Evaluation of the Trend of Temperature in a Part of Subansiri River Basin

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Advances in Applied Science Research, 2016, 7(1):42-80

ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC

Evaluation of the trend of temperature in a part of Subansiri River basin

Alok Kumar 1 and Rajat Kaushik 2

1Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India 2Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India ______

ABSTRACT

The present study has been carried to evaluate the trend of temperature, in a part of Subansiri River basin, the biggest tributary of Brahmaputra River in India. The major objective of the study was to observe the trend of the maximum, mean and minimum temperature at selected grids within Indian region for the last three decades. The inter-dependence of the three variables with respect to time has been studied. Trend analysis has been carried out using three statistical techniques namely, linear regression method, Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s estimator. ______

INTRODUCTION

The climate of earth was never stable for any extended period. Potential climate change and its impacts on hydrologic systems pose a threat to water resources throughout the world. There are a number of natural causes of climate variability, namely variations in the amount of energy emitted by the Sun, changes in the distance between the Earth and the Sun, the presence of volcanic pollution in the upper atmosphere and presence of greenhouse gases, etc. (Brasseur and Roeckner, 2005; Scafetta and West, 2005). Natural and human influences, called "forcing" in the climate-science literature alter the flow of radiant energy in the atmosphere, cooling and warming Earth by perturbing its energy balance. Positive forcing warms the planet while negative ones cool it. One of these forcing’s induced by the greenhouse gases, which alter the planet's energy balance by absorbing infrared radiation that would otherwise escape to space. The major greenhouse gases include CO 2, methane, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and water vapour. With the exception of water vapour, the concentrations of the entire greenhouse gases are more or less directly depend on human activities. (Water vapour levels depend on Earth's temperature and the availability of liquid water, and thus are indirectly affected by humans). Other forcing’s include reflective aerosols (mostly sulphate particles from burning of fossil fuel), black carbon particles (soot), land-cover changes, variations in solar output, and cloud-cover changes resulting from global temperature variations and aerosols (IPCC 2007).

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scientists, through their report released on February 2, 2007, said temperatures were probably going to increase by 1.8-4°C (3.2-7.2°F) by the end of the century. Global temperatures have been on the increase since 1750, following the industrial revolution of the developed world, fuelling the suspicion that the earth warming is not unrelated to human activities. Eleven of the last twelve years (1995 -2006) rank among the 12 warmest years ever recorded since global surface temperatures are measured (1850). Over the last 100 years, (1906–2005) there has been an increase in surface temperature of 0.74°C, which is larger than the 0.6°C increase given in the Third Assessment Report (TAR) for the 1901-2000 period. The warming trend over the last 50 years (0.13°C per decade) is nearly twice that for the last 100 years.

The important climatic variables that influence the ecosystem are precipitation, radiation, temperature and stream flow. It is a challenge to the scientific community to understand the complicated processes involved in climate change and alert the society to tackle the problem. Temperature is the driving force for all the climatic variability. Increasing temperatures will decrease snowfall because of which snow may cease to occur in areas where snowfall currently is marginal (Bown and Rivera, 2007). Increased temperatures in the winter may lead to early snowmelt

42 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______events and a shift in runoff from the spring to late winter with a corresponding decrease in runoff in the summer period (Burn and Elnur, 2002). The major indications of the climate change and their adverse effects are the increase in frequency of flood/flash flood, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), glacial retreat, decrease in seasonal snow cover, rise in sea level, etc.

In last few decades, several individual and collaborative researches were undertaken to study climate change. The linear relationship is one of the most common methods used for detecting rainfall trends (Hameed et al., 1997; Silva, 2004). Both parametric and non-parametric tests are widely used for trend study. The advantage with a non- parametric test is that it only requires data to be independent and can tolerate outliers in the data (Hameed and Rao, 1998). One of the popular non-parametric tests widely used for detecting trends in the time series is the Mann- Kendall test (Mann, 1945; Kendall, 1955). The two important parameters of this test are the significance level that indicates the trend strength and the slope magnitude that indicates the direction as well as the magnitude of the trend (Burn and Elnur, 2002). The advantage of the test is that it is distribution-free, robust against outliers and has a higher power than many other commonly used tests (Hess et al., 2001). Many climate studies applying Mann- Kendall test have been carried out in the last decade. Modarresa and Silva (2007) studied the rainfall trend in Iran; Birsan et al. (2005) used the test to study the stream flow trend in Switzerland; Shan Yu et al. (2002) studied the impact of climate change on water resources in Taiwan; Arora et al. (2005) studied the temperature trends over India; Zhang et al. (2005) analysed the trend of precipitation, temperature and runoff in the Yangtze basin China. Mcbean and Rovers, (1998) examined historical trends in precipitation, temperature, and stream flows in the Great Lakes using regression analysis and Mann-Kendall statistics.

Keeping in view the above back ground, the present study has been carried to evaluate the trend of temperature, in a part of Subansiri River basin, the biggest tributary of Brahmaputra River in India. The SubansiriRiver basin located in the eastern Himalayan region has been selected for the study. Subansiri River is a large trans-boundary River flowing through two states of India namely, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. Several major and minor hydro-electric power stations are being built over the river and several more are under consideration. Hence, it is very important to understand the impact of climate change on the hydrology of this mountain basin for proper planning and management of the water resources. Gangwar (2006) has reported that the trend of climate change in India has shown a sudden acceleration in pace after 1971. The 1990s was reported to be the warmest decade since the beginning of the record in 1860 (Jones et al., 1998; Hulme, 1999). Eleven of the warmest years were recorded since 1990, with 2005 as the warmest on record (ICIMOD, 2007). The present study is a step further to understand the behaviour of climate since late 70’s in part of the Brahmaputra basin of India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. GENERAL Most statistical tests assume that the time series data are independent and identically distributed. The definition of climatic regime shifts, for example, is often based on “differing average climatic levels over a multi-annual duration” (Overland et al., 2006). It is not surprising, therefore, that a major part of the research effort is directed at developing the methods for detecting shifts in the mean. Parametric tests assume that the time series data and the errors (deviations from the trend) follow a particular distribution. Most parametric tests assume that the data are normally distributed. Parametric tests are useful as they also quantify the change in the data (e.g., change in mean or gradient of trend). Non-parametric tests are generally distribution-free. They detect trend/change, but do not quantify the size of the trend/change. They are very useful because most hydrologic time series data are not normally distributed. There exist a number of parametric and nonparametric methods for detection of trend (e.g. McBean and Motiee, 2006). Few methods among them are Mann-Kendall (non-parametric), Spearman’s Rho (non- parametric), and Linear Regression (parametric). In the present study, three methods viz. regression, MK test and Sen’s estimator were used. These are described in the following sections. The methodology adopted in the study is schematically shown in figure 1.

