Croatia

The Republic of Srpska

Serbia and

Croatia The Federation of B&H

The Republic of Srpska

Montenegro

The Adriatic sea

5th-7th December 2011, Milano, Italy THE REPUBLIC SURVEY FOR GEOLOGICAL RESARCHES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA 2

indutry, and energy indutry,

mining entity law regulation law entity Government of Government the - Republic of Srpska Republic of Srpska

The

Comission for concession of Comissionof for concession the The Republic Survey The geologicalRepublicfor Survey The Ministry The Ministry of researches of of Republicthe of Srpska researches The The Republic of Srpska

mineral resources mineral

&H in accordance with domestic with accordance in .

LEGAL BACKGROUND LEGAL

indutry, and energy indutry, – FB&H

mining of of FB&H the Federation Federation of B mineral resource mineral Bosnia andBosnia Herzegovina The The Government of Government Federationthe of

Comission for concession of Comissionof for concessionthe

The Ministry The Ministry of The The Survey geologicalfor The Survey researches

INSTED INTRODUCTION INSTED GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA OF REPUBLIC THE OF TERRITORY THE OF POTENTIALITY GEOTHERMAL

are under the jurisdiction of the entities the of jurisdiction the under are In accordance with the Dayton peace agreemnet agreemnet peace Dayton the with accordance In (Law on Geology, Official Gazzete of the Republic of Srpska 51/04, 75/10), 51/04, Srpska of Republic the of Gazzete Official Geology, on (Law 9/10) B&H of Federation the of Gazzete Official Geology, on Law Geothermal energy is energy Geothermal GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

GOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

THE REPUBLIC SURVEY REPUBLIC THE GEOLOGICALRESARCHES FOR

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA REPUBLIC THE OF OF

3 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

GEOTHERMAL BACKGROUND

THE REPUBLIC SURVEY REPUBLIC THE GEOLOGICALRESARCHES FOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA REPUBLIC THE OF OF

Geothermal explorations in have been initiated after World War II and till the date focused just on hydrothermal potentials. Potentials are characterized by their irregular distribution, concentration, specific locations, conditions and the possibilities of use.

-conductive geothermal gradients G=28,2 - 49,6°C/km and -conductive heat flow values q = 60 – 88,7 mW/m2 and -maximal convective values G=66,6°C/km and q=134,9 mW/m2 (after Miošić, Proceeding of WGC 2010, B&H County Update) Significant elements suggesting geothermal potential indications are: -crustal and lineament faults, deep old -regional and repeatedly reactivated faults, existence of large overthrusts, -thinning of the epidermal part of the earthcrust and --less distance from surface to the Mohorovičić discontinuity in the Distance from surface to the Mohorovičić Pannonian basin to 25 km and increasing to the south to ca 45 km. Discontinuity (after Skoko, 1987): -lower in the Pannonian basin to 25 km and 4 -increasing to the south to cca 45 km (External Dinarides) THE REPUBLIC SURVEY FOR GEOLOGICAL RESARCHES

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA 5

-

10 -

Dinaric Dinaric

erzegovina ctive the

a H

(after Miošić

gradients and heat and gradients

.

.

2

/m carbonate platformcarbonate

Basin (Active (Active Basin

adjacent areas of Croatiaof areas adjacent

on the basis ofthebasis on mW

( temperature values (25 values temperature section thrue B&H (after Dragašević) (after section B&H thrue

in - naric

(figure left)(figure 50

- Di hole in Bosnia and Bosnia in hole

the

Pannonian C at 5000 m below surface below at 5000 m C C at 3000 m andm at 3000 C

° ° C at 2000 m, 2000at C ° C at 1000 m, at 1000 C °

47 209 1 - - 62 101 - - Deep seismic Deep cross C/km and 20 and C/km in m)supposed are 1000at C 8 ° ° 39 7 111 176 are in the in are margin) continental in measured temperaturesThe fromvary margin continental 2010): - - - - The largest positive geothermal anomalies anomalies geothermal positive largest The of values lower Significantly in are flows 20 lower extremeThe 38 platform carbonate drill one only holesdrill ten and Montenegro and GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA OF REPUBLIC THE OF TERRITORY THE OF POTENTIALITY GEOTHERMAL GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

ACTIV GEOTHERMAL FIELDS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA Low enthalpy geothermal resources are utilized in the territory of the Republic of Srpska and high temperature (>100°C) geothermal systems with and without waters were proved in the Mesozoic masses, overlain by the Tertiary sediments, of the artesian basins in the northern part of the Republic of Srpska (the part of the Pannonian basin). High temperatures geothermal systems The Republic of Srpska are still not in use.

