Published by the Anti-Apartheid Movement July-August 1965 number 6 price sixpence

Published by the Anti-Apartheid Movement July-August 1965 number 6 price sixpence An appeal to every British fan BOYCOTT RACIST SPORT Fifteen South African cricketers arc touring England. They are all masters of their craft ; hut they have something else in common. Under the dark tan of the full-time cricketer they aie all, incontestably, white. And, skilful, though the cricketing All-Whites are, they are not 's best, for 80 per cent of the country's 17 million people were not cvin considered by the selectors. They were debarred because of their colour. Basil D'Olivera, for instance, Worccstershire's brilliant South African all-roider, will never represent his country in international cricket. He is Coloured. The South African Government disapproves strongly of sportsmen of different races playing tngetber on'the same field. This is why the English selectors did nat dare include Subba Raw is the tast touring team to visit South Africa. The Sont *Aft iean Cricket Astsoitot vigoroul 1.supprts the Pulley of its (joverneet, At ricket nmese snder thei, juridcton Coloued spectator are forced tosit in Coloared co-tr pounds" caged in by wire fencing. Soon even this may be denied them, for the Government also disapproves of blacks watching whites at play. This is apartheid in sport. And, as our posters will tell you, it is certainly not cricket. Little wonder the All-Whites were banned from the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and thrown oat of soccer's international body, FlFA. Little wonder the Imperial Cricket Conference, international co-ordinator of the sport, deprived the South Africans of membership after they left the Commonwealth. Little wonder that sportsmen like the Rev. David Sheppard and Olympic athlete Robbie Brightwell refuse to play against South Africa. The bans and expulsions shook South Africa's sports-loving whites and caused many to protest against the intrusion of racialism into every aspect of sport Former South African cricket captain appealed in vain to the cricket selectors to consider non-white players for tours abroad. The bans also called to the attention of the world the evils of apartheid. Racialism in sport is contrary to the fundamental principles of sportsmanship and strong action must be taken to elininate it. A stand must be made on the first principle of the Olympic Charter, which says: " No discrimination is allowed against any country or person on grounds of race, religion or political affiliation." There must be iso retreat front this stand and no compromise with racialism. To play even unofficial test matches against the All-Whites strengthens the position of the segregationists, adds prestige to the pro-apartheid South African Cricket Association and weakens the efforts of non-racial sporting associations struggling to keep decency in sport in the face of Government harassment. We appeal to every cricket fan who believes that a man should be judged by his skill and achievement, and not by the colour of his skin, to boycott the Alt-Whites. We ask every town council not to extend civic hospitality to this unrepresentative side. Learie Constantine, one of cricket's all-time greats, refused a lucrative contract with the Skelch rather than report on the All-Whites' tests. More and more people in Britain are actively opposing apartheid in sport. An impressive list of publlc figures have dcclared that they will boycott the Alt-Whites' tour. I includes 16 MPs, five members of the House of Lords, churchmen, academics and trade unionists. But in the final reckoning it is you, the ordinary cricket fan, who must boycott the Al-Whtes and condemn by your absence all forms of racialism so sport. GOING TO SEE THE A" I SOUTH AFRICAN "WHITES ONLY' CRICKET TEAM? (IT'S NOT CRICKET)

Big London Freedom Day Rally Two thousand people at the Anti-Apartheid Movement Rally in Trafalgar Square on 27 June heard Philip Noel Baker, MP, Nobel Peace Prize-winner, call for oil sanctions on South Africa " to avert a holocaust in Africa". The Labour MP for South Derby said this holocaust might spread from south to north. He said he believed oil sanctions would have an immense effect in South Africa and could be vorkcd out without the costly apparatus of a naval blockade. Mr. Noel Baker said he was ready for the risks and sacrifices which oil or other sanctions would impose here. Jeremy Thorpe, Liberal MP for North Devon, also spoke of economic sanctions. He said it was important that we in Britain were unequivocal in our actions. "An economic boycott would have terrific political impact in South Africa. If this economic pressure does not succeed there is no alternative