43 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

Fig. 1: Flow Chart of the Methodology

2. Regression model One of the most useful parametric models to detect the trend is the “Simple Linear Regression” model. The method of linear regression requires the assumptions of normality of residuals, constant variance, and true linearity of relationship (Helsel and Hirsch, 1992). The model for Y (e.g. precipitation) can be described by an equation of the form:

Y = at + b (2.1)

Where, t = time (year) a = slope coefficient; and b = least-squares estimate of the intercept

The slope coefficient indicates the annual average rate of change in the hydrologic characteristic. If the slope is significantly different from zero statistically, it is entirely reasonable to interpret that there is a real change occurring over time. The sign of the slope defines the direction of the trend of the variable: increasing if the sign is positive, and decreasing if the sign is negative.

Mann Kendall model Simple linear regression analysis may provide a primary indication of the presence of trend in the time-series data. Other methods, such as the non-parametric Mann- Kendall (MK) test, which is commonly used for hydrologic data analysis, can be used to detect trends that are monotonic but not necessarily linear. The MK test does not require the assumption of normality, and only indicates the direction but not the magnitude of significant trends (USGS, 2005; Helsel and Hirsch, 1992).

The trend in the data was quantified using Mann-Kendall’s S-statistic (Mann, 1945; Kendall, 1955). The MK method assumes that the time series under research are stable, independent and random with equal probability distribution (Zhang et al., 2005). The MK test is applied to uncorrelated data because it was reported that the presence of serial correlation might lead to an erroneous rejection of the null hypothesis (Helsel and Hirsch, 1992; Kulkarni and von Storch, 1995; Yue et al., 2002; Yue and Wang, 2002; Yue and Pilon, 2003).

The computational procedure for the MK test is described in Adamowski and Bougadis (2003). Let the time series consist of n data points and Ti and Tj be two sub –sets of data where i = 1,2,3…….., n-1 and j = i+1, i+2, i+3,…………n. Each data point T is used as a reference point and is compared with all the Tj data points such that:

1 for T > T  j i = = Sign )T( 0 for T j Ti (2.2)  < 1 for T j Ti The MK test used in the present study is based on the test statistic, S, defined as follows:

44 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

1n n S = ∑∑sign Tj( - )Ti (2.3) =1i += 1ij

The variance for the S-statistic is defined by: n + + n(n n2)(1 )5 ∑i - i2)(1i)(i(t )5 = σ2 = 1i (2.4) 18

In which t i denotes the number of ties to extent i. The summation term in Eq. (2.4) is only used if data series contains the “tied” values. The test statistic, Z s, can be calculated as  S( /)1 σ for S > 0 =  = Zs 0 for S 0 (2.5)   S( + /)1 σ for S < 0

In which Z s follows a standard normal distribution. Equation 2.5 is useful for record lengths greater than 10 and if the number of tied data is low (Kendall, 1955). The test statistic, Z s is used as a measure of significance of trend. In fact, this test statistic is used to test the null hypothesis, H 0: There is no monotonic trend in the data. If |Z s| is greater than Z α/2 where α represents the chosen significance level (usually 5%, with Z 0.025 =1.96), then the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that the trend is significant. For this study, the simple regression analysis technique was used to test the slopes of the trend lines for statistical significance at 5% level. The Mann-Kendall trend test procedure is applied to further verify the outcomes of regression analysis for the hydrological variables considered

MK test holds well in the case of non-auto correlated time series data. For auto-correlated data, modified Mann- Kendall test proposed by Hamed and Rao (1997) was used, which is robust in presence of autocorrelation. It is based on the modified variance of S given by Eq. (2.5).

n n(n - n2)(1 + )5 n V )S(* = var( )S = * * (2.6) ns 18 nS

n The recommended approximate value of * n/n2 is given by the equation (2.7) ns 1n n = + 2 ∑ − ρ * 1 n( - n)(1 -i n)(1 1-- )2 S )i( (2.7) nS n(n - n)(1 - )2 =1i

ρ Where n is the actual number of observations and S )i( is the autocorrelation function of the ranks of the observations. The accuracy of the approximation given by the Eq. 2.6 was found to improve as n increases. The ρ ρ autocorrelation between ranks of observations S )i( is first evaluated. The value of ranks of observations S )i( , however, must be calculated after subtracting a suitable non-parametric trend estimator. Due to the nature of ρ calculation in Eq. 2.5, which involves large number of terms, it was found that insignificant value of S )i( will ρ have an adverse effect on the accuracy of the estimated variance of S. Therefore, only significant values of S )i( are used. This is achieved by requiring a suitable pre-set significance level for the autocorrelation to be included in the calculations, which can be taken equal to that of the rest.

In the present study, non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test and modified Mann-Kendall test as proposed by Hamed and Rao (1997) were applied to study the trend in rainfall, temperature and stream flow and described in the following sections.

45 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

Sen’s Estimator The magnitude of trend in a time series can be determined using non-parametric method known as Sen’s estimator. Sen’s estimator method assumes a linear trend in the time series. In this method, the slopes (Ti) of all data pairs are calculated first by x − x = j k For i = 1, 2,…….., N Ti j − k Where xj and xk are data values at time j and k (j>k) respectively.

The median of these N values of Ti gives the Sen’s estimator of slope ( β). A positive value of β indicates an upward trend and a negative value indicates a downward trend in the time series.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL TRENDS Gangwar (2006) has reported that the trend of climate change in India has shown a sudden acceleration in pace after 1971. The 1990s was reported to be the warmest decade since the beginning of the record in 1860 (Jones et al., 1998; Hulme, 1999). Eleven of the warmest years were recorded since 1990, with 2005 as the warmest on record (ICIMOD, 2007). The present study is a step further to understand the behaviour of climate since late 70s in part of Himalayan terrain of India. For the present study, Daily Gridded Temperature Data (maximum, minimum, and mean) of 1X1 diglatitude and longitude for eight stations (grid points) has been used.

The details of availability of the above data are given in the Table 1

Table 1: Summary of stations for which daily maximum, mean and minimum air temperature data were available

GRIDS/STATION PERIOD OF DATA AVAILABILITY Daily Maximum Temperature G1 1969-2005 G2 1969-2005 G3 1969-2005 G4 1969-2005 G5 1969-2005 G6 1969-2005 G7 1969-2005 G8 1969-2005 Daily Minimum Temperature G1 1969-2005 G2 1969-2005 G3 1969-2005 G4 1969-1999 G5 1969-1999 G6 1969-1999 G7 1969-1999 G8 1969-1999 Daily Mean Temperature G1 1969-2005 G2 1969-2005 G3 1969-2005 G4 1969-1999 G5 1969-1999 G6 1969-1999 G7 1969-1999 G8 1969-1999

DATA PREPARATION The data has been analysed in following categories 1 Annual : Using the daily data, series of average annual data has been prepared for trend analysis for all the variables and for all the grids/stations 2 Seasonal : Four types seasonal data preparation has been carried out. Data were divided into four seasons, namely pre-monsoon (March-May), monsoon (June-August), post-monsoon (September-November) and winter (December- February) based on the prevailing climate of India. 3 Monthly: Using the daily data, series of average monthly data has been prepared for trend analysis for all the variables and for all the grids/stations

46 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TEMPERATURE TRENDS For better understanding of the observed trends, linear regression analysis was also performed with the data. The magnitude of the change in the variables namely rainfall, temperature, water level, sediment concentration and discharge were represented by the slope of the regression line.

