The Chinese vs. Western Media Framing on Uygur Conflict

Aucky Adi Kurniawan Departement of International Relations, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Email: [email protected] Al Dina Maulidya Departement of International Relations, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Email: [email protected] Khaerul Sa’ban Departement of International Relations, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Email: [email protected] Indrawati Departement of International Relations, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Email: [email protected]

Abstract This paper focuses on the Uyghur conflict, which became international news. Many reports about the Uygur appear with religious-based heroic narratives that corroborate discrimination, persecution, and the Chinese government’s mistake against the Uyghur ethnic minority. It aims to understand the difference in Western mass media’s preaching compared to the Chinese mass media informing Uyghur-related news. Compared to other ethnicity issues, the authors believed in specific interests behind the preaching of various online mass media to what was happening in Xinjiang. The authors used the explanative method with the framework of the framing theory of Pan Konciski and the constructivist paradigm to interpret the news of the Uygur conflict. The study results show Western media are more likely to use words or sentences that drain the reader’s emotions, while Chinese media are more likely to be neutral in framing the news. It is a record for the authors that the public perception regarding the internationalization of issues occurring in a country can be influenced by how the media package news content.

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2020 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Islamic World and Politics 132 Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2020

Keywords: Mass Media of western, Mass Media of China, Uyghur, Political Instruments.

Abstrak Artikel ini berfokus pada konflik Uyghur yang menjadi berita internasional. Banyak laporan tentang Uygur muncul dengan narasi heroik berbasis agama yang menguatkan diskriminasi, penganiayaan, dan kesalahan pemerintah China terhadap etnis minoritas Uyghur. Ini bertujuan untuk memahami perbedaan pemberitaan media massa Barat dibandingkan dengan media massa Tiongkok yang menginformasikan berita terkait Uyghur. Dibandingkan masalah etnis lainnya, penulis meyakini adanya kepentingan spesifik di balik pemberitaan berbagai media massa online hingga apa yang terjadi di Xinjiang. Penulis menggunakan metode eksplanatif dengan kerangka teori framing Pan Konciski dan paradigma konstruktivis untuk menafsirkan berita konflik Uygur. Hasil studi menunjukkan media Barat lebih cenderung menggunakan kata-kata atau kalimat yang menguras emosi pembacanya, sedangkan media China lebih cenderung netral dalam membingkai pemberitaan. Ini menjadi catatan bagi penulis bahwa persepsi publik mengenai internasionalisasi isu yang terjadi di suatu negara dapat dipengaruhi oleh bagaimana media mengemas konten berita.

Kata Kunci: Media Massa Barat, Media Massa Tiongkok, Uyghur, Instrumen Politik.