Bosnia and Herzegovina CURRENTLY: 9 low enthalpy systems in the territory of the Republic of Srpska

The Federation of B&H The Republic -8 systems within the Central ophyolitic zone of Srpska (the zone of the Inner Dinarides) - many springs, T mostly 20-30°C - 16 boreholes in use, T 30-44°C

-1 system within the ample artesian basins (southern edge of the Pannonian Basin) - closed system -2 boreholes in use, T 73-75°C -In some localities (e.g. In the zone of city expected T>110°C)

For the territory of the Republic of Srpska: Currently production per borehole is from 0.35 to

9.5 MWth, total borehole production is cca 45 MWth + cca 3 MWth in spring, calcuation for Tref=20°C (Jolović, 2011).

USE: Kakmuž, Republic of Srpska, Well TGP-2, T=38°C, 2008 -spa, recreation, space heating, in one case 6 extraction of CO2 and other technical gases: GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

Important zones with possibilty of the electric production from

geothermal resources in the Republic of Srpska SURVEY REPUBLIC THE GEOLOGICALRESARCHES FOR

1. Proved closed systems in the area of Pannonian basin (the area “Semberija” and “”) with possibility of electricity production within the Triassic hydrothermal systems SRPSKA REPUBLIC THE OF OF -Area “Semberija” (limestones of middle and upper Triassic age, start from 1500 m beneath surface, unknown tickness); -Area “Posavina” (limestones of upper Triassic age proved in the teritory of The Federation of B&H, start from 1150 m, unknown tickness, in the territory of the Republic of Srpska just supposed-not defined in adjacent deep (oil) borehole OB-1 and BR-1).

Other defined geothermal zones are with such energetic levels which cannot be

proposed for safe productive drilling in the present degree of exploration and

knowledge of deep hydrogeothermal systems.

2. Hydrothermal potentials in the Ophiolitic zone, not yet enought researched, available data indicate theT 60-80 °C in primary aquifer.

3. Other interesting area, especially the zone of the (younger) Tertiary magmatism.

7 PANNONIAN BASIN – THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA - GEOTHERMAL FILED “SEMBERIJA”

Approximately area 200 km2 / 6 boreholes

Temperat ure on Year of Depth Yeld No Borehole name borehole driling (m) (l/s) mouth (°C)

7.5 01 S-1 1345 75 (artesian level)

Between 02 S-2 1591 No data - 1957-1962

03 S-3 (SV-1) 1746 No data -

Without pumping test (reason: 04 Bij-1 1983-1984 2479 - trpped equipement)

05 DV-1 1988-1989 1500 Nije testirana 75

06 GD-2 2010 1800 44 (by pump) 73

Geothermal field Semberija

8 PANNONIAN BASIN – THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA - GEOTHERMAL FILED “SEMBERIJA”

Low enthalpy geothermal resources are utilized in B&H and high temperature (>100°C) geothermal systems with and without waters were proved in the Mesozoic masses, overlain by the Tertiary sediments, of the artesian basins of the northern Bosnia (the part of the Pannonian basin); these resources are still not in use. Temperature on Depth No Borehole name borehole mouth Thermal aquifers registered in: (m) (°C) - the Miocene sediments (weak, S-1 and DV-1)) and Limestone sequence of the Creataceous flysch formation (moderate, S-1, 7 01 S-1 1345 75 l/s, 75 °C) – minor enthalpy -the Middle and the Upper Triasic limestone (most important, DV-1, 05 DV-1 1500 75 GD-2, BIJ-1) – main geothermal reservoirs Temperature lower than expected, very low 06 GD-2 1800 73 mineralisation, very high well yield

New Usable T P kWh/year T equ. T equ. Тexp (⁰C) Tref (°C) TJ/year 6 borehole (°C) (MWth) (x10 ) of coal of oil