For trend analysis at 5% significance level, at first, the time series were checked for randomness, autocorrelation and long-term persistence before conducting the Mann-Kendall test. Time series having no autocorrelation are analysed with Mann-Kendall’s Test for the detection of trend and if significant autocorrelation is found in the data, the time series is tested with modified Mann-Kendall test as suggested by Hamed and Rao (1997). The amount of trend was estimated using the sen’s estimator. The results have been summarised in Tables. Graphical presentation is shown in figures for max, minimum, mean and diurnal temperature data at the end of this chapter. The results are discussed in the following sections.

Table 2: Trend in Maximum Temperature

MAX Grid Auto-correlation Mk-z Statistic Sen’s value Dominant Trend JANUARY T1 NO -1.84 -0.02 No T2 NO -1.19 -0.01 NO T3 NO -0.72 -0.01 NO T4 NO -0.14 0.00 NO T5 NO -1.71 -0.02 NO T6 NO -1.48 -0.02 NO T7 NO -0.43 -0.01 NO T8 NO -0.17 0.00 NO

FEBUARY T1 NO -0.59 -0.01 NO T2 NO -0.20 0.00 NO T3 NO 0.09 0.00 NO T4 NO 0.25 0.00 NO T5 NO -0.77 -0.01 NO T6 NO -0.59 -0.01 NO T7 NO 0.22 0.00 NO T8 NO 0.25 0.01 NO

MARCH T1 NO -2.52 -0.05 Decreasing T2 NO -2.24 -0.04 Decreasing T3 NO -2.18 -0.04 Decreasing T4 NO -2.08 -0.04 Decreasing T5 NO -2.37 -0.05 Decreasing T6 NO -2.37 -0.05 Decreasing T7 NO -2.16 -0.04 Decreasing T8 NO -2.11 -0.04 Decreasing

APRIL T1 NO -2.08 -0.05 Decreasing T2 NO -1.77 -0.04 NO T3 NO -1.71 -0.03 NO T4 NO -1.22 -0.03 NO T5 NO -1.84 -0.05 NO T6 NO -1.78 -0.04 NO T7 NO -1.61 -0.03 NO T8 NO -1.40 -0.03 NO

MAY T1 NO -0.80 -0.01 NO T2 NO -0.75 -0.01 NO T3 NO -0.46 -0.01 NO T4 NO -0.75 -0.01 NO T5 NO -0.88 -0.01 NO T6 NO -0.64 -0.01 NO T7 NO -0.67 -0.01 NO T8 NO -0.84 -0.01 NO

JUNE T1 NO 0.90 0.01 NO T2 NO 0.61 0.01 NO T3 NO 0.35 0.00 NO T4 NO 0.33 0.00 NO T5 NO 0.61 0.01 NO T6 NO 0.33 0.01 NO T7 NO 0.17 0.00 NO T8 NO 0.33 0.00 NO

JULY T1 NO -0.77 -0.01 NO T2 NO -0.61 -0.01 NO T3 NO -0.43 0.00 NO T4 NO -0.22 0.00 NO T5 NO -1.03 -0.01 NO T6 NO -0.82 -0.01 NO T7 NO -0.27 0.00 NO

47 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

T8 NO -0.12 0.00 NO

AUGUST T1 NO 0.39 0.00 NO T2 NO 0.56 0.00 NO T3 NO 0.64 0.01 NO T4 NO 0.51 0.01 NO T5 NO 0.07 0.00 NO T6 NO 0.13 0.00 NO T7 NO 0.51 0.01 NO T8 NO 0.41 0.00 NO

September T1 NO -0.46 0.00 NO T2 NO -0.09 0.00 NO T3 NO 0.09 0.00 NO T4 NO 0.30 0.00 NO T5 NO -0.46 0.00 NO T6 NO -0.43 -0.01 NO T7 NO 0.12 0.00 NO T8 NO 0.20 0.00 NO

OCTOBER T1 NO -0.59 0.00 NO T2 NO -0.60 -0.01 NO T3 NO -0.46 0.00 NO T4 NO -0.07 0.00 NO T5 NO -1.26 -0.01 NO T6 NO -0.72 -0.01 NO T7 NO -0.09 0.00 NO T8 NO -0.04 0.00 NO

NOVEMBER T1 NO 0.59 0.01 NO T2 NO 0.93 0.01 NO T3 NO 0.95 0.01 NO T4 NO 1.19 0.01 NO T5 NO 0.27 0.00 NO T6 NO 0.30 0.00 NO T7 NO 1.01 0.01 NO T8 NO 0.98 0.01 NO

DECEMBER T1 NO 0.77 0.01 NO T2 NO 1.32 0.02 NO T3 NO 1.43 0.02 NO T4 NO 1.65 0.02 NO T5 NO 0.43 0.01 NO T6 NO 1.09 0.01 NO T7 NO 1.56 0.02 NO T8 NO 1.53 0.02 NO

MK-Z MEAN TREND Auto-Correlation SEN’VALU TREND STATISTIC JANUARY T1 NO 0.35 0.00 NO T2 NO 1.11 0.01 NO T3 NO 1.22 0.01 NO T4 NO 1.56 0.02 NO T5 NO 0.20 0.00 NO T6 NO 0.85 0.01 NO T7 NO 1.56 0.02 NO T8 NO 1.40 0.02 NO FEBUARY T1 NO 0.39 0.01 NO T2 NO 1.05 0.02 NO T3 NO 1.05 0.02 NO T4 NO 1.10 0.02 NO T5 NO 0.58 0.01 NO T6 NO 0.78 0.01 NO T7 NO 1.05 0.02 NO T8 NO 1.05 0.02 NO MARCH T1 NO 0.75 0.01 NO T2 NO 0.25 0.00 NO T3 NO 0.14 0.00 NO T4 NO 0.00 0.00 NO T5 NO 0.61 0.01 NO T6 NO 0.85 0.01 NO T7 NO 0.22 0.00 NO T8 NO 0.61 0.01 NO APRIL T1 NO -0.73 -0.02 NO T2 NO -0.78 -0.02 NO T3 NO -1.01 -0.02 NO T4 NO -0.99 -0.02 NO T5 NO -0.78 -0.02 NO T6 NO -1.05 -0.02 NO T7 NO -0.34 -0.01 NO T8 NO -0.24 -0.01 NO