INTRODUCTION bond built between the countries Xinjiang is the westernmost in Central Asia, Turkey and the region in China. This region is Uyghurs (Laylia, 2010). In the directly adjacent to Turkey in beginning, Xinjiang named East Central Asia, East Turkestan. The Turkestan before they merged Uyghurs, who have initially been with China. In the 17th century, East Turkestan residents, originally East Turkestan was colonized by came from the Proto-Turkish ethnic the Chinese, ruled by the Qing group who inhabited Central Asia Dynasty. However, East Turkestan to the Turkish republic’s territory. succeeded in taking over its country Therefore, there must be a closeness again until 1949. The Soviet Union Aucky Adi Kurniawan, Al Dina Maulidya, Khaerul Sa’ban & Indrawati 133 The Chinese vs. Western Media Framing on Uygur Conflict saw the triumph of this Muslim- not be separated from restrictions dominated region so that it was or acts of discrimination against seen as a threat. In the same year, the religious, cultural and racial- a split arose between nationalist ethnic Uyghur minority (Ferdian supporters and the CCP in China. & Utomo, 2018). Certain elements The Soviet Union then gave full then used this riot to divide China support toward Mao Zedong to and show the existence of separatist take over East Turkestan, and movements in Xinjiang involving eventually, East Turkestan officially the Uyghur Islamic community changed into Xinjiang. The collapse (Ferdian & Utomo, 2018). Another of the Soviet Union in 1991 brought accusation through the White Book independence to the countries in from the state council Information Central Asia, namely Kazakhstan, Office stated that this minority Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and in Xinjiang had been used as an Kirgizstan. However, it is tragic for instrument to support the interests the Uyghurs, not the independence of pro-Turkish and pro-Islam groups they get but the increasing pressure (BBC, 2018). This particular group’s from the Chinese government interests made China feel the need (Laylia, 2010). to maintain the country’s unity. In 1950, the Chinese government In this case of imbalanced implemented a domestic migration development between Han ethnic policy. This policy brought about and Uyghurs, Uyghurs are even more eight million Han Chinese to disadvantaged in welfare. China’s move and live there (Ding, 2018). government also had a restrictive The Chinese government gave religion policy (Wei & Cuifen, superiority to ethnic Han by 2012). The Chinese government supporting them to have higher then tried to imply some policies to positions in the government. After balance the economic development the death of Mao Zedong, many in Xinjiang. However, China demonstrations were carried out leaders were also concerned with by students and residents. The this concept because they assumed biggest riots between the Uyghurs that people with a better economy and Han people occurred on July and education were more likely to 5, 2009 (Laylia, 2010). According strengthen their ethnic identity, to human rights groups, the riots threatening national integrity. perpetrated by the Uyghurs could So, the Chinese government also Islamic World and Politics 134 Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2020 implied some policies regarding global perception about the ethnic nationalism. Those policies are conflict of Uyghur are discriminate related to nationalism and are issues for their freedom of having already stated in China’s White religion, tradition, culture and Paper. They had the policy to own language as well. vocational and educational training Meanwhile, in China’s govern_ of Uyghurs in Xinjiang (US-China ment perception, they eliminated Institute, n.d.). In the Xinjiang ethnic problems and extinguished Work Forum, there was an “Ethnic extremism and fought terrorism Mingling” policy (Jamestown, to solve Xinjiang’s problems and n.d.). With those policies, China’s protect Xinjiang as their territory. government provided them both Xinjiang province is known as one of political re-education and economic the wealthy regions in China. Based development. on data, Xinjiang’s GDP growth is Most people might be significant than in any other region unfamiliar with “the vocational and in China because Xinjiang has both educational training” for Uyghur the beauty of nature and culture that in Xinjiang. The policy that the attracts tourism. Hence, Xinjiang’s Chinese government already stated existence is also crucial for the could also be called with “Strike Chinese Government’s Belt Road Hard against Violent Terrorist Initiative (Chinadaily.com.cn). Activity” campaign. Strike Hard Phenomena that occur in a campaigns began as anti-crime country, such as an act of rebellion operations to assure the public of or applying a policy, will always the state’s ability to provide security be preached to the international (Byman & Saber, 2019). These camps world. The news was disseminated have been compared to internment through various media, such as camps. The Uyghurs have to recite newspapers, magazines, journal Chinese laws and Communist Party publications, articles, etc. According policies, learning Mandarin, singing to Mc Quail, quoted by Aria Aditya songs about the CCP and Xi Jinping, Setiawan, the mass media is one and renouncing religious beliefs way to develop culture (Aria Sditya in those camps (Blanchard, n.d.). Setiawan, 2013)discourse is just one Due to these policies, the Chinese term that scholars have developed government got much criticism for to analyze the systems of thoughts, violating human rights. Based on ideas, images and other symbolic Aucky Adi Kurniawan, Al Dina Maulidya, Khaerul Sa’ban & Indrawati 135 The Chinese vs. Western Media Framing on Uygur Conflict practices that make up what we, a center for honesty training and following anthropology, generally many other festive activities. call culture. Other terms have Meanwhile, news from the their limitations though: 1. This BBC, a mass media from the culture is defined as art, symbols, West, provided information if fashion, lifestyle and norms. The Beijing discriminated against development of information ethnic minorities in the Uyghur. and communication technology They were detained in camps now makes the distribution of suspected of being a place of re- information/news flows more education in Xinjiang. It was also freely. According to Ashadi Siregar a place to suppress the formation in Husnul Khatimah’s quote, online of developing Islamic extremists in media can be