*NB-1** 119 20 99 10,35 326 91 11.200 7700 *-near location of trapped Bij-1 9 **-supposed depth of the borehole cca 2500 m PANNONIAN BASIN – THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA - GEOTHERMAL FILED “SEMBERIJA” I Current geothermal projects 1 District heating of Bijeljina Project Multipurpose use of thermal water 2 3 in the “Slobomir” Project 2 1 Project based on drilling of 5 boreholes (every 1 borehole cca 2500 m) (Danish Investors) Project based on drilling 6 boreholes (the first 2 1.800 m sucessifuly complete in 2010) (privete domestic Investor) II Other interesting projects Continue of oil researches stopped before 1992, 3 Russian oil company “Зарубежњефт”, in the first stage there are projected seismic researches and also borehole DV-1 and S-3 (also named SV-1) deepen

Borehole (depth in m)

Well screen or “open hole”

10 PANNONIAN BASIN – THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA - GEOTHERMAL FILED “POSAVINA”

1. DO-1 1245 m Triassic aquifer

2. BR-1 2740 m Creataceous sed. cca 3850 m Triassic sed

3. OB-1 up to 2805 m Paleogene deeper Creataceous

Distance: DO-1 - BR-1 5 km DO-1 - OB-1 9 km

Domaljevac Do-1; Q=20 l/s, t=96°C, 1245 m, Triassic aquifer. Artesian basins of lower potentiality without proved the Cretaceous and DO-1 the Triassic aquifers occur west of Domaljevac.

11 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA CENTRAL OPHIOLITIC BELT

Massif of Ophiolites is characterized by covering of the Triassic THE REPUBLIC SURVEY REPUBLIC THE GEOLOGICALRESARCHES FOR carbonates by intrusive, effusive and metamorphic rocks as roof barriers. The whole massif is discontinuous because of tectonics with occurrences of thermal, thermomineral and hyper-alkaline waters. 1

2 4 The most significant deposits of thermal and thermomineral waters THEREPUBLIC OF SRPSKA OF 3 6 7 in the ophyolitic belt in the Republic of Srpska are: 5

No Locality Type Yield (l/s) Temperature (°C)

Borehole 7 31 1 Lješljani 8 Springs 0.2 20

Šeher, Banja Boreholes 40 30 2 Luka Springs 25 30 Boreholes 35 30 3 Laktaši Spring 16 30

Boreholes 100 44 4 Slatina Springs 0.3 22-40 Borehole 24 38 5 Teslić Spring -The deepest borehole is BL-1 in Lješljani 672 m (finished in diabase-hornfel form.) Borehole 12 30 6 Kulaši -Neither one bore hole did not riched the primary Spring 2 30 aquifer (it is supposed triasic carbonate) Borehole >100 38 -All springs and boreholes are situated in fault 7 Sočkovac zones (some of those are active today) Spring -Geothermometers indicate on T 50-80°C in the Borehole 28 31 primary aquifer. 8 Višegrad Spring 7 31 12 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA CENTRAL OPHIOLITIC BELT – BANJA LUKA AREA

Capitol of the Republic of Srpska, cca 250.000 inhabitants Density of population cca 203 in/km2. SURVEY REPUBLIC THE GEOLOGICALRESARCHES FOR

3 location with use of hydrothermal potentials – but only spa and recreation.

Demand for additionl source of energy.

THEREPUBLIC OF SRPSKA OF Geothermal regional researches with long tradition (from 70s of 20th Century) but with longer interruptions (1992-2010, just one borehole 200 m deep after 1985). Available data: gravimetric, magnetometric, modest geoelectric and seismic 2D, drilling up to 470 m.

One Project in the beginig stage connected to district heating (Mannvit,Island).

Active seismic area: strong eartquakes in 1969, smaller srong also in 1981.

Boreholes situated only in active fault zones and neither one reached primary aquifer (supposed the middle and the upper Triasic age). The highest

temeprature on the borehole on mouth is 44 °C (geothermal field Slatina, 4 borehole, cca 100 l/s with small well drowdawn.) In other 2 geothermal field 30°C (Laktaši andSlatina).

SiO2 indicate temparature in the primary aquifer up to 80°C.