48 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

MAY T1 NO 0.75 0.01 NO T2 NO 0.25 0.00 NO T3 NO 0.14 0.00 NO T4 NO 0.00 0.00 NO T5 NO 0.61 0.01 NO T6 NO 0.85 0.01 NO T7 NO 0.22 0.00 NO T8 NO 0.61 0.01 NO JUNE T1 NO 1.46 0.02 NO T2 NO 1.63 0.01 NO T3 NO 1.32 0.01 NO T4 NO 1.28 0.01 NO T5 NO 2.18 0.02 Increasing T6 NO 1.63 0.01 NO T7 NO 1.90 0.02 NO T8 NO 1.31 0.05 NO JULY T1 NO 0.44 0.00 NO T2 NO 0.47 0.00 NO T3 NO 0.50 0.00 NO T4 Yes 2.47 0.03 Increasing T5 Yes 2.39 0.05 Increasing T6 Yes 0.79 0.01 NO T7 Yes 2.36 2.36 Increasing T8 Yes 2.31 0.03 Increasing AUGUST T1 NO 1.87 0.01 NO T2 NO 1.56 0.01 NO T3 NO 0.77 0.00 NO T4 Yes 1.87 0.03 NO T5 Yes 1.81 0.02 NO T6 Yes 0.19 0.01 NO T7 Yes 1.98 0.03 Increasing T8 Yes 2.01 0.03 Increasing September T1 NO 0.86 0.01 NO T2 NO 1.18 0.01 NO T3 NO 1.07 0.01 NO T4 Yes 2.69 0.04 Increasing T5 Yes 2.58 0.04 Increasing T6 Yes 1.28 0.02 NO T7 Yes 2.71 0.04 Increasing T8 Yes 2.77 0.04 Increasing OCTOBER T1 NO 0.51 0.00 NO T2 NO 0.72 0.01 NO T3 NO 0.59 0.01 NO T4 Yes 2.39 0.06 Increasing T5 Yes 2.39 0.05 Increasing T6 Yes 0.68 0.02 NO T7 Yes 0.06 0.06 NO T8 Yes 0.06 0.06 NO NOVEMBER T1 NO 1.32 0.01 NO T2 NO 1.71 0.02 NO T3 NO 1.69 0.02 NO T4 NO 1.53 0.01 NO T5 NO 1.03 0.01 NO T6 NO 1.69 0.01 NO T7 NO 1.66 0.02 NO T8 NO 1.58 0.02 NO DECEMBER T1 NO 2.11 0.03 Increasing T2 NO 2.68 0.03 Increasing T3 NO 2.71 0.03 Increasing T4 Yes 2.00 0.04 Increasing T5 NO 1.97 0.02 No T6 NO 2.58 0.03 Increasing T7 NO 3.00 0.03 Increasing T8 Yes 2.22 0.04 Increasing Minimum Auto- Grid Mk-z Statistic Sen’s value Trend correlation JANUARY T1 NO 2.35 0.03 Increasing T2 NO 2.54 0.03 Increasing T3 NO 2.49 0.03 Increasing T4 NO 2.30 0.03 Increasing T5 NO 2.59 0.03 Increasing T6 NO 2.67 0.03 Increasing T7 NO 2.59 0.03 Increasing T8 NO 2.20 0.03 Increasing FEBUARY T1 NO 1.86 0.03 NO T2 NO 2.15 0.04 Increasing T3 NO 2.17 0.04 Increasing T4 NO 2.09 0.03 Increasing T5 NO 2.22 0.04 Increasing T6 NO 1.78 0.04 NO T7 NO 2.15 0.03 NO

49 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

T8 NO 2.01 0.03 Increasing MARCH T1 NO 1.96 0.02 Increasing T2 NO 1.36 0.02 NO T3 NO 1.23 0.01 NO T4 NO 0.99 0.01 NO T5 NO 2.25 0.03 Increasing T6 NO 2.07 0.02 Increasing T7 NO 1.18 0.02 NO T8 NO 1.18 0.01 NO APRIL T1 NO 1.05 0.01 NO T2 NO 1.10 0.01 NO T3 NO 0.50 0.01 NO T4 NO 0.55 0.00 NO T5 NO 0.94 0.01 NO T6 NO 1.10 0.01 NO T7 NO 0.81 0.01 NO T8 NO 1.28 0.01 NO MAY T1 yes 1.57 0.02 NO T2 NO 1.52 0.02 NO T3 NO 1.20 0.01 NO T4 NO 1.12 0.01 NO T5 yes 1.38 0.02 NO T6 yes 1.78 0.02 NO T7 yes 1.13 0.01 NO T8 NO 1.23 0.01 NO JUNE T1 Yes 2.87 0.03 Increasing T2 Yes 2.52 0.02 Increasing T3 Yes 1.92 0.02 NO T4 Yes 2.19 0.02 Increasing T5 Yes 2.52 0.03 Increasing T6 Yes 1.98 0.02 Increasing T7 NO 3.32 0.02 Increasing T8 Yes 2.56 0.04 Increasing JULY T1 Yes 2.03 0.02 Increasing T2 No 2.59 0.02 Increasing T3 Yes 1.84 0.01 NO T4 Yes 2.64 0.04 Increasing T5 Yes 2.30 0.04 Increasing T6 Yes 1.51 0.03 NO T7 Yes 1.95 0.03 NO T8 Yes 2.11 0.03 Increasing AUGUST T1 Yes 1.92 0.03 NO T2 Yes 1.62 0.02 NO T3 Yes 1.40 0.02 NO T4 Yes 2.63 0.04 Increasing T5 Yes 1.98 0.04 Increasing T6 Yes 0.38 0.02 NO T7 Yes 0.86 0.02 NO T8 Yes 0.94 0.02 NO September T1 No 3.13 0.02 Increasing T2 No 3.39 0.02 Increasing T3 No 2.84 0.02 Increasing T4 Yes 2.50 0.04 Increasing T5 No 2.13 0.03 Increasing T6 Yes 2.93 0.02 Increasing T7 No 2.40 0.03 Increasing T8 No 2.42 0.02 Increasing OCTOBER T1 No 1.05 0.01 NO T2 No 1.41 0.02 NO T3 No 1.33 0.02 NO T4 Yes 1.99 0.07 Increasing T5 Yes 0.98 0.04 NO T6 Yes -0.79 0.00 NO T7 Yes 0.01 0.02 NO T8 Yes 0.01 0.01 NO NOVEMBER T1 Yes 1.10 0.02 NO T2 Yes 1.46 0.02 NO T3 No 1.31 0.02 NO T4 Yes 1.10 0.01 NO T5 Yes 1.38 0.02 NO T6 No 1.52 0.02 NO T7 No 1.33 0.02 NO T8 No 1.15 0.02 NO DECEMBER T1 No 2.83 0.04 Increasing T2 No 2.93 0.04 Increasing T3 No 2.83 0.04 Increasing T4 Yes 1.73 0.05 NO T5 No 3.06 0.04 Increasing T6 No 2.80 0.04 Increasing T7 No 2.77 0.04 Increasing T8 Yes 1.89 0.04 NO