interpreted as a general China (BBC, 2018). Western mass designation for a form of media media also believed that the Chinese based on telecommunications government’s involvement with and multimedia (computers several community organizations and the internet) (Khatimah, from other countries came to the 2018). Online media consist of camps. news portals, websites, online The difference in reporting is radio, online television viewing, due to the interests carried by each online press releases, etc. Online country of origin of the mass media. media can facilitate the public to There was a significant ideological enjoy information or news and difference between the United entertainment through the internet. States of liberal ideology and Soviet If viewed from the content, Communism (Eka Afriyansyah, a journalist’s story is usually 2015). China is a country that inclined towards certain parties is still carrying out the ideology (Rahmayuni, 2020). The Chinese of socialist-communism (Lubis, mass media called Guo Ji Ri Bao 2017). Thus, there will be differences published news related to China’s between Western media and defense amidst Uyghur ethnic Chinese media in presenting news discrimination (Rahmayuni, 2020). related to Uyghur. The Chinese mass The media said that the news media will defend their country, related to the persecution activities so they try to present news that experienced by the Uyghurs had benefits their country’s position. been exaggerated. The camps were Meanwhile, Western media from Islamic World and Politics 136 Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2020 the United States, such as the BBC, understand how mass media can be ABC News, New York Times, and a political instrument. others, will preach everything they say as “truth” without taking China’s The Paradigm of Constructivism side. Therefore, in this study, the The paradigm of this study is Chinese mass media and Western the paradigm of constructivism. mass media will see their role in This paradigm has its position or constructing people by becoming a view of the media, and the news political weapon. text it generates. The concentration In the current era of globa­ of analysis on this paradigm to lization, mass media is no longer discover how events or reality was a means of entertainment media, constructed, in what way it was but it can be one of the weapons constructed was formed. Peter L. owned by a country in shaping Berger first introduced the concept the public image of a country or of constructionism. According to that we can now know as a proxy Berger, the reality is not formed war. Mass media not only brings scientifically; instead, it is formed out the constructed reality, or the and constructed. Everyone has mass media is not only good at different constructions of reality. creating frames from a news story. This paradigm looks at a reality However, the media has also acted exposure in the news text due to “the as an instrument of propaganda maker” construction, so the reality and foreign political instruments of the show’s events is not a natural that are a surefire and bridge to war. event (Eriyanto, 2008, pp. 13–15). With its role as a media propaganda, In this case, how the western mass the mass media can grab fast public media and the mass media of China support (international community manage to construct society and the support). The formula on the rese­ international community. arch reads: “How Western mass The term social construction of media and China’s mass media can reality became very popular since its be a political instrument thought introduction by Peter L. Berger and the issue of Uyghur?”. This article is Thomas Luckmann. Social reality to know the different perspectives is a life-like knowledge that lives of Western and China mass media and develops in the community, about how they frame the news and such as concepts, public awareness, and public discourse, resulting Aucky Adi Kurniawan, Al Dina Maulidya, Khaerul Sa’ban & Indrawati 137 The Chinese vs. Western Media Framing on Uygur Conflict from social construction (Bungin, place quickly, and the spread is 2006, pp. 191–192). Media is a evenly (Bungin, 2006, p. 207). construction agency of reality. Media These theories and approaches content is the result of workers who look at variables over mass media construct the reality it chooses. The phenomena into substance in the news describes reality and shows the externalization, objectivity, and opinion of news sources, also the internalization processes through media’s construction. According to social mass media construction. Peter L Berger, the theory believes Thus, nature or excess mass that reality has a subjective and media has improved the social objective dimension. That reality construction process’s weakness is the result of human thought. that runs slow reality. The substance As social individuals, people have “mass media construction theory” is never stagnated as long as they live on rapid and widespread circulation in their society. Technically, Berger so that social construction takes and Luckmann’s central thesis is place quickly, and the spread is human, and society is the product evenly (Bungin, 2006, p. 207). With that is dialectical, dynamic, and the foundation of thought theory plural continuously. of social reality construction that According to Berger and explains how reality is formed, it Luckmann (Eriyanto, 2008, pp. 14– will help understand how events or 19), the dialectical process has three how the phenomenon develops into phases: externalization, objectivity, reality. The preaching conducted and internalization. These theories by the Western mass media and and approaches look at variables the Chinese mass Media on the over mass media phenomena into Strike Hard policy conducted by substance in the externalization, the Chinese government against objectivity, and internalization the Uyghur ethnic is not separated processes through social mass media from the news of the case’s construction. Thus, nature or excess construction. The reality of the mass media has improved the social Chinese government enforcing the construction process’s weakness Strike rigid policy is formed when that runs slow reality. The substance journalists or media see the fact, “mass media construction theory” is then how the media is applying it, on rapid and widespread circulation and how the media constructs the so that social construction takes facts to be revealed to be news. Islamic World and Politics 138 Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2020