Geoelectric cross-section thrue urban area, Geofizika, Zagreb,1984, 13 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

The areas of Tetiary magmatism – area of Srebrenica THE REPUBLIC SURVEY REPUBLIC THE GEOLOGICALRESARCHES FOR -Without any geothermal reserches -In earlier studies considered as probably potential for geothermal researches

(reason: supposed the Miocene vulcanism) OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA REPUBLIC THE OF OF -Till the date vulcanism is defined as Miocene age (younger than 23.3 Ma) -Some new reserches (after Pamić, 2000) indicate on the Early Oligocene (Rupelian) 30.4-28.5 Ma. -Just occurences of mineral waters with high mineralisation as result of infiltration of precipitation thrue ore deposits (lead, zinc,

etc.)

Srebrenica area-Magmatism - the Miocene Age ??? 14 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA The areas of Tertiary granites – area of Motajica and Prosara Mountain

-The zone of acid plutonite and contact metamorphyte of Prosara SURVEY REPUBLIC THE GEOLOGICALRESARCHES FOR mountain and Motajica mountain -Without occurences of thermal water

-Dimension of granite pluton ?

-Data of deep borehole BG-1 borehole indicate large dimension SRPSKA REPUBLIC THE OF OF (after Soklic, 1970 -Gephysical data indicate smaller intrusive bodies (Labaš et al, 1981)

-Age of granitoide ? - 48.7 Ma (after Lanphere and Pamić, 1992) - 26.7 Ma (after Ustaszewski - not younger than Oligocene (Cattian)

15 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALITY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

Generaly, there is a lack of knowledge about deep geothermal potential (also quality stuff). THE REPUBLIC SURVEY REPUBLIC THE GEOLOGICALRESARCHES FOR

Total interuption of geothermal reserches between 1992-2005.

There is not any government funding or participation for geothermal energy exploration –

exploratory and productive drillings and use after 1992 (after 1992 3 boreholes 200-450 m and just SRPSKA REPUBLIC THE OF OF one 1800 m – all in early recognised hydrothermal systems).

Initial investments in geothermal heating in BiH are higher than they are in conventional heating systems and because of that stimulative measures are needed for utilization of geothermal energy.

Mostly low enthalpy system used for spa, recreation, in smaller degree heating etc.

The determination of high enthalpy geothermal fields for electric power generation employing binary process in the territory of the Republic of Srpska is proved by drilling and and today possible only in Semberija (T>120°C) (but also in the area Domaljevac – Obudovac (<100°C) in FB&H, near the entity border with the Republic of Srpska).

Other potential zones of such energetic levels can not be proposed for safe productive drilling in present degree of exploration and knowledge of deep hydrogeothermal systems.

The expectation of knowledge imporvment by current projects: especialy 2D and 3D seismic currently perform by Russin oil investors and deep driling (>2500 m) e.g. in Semebrija (Danish investors) and Banja Luka regions (Island investors). Results expected up to 2014.

As the result of available data and the results of the new projected explorations in the period 2013-2014 the improvement of the Geothermal Atlas of the Republic of Srpska is expected as well as the writing of the Study of Assessment of high temperature resource potential. 16 THE TERRITORY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND

NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES* THE REPUBLIC SURVEY REPUBLIC THE GEOLOGICALRESARCHES FOR

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and FYROM

Some hydrothermal SRPSKA REPUBLIC THE OF OF systems with T>100⁰C PANNONIAN BASIN (mostly situated within Pannonian basin)

There are also some zone of younger Tertiry (Miocene) vulcanism (e.g. in Serbia) in the zone of Inner Dinarides (mountains Bukulja, Cer etc)

There is not recognised any hydrothermal potentiality in the zone of Outer Dinarides

*This part of presentation is based on: Geothermal resource Update in the Year 2010 produced by national experts of 17 B&H, CRO, SRB and FYROM (Proceeding World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia) THE TERRITORY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES

-General conclusion pertain on Bosnia and Herzegovina, SURVEY REPUBLIC THE GEOLOGICALRESARCHES FOR Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and FYROM

-Traditoinal use of Hydrothermal systems of low entalpy in the mentioned countries; mostly for spa, recreation,

agriculture, fish production, in smaller degree for heating SRPSKA REPUBLIC THE OF OF

and extraction (e.g. CO2).