50 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

Trend of Diurnal Temp Monthly Grid Auto-correlation MK-z statistic Sen’s value Trend JANUARY T1 No -3.24 -0.06 Decreasing T2 No -2.81 -0.05 Decreasing T3 No -2.38 -0.04 Decreasing T4 No -1.69 -0.04 No T5 No -3.70 -0.06 Decreasing T6 No -3.18 -0.06 Decreasing T7 No -2.21 -0.04 Decreasing T8 No -1.82 -0.03 No FEBUARY T1 No -2.21 -0.04 Decreasing T2 No -1.92 -0.03 NO T3 No -1.53 -0.03 NO T4 No -1.53 -0.02 NO T5 No -2.76 -0.05 Decreasing T6 No -2.21 -0.04 Decreasing T7 No -1.48 -0.02 NO T8 No -1.58 -0.03 NO MARCH T1 No -3.23 -0.06 Decreasing T2 No -2.81 -0.06 Decreasing T3 No -2.71 -0.05 Decreasing T4 No -2.03 -0.05 Decreasing T5 No -3.73 -0.07 Decreasing T6 No -3.39 -0.07 Decreasing T7 No -2.58 -0.05 Decreasing T8 No -2.37 -0.05 Decreasing APRIL T1 Yes -2.11 0.07 Decreasing T2 Yes -2.25 -0.06 Decreasing T3 Yes -2.36 -0.06 Decreasing T4 Yes -2.44 -0.05 Decreasing T5 Yes -2.00 -0.07 Decreasing T6 Yes -2.19 -0.07 Decreasing T7 Yes -2.11 -0.06 Decreasing T8 Yes -2.71 -0.06 Decreasing MAY T1 Yes -1.68 -0.03 NO T2 No -2.68 -0.03 Decreasing T3 No -2.39 -0.03 Decreasing T4 No -1.84 -0.02 NO T5 No -2.89 -0.04 Decreasing T6 No -2.94 -0.03 Decreasing T7 No -2.39 -0.03 Decreasing T8 No -1.95 -0.03 NO JUNE T1 No -1.43 -0.01 NO T2 No -1.45 -0.01 NO T3 No -1.22 -0.01 NO T4 No -0.82 -0.01 NO T5 No -1.61 -0.02 NO T6 No -1.48 -0.02 NO T7 No -1.82 -0.02 NO T8 Yes -1.16 -0.06 NO JULY T1 No -3.07 -0.02 Decreasing T2 No -2.08 -0.04 Decreasing T3 No -2.05 -0.02 Decreasing T4 Yes -2.08 -0.04 Decreasing T5 Yes -1.59 -0.04 NO T6 Yes -3.64 -0.03 Decreasing T7 Yes -1.68 -0.04 NO T8 Yes -1.40 -0.03 NO AUGUST T1 No -2.34 -0.02 Decreasing T2 No -2.26 -0.01 Decreasing T3 No -1.66 -0.01 NO T4 Yes -2.71 -0.06 Decreasing T5 Yes -1.13 -0.02 NO T6 Yes -0.26 -0.01 NO T7 Yes -0.75 -0.02 NO T8 Yes -0.69 -0.02 NO September T1 No -2.55 -0.02 Decreasing T2 No -2.29 -0.02 Decreasing T3 No -1.96 -0.01 NO T4 Yes -2.08 -0.05 Decreasing T5 Yes -0.83 -0.02 NO T6 Yes 0.53 -0.02 NO T7 Yes -0.20 -0.02 NO T8 Yes -0.26 -0.02 NO OCTOBER T1 No -1.19 -0.01 NO T2 No -1.63 -0.02 NO T3 No -1.66 -0.02 NO T4 Yes -2.06 -0.06 Decreasing T5 Yes 0.18 -0.01 NO T6 Yes 0.83 -0.01 NO T7 Yes 0.10 -0.01 NO

51 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

T8 Yes 0.04 0.00 NO NOVEMBER T1 No -0.59 -0.01 NO T2 No 0.59 0.01 NO T3 No -1.19 -0.02 NO T4 No -0.31 0.00 NO T5 No 0.35 0.01 NO T6 No 0.22 0.01 NO T7 No 0.25 0.01 NO T8 No 0.41 0.01 NO DECEMBER T1 No -0.98 -0.02 NO T2 No -0.54 -0.1 NO T3 No -0.43 -0.01 NO T4 No -0.27 0.00 NO T5 No -1.09 -0.02 NO T6 No -0.90 -0.01 NO T7 No -0.25 0.00 NO T8 No -0.14 0.00 NO Season Grid Auto-correlation Mk-z statistic Sen’s value Trend Monsoon T1 No -2.63 -0.02 Decreasing T2 No -2.86 -0.02 Decreasing T3 No -2.45 -0.01 Decreasing T4 Yes -2.55 -0.05 Decreasing T5 Yes -0.86 -0.02 NO T6 No -1.95 -0.02 NO T7 Yes -1.57 -0.02 NO T8 Yes -2.03 -0.04 Decreasing Pre-monsoon T1 No -4.25 -0.05 Decreasing T2 No -4.02 -0.05 Decreasing T3 No -3.73 -0.05 Decreasing T4 No -3.26 -0.04 Decreasing T5 No -4.33 -0.05 Decreasing T6 No -4.43 -0.06 Decreasing T7 No -3.83 -0.05 Decreasing T8 No -3.73 -0.05 Decreasing Post-Monsoon T1 No -0.51 -0.01 NO T2 No -0.67 -0.01 NO T3 No -0.88 -0.01 NO T4 Yes -1.87 -0.04 NO T5 Yes -0.12 0.01 NO T6 Yes 1.13 0.01 NO T7 Yes 0.42 0.01 NO T8 Yes 0.53 0.01 NO Winter T1 No -3.28 -0.04 Decreasing T2 No -2.63 -0.03 Decreasing T3 No -2.60 -0.03 Decreasing T4 No -2.13 -0.03 Decreasing T5 No -3.88 -0.04 Decreasing T6 No -3.52 -0.04 Decreasing T7 No -2.81 0.03 Decreasing T8 No -2.13 0.03 Decreasing Annual T1 Yes -1.78 -0.04 NO T2 No -3.86 -0.02 Decreasing T3 No -3.49 -0.02 Decreasing T4 Yes -1.78 -0.04 NO T5 Yes -1.21 -0.02 NO T6 No -2.00 -0.02 Decreasing T7 Yes -0.56 -0.02 NO T8 yes -0.94 -0.02 NO

The above Tables 2presents the results of temperature trend. The maximum and mean temperature does not show any significant trend at most of the grid locations. However, minimum temperature shows significant increasing trend at some grid locations but the diurnal temperature trends show a decreasing trend at almost all the grid locations. This conforms to the IPCC reports of global warming.

The following sections present the results of regression analysis of trend in graphical form for all the available data and it is found that there is close proximity between the results of graphical (regression) and Man-Kendall analysis results.