The method used in this research No. Indicator Result of Research was the method of framing analysis. Framing has been used in the 2. When December 2019 communication research literature 3. Where Xinjiang, China to examine how the selection and 4. Who The Uyghur family construction process the reality of a and also the family medium performed by a medium. member was Besides, this Pan and Kosicki model suspected of joining can be conducted through discourse the separatist group, devices such as words, sentences, East Turkistan. leads or images, or tools to understand 5. Why There were found the media in packaging the news. tweets on social (Eriyanto, 2008, pp. 257–266) media, saying that many Uyghurs had RESULT AND EXPLANATION been missing.

A. Mass Media of China 6. How Staff from Global Times found the 1. News: Allegedly ‘Missing’ missing Uyghurs Uyghurs Found Living after investigating Normally – Global Times tweets on social No. Indicator Result of Research media. 1. What The ‘missing’ Description of the news: Uyghurs that were In December 2019, the viral in global suspected Uyghurs joining the East media were found Turkistan, Ruzi Memet, claimed by the Global that his brother was missing and Times (Chinese Media) staff to post that statement on Twitter with have an everyday the hashtag #StillNoInfo and talked life in Xinjiang, about that his family had been and they were suffering from the concentration getting disturbed camp in Xinjiang. The tweet was and confused by posted right after China’s government the spreading announced the graduation from false rumor of the vocational education and training western media. centers of trainee once influenced by extreme thoughts in Xinjiang. Aucky Adi Kurniawan, Al Dina Maulidya, Khaerul Sa’ban & Indrawati 139 The Chinese vs. Western Media Framing on Uygur Conflict

After that tweet popped up, then vocational and educational training there was another tweet saying no effectively prevented extremism in missing people in Uyghur. Global Xinjiang. times staff investigated the case to 2. News: Rumors of ‘Forced Labor’ reveal the truth. After discovering in Xinjiang Refuted – Global the online information from some Times organizations and some individuals No. Indicator Result of Research on the alleged missing Uyghurs, the authorities in Xinjiang confirm and 1. What Lawmakers and visiting some of the “lost people” in Australian think different places in Xinjiang, but the tank organization Global Times (GT) reporters found have been sparing no effort on hyping the fact that they are living everyday up the “forced labor lives. conspiracy” in This news told how the ‘missing’ Northwest China’s Uyghurs were doing fine in Xinjiang Xinjiang Uygur and having everyday life. Revealing Autonomous Region their daily routines life, and also and also pursuing a there was a short documentary bill to limit Xinjiang video of the Uyghurs. The interview export activities to with the Uyghurs showed that the US Uyghurs in Xinjiang did not have 2. When December 2019 any discrimination. Instead, they 3. Where Xinjiang, China were grateful for having vocational education training. They said that 4. Who Workers in Xinjiang, Companies that it prevented them from extremism implicated in “forced and made their life more valued. labor” reports by the The news also stated that knowing western media those false spreading false rumors were disturbing (Jie & Juecheng.). 5. Why A report showing This news from media under the that there was forced labor in Xinjiang Chinese government denied what western media talked about violence in concentration camps and proof of a Uygur’s daily life in Xinjiang and even constructed the mindset that Islamic World and Politics 140 Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2020