but bloodshed and violence," he said. Mr. Thorpe was warmly received by the crowd, in which Liberal Party banners were paricularly visible. {umphry Berkeley, Conservative fIP for Lancaster, prevented at the ast minute from attending die rally, id in a message that the AntiApartheid Movement in its aim of mobilising world opinion to defeat "this foul racialism" had his full support, and, he believed, that of all my Conservative colleagues First, whose new book on her 1 7 days of solitary confinemeent without charge m South Africa hat "recntly been publiuhed, told the rally that South Africa exists today in a ttat of permanent emergeny. She said the chairman of ie Prisons Iloard in Pretoria was a Nazi maopporte interned during the war for his pro Hitler support. She mentioned R obert Sobukwe, who completed his sentence two years ago but whom the Minister continues to detain iecause, as he himself admits, he is terrified of the effects on the country that the release of Sobukwe would ae. Jim Mortimer of DATA spoke on Ibalf of British trade unionists, and S. Abdul, Secretary of the Anti,Apartheid Movement, outlined the reasons for the boycott of the white e South African cricket team. He announced that letters have gone to the Queen and the Prime Minister asking them not to attend the South African test matches. Patrick Wymark, presently starring in " Left-handed Liberty" at the Mermaid Theatre, London, read an oration on Freedom Day and said that most theatre people were backing the cultural boycott of South Africa Uncket tans attenotng sue n ma-cn en Inc an--inoi - ...... " l .e,- .c'....o. '. ,... of anti-apartheid demonstrators at every entrance to the ground. More than 100 placard-carrying supporters from at least 10 trade un;on - teachers, actors, post office and transport workers -turned out to urge a boycott of the game, follow ing the intensive campaign organised by Tom Pendry, Derbyshire Area Organiser of the National Union of Public Employees. Dennis Skinner, Vice-President of the 13,000-strong Derbyshire National Union of Mineworkers, himself stood outside the grounds to see that members of the union responded to the published request of his Executive Committee not to attend the match. Miners heading for the grounds turned aside and joined the demonstrators, Local Press coverage leading up to and following the game was extensive. Freedom Day around the world This year June 26, South Africa Freedom Day, was declared an international day of solidarity with South African political prisoners. Together with the demand for the release of all political prisoners in terms of the United Nations resolution, demands for sanctions, for cultural, economic and spots boycotts, for freedom from apartheid rule in South West Africa all these and more were stressed at various meeings and demonstrations the world over. astralia- A public meeting held in Meloarne on Friday, Jone 25th, by South Africa. Protestdealing with ...prisonm.ent in South Africa and ,other demands of the Anti-Apartheid Movement. Canada A public meeting on Friday, June 25th, in Toronto by the Canadian Anti-Apartheid Movement. This was addressed by Rev. M. Nhtabati of the-African National Congress. On June 26th a picket line protest in front of the S.A. Trade Commission office. Also a leaflet distribution outside shops and other centres calling for the boycott of South African goods. France- A public meeting held on Friday, June 25th, in Paris with speakers from the Socialist, Radical and Communist Parties, representatives of trade unions, students and Catholic and Protestant groups. Mr. Jan Hoogendyk spoke on behalf of the South African freedom organisations. A resolution passed unanimously by the meeting gave full support to the anti-apartheid struggle and called on the French Government not to send arms to South Africa. Geneva ---The Geneva AntiApartheid Movement held a public meeting on June 24th. The subject of the meeting -" The Laws of Apartheid ". Speakers were Maitre Ariel Bernheim and Maitre Hilary Cartwright (Me Cartwright is the jlrist responsible for South African affairs at the International Commission of Jurists). The chair man was the professor of Social History at the University of Geneva Professor Jean-Francots Bergier. An extract from Nelson Mandela's statement at the Rivonia trial was read at this meeting. German Democratic Republic In Btin a meeting and exhibition of material giving the history of June 26th was held. Berlin Radio broadcast a programmo commemorating this day. Holland- A mmorandurm wan hatided to the South Africam Ambassador by the Anti-Apartheid Committee in Amsterdam listing the demands of this organisation. The television compony intervtewed members fif the committee