Un Contesto Cimabuesco E La Pecora Di Giotto

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Un Contesto Cimabuesco E La Pecora Di Giotto Un contesto cimabuesco e la pecora di Giotto Se il papato di Niccolò IV è un punto di riferimento per la parte giottesca della decorazione della Basilica Superiore, che cosa ne è del resto? Io credo che lo stesso valga, sostanzialmente, per tutta la decorazione, ove si escluda - per ora - il caso iniziale della maestranza oltremontana, sul quale rimangono ancora troppi interrogativi. Intanto, l’intervento del Torriti e della sua équipe si spiega molto bene, anch’esso, con Niccolò IV, di cui - come abbiamo visto - era il pittore favorito. Ma credo che anche per l’intervento di Cimabue si debba arrivare alle stesse conclusioni. E le ragioni sono svariate. Continuità della decorazione della Basilica Superiore. Il Belting, riassumendo e razionalizzando una serie di studi precedenti, ha dimostrato la profonda organicità e la sostanziale unità di programma e di significato della decorazione pittorica della Basilica Superiore di Assisi1: organicità e unità che rappresentano un caso del tutto eccezionale e che si spiegano meglio senza le lunghe interruzioni che di solito si postulano tra una fase e l’altra della decorazione. Per quanto riguarda gli aspetti più strettamente figurativi, salta agli occhi una uguale organicità e unità del sistema decorativo, che divengono anzi più evidenti per la profonda distanza stilistica che separa la fase iniziale dalla fase finale dell’intero lavoro. Tra il sistema decorativo della Volta degli Evangelisti di Cimabue e quello della Volta dei Dottori, ormai giottesca, non ci © 1985 Giulio Einaudi editore, vietata la riproduzione e qualsiasi utilizzo a scopo commerciale 150 La pecora di Giotto sono grandi differenze2. I bordi che incorniciano la figurazione (figg. 197, 173) consistono di motivi vegetali di tipo grafico e bidimensionale che continuano anche sulla parete della contro- facciata. E in ambedue i casi l’intonazione cromatica è fredda e quasi minerale. I motivi cosmateschi che caratterizzano gli affreschi della fase giottesca erano già presenti nel transetto dipinto da Cimabue, anche se non vi costituivano una così vistosa e sistematica presenza. Perfino le cornici marmoree poligonali che inquadrano busti di profeti, angeli e santi ricorrono per tutta la Basilica (figg. 176, 177, 18), dal transetto alla navata, nei sottarchi delle grandi arcate cieche che in ogni campata si appoggiano alle pareti alte nella zona delle finestre. Semmai è da segnalare una evoluzione della loro forma verso una complessità mistilinea ormai gotica, che caratterizza soprattutto la campata d’ingresso (fig. 18). Allo stesso modo, il motivo della cortina di stoffa che finge di essere appesa nella parte più bassa della decorazione corre lungo tutta la Basilica Superiore (fig. 170), sotto i riquadri di Cimabue nel transetto e sotto le Storie di san Francesco nella navata (fig. 234). Lo stesso si può dire della decorazione a finte architetture, già ampiamente presente nelle parti alte del transetto, soprattutto nella zona dei trifori dove la decorazione ad affresco si integra con l’archi-tettura reale (fig. 233). I motivi di finti pilastri scanalati, coronati da capitelli a foglie, qui vistosamente presenti, si ritrovano quasi identici nella decorazione delle pareti alte della navata, nella fase dei lavori torritiani e di quelli giotteschi (fig. 31), in prossimità della controfacciata. In questa zona, tuttavia, la parte affidata alle finte architetture è diventata preponderante (fig. 171) e annunzia ormai ciò che accade nella zona con le Storie di san Francesco (fig. 254). Qui, l’incorniciatura di finta architettura diventa sistema-tica ed è il primo caso di una prassi decorativa che sarà regola costante per tutto il Trecento. E tuttavia anche questa idea era stata precorsa e parzialmente attuata da Cimabue nei riquadri narrativi della parte bassa del transetto(fig. 170). Va ricordato che questa parte è notevolmente aggettante rispetto alle pareti più alte, tanto da costituire un vero e proprio zoccolo, la cui sommità da luogo ad un camminamento percorribile lungo tutto il perimetro interno della Basilica Superiore. E stata probabil-mente questa situazione architettonica rea- © 1985 Giulio Einaudi editore, vietata la riproduzione e qualsiasi utilizzo a scopo commerciale Un contesto cimabuesco e la pecora di Giotto 151 le a suggerire a Cimabue l’idea di un finto architrave visto dal basso e sorretto da una serie di mensole che, col loro recedere verso la profondità, vogliono evidentemente dare l’illusione che le superfici su cui sono dipinte le scene siano a filo con quelle delle pareti alte. E già - in germe - l’idea delle incorniciature delle Storie di san Francesco. Dico in germe perché Giotto trasforma il motivo delle file di mensole e, razionalizzandolo, costruisce