No. Indicator Result of Research and stated that there was no forced labor happening in their factories, 6. How The staff of the and the jobs could help financial Global Times issues of the Uyghur workers and investigated the case their families. The Global Times by visiting more also stated that the World Uyghur than 70 companies in Xinjiang Congress, a US-backed regime, worsened the media’s situation. Both Description of the news: government and companies denied US politicians have been trying all of the report’s false statements to push China’s sanctions over so- and embraced how they helped called forced labor in Xinjiang to Uyghurs survive from poverty. have possible restrictions in future In this news, Chinese media strategic confrontations. This effort and the people in Xinjiang admitted is also accompanied by a report that the local government had from the US and Australia, stating already provided services for that forced labor inside and outside transferring labor, and residents of Xinjiang’s vocational education voluntarily signed up for them. and training centers is “systematic The local government mentioned repression” of minority groups. that everything wa under control. From the two reports, many US “The ‘dirty campaign’ from the US lawmakers and politicians were politicians and media outlets had pursuing a bill in the last week already undermined, and the result to implement stringent limits on would undermine the livelihood imports from Xinjiang, knowing of Uygurs and other residents in that The Global Times staffs decided Xinjiang who were currently living,” to visit more than 70 companies said the workers in Xinjiang. By and private workshops in four having the statement, the media prefectures in southern Xinjiang stressed that every company in and found that accusations of Xinjiang did not have any behavior forced labor in China were false. The (forced labor) toward the Uyghurs “dirty campaign” launched by anti- ethnic (Global Times Staff.). This China groups would undermine news from the media under the the livelihoods of the Uygurs and Chinese government once again other people located in Xinjiang shaped how Xinjiang was excellent, who lived in poverty. The Global and the Chinese government did Times reached all of the companies Aucky Adi Kurniawan, Al Dina Maulidya, Khaerul Sa’ban & Indrawati 141 The Chinese vs. Western Media Framing on Uygur Conflict not have any mistreatment behavior No. Indicator Result of Research toward Uyghurs in Xinjiang. The media could also frame the US in 5. Why This minority this case and desperately want China made up about half of the popu- to fall by having a statement about lation and were World Uyghur Congress and the considered neces- US’s irrational attitude for targeting sary for the gov- the companies. Meanwhile, there ernment’s social were also companies from the US reengineering in Xinjiang. strategy in indoc- trination camps, B. Mass Media of Western accommodating 1. News: Inside China’s Push to one million or Turn Muslim Minorities into more Uighurs and an Army of Workers - The New Kazakhs to estab- York Times lish control over the Uyghur and No. Indicator Result of Research Kazakh regions 1. What Forcing Uyghurs 6. How To control the Uy- to take part in ghur Territory and learning activi- the Kazakhs, the ties in working in Chinese govern- training camps, if ment implemented they refused, the training camps. Chinese gov- The Qapqal labor ernment would bureau ordered threaten their that villagers un- families derwent military- 2. When December 30, 2019 style training to 3. Where Uyghurs and convert them into Kazakhs obedient work- ers, loyal to their 4. Who The Government employers and the of China, Uyghurs ruling Communist and Kazakhs Party. Islamic World and Politics 142 Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2020

Description of the news: three months in April. She was paid This media reported about $ 115 a month, less than half the the Chinese government forcing minimum wage, according to her Uighurs and Kazakhs to do husband, Muhamet Qyzyrbek. To vocational training and be separated be released, workers must accept all from their families (Chris Buckley, policies of the Chinese government. 2020). In training, the Chinese 2. News: ‘Absolutely No Mercy’: government used a military-style Leaked Files Expose How China that suppressed Uyghurs and Organized Mass Detentions of Kazakhs to be loyal to the ruling Muslims - The New York Times communist party. The Chinese No. Indicator Result of Research government stated that Uyghur and • The leaking of Kazakh villages were “rural surplus 1. What the file revealed labor” and unemployed populations how China or- that threatened social stability. ganized mass ar- Placing them in government- rests of Muslims. approved work is overseen, officials • More than 400 would eradicate poverty and slow pages of China's the spread of religious extremism internal docu- and ethnic violence. ments provided The Chinese government a view into described workers as volunteers, something that although critics said that they never happened were forced. Official documents, before about interviews with experts, and The a crackdown New York Times’s visit to Xinjiang against ethnic minorities in the showed that local plans to deprive Xinjiang region. villagers limited their movements and pressured them to keep working. 2. When August 2016 There are also reports that workers 3. Where Xinjiang, China were not paid according to their 4. Who Xi Jinping’s work. For example, Amanzhol Qisa, President, Chen a 31-year-old Xinjiang resident, Quanguo spent a year in an indoctrination camp, and she was sent to do a labor job in a clothing factory for Aucky Adi Kurniawan, Al Dina Maulidya, Khaerul Sa’ban & Indrawati 143 The Chinese vs. Western Media Framing on Uygur Conflict

No. Indicator Result of Research No. Indicator Result of Research 5. Why There is evidence of The leaked papers violence committed consisted of 24 by President Xi documents, some Jinping, party of which contained leader, against duplicated mate- the Uyghur Tribe rial. That included because it was nearly 200 pages of based on the internal speech by stabbing carried out Mr. Xi and other by terrorists. leaders, and more 6. How The most signifi- than 150 landing cant leak of govern- pages and reports ment papers from on the supervision within the ruling and control of the Chinese Com- Uighur population munist Party in in Xinjiang. There decades; Theywere are also references provided an inward to plans to expand view of the ongo- Islamic restrictions ing persecution in to other parts of Xinjiang, where China. authorities dragged Description of the news: as many million The New York Times reported ethnic Uyghurs, that there had been leaked secret files Kazakhs and oth- ers into detention that explained the Chinese behavior camps and prisons towards the Uyghurs. It would prove over the past three the Chinese government’s lies who years. said the camp, as a job training center Senior party leaders that used lightweight methods to were noted to have combat Islamic extremism (Austin ordered drastic Ramzy, 2020). However, the and urgent action documents confirmed the nature against extremist of the imposition of measures loud violence, including in words and commands of the mass detention. officers who compose and arrange. Islamic World and Politics 144 Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2020

The New York Times illustrated that lies were caused by worrying about the leaking files’ contents were the the rise of public piety. He blamed party seniors who recorded ordered that the controls were weak in faith actions drastic and urgent against because the predecessor lowered violent extremists, including the guard them. detention of mass and discussed the consequences with detachment cold. C. Mass Media of Western and In the media, China’s government Mass Media of China Becom­ wanted to rule Xinjiang’s region with ing an Instrument of Political sources of power by limiting the Interest activities of the Muslims Uyghur’s With globalization and culture and religion. Their detention integration happening, they have by the authorities in Xinjiang was made a new world order. State actors against hundreds of thousands of and non-states and other actors such Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and Muslims as INGO, NGO, MNC, Business in the camps internment camp. actor, and Private Sector have added The prisoners underwent many a treasure in the international world. months or years of indoctrination Today, the media play an essential and interrogation, which aimed to role in forming public opinion transform them into supporters of in China. Mass media not only the party that was secular and loyal. brings out the constructed reality, In his speech, the media or the mass media is not only good proclaimed that Xi Jinping said at creating frames from a news that Islam in Uyghur was religious story. The media has also acted as extremists, so the assumption was an instrument of propaganda and led to the attack on Uyghur, and foreign political instruments with Xi argued that extremism Islam a surefire and bridge to war. With had its roots in swaths of society its role as a media propaganda, the in Uyghur. Most great Uyghurs mass media can grab fast public embraced the tradition of moderate, support (international community although some began to embrace the support). practices of religion that were more In its announcement of the conservative and more common Uyghur Muslim conflict, the Global in the 1990s, although there was Times tends to bring out the frame to control of the state against Islam. uphold humanitarian principles with This media believed that Xi Jinping’s a political approach. From the two Aucky Adi Kurniawan, Al Dina Maulidya, Khaerul Sa’ban & Indrawati 145 The Chinese vs. Western Media Framing on Uygur Conflict titles, Global Times displays clearly more of a portion of condemnation by not compromising the concern to the Chinese government than the of Uyghur Muslim conditions. It is further explanation of the Chinese reinforced by the expression of the government itself was related Global Times’ sentence so that it to the re-education to Muslim posed an impression on the public Uyghur. The New York Times also that what was done by the Chinese features the Muslim Uyghur as government was humanist and the Dehumanization object of the caring about humanity. The Global Chinese government. Times emphasized humanist aspects with a political approach through CONCLUSION titles, news schemes, and sources. China and America are two big From news headlines, the Global countries with different histories Times put the Muslim Uyghur as a and ideological backgrounds. As a party to be aware of its parallels and national mass media from China salvation. The title of the news was with political alignments of the accompanied by a political theme by Chinese Communist Party, the the pro-Uighur speakers. Global Times continues to provide The New York Times in spread­ news that tends to his country’s ing the Uyghur Muslim conflict has government. On the other hand, the not been more than a frame that national mass media from America, has to build the public opinion the New York Times, always presents that the Chinese governments were news that increasingly highlights responsible and liable for Muslim the “reality” of how China is doing Uyghur’s tribulations. Through various ways for its interests. So, the both its news headlines, the New two mass media became instruments York Times features a public image of political interest by framing many of the Chinese government with reports about the Uyghur issue. the editorial of a sentence that the Chinese government describes as REFERENCES the wrong party to implement a re- Aria Sditya Setiawan. (2013). Peran education of the Uyghur Muslim Media Massa Dalam Meningkat­ community accompanying violence kan Kualitas Kepemerintahan and persecution. The New York Lokal Berbasis Human Security Times also impressed the heavy side Di Kota Jayapura. 2(2), 39– in displaying portions of the news, as Islamic World and Politics 146 Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2020

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