, I ABL teAOISOIL :1:164 re

HAPPY END with LOTTE LENY A Music · and Chorus and Orchestra Text· conducted by

Production supervised by : LOTTE LENY A WILHELM BRUCI

SIDE 1 It was always Weill's main intention to write operas, and· in the period none of the characters seemed particularly unhappy, even at the 1924-32 he composed three of full length, and four shorter ones. The outset But in the last act the illusion was shattered; the play took a famous Threepenny Opera is sometimes added to this number, though sudden sharp turn to the Left, and ended with an anti-capitalist chorus it should not be, as it is a play with music designed for the theatre, not which was considered both scurrilous and blasphemous. The Press lntroduktion (Hosiannah) the opera house. might never have been written -notices next day were little more than gleeful obituaries. Brecht was fair but for the fact that Weill and his collaborator Bertoli Brecht were game, as he was not popular with the critics, and had no wish to be. already engaged on a full-scale opera, The Rise and Fall of the City of Weill was merely in the line of fire, and since the drama critics were in Bilbao-Song Mahagonny, and having no private means, required some immediate charge of the occasion, they did not scruple to complain about what source of income while they were working on it Thus the Threepenny they couldn't hear anyway. So Happy End soon made an unhappy exit, Der kleine Leutnant des lieben Gottes Opera was essentially a by-work, written at speed in response to a and was not seen again until the early 1950s, when a suitably bowdlerised request from a theatre director. Naturally, Weill hoped that it version was presented with great success in several German cities ; and would be successful, but he did not attach any great importance to it, then, some thirty years after its composition, the complete score was Geht hinein die Schlacht since his main concern was to finish the opera. published for the first time. The tumultuous success of the Threepenny Opera took him very much by Although Happy End was not a major artistic statement, Weill was surprise, and it was only then that the .real significance of what he had bitterly distressed by the way the score was received by those un­ Matrosen-Tango done dawned upon him. This new awareness did not affect his intention qualified to judge. "Formally, instrumentally and melodically," he said, to write operas, but it did indicate a hitherto unsuspected aptitude. " it is so clear an advance o'n the Threepenny Opera that only such In a letter to his publishers, he said that the Threepenny Opera had shown helpless ignoramuses as the German critics could overlook it" In him the way to "a new kind of popular (vo/Y.stiimlich) melody," which, he truth, this forgiveable cri de coeur was not entirely fair. The premiere said, might in Germany supersede "the now exhausted American of Happy End had been covered by one (and only one) music critic, who jazz." The idea appealed to him on social and artistic, rather than happened to be a man of real substance: Max Marschalk, once a friend commercial, grounds, and he determined to pursue it in a succession of and advisor of Mahler. Marschalk praised the score unreservedly, finding works that would be subsidiary to his operatic output a distinct advance in mastery, and a true artist's refusal to be trivial or SIDE 2 Immediately after the completion of Mahagonny, Weill decided to unfeeling, even in the face of trivialities. Since then, several other return to the field he had begun to cultivate in the Threepenny Opera. responsible critics, including T. W . Adorno, have selected Happy End He was very much alive to the danger of self-copying, and had no desire for special praise among Weill's smaller theatre scores. Bruder, gib Dir einen Stoss· to repeat the methods of the Threepenny Opera. Uniortunately, others W ithout belittling the remarkable but very different qualities of the did not share his discernment in this respect Plans were laid for a new Threepenny Opera, the special features of Happy End are worthy of notice. musical play to be given at the theatre which had stag ed the Threepenny The harmony, has been enriched by new kinds of suspension and Das Lied von der Branntweinhandler Opera. It was to have the same director (Erich Engel), the same designer chromatic alteration, and pervasive shifting between the major and (), the same conductor (Thea Mackeben) ; and the same minor mode evokes that demi-monde between gaiety and sadness which author and composer. Once again the subject was to be the under­ is so typical of German late-romanticism. The equally romantic Mandelay-Song world, though this time the action was set in modern Chicago. The sweetness of the added-sixth is challenged by such things as the work was given an English title "Happy End," and the premiere was rasping sevenths and ninths which open the Bilbao Song, or the related planned for a date as close as possible to the first anniversary of the harmony in the section preceding the refrain in the Matrosen Tango. Fi.irchte dich nicht Threepenny Opera. Rhythmically there is a new tautness and also a new flexibility-qualities Brecht took the whole venture very lightly-as well he might. Indeed, the which are reflected in the melodic writing. The Threepenny. Opera Surabaya Johnny song-texts were all that he was prepared to acknowledge as his own. contains no melodic contrast quite so powerful as the one from which The play itself was ascribed, with doubtful justification, to his begins the rocket-climb of the big C major tune in the Mandelay Song. amanuensis, Elisabeth Hauptmann. As a drama it is without any deep Undoubtedly it was the growth in the formal versatility of his song style Das Lied von der harten N uss significance-unlike the Threepenny Opera, whose comedy is deadly that gave Weill most cause to be proud of Happy End. In the larger serious-and it cannot be regarded as more than an "entertainment" songs, the accompaniments have much more than a mere supporting in Graham Greene's sense. role, and they develop across the da capo melodic forms, challenging In der Jugend gold'nem Schimmer For purely technical reasons, the project meant much more to Weill than or commenting on the vocal part and its text By means of dual imagery it did to Brecht, since it allowed him to concentrate on a pure unvaried repetitions are avoided as far as possible. For instance, each song-style. Most of the music was written in August 1929, during a verse and refrain of Surabaya-Johnny has a new colour and texture, Die Sallade von der Hollen-Lili holiday on the Ammersee near . The songs, unlike those of the culminating in the piano's beautiful counterfigure to the last refrain . Threepenny Opera, are decorative interpolations, and have only the most With the most scrupulous attention to detail, throughout the work Weill Der kleine Leutnant des lieben Gottes tenuous connection with the dramatic context or with the characters brilliantly rings the changes on his small ensemble of two saxophones who sing them. So far from owing anything to the new aims of the (doubling flute and clarinets), two trumpets, trombone, accordion Brechtian theatre, they belong, if anything to the tradition of the old (doubling mandoline, banjo, etc.) piano, harmonium and percussion. Berlin Gesangsposse or Vo/Y.sstilcY.e, whose naive gusto Weill had Happy End was never intended to have the weight or scope of the admired si:1ce an early age. Except for the choruses, all the songs may Threepenny Opera; but if it is slender, it has sinews of its own, and if it be performed as in this recording, by one singer, without any damage to is "light," it does not forget the darkness. In Happy End, Weill looks their effect Indeed, Weill himself contemplated extracting the songs upon the world with more fondness than he could usually find room from the play, and making a recital of this kind, linked with brief texts. for at that time. (It is significant that he .was able to smile at the simple (Lotte Lenya did not take part in the original production, but she broad­ fundamentalism of the church militant without closing the doors on cast five of the songs on Frankfurt Radio shortly after the premiere). affection and respect; his religious roots died hard.) Because there Weill's anxiety to save the music for posterity is understandable. The are no ideological or philosophical complications, Happy End is premiere of the play, at the Theater am Schiffbauerdam on 2 September, perhaps the friendliest introduction to Weill. But when shaking hands, Inside this sleeve will be found English translations 1929, ended disastrously. During the first part of the evening, a success observe that the other fist is clenched . . .. even greater than that of the Threepenny Opera seemed assured. The of the songs, and notes on the music. play was simple, there was no worrying political undercurrent, and David Drew