable achievement in his first year of hurdling. It had taken Akabusi 28 years to become one of the world's best at his event. He wasted no time in confirming his status with sixth place at the 1988 Olympic 400 metre hurdles. Akabusi was now 32 and had yet to win a major title. He put that to rights at the 1990 Commonwealth Games, which in turn set him up for the 1990 European championships at Split, Yugoslavia. "I had four years hard work and each year my technique had got better and 'here I was in Split, with the pressure of being favourite," he said. Akabusi made no mistakes and took the European title in a British record time of 47.92 seconds. "I went out looking really good and the Continued next page ZIMBABWE 6"96E. P9'118m9V0M4

Continued from previous page Greater glories He was among the favourites for a medal at the 1991 world championships, when he ran brilliantly and won a bronze medal. Greater glories were to follow in the 4 x 400 metre relay. Noone gave Britain a chance against the might of the United States' 400 metre running. A last minute tactical switch saw Akabusi thrust into the role of anchormran and he was a metre down on American Antonio Pettigrew when he took over. * It should have been no contest. Pettigrew was the world 400 metre champion, whereas Akabusi was a failed 400 metre runner who had turned to hurdles. But Akabusi tracked Pettigrew and in the last few metres made his break for victory. A desparate lunge across the line saw Akabusi take the gold for Great Britain in the finest men's championship 4 x 400 metre race for years. When the Olympics came round in 1992, Akabusi was 34. It would clearly be his last chance of an individual Olympic medal, but he had a mixed season, his ageing legs seemingly unable to reproduce world class form. Chaiacteristically, Akabusi saved the best until last. Off-form all year, he ran 47.82 seconds in the final for a British record and Olympic bronze. It was a fitting end to his career in major championships. Now Akabusi has new challenges to face and different hurdles to overcome. Endearing personality When he retired from athletics in 1993 he was given a rousing send-off, especially in Britain, where his endearing personality and determination made him one of the most popular athletes. He is a committed family man, providing for wife Monika and his two young daughters Ashanti and Shakira. A born-again Christian, he is also studying theology at a university in the United States. He has said he would like to become involved in athletics management or he may decide to become a church minister. Given his track record, it is more than likely that, whatever he does, he will make a huge success of the job. Don Black t has been a dream come true for Don Black who always wished to see his children excel in tennis, and, although it has been an uphill struggle, the training he has given his three children from a tender age has paid off as all of them are now on the road to fame. A professional tennis player himself, it has taken a lot of patience, dedication and strong will to nurture his children to become some of the top international tennis champions. His two sons Byron, a professional player, and Wayne who is currently at the University State California (USA) are Zimbabwe's top tennis players, while his only daughter Cara, is doing well locally. Born in Chegutu 67 years ago, Don was junior champion in 1944, close champion in 1958 and open champion in 1960. His interest of the game was born from his father, a farmer who was a keen tennis player. from the age of about six, I was playing just about everyday. "I did not have any coaching . . . although my father was keen on tennis until I went to Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg, South Africa where I did psychology for five years," Don said. After graduating in Psychology at Witwatersrand University, Don went to England where he did a Physical Education diploma and teaching certificate. He came back and taught Physical Education in the then Rhodesian schools' some of them Hatfield High School, Ellis Robbins and Mt. Pleasant Boys High School for 10 years. But before that he played full time tennis for six years - travelling in Europe playing tournaments. "I played Wimbledon for the then Rhodesia, six times but travelling on my own just as Byron (his son) is doing now. "I enjoyed it so much that I was determined that my children could be good enough to do the same. "The best I did - I got through two rounds twice... reaching the last 32," said Don proudly. Don retired from teaching when he was 40 years old to became an avocador pear farmer in Marondera. "I built my first grass court in 1962. 1 enjoyed it so much that every few years I built another grass court ... started coaching when I retired from teaching," Don said. In 1965 Don got married to Vella Williams, a dancing teacher then whom he trained to become a tennis teach%'. Their first born Byron, was born in 1969, then came Wayne in 1973 while Cara was born 1979. How did he coach his children? "I began coaching Byron when he was "We had a tennis court on the farm, Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 5, 1994 K r s k a u i p I t ,il hilI I l ii I Ii 11 her of[ I ______tr a ck______I

