Central Facility Home to the Worlds Most Intense

Prof. John Collier Head, High Power Laser Programme , STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory & HiPER Chief Scientist [email protected] HiPER – A Consortium of …

• 100+ Scientists

• 25 Institutions

• European Commission

• 10 European Countries (6 at National Level) – UK, France, Czech Republic, Spain, Italy, Greece (National) – Portugal, Poland, Germany, Russia (Institutional)

• International Partnerships – USA, Canada, South Korea, Japan, China

• STFC (CLF) is leading the Preparatory Phase The “Armchair” case for Fusion Fusion Energy: Chemical Energy: 70g water Supertanker full

(carbon free) Of CO2 -rich oil

• Plentiful fuel (scale = mankind’s long term needs) • Security (extraction from seawater + breeding)

• Clean (no carbon emissions, and no long-lived radioactivity)

• Safe (no stored energy)

• Complementary solutions (magnetic, laser, …)

• Hydrogen production (for local energy)

NationalFull IgnitionBleed of Laser Facility, Bay USA

NIF-0506-11956 Fusion: We are entering a new era

• Commitment to fusion via ITER, NIF, LMJ (multi-$B investment) • Demonstration of net energy production from laser fusion predicted within 1 to 3 years • Ability to access wholly new physical regimes

• These are fundamental step-changes in our field • Huge implications for our science and energy programmes

• A strategic way forward in Europe has been defined – HiPER

The next step (after ignition)

• Top-level goals for HiPER: • Credible path for future exploitation of laser fusion energy • Fully capitalise on the science of extreme conditions

• Defining features of the next step: • High repetition rate • Reduced tolerances on laser, target infrastructure • Advanced Ignition Scheme • International, collaborative approach European Roadmap for new Facilities

Strategic analysis of science facility opportunities for the next 20 years

• 35 “Opportunities” • Dedicated EC funding for design and preparation • Construction via European Govts Project timeline for HiPER

2013 Agreement to construct

2008 - 2011 2011 - 2013 2014 - 2020 Preparatory phase Definition phase Construction phase

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20072008 2014/5 2020+2020

2011 2008 Options analysis Formal start date

2012 • 2-year conceptualTechnology dowdesignn selection phase (2005,6) • Included on European roadmap (Oct 06) • UK endorsement – coordinators (Jan 07) • Bid for next phase to EC and national Govts (May 07) • Preparatory phase Project start (Apr 08) ‘Fast Ignition’ route to reduced scale

One approach advocated by HiPER

Compress Heat Energy output Specification based on detailed modelling

300 log10 ρ Analytical scaling laws 200 2.8 2 100 m) 1 0 2D radiation hydrodynamic r (μ 0

-100 -1 Implosion simulations Energy gains -2 -200 -3 -300 50 – 100 3D hybrid kinetic models -300 -200predicted-100 0 100 200 300 of transport z (μm)

Thermonuclear burn

Development of advanced simulation tools on massively parallel computers is and will be a central aspect of the upcoming design project HiPER : Preliminary Specifications

1. Implosion energy:

250 kJ/5ns/3ω0 High Energy Long Pulse ~48 beams Pump Beam(s)

10 m chamber Chirped, broadband pulse is thus amplified to high energy 2. Ignitor beamlines: 70kJ 10ps, 1 or 2ω 3. Hz Repetition Rate 4. OPCPA configuration …….. to provide 150 PW beam Low Energy, broadband ultra-short pulse Is (probe) and/or 2 EW stretched (chirped) in time

(driver) Optical Parametric Amplifier (OPA) nd rd th th (Non – linear crystal eg KDP)2 OPA 3 , 4 , 5 ... OPA’s Chirped pulse is compressed in time Can be repeated multiple timesto produce a high energy, ultra-short duration pulse of enormous power for increased energy without 5. Enhanced support loss of bandwidth infrastructure & cooperation required throughout Europe

Four Target Areas ( Fusion, HEDP / High Power, Diagnostic, Technology Development ) Technology Options

• 2 original options: • High yield (fast ) demonstrator based on optimised NIF/LMJ technology • Technology for a high rep-rate fusion facility

HiPER Executive Board have now down selected to a high rep-rate based approach for HiPER Laser Technology Development

kJ scale beamline demonstrator is essential 4 Proposed Options

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 IOQ STFC LULI CEA Principal investigator

Demonstrator Total number of apertues / 4 1, 4 or 9 9 >~ 100 000 spot (ass. 64)

Total energy 10 kJ 10 kJ 10 kJ 1 kJ Facility Total number of bundles (independent 64 64 64 several millions group of beams) Total number of several 256 64 / 256 / 576 576 pulses millions

Total energy 640 kJ 640 kJ 640 kJ 640 kJ Down selection Process

DEMONSTRATION Option 1 BEAMLINE

Option 2 Down Single option Option 3 selection

THIS PHASE NEXT PHASE • Down selection will be by the HiPER Executive Board under appropriate advisement • Against an agreed set of scientific, technical, strategic, financial and political criteria Hilase

• Initiative by the Czech Republic • ~ $50 M Technology Development Programme • Proposal Positively Reviewed – Decision Aug

1. Development of 1-10J, kW-class DPSSL systems for industrial and scientific applications 2. Development of a 100-200J /10 Hz laser system to demonstrate scalability to 1 kJ and beyond 3. Development of the technologies for rep-rate amplifiers in partnership with industry Target technology requirements Enables a wide array of new science