-Production of electricity from geothermal resources: 0 W

-The number of Projects aim to electricity production from geothermal resources: only 1 (Croatia, project “Kutnjak”)

Country Possible systems Projects in Country Type Projects Capacity for Electricity progress name (Mwe) production CROATIA Binary Kutnjak 2

B&H RS YES 0 Mostly financed by INA FB&H YES (National oil corporation) SERBIA YES 0 and HEP (National power corporation), in smaller degree CROATIA YES 1 by regional food productio corporation “Podravka”; also MONTENEGRO NO - support by Government Interestng shown by Swiss and FYROM YES 0 Italian Investors as well.

18 THE REPUBLIC SURVEY FOR GEOLOGICAL RESARCHES

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA 19

) etc. ) C °

and C) °

Balkanides and the Balkanides s - C,Sijarinska spa 72spa C,Sijarinska ° C) etc. (T>120, 160 (T>120, °

Pannonian basin

(T>120 the

ica č C) witin

Pannonian basinPannonian ° C, Jošanička spa 78spa Jošanička C, ° from geothermal resources geothermal from

rocks, as there are tenare thererocks, as

Inner Dinarides, the Karpathothe Inner Dinarides,

the

electricity (spr.:Vranjska spa 96 spa (spr.:Vranjska

Babina Greda, Kutnjak, Rje intrusions. Geothermal exploitation programme exploitation Geothermal intrusions.

: massif

C) in Pannonian basin as well °

: prepared, but they have not been brought into operation.into brought notbeen have butthey prepared,

Macedonisan - Pannonian basin

Montenegro: All territory belong to Dinarides, mostly Outer Dinarided, Withoutregistered potentiality Posavina Posavina in the Federation and of B&H probably in the Republic of Semberija in the Republic of Srpska (T>120 Srpska (T>90

- Bosnia and Herzegovina: andBosnia - called “first and second groups” of reservoirs in the in reservoirs of groups” second “first and called The -

Croatia - have been have identified Neogene granitoid Neogene identified zones of Neogene vulcanism e.g. within within e.g. vulcanism of Neogene zones dry fromhotmade bealso canuse geothermal so Serbian

- - Serbia: - Possible production of production Possible THE TERRITORY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES AND COUNTRIES NEIGHBOURING AND HERZEGOVINA BOSNIA OF TERRITORY THE THE REPUBLIC SURVEY FOR GEOLOGICAL RESARCHES

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA 20

(reliable downhaul pumps, heat pumps, downhaul (reliable

modern equipment modern domestic the absence of theabsence

–

the shortage of budget funds and the absence ofinvestors. theabsence andfunds of budget shortage the

– currently there are no legislative measures encouraging the mastering and using of using and themastering encouraging measures legislative no thereare currently the created geothermal projects should compete with traditional fuel projects.fuel traditional with competeshould projects geothermal thecreated

– – Price barriersPrice Financialbarriers Technological barriers Technological Legal barriers The existence of gas pipelines near the most prospective of the geothermal fields is a deterrent.fields thegeothermalof prospective themost near pipelines gas of existence The  geothermal resources; geothermal    technologies; modern the ofapplying ofexperience andGeoPP) binary of equipment pumps, Identified barriers: barriers: Identified THE TERRITORY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES AND COUNTRIES NEIGHBOURING AND HERZEGOVINA BOSNIA OF TERRITORY THE THE REPUBLIC SURVEY FOR GEOLOGICAL RESARCHES

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA 21

/s 3 /s 3 Q= cca 50 50 m Q= cca Q= cca 4000 m 4000 cca Q=

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2011 2010, 2010,

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December 2 December The river of frontGeosurvey in river Drina The “Zvornik” from HPP downstream1 km 1 km downstream from HPP “Zvornik” from HPP downstream1 km The Drina river of frontGeosurvey in river Drina The 2 December

Something interesting... Something

than fossile fuels and hydro fuels than fossile

Do we need something else energy energy sources else need something Do we Croatia

The Republic of Srpska Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia The Federation of B&H

The Republic of Srpska

Montenegro

Adriatic sea