52 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JAN)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JAN)-T5 26 26 24 24 22 22 20 20 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 18 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JAN)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JAN)-T6 26 26 24 24 22 22 20 20 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 18 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JAN)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JAN)-T7 26 26 24 24 22 22 20 20 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 18 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JAN)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JAN)-T8 26 26 24 24 22 22 20 20 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 18 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig. 2: TREND OF MAX TEMP (JANUARY)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(FEB)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(FEB)-T5 30 40

20 30 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(FEB)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(FEB)-T7 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(FEB)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(FEB)-T6 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MA TEMP(FEB)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(FEB)-T8 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE 0 TEMPRATURE 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.3: TREND OF MAX TEMP (FEBUARY)

53 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

Trend of max temp(Mar)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAR)-T5 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAR)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAR)-T6 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAR)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAR)-T7 40 40 30 30 20 20

10 Title Axis 10 TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) years(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAR)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAR)-T8 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.4: TREND OF MAX TEMP (MARCH)

Trend of max temp(APR)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(APR)-T5 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(APR)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(APR)-T6 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(APR)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(APR)-T7 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(APR)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(APR)-T8 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.5: TREND OF MAX TEMP (APRIL)

54 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAY)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAY)-T5 32 32 30 30 28 28 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 24 26 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAY)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAY)-T6 34 34 32 32 30 30 28 26 28 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 24 26 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAY)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAY)-T7 34 34 32 32 30 30 28 28 26 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 24 24 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAY)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(MAY)-T8 34 34 32 32 30 30 28 28 26

TEMPRATURE 26 TEMPRATURE 24 24 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.6: TREND OF MAX TEMP (MAY)

Trend of max temp(JUN)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUN)-T5 34 34 32 32 30 30 28 28 Temprature TEMPRATURE 26 26 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUN)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUN)-T6 34 36 32 34 30 32 28 30 EMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 26 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUN)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUN)-T7 36 36 34 34 32 32 30 30 28 28 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 26 26 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUN)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUN)-T8 36 36 34 34 32 32 30 30 28 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 28 26 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.7: TREND OF MAX TEMP JUNE

55 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUL)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUL)-5 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 30 29 29 TEMPRATURE

TEMPRATURE 28 27 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUL)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUL)-T6 34 36 33 34 32 31 32 30 30

TEMPRATURE 29 TEMPRATURE 28 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUL)-3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUL)-T7 34 34

32 32

30 30 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 28 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUL)-4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(JUL)-T8 34 34

32 32

30 30 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 28 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.8: TREND OF MAX TEMP JULY

TREND OF MAX TEMP(AUG)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(AUG)-T5 32 33 31 32 30 31 29 30 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 28 29 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(AUG)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(AUG)-T6 33 34 32 33 31 32 30 31 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 29 30 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(AUG)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(AUG)-T7 34 34 33 33 32 32 31 31 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 30 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(AUG)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(AUG)-8 34 34 33 33 32 32 31 31 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 30 30 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.9: TREND OF MAX TEMP (AUGUST)

56 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MAX TEMP(SEP)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(SEP)-T5 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 30 29 29 TEMPRATURE

TEMPRATURE 28 27 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(SEP)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(SEP)-T6 34 34 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 30

TEMPRATURE 29

TEMPRATURE 29 28 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(SEP)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(SEP)-T7 34 34 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 30

TEMPRATURE 29 TEMPRATURE 29 28 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(SEP)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(SEP)-T8 34 34 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 30

TEMPRATURE 29

TEMPRATURE 29 28 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.10: TREND OF MAX TEMP (SEPTEMBER)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(OCT)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(OCT)-T5 31 31 30 30 29 29 28 28 27 27 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 26 26 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(OCT)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(OCT)-T6 31 32 30 31 29 30 28 29 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 27 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(OCT)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(OCT)-T7 32 33 32 31 31 30 30 29 29

TEMPRATURE 28 TEMPRATURE 28 27 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(OCT)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(OCT)-T8 33 32.5 32 32 31.5 31 31 30 30.5 29 30 28 29.5 TEMPRATURE 29 27 28.5 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 28 YEARS(1969-2005) 27.5 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37

Fig.11: TREND OF MAX TEMP (OCTOBER)

57 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MAX TEMP(NOV)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(NOV)-T5 29 30 28 28 27 26 26 25 24

24 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 23 22 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(NOV)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(NOV)-T6 30 30

28 28 26 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 24 24 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(NOV)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(NOV)-T7 30 32 30 28 28 26 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 24 24 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(NOV)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(NOV)-T8 32 32 30 30 28 28 26 26 24 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 24 22 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.12: TREND OF MAX TEMP (NOVEMBER)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(DEC)-T1 TREND OF MAX TEMP(DEC)-T5 26 26 25 25 24 24 23 22 23 22 TEMPRATURE

TEMPRATURE 21 20 21 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(DEC)-T2 TREND OF MAX TEMP(DEC)-T6 26 27 25 26 24 25 23 24 22 23 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 21 22 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(DEC)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(DEC)-T7 27 28 26 26 25 24 24 23 22

TEMPRATURE 22 TEMPRATURE 21 20 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(DEC)-T4 TREND OF MAX TEMP(DEC)-T8 28 28 26 26 24 24 22 22 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 20 20 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig. 13: TREND OF MAX TEMP (DECEMBER)

58 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JAN)-T1 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JAN)-T5 18 20 17 15 16 10 15 14 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 13 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JAN)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JAN)-T6 18 19 17 18 16 17 15 16 14 15 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 13 14 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JAN)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JAN)-T7 19 25 18 20 17 15 16 10 15 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 14 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JAN)-T4 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JAN)-T8 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.14: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (JANUARY)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(FEB)-T1 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(FEB)-T5 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(FEB)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(FEB)-T6 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(FEB)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(FEB)-T7 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(FEB)-T4 TREND OF TEMP(FEB)-T8 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5

TEMPRATURE 5 TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.15: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (FEBUARY)

59 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAR)-T1 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAR)-T5 24 24 22 22 20 20 18 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 16 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAR)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAR)-T6 24 26 22 24 20 22 18 20 TEMPRAURE TEMPRATURE 16 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAR)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAR)-T7 24 26 22 24 22 20 20 18 18 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 16 16 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAR)-T4 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAR)-T8 24 24 22 22 20 20 18 18 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 16 16 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.16: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (MARCH)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(APR)-T1 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(APR)-T5 30 28 26 20 24 10 22 20 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(APR)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(APR)-T6 30 30

20 20

10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(APR)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(APR)-T7 30 30

20 20

10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(APR)-T4 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(APR)-T8 30 30

20 20

10 10 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.17: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (APRIL)

60 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAY)-T1 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAY)-T5 27 28 26 27 25 26 24 25 23 24 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 22 23 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAY)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAY)-T6 28 29 27 28 27 26 26 25 25 24 24 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 23 23 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAY)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAY)-T7 28 28 27 27 26 26 25 25 24 24 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 23 23 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAY)-T4 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(MAY)-T8 28 30 27 28 26 26 25 24 24 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 23 22 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.18: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (MAY)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUN)-T1 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUN)-T5 28 29 27 28 27 26 26 25 25 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 24 24 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 years(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUN)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUN)-T6 29 30 29 28 28 27 27 26 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 25 25 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUN)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUN)-T7 30 30 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 25 25 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUN)-T4 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUN)-T8 30 30 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 25 25 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.19: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (JUNE)