un vero e proprio sistema architettonico: là dove Cimabue poneva delle fasce a decorazione bidimensionale per separare le scene una dall’altra (fig. 170), egli colloca delle bellissime, robuste colonne tortili a creare un sistema di logge architravate a tre aperture, separate dai pilastri a fascio reali che dividono una campata dall’altra (fig. 234). Le colonne tortili poggiano a loro volta su un piano di base che nel suo leggero aggetto è sostenuto da un’altra fila di piccolissime mensole, al di sotto delle quali è dipinta la finta stoffa che ricade fino a terra. Tra la semplice fila di mensole cimabuesche e il complesso sistema architettonico di Giotto si hanno dei passaggi intermedi nella decorazione della parte alta della navata. Infatti, lungo le facce verticali dei costoloni o all’imposto delle volte in corri- spondenza degli arconi laterali delle campate, corrono spesso delle file di mensole costruite come quelle cimabuesche. Questo accade sistematicamente nella fase torritiana (figg. 172) e accade anche nella Volta dei Dottori ormai giottesca (figg. 173, 174). Tuttavia, sopra le due trifore che si aprono all’imposto dell’ar- cone d’ingresso della Basilica (fig. 51), subito al di sotto delle coppie di santi a figura intera, compare una serie di mensole che sono ormai identiche a quelle che corrono sopra le Storie di san Francesco3. Questo fatto, oltre a costituire, come abbiamo visto, un ulteriore legame e un’ulteriore riprova della continuità tra la fase finale della decorazione dei registri alti e le Storie di san Francesco, sta lì a mostrarci come in questo insieme unitario che è la decorazione della Basilica Superiore di Assisi le cose siano andate nel senso di un’evoluzione all’interno di una rigorosa continuità. Questa evoluzione nella continuità si può cogliere anche in alcuni aspetti figurativi all’interno delle «storie». Proviamoci, per © 1985 Giulio Einaudi editore, vietata la riproduzione e qualsiasi utilizzo a scopo commerciale 152 La pecora di Giotto esempio, a seguire la rappresentazione del nudo. Il Cristo della celebre Crocifissione di Cimabue (fig. 211) è ancora figurato secondo le formule astrattive e simboliche di origine «greca»; si inarca sulla croce con una curva impossibile e la sua anatomia è ancora indicata simbolicamente con formule tradizionali, come quella del ventre tripartito. Nel Crocifisso che pende dall’icono- stasi della chiesa in cui si svolgono i Funerali di san Francesco (fig. 175) il nudo è visto con altri occhi, in modo assai più natura- listico. E se il cattivo stato di conservazione della figura impe- disse a qualcuno di vedere quanto esso sia più moderno in confronto a quello di Cimabue, ecco il nudo parziale di san Francesco nella Rinuncia ai beni, in cui si può controllare l’approssimazione al vero nel modellato della scapola e delle cestole. L’evoluzione da Cimabue a Giotto avviene con una certa gradualità attraverso vari passaggi negli affreschi alti della navata. Nella Creazione del mondo del Torriti, la luce è simbo- leggiata da una figura maschile nuda, che corrisponde ancora alla concezione del nudo di Cimabue; lo stesso si può dire per i putti ai quattro angoli della Volta dei Santi (fig. 174), nella seconda campata, ancora del Torriti. Nell’ultima campata, ai quattro angoli della Volta dei Dottori, in zona ormai giottesca, si vedono altri putti nudi (figg. 224, 226): qualcuno reca ancora qualche segno delle formule astrattive usate da Cimabue e dal Torriti, ma altri sono ormai del tipo più naturalistico e moderno che si vede nelle Storie di san Francesco. Parlare di evoluzione nella continuità a proposito dell’insieme della decorazione della Basilica Superiore potrà sembrare a qualcuno il segno di una incomprensione del profondo stacco che gli affreschi che vanno dalle Storie di Isacco in avanti segnano in confronto a quelli precedenti. In realtà, siamo ben convinti di questo stacco; ma sono proprio gli elementi di continuità avver- tibili nonostante questo stacco a rivelarci che non ci devono essere stati anche degli stacchi cronologici4. Siamo di fronte ad un caso del tutto eccezionale di una chiesa affrescata da cima a fondo rispondendo ad un progetto unitario sia dal punto di vista iconografico che dal punto di vista decorativo. Si tratta di un unicum, in confronto al quale già la Basilica © 1985 Giulio Einaudi editore, vietata la riproduzione e qualsiasi utilizzo a scopo commerciale Un contesto cimabuesco e la pecora di Giotto 153 Inferiore presenta molte smagliature. In tutta Italia non esiste un altro caso simile. La letteratura artistica sull’argomento ha creato una situazio-ne per cui sembra scontato che tra i vari interventi (quello cima- buesco, quello torritiano e quello giottesco) ci siano state delle interruzioni più o meno prolungate. Ora, ragioni di plausibilità storica vorrebbero
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