• How does matter behave under conditions of extreme temperature, pressure, density and electromagnetic fields ? • What are the new states of matter at enormous temperature and pressure ? • What is the nature of matter in the early universe ? • How do photons and matter interact in extreme conditions ? • How do planetary cores form and evolve ? • How are the elements from Iron to Uranium made ? • Can we create nuclear flames in the laboratory ? • Is it possible to produce meaningful scaled astrophysical events (eg Jets, Supernova Remnants) in the laboratory ? • Can turbulence be understood ? • Are current models of star and planet structure and dynamics correct ? • Can fully degenerate “quantum ’s” be created in the laboratory ? • Can lasers boil the vacuum ? • Is it possible to recreate the atmosphere of a star ? • When does the vacuum become opaque ? • When do solids become transparent ? • Can lasers be accelerators ? • Can we change the refractive index of the vacuum • Does metallic Hydrogen exist in the solid state ? • Can pure electron-positron plasma be produced ? • Can the Radiative Hydrodynamics of many astrophysical events (Colliding galaxies, supernovae..) be reproduced ? • Can Unruh Radiation (E-M equivalent to Hawking Radiation) be detected ? • Can relativistic physics on the attosecond timescale be achieved ? IFE viewed by the popular press …

Schawlow Conclusions

• We are entering a new era for Fusion Energy • A concept for a next-generation European facility has been proposed • Included on national & European roadmaps • Next (funded) stage is detailed facility design – needs coordinated, international approach

[email protected] ● www.clf.rl.ac.uk

Extreme Light Infrastructure

Physics and Technology under extreme intensity conditions

J. Collier (STFC) RAL, UK ELI Science and Technology Leader

On behalf of

G. Korn (DC) MPQ, Germany ELI Deputy Co-ordinator

APPLICATIONSUltrarelativistic ELI Fundamentala Science> 2000, E= 4 PV/m 0

Es= 1320PV/m

22 2 Currently Imax = 10 W/cm ELI pushes the limits by more than 2 orders

ELI enters the radiation dominated regime where the radiation losses of the fast moving are dominating (a o= 400 for circ. and 700 linear pol. light) The generated radiation is betweeen

70 MeV and 350 MeV

The “Pillars”of ELI

A facility dedicated to attosecond science kW average STEP CHANGE from today’s capability power class VERY SIGNIFICANT INFRASTRUCTURE

A facility dedicated to “beamline” applications kW average STEP CHANGE from today’s capability power class

VERY SIGNIFICANT INFRASTRUCTURE – SPECIAL CONDITIONS

A facility dedicated to high intensity physics. Various STEP CHANGE from today’s capability Options

MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE 23 Main fields of investigations and applications:

Secondary Sources of particles and photons (done with Attolaser or beamlines)

a) Electron acceleration (LWFA and its modifications)

b) Ion acceleration (RPDA and its modifications)

c) Ultra-bright photon sources i) Atto (and shorter) second physics with Relativistic High Order Harmonics, One-period EM pulses from Oscillating Relativistic Mirrors, Relativistic Flying Mirrors, etc… ii) THz (and longer) radiation iii) x-ray and γ-beams Fundamental Science (Done with high- intensity duty end)

a) Probing of nonlinear quantum vacuum i) Electron-positron pair creation from vacuum ii) Vacuum refraction iii) Unruh radiation b) High energy physics i) Electron-positron collider ii) Heavy ion collider iii) Gamma-gamma collider iv) Pump and probe experiments on relativistic particles c) Elementary particle physics including nuclear physics d) Relativistic laboratory astrophysics …… ELI laser scheme: generic concept

Scaled PFS technology 0.1 PW/ 1 kHz Attosecond sciences 1 J / 5-10 fs

Oscillators 5J/ 10fs probe tandem PFS, 5 fs beamlines dedicated to e- and p+ Beamlines 10 kHz ≥50J/ 15fs per beamline at least two 10Hz beamlines (DPSSL)

Front end 1-10J / 10fs High-intensity ≥100 Hz 200 PW 3 kJ/ 15fs 8-12 beams Flash-lamp pumped Later DPSSL RISK Ideal DPSSL Needs Attosecond Pillar (DPSSL): • 10 J/ 1-2ps, 1 µm, 1 kHz for a complete OPCPA system • delivering 1 J/ 10fs @ 1kHz • Possibilities are investigated to use thin disk technology • @ MPQ (Garching) (1-3 kHz) and MBI (Berlin) (200 Hz)

Beam lines Pillar (DPSSL lines): • 1 kJ, 10 Hz for OPCPA • delivering 50-100 J/ 15 fs @ 10Hz on target • Common developments for HiPER / Hilase – covered already

High Intensity Pillar (if ever DPSSL) • Future development (e.g. HIPER) Current MPQ System

• Based on thin disc technology • Regenerative amplifier (CPA) • Ti:sa osc, fiber preamp. @1030nm • 25 mJ @ 3 kHz (32 mJ before comp.)

New Scaled Multipass in Construction

mirror holder 4-f imaging

Yb:YAG disk amplifier head

vacuum chamber

2 x 10 V-passes via the disk

• scaling factor of 10 (30 mJ → 300mJ) • increase pump spot (2,6 mm → 8,2 mm) • increase pump power (300 W → 3 kW) • 1,13 @ 0,3 kW pump power • required V-passes through disk ca. 20

Scaling to 2 J and 1.0 kHz for ELI

• Repetition Rate 1 kHz 5 off to pump • Output Energy 2000 mJ • Pumped Ø 18.6 mm a PFS like • Pump Power 12.5 kW system

Pump light homogenizer > 15 kW pump light

• Amplifier head 25 kW pump power, (> 30 kW develop.) • disk diameter max. 35 mm

• ELI is a multi-national project that is driving – Fundamental Science – Interaction Based Applications – New Basic Technology • DPSSL is at its very core • Balancing risk and benefit • Draws on synergies with other programmes • Societal Relevance 31