who were able to pat their point of view before hundreds of thoasands of viewers. Italy-7 The Freedom Charter was translated into Italian and distributed. A press release highlighting conditions in South Africa was issued in Rome, emphasising the importance of South Africa Freedom Day. Ireland very successful folk song concert was held to raise money for the education of poltiral prisoners. Hilton Edwards, well-known theatrical personality, read an oration on South Africa Freedom Day saecially written for the occasion by Ronald Segal. ttnited States Th American Committee on Africa organised a Women's Vigil for South Africa in New York on Friday, June 25th, in front of the South African Mission to the United Nations. It was a Mourning Vigil, with women in black kerchiefs standing silently in memory of those executed for political "crimes" and also in memory of those in jail at the moment. A second demonstration on South African political prisoners was held outside the South African Tourist Corporation on the same day. This was organised by the Anti-Apartheid Research and Action Project. Snviet Un;on A broadcast over Moscow Radio on the significance of South Africa Freedom Day, Manchester trade unionists get to work The AEU will help to get the problems of South Africa understood throughout the Trade Union Movement, which should make South Africa a priority, Mr. Trow of the Manchester Region AEU told a special trade union conference arranged by Manchester AntiApartheid Committee. He said that action could then be taken at national level. Other delegates said that trade unions should give information to intending emigrants to South Africa, to make them realise that they were depriving African workers of jobs. They said that works canteens should join the boycott of South African goods, and it was agreed that delegates would urge this. The 25 committee chairmen of the Corporation of Manchester were recently instructed to avoid buying South African goods, Glamorgan county boycott Glamorgan County Council has joined the boycott of South African goods the 40th local authority in Wales and 57th in the country to do so. The council represents three quarters of a million people vigil in Brum A successful vigil to mark Freedom Day was held in Birmingham's main shopping centre by Anti- Apartheid members wearing armbands and black sashes. A collection raised funds for AAM and Defence and Aid. Vorster complains "In cases of people arrested on charges of subversion or sabotage, the demanding of large sums for bail has little effect. Sisni, for instance, was worth £3,000, Fischer was worth £5,000. These people can get all the money they need. Defence and Aid and other organisations will see to it that they get the money." Balthazar Vorster, Minister of Justice. Cricket protest accessories Balloons 5s a dozen (6d each) Stickers 2s 6d a hundred "It's not-cricket" leaflet (green) 2s 6d a hundred "It's not cricket" d/c poster ls each All available from AAM 89 Charlotte Street, London, Wl THIS IS APARTHEID WHITE BLACK (Europeans) (Africans) Population (millions) 3.3 12 Percapitaincome(1963) £624 £36 Average wage in mining (1962) £1,195 £72 Education expenditure per pupil (1962) £65 £7 Infantmortalityper1,000births 27 200+ ,ofpopulation(balance:Asianandmixed) 19 68 %oflandreserved 87 13 Persons convicted of pass offences (1962) None 384,000

World campaign for the release of South African political prisoners Vorster tries to silence all opposition Further drastic restrictions on the freedom of the individual are provided for in two Bills tabled in the South African House of Assembly at the beginning of June by the Minister of Justice, Mr. B. J. Vorster, They are the Criminal Procedure Amendment Bill and the Suppression of Communism Amendment Bill. The Crimijal Procedure Amendment Bill contains the following provisions: 1. If tie Attorney(tGeeral is of the opinion that there i any danger of tampering with, or inturnidaio. of. any person likely to give material a evidrnce for the State in any criminal proccedings for capital offence and " subversive offences" or that any such person may abscond, or , whenever he deems it to be in the interests of such person, or of the administration of justice, he may issue a warrant for the arrest and detention of such person. Any person so arrested may be detained for the duration of the criminal proceedings or for a period of six months, whichever is the shorter period. Presumably as under the 90-day no-trial law, a person mav be rearrested on the expiry of the six-month period and detained for. further period of six months. As under the 90-day law, no person other than an officer of the State acting in the performance of his official duties shall have access to a detained witness except with the consent of the Attorney-General. in other words, detainees will he kept in solitary confinement' until they talk. 2. Sentence of death may in future be passed in respect of kidnapping and child stealing, as well as murder, treason, rape, robbery and sabotage. 