61 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUL)-T1 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUL)-T5 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 25 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 24 25 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUL)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUL)-T6 30 30 29 29 28 28 27 27

26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 25 26 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUL)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUL)-7 30 30 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 25 25 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUL)-T4 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(JUL)-T8 30 30 29 29 28 28 27 27 26

TEMPRATURE 26 TEMPRATURE 25 25 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEAS(1969-1999)

Fig.20: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (JULY)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(AUG)-T1 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(AUG)-T5 28.5 29 28 28.5 27.5 28 27 27.5 26.5 27 26 TEMPRATURE

TEMPRATURE 26.5 25.5 26 1 4 7 10 1316 19 22 25 28 3134 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEAS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(AUG)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(AUG)-T6 29 30 28.5 29.5 28 29 27.5 28.5 27 28 TEMPRATURE

TEMPRATURE 27.5 26.5 27 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 2528313437 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(AUG)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(AUG)-T7 30 30 29.5 29.5 29 29 28.5 28.5 28 28 27.5 TEMPRATURE

TEMPRATURE 27.5 27 27 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(AUG)-T4 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(AUG)-T8 29.5 30 29 29.5 29 28.5 28.5 28 28 27.5 27.5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 27 27 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.21: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (AUGUST)

62 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(SEP)-T1 Trend of mean temp(sep)-T5 29 28 28 27 27 26 26 25 25

TEMPRATURE 24 TEMPRATURE 23 24 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(SEP)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(SEP)-T6 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 25 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 24 25 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 years(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(SEP)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(SEP)-T7 30 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 25 25 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(SEP)-T4 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(SEP)-T8 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 26 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 25 25 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.22: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (SEPTEMBER)

TREND OF MAX TEMP(OCT)-T3 TREND OF MAX TEMP(OCT)-T7 32 33 32 31 31 30 30 29 29

TEMPRATURE 28 TEMPRATURE 28 27 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

fig.23: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (OCTOBER)

63 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(NOV)-T1 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(NOV)-T5 23 23 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 18 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(NOV)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(NOV)-T6 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 20 21 20

19 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 18 19 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(NOV)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(NOV)-T7 24 26 23 24 22 22 21 20 20 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 19 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(NOV)-T4 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(NOV)-T8 24 24 23

22 22

21 20 20 TEMPRATURE 18 19 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 18 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 YEARS(1969-2005) Axis Title

Fig.24: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (NOVEMBER)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP (DEC)-T1 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(DEC)-T5 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 15

15 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 14 14 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(DEC)-T2 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(DEC)-T6 19 20 19 18 18 17 17 16 16

15 TEMPRATURE 15 TEMPRATURE 14 14 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(DEC)-T3 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(DEC)-T7 20 25 19 20 18 15 17 10 16 5 15 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 14 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MEAN TEMP(DEC)-T4 TREND OF MEAN TEMP(DEC)-T8 25 30 20 20 15 10 10

5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.25: TREND OF MEAN TEMP (DECEMBER)

64 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JAN)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JAN)-T5 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JAN)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JAN)-T6 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JAN)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JAN)-T7 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JAN)-T4 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JAN)-T8 15 20 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.26: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP (JANUARY)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(FEB)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(FEB)-T5 15 16 14 12 10 10 8 5 6 4 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 2 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931333537 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(FEB)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(FEB)-T6 15 20 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(FEB)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(FEB)-T7 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(FEB)-T4 TREND OF MIN TEMP(FEB)-T8 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.27: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP (FEBUARY)

65 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAR)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAR)-T5 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAR)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAR)-T6 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATRE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Trend of min temp(MAR)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAR)-T7 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 years(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAR)-T4 TRED OF MIN TEMP(MAR)-T8 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.28: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP (MARCH)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(APR)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(APR)-T5 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(APR)-2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(APR)-6 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 years(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(APR)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(APR)-T7 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(APR)-T4 TREND OF MIN TEMP(APR)-T8 25 30 20 15 20 10 10 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.29: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP (APRIL)

66 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAY)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAY)-T5 23 24 22 21 22 20 19 20 TEPRATURE

TEMPRATURE 18 17 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TRED OF MIN TEMP(MAY)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAY)-T6 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 21 20 20 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 19 19 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAY)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAY)-T7 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 21 20 TEMPRATURE

TEMPRAURE 20 19 19 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAY)-T8 TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAY)-T4 30 24 23 20 22 21 10

20 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 19 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.30: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP (MAY)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUN)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUN)-T5 25 26 24 25 23 24 22 23 21 22 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 20 21 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUN)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUN)-T6 26 26 25 25 24 24 23 23

22 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 21 22 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUN)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUN)-7 26 26 25 25 24 24 23 23 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 22 22 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005 YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUN)-T8 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUN)-T4 25 25 24.5 24.5 24 24 23.5 23.5 23 23 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 22.5 22.5 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.31: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP (JUNE)

67 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MIN TEMP(MAY)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUL)-T5 25 26 24 25 24 23 23 22 22 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 21 21 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUL)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUL)-T6 26 26 25 25 24 23 24 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 22 23 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUL)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUL)-T7 26 26 25.5 25 25 24 24.5 24 23 23.5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 22 23 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUL)-T4 TREND OF MIN TEMP(JUL)-T8 25.5 25.5 25 25 24.5 24.5 24 24 23.5 23.5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 23 23 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.32: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP(JULY)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(AUG)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(AUG)-T5 25 26 25 24 24 23 23 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 22 22 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(AUG)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(AUG)-T6 25.5 26.5 25 26 24.5 25.5 24 25 23.5 24.5

TEMPRATRE 24

TEMPRATURE 23 22.5 23.5 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(AUG)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(AUG)-T7 26 26 25.5 25.5 25 25 24.5 24.5 24 24 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 23.5 23.5 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(AUG)-T4 TREND OF MIN TEMP(AUG)-T8 25.5 26 25 25.5 25 24.5 24.5 24 24 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 23.5 23.5 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.33: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP(AUGUST)

68 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MIN TEMP(SEP)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(SEP)-T5 25 25 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 21 TEMPRATURE 20 20 TEMPRATURE 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(SEP)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(SEP)-T6 25 26 24 25 23 24 22 23 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 21 22 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(SEP)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(SEP)-T7 26 25 25 24 24 23 23

TEMPRATRE 22 TEMPRATURE 21 22 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(SEP)-T4 TREND OF MIN TEMP(SEP)-T8 25 25 24 24 23 22 23 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 21 22 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.34: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP (SEPTMBER)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(OCT)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(OCT)-T5 24 24 22 22 20 20 18 18 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 16 16 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(OCT)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(OCT)-T6 23 24 22 21 22 20 19 20 TEPRATURE

TEMPRATURE 18 17 18 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(OCT)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(OCT)-T7 24 24 22 22 20 20 18 18 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 16 16 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(OCT)-T4 TREND OF MIN TEMP(OCT)-T8 24 24 22 22 20 20 18 18 TEMPRATURE TEMPRAURE 16 16 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.35: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP (OCTOBER)

69 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF MIN TEMP(NOV)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(NOV)-T5 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(NOV)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(NOV)-T6 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(NOV)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(NOV)-T7 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(NOV)-T4 TREND OF MIN TEMP(NOV)-T8 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.36: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP (NOVEMBER)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(DEC)-T1 TREND OF MIN TEMP(DEC)-T5 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEM(DEC)-T2 TREND OF MIN TEMP(DEC)-T6 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(DEC)-T3 TREND OF MIN TEMP(DEC)-T7 15 20 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1967-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF MIN TEMP(DEC)-T4 TREND OF MIN TEMP(DEC)-T8 20 25 15 20 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.37: TREND OF MINIMUM TEMP (DECEMBER)

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TREN OF DIURNAL TEMP(JAN)-T1 TREND OF DIRNAL TEMP(JAN)-T5 15 20 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JAN)-T2 TREND OF IURNAL TEMP(JAN)-T6 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JAN)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JAN)-T7 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JAN)-T4 TREND OF DIURAL TEMP(JAN)-T8 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig. 38: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (JANUARY)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(FEB)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(FEB)-T5 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(FEB)-T2 TREND OF DIUNAL TEMP(FEB)-T6 20 20 15 15 10 10 5

5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(FEB)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(FEB)-T7 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(FEB)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(FEB)-T8 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(19692005)

Fig.39: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (FEBUARY)

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TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAR)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAR)-T5 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAR)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAR)-T6 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAR)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAR)-T7 20 20 15 15 10 10 5

TEMPRATURE 5

0 TEMPRATURE 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAR)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAR)-T8 20 20 15 15 10 10 5

TEMPRATURE 5

0 TEMPRATURE 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.40: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (MARCH)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(APR)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(APR)-T5 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(APR)-T2 TREN OF IURNAL TEMP(APR)-T6 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(APR)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(APR)-T7 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(APR)-T4 TREND OF IURNAL TEMP(APR)-T8 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEAR(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.41: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (APRIL)

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TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAY)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAY)-T5 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAY)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAY)-T6 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAY)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAY)-T7 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAY)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MAY)-T8 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.42: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (MAY)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUN)-T1 Trend of diurnal temp(Jun)-T5 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUN)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUN)-T6 15 10 8 10 6 4 5 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(19069-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUN)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUN)-T7 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUN)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUN)-T8 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRARTURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.43: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (JUNE)

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TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUL)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUL)-T5 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUL)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUL)-T6 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUL)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUL)-T7 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUL)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(JUL)-T8 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.44: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (JULY)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(AUG)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(AUG)-T5 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(AUG)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(AUG)-T6 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(AUG)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(AUG)-T7 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(AUG)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(AUG)-T8 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.45: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (AUGUST)

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TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(SEP)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(SEP)-T5 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(SEP)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(SEP)-T6 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(SEP)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(SEP)-T7 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(SEP)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(SEP)-T8 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.46: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (SEPTEMBER)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(OCT)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(OCT)-T5 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(OCT)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(OCT)-T6 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(OCT)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(OCT)-T7 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DURNAL TEMP(OCT)-T4 TREND OF DIUNAL TEMP(OCT)-T8 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.47: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (OCTOBER)

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TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(NOV)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(NOV)-T5 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(NOV)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(NOV)-T6 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 131619 222528 313437 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) 1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(NOV)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(NOV)-T7 15 20 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 1316 1922 2528 3134 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(NOV)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(NOV)-T8 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.48: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (NOVEMBER)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(DEC)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(DEC)-T5 15 20 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(DEC)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(DEC)-T6 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(DEC)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(DEC)-T7 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(DEC)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(DEC)-T8 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.49: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (DECEMBER)

76 Pelagia Research Library Alok Kumar and Rajat Kaushik Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(1):42-80 ______

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(win)-T1 TREN OF DIURNAL TEMP(win)-T5 15 20 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(win)-T2 TREN OF IURRNAL TEMP(win)-T6 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(win)-T3 TREN OF DIURNAL TEMP(win)-T7 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(win)-T4 TREND OF DIRNAL TEMP(win)-T8 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.50: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (WINTER)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(pre-mon)- TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(pre-mon)- T1 T5 15 15 10 10 5 5

TEMPRATURE 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 TEMPRATURE 0 YEARS(1969-2005) 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(pre-mon)- TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(pre-mon)- T2 T6 15 14 12 10 10 8 5 6 4 2 TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(pre-mon)- TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(pre-mon)- T3 T7 15 15 10 10 5 5

TEMPRATURE 0 TEMPRATURE 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(pre-mon)- TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(pre-mon)- T4 T8 15 15 10 10 5 5 TEMPRATURE 0 TEMPRATURE 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-2005)

Fig.51: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP (PRE-MONSOON)

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TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MON)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MON)-T5 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MON)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MON)-T6 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MON)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MON)-T7 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MON)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(MON)-T8 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2

2 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.52: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP MONSOON

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(P-mon)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(P-mon)-T5 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(P-mon)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(P-mon)-T6 14 15 12 10 10 8

6 5

4 TEMPRATURE 0 2 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(P-mon)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(P-mon)-T7 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 years(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

Trend of diurnal temp(p-mon)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(P-mon)-T8 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE 0 TEMPRATURE 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) YEARS(1969-1999)

Fig.53: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP POST-MONSOON

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TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(ANU)-T1 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(ANU)-T5 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(ANU)-T2 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(ANU)-T6 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE TEMPRATURE 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS1969-2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(ANU)-T3 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(ANU)-T7 15 12 10

10 8

5 Axis Title 4 TEMPRATURE 0 2 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 YEARS(1969--2005) YEARS(1969-1999)

TREND OF DIURNAL; TEMP(ANU)-T4 TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP(ANU)-T8 15 15

10 10

5 5 TEMPRATURE 0 TREMPRATURE 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 YEARS(1969-1999) years(1969-1999)

Fig.54: TREND OF DIURNAL TEMP ANNUAL

CONCLUSION

The study of trends in maximum, mean, minimum and diurnal temperature data are critically important for a country like India whose food security and economy are dependent on the timely availability of water. In this work, monthly, seasonal and annual trends of temperature data have been studied using daily data series of 30-35 years for 8 stations/grids in India. More than half of the grids showed a decreasing trend in diurnal temperature, but other variables do not show a significant trend at most stations/grids.

Acknowledgement Especially thankful to D.K. Vishwakarma(DevSanskritiVishwavidyalaya, Haridwar-249411, Uttrakhand) and Rahul Gautam(Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur-228001, UttarPredesh).

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