The father of tennis superstars Byron Black three years old. I have been getting up at the crack of dawn to give my children an hour's tennis workout before school for the past 18 years. At 2 pm. they would come hojie for an hour's practice then at 4.30 p .m they would have a match with me or some other stronger players like Peter Nyamande, * "Cara can beat me now. That is why I have to get somebody a bit stronger, Don said. Don said Byron and Wayne did that programme until they were 13. He said after that "I had to get somebody like Greg Roger or Mark Gurr," for them to play a match with. Apart from his children, Don has also coached among others, Helen Meahan who became Zimbabwe's youngest tennis champion at the age of 16. 0 However his daughter Cara beat that record as she became the youngest Zimbabwe Open Champion at 13 while Byron reached the Zimbabwe Open Tennis championships at 16 years old and Wayne took the honours at about 17. -I also coached Madagen who reached the Wimbledon Junior singles and doubles in 1992," he said. Don also gave inspiration to Roger, one of, Zimbabwe's tennis stars and Gurr who used to play Byron a lot. Most of his pupils that he has coached Wayne black are Swedes or Germans." Because of Bjorn Borg and because of Boris Becker and Steffi Graaf they are so keen on tennis. "My hope is one or more of my children will become an inspiration for Zimbabweans, especially young Zimbabweans, to play tennis in the same way Borg did for the Swedes and Becker for the Germans. Its all 'BS' .. . Bjorn Borg, Boris Becker and Byron Black," he added with a wide smile." Most members of the family are proud winners of one of Zimbabwe's most prestigious awards of the sportsman of the year. "I was a finalist on the first year they started the sportsman of the year award 1956/57. "Byron has won it one year and was a finalist more than once. Then Wayne was a finalist at 16..1 am sure Cara will in the future win the sportsman of the year award. She is the most promising of the three," said Don. Byron made history recently when he became the first Zimbabwean to win a Grand'Slam title when he partnered Jonathan Stark of the United States, to a straight sets victory over Jan Appel] and Jonas Bjokman of Sweden, in the French Open men's doubles final in Paris. The 23-year-old tennis star regained the number one position in the world rankings for the second time by virtue of winning the doubles title at the French' Open. Byron and his American partner had their hopes of winning a second grand slam titles, dashed when they went down 7-5, 6-4, 6-4 to South African Wayne Fereira and Michael Stich of Germany, in the third round of the men's doubles at the Wimbledon tennis championships in London. Both Cara and Byron came unstuck in their first rounds of the junior and men's singles Wimbledon championships respectively. The unseeded Cara was given a tough opening round against eighth seed Martina Hingis of Switzerland while Byron made an early exit to the men's singles championships at the hands of Jim Courier seeded fifth. The Tennis Association of Zimbabwe (TAZ) and Albert Nhamoyebonde, and in Bulawayo Bazil Katz and his son, Don said, "were doing" a good job coaching tennis at grass roots level and many others." He said it was vital for Zimbabwe to have more courts built in the high density areas. "Uke what Nhamoyebonde has done in Mufakose." 0 ZIMBABWE NE_. jl

IiI LbtrNqJi~~'S'VIU~II i![I~S n the death of George Bodzo NyanJ doro on Friday 24, June 1994 the naAtion of Zimbabwe lost one of the greatest and fearless fighters of the liberation struggle of this country. Leaders across the country have described him as a selfless person who championed the liberation struggle and helped recruit many current political leaders in both the ruling and some opposition parties. Cde. Joseph Msika the ZANU PF National Chairman described him as "a determined, fearless and committed father of the liberation struggle". Cde. Nyandoro was born on 26 July 1926 at St. Mary's Mission, Mhondoro. He attended school at the same mission up to standard six before joining the then Rhodesian Herald as a newspaper vendor. When he left the newspaper, he joined City Stores as an accountant and was fired when the owners noticed his involvement in a bus boycott that he had organised with other youths. He is survived by his wife Sarudzai, seven children, 11 grand children and 1 great grand child. At the time of his death he was also Chairman of the Art Corporation. Political profile He was among the first nationalist who fought against the colonial rule from the 1940s as a Trade Unionist. In 1951 he became the treasurer-general of the Reformed liidustries and Commercial Workers Union (RICU) which was led by Charles Mzingeli until 1955. Between 1950 and 1954 he was secretarygeneral of the Southern Rhodesia African Association. This was a political organisation formed in 1919 and headed by Abraham Chimuta and Horita Masawi. In 1952 he also became Secretary-General of the All African People's Convention. This was an organisation whose objective was to unite all political and labour organisations under one umbrella in order to be effective in fighting minority rule in Southern Rhodesia. He held his post until 1953. In 1954 he became the deputy president of the Southern Rhodesia African Youth League an organisation which he helped to from together with other nationalists like the late Eddison Sithole, Dunduza Chisiza of Malawi, Henry Hamadziripi, Stanely Parirehwa, Paul Mushonga, Peter Mashingaidze and others. it was opposed to the Land Apportionment Act (The late Cde. George Bodzo Nyandoro the power of native Commissioners over Chief and mobilised the people to defy the minority colonial government. The Youth League was the fore runner to the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress. When the Southern Rhodesia Africa Congress was formed on 12th September 1957 Cde. Nyandoro was elected Secretary General. The position he held until the Rhodesia African National Congress was banned in February 1959 and more than 500 officials of the organisation were detained by Whitehead's Government. Whilst in prison George worked with his colleagues to form another organisation, the National Democractic Party which was formed on 1st January 1960 to succeed the Southern Rhodesia African Congress through smuggling documents to persons outside prison. But the Officials; remained in prison detention till February/March 1963 when they were released from Gokwe detention Centre. During this period he had also been detained in Khami, Selukwe, Gwelo, Marandellas, Salisbury and Que-Que prisons. Whilst in Gokwe detention, George was appointed financial secretary for ZAPU and it was during this period of incarceration that he contracted TB of the spine. Years of Exile After his release from prison in 1963 together with other executive of ZAPU they slipped out of the country and went to Tanzania and while there they were sent to London for medical attention. After treatment in London, the ZAPU executive split and another movement called ZANU was formed, but George Nyandoro remained in ZAPU and was subsequently elected Secretary general and Secretary for Foreign Affairs during which he travelled all over the world for 15 years. In 1970 the front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe was formed (FROLIZI) in which George Nyandoro was the Secretary for Foreign Affairs. In 1974 ZAPU, ZANU, FROLIZI and ANC formed one organisation which no sooner than it was formed, split into former organisations except FROLIZI which remained in the Unity, this was the United African National Congress (UANC) and in 1977 the Congress of the UANC elected Nyandoro as Secretary for Foreign Relations, the same year in December he returned to Zimbabwe. Back home After returning home, in 1979 Cde. Nyandoro was appointed the director of Mashonaland East Constituency of Continued next page ZIMBABWO w5 O. 5, 1994

Gerg Bodz NSS.. S S UANC and won all the sixteen seats in the first one-man-vote elections to be held in the country. After having been elected Member of Parliament for the Mashonaland East electoral district in the Zimbabwe Rhodesia general elections was subsequently appointed Minister of Lands, Natural Resources and Rural Development. He also attended the Lancaster House talks in London in 1979. On return from the Lancaster talks on 14th December 1979, he resigned from government and the politics. After resigning from politics he joined Art Printers (Pvt) Ltd as executive deputy chairman in December 1979, eventually becoming the first black chairman of Art Corporation. As captain of industry As captain of industry, George Nyandoro' championed the cause of the private sector in independent Zimbabwe. He saw the development of Art Corporation which became synonymous with growth, development and creation of employment. The Art Group has achieved massive growth in the almost 15 years that George Nyandoro has been associated with it. Sales increased from $20 million in 1980 to about $350 million this year. Investment in assets has been almost $500 million over this period with the number of jobs created coming up to 3 000. Apart from being Chairman of the Art Corporation Cde. Nyandoro was also a Director of several companies and banks which included the following:- Old Mutual Investment Corporation (Pvt) Ltd, Royal Mutual Pvt Ltd, Jupiter Pvt Ltd, Beira Corridor Group Limited (BCG) African Distillers United, Nuanetsi Ranch Limited, ANZ Grindlays, Zagrinda (Pvt) DTZ, Mutare Board Paper Ltd, Kadoma Consolidated Industries Limited, Barin- ga Corporation Ltd, Nedlow Investment and Trust Corporation Limited and InterCountry People's Aid (IPA). The national hero George Bodzo Nyandoro has been declared a National Hero because of his outstanding and courageous roles during the early days of the nationalist movements and the liberation struggle as well as his continued dedication to the country's development while in the private sector. But he performed many other duties that are praiseworthy and vital for the building of our nation. Many of the heroes lying at Heroes Acre sacrifled their lives for national independence, and the good of other Zimbabweans. That glorious independence won with blood so dear, must be defended, consolidated and made to flourish. That is what George Nyandoro did. George Bodzo Nyandoro Rest In Peace ZIMBABWE NPWS 110 * 2SAW-5-1-94 Subscription Form for Zimbabwe News 12 issues (one year) Z$15 6 issues (six months) Z$7.50 N A M E : ...... PF... Print A D D RESS: ...... THE RATES INCLUDE POSTAGE AND HANDLING. I ENCLOSE MY CHEQUE POSTAL ORDER FOR THE AMOUNT INDICATED ABOVE. The Circulation Manager he People's Voice 144 Union Avenue Harare Zimbabwe

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