3. An Attorney-General may refuse bail to a person arrested on a charge of sedition, murder, arson, kidnapping, child stealing, contravention of the Suppression of Communism Act, the Sabotage Act, conspiracy, incitement or attempt to commit any of these offences, treason, rqbbery or housebreaking. Later the Minister agreed to limit refusal of bail for 90 days. after which an accused may make application for bail to a judge sitting in chambers. 4. The section of the Criminal Procedure Act which made it obligatory for the court to impose whipping for certain specified offences is to be repealed. This at least can be accepted as an improvement on the present law, in terms of which nearly one million strokes have been administered to offenders since the clause was adopted in 1952. The Suppression of Communism Amendment Bill contains the following provisions: I. The Minister may extend the prohibition on quoting banned or listed persons to apply to "any person in the Republic or elsewhere who he considers is advocating, advising, d.fending or encouraging the achievement of any of the objects of Communism or has engaged in any activities which are furthering or may further such object The scope of this clause is uncertain. The Minister said, in reply to criticism, that he intended to amend the clause in the committee stage to make it plain that the prohibition on publication of statements would apply only to people who had been placed under restrictions in South Africa. But since this is already the position under the existing law, it is not clear what Mr. Vorster hopes to achieve by the amendment. He added at a later stage in the debate, however, that he would have the power to prohibit the publication of statements by South Africans such as who were not subject to any other form of banning. The general aim is obvious the Minister wants the power to silence a wider range of critics. 2. The power of the Minister to detan persons after the expiry of their sentences the Sobukwe clause is extended for another year. 3. The prohibition on quoting will le extended to named as well as banned "persons. 4. The State President is given authority to'ban any new publication which he believes is a continuation or substitution of a banned publication. In Par liaent only Mrs, was completely opposed to the legislation in all its aspets, dscribing it as " totalitarian" a null fication of the rule of law and an appalling misuse of ministeria power " A citiourts' mass protest meeing was held in adldresed by amoongst others Nlrs. Sssntan, the Very Rev PF. L. King, Deanr of Cape Town, Mr,. Hamdio Rusuctt Professor B. Beinart and Mr. . Announcing the meeting, the chairman of the Western Region of the Progressive Party, Mr. Rupert Hurly, said the Bills were 'obnoxious to every dcmocrat and abhorrent to every freedom-loving person ". The Black Sash condemned the Bills as " infamous " and " shameful " "The proposal to detain State witnesses and keep thcm incommunicado for up to six months is frightening." Dr. . leader of the Progressive Party, said Vorster was seeking to "act as a dictator "and to "silence any opposition to the Nationalist Party ". Mr. Vorster's justification for making t80-day detention a permanent part of South African law was that six state witnesses had been murdered recently, another 12 had fled before giving evidence and 43 had refused to testify. " In these times when we are dealing with people who are trying to rip the foundations from under the republic, and when we are dealing with people who do not htesitate to kill in order to achieve their purpose, it is no time to he sensitive about principles." Dutch give £9,000 The Defence and Aid Fand in London will receive a donation from the Netherlands Government of £9,000 for the defence and aid of political prisoners in Sooth Africa. The donation has been promised in response to the appeal last year from the United Nations to all Governments to donate to the fund, and the Netherlands Government is the third Government to respond. The first was the Government of India, which promised $5,000, and the second Sweden, widch promised $35,00. The two faces of justice A white police constable of Welkom was fined £100 when he was found guilty of shooting an African prisoner whom he had held for questioning. The prisoner, Paul Khumalo, 19, died after being shot in the chest by the police officer, also aged 19. The constable said his revolver went off by accident. Tommy Charieman Was sentenced to a total of eight years' imprisonment, after being found guilty of belonging to the African National Congress. A 29-year-old white, J. W. Van Der Merwe, who shot and killed a Coloured man with a .22 rifle, was sentenced in Cape Town to six months' imprisonment. Five months of the sentence were suspended. Van Der Merwe was found not guilty of culpable homicide, nor of assault with intent to murder. He had had a previous conviction for culpable homicide. Thirteen Africans were sentenced to a total of 93 years of imprisonment at Pietermaritzburg on charges of illegally leaving South Africa to undergo military training. Eleven of the men received eight-year sentences and the other two seven-year scntences. The judge said all the accused had already served two-year jail terms after being found guilty of leaving South Africa without the requisite travel documents. The minimum sentence for the offcnce with which they were charged was five years but he could find no mitigating circumstances apart from the fact that they had never reached their destination. The Anti Apartheid Movement is giavely concerned about the present loopholes in the Government's cmoargo on the supply of arms and military equipment to the South African Republic. For, despite the refusal of the Canadian and United States Governments to permit the export of certain military vehicles to South Africa, the British Government has now allowed this order to be placed in this country with the Bedford Motor Company, The explanations given by the Government in support of this action are unsatisfactory. In reply to a question put in the House of Commons by David Ennals MP (and President of the AntiApartheid Movement) the Prcsident of the Board ofTrade argued that " these vehicles are not military vehicles and therefore do not fall within the scope of the Embargo announced by ie Prime Minister of 17 November ". The facts show the opposite to be true. What are they? First, the order for the vehicles comes from the South African Defence Ministry and are for the use of South Aftican armed forces. Second, the order is for four-wheel drive vehicles which, in the view of ie US and Canadian Governments, are easily converted into armoured vehicles. Tird, the South African Government invited tenders for the supply of their vehicles from the Ford Motor Company in Canada and the United States. The governments of both these countries dissuaded the Ford Company from bidding for the contract on the grounds that the supply of these vehicles would violate their official embargoes on the supply of arms to South Afriea. and their undertakings to the UN Security Council in this respect. The British decision to meet the South Atrican Jontract in the light of these facts has alarming implications. It means that Britain is undermining the Embargo policies being pursued by the United States, Canada and other countries. Further. this decision is not consistent with Britain's support for the UN Security Councils Resolution of Deccmber 1963 on this question. Neither can we ignore the following facts: " The supply of British capital and technical know-how for the manufacture of arms, equipment and military equipment in South Africa; * The training of South African personnel in British military and nuclear research establishments; 0 The continued British commitment to provide spare-parts for previously supplied weapons, in the case of the supply of the Boccaneer Bomber, a commitment going well into the 1970's. The belief is now spreading within South Africa itself that the British Government is relaxing its Embargo on the supply of arms to South Africa. The Anti-Apartheid Movement protests at the British export of these military vehicles. It calls upon the Government to reconsider its policy and to close all loopholes in the Embargo regulations, so that Britain is s cn to fulfill the terms of the resolutions of the UN Security Council. The Movement urges tile Goverment to repudiate any sauggestion that it is relaxing its Embargo and demonstrate its full and unqualified support for the United Nations dccision. Anti-aparheid protests at Labour truck decision Manuel de Silva Alfonso was sentenced in Johannesburg to 12 months' imprisonment and six strokes for raping a 15-year-old African schoolgirl in his shop. He was allowed bail pending an application to appeal. Defence and Aid have managed to secure the services of advocates for cases in Eastern Cape, where hundreds of former members of the ANC have been facing trial, and report that this has had a good effect. Sentences are less severe in defended cases An appeal was lodged in the case of Barnett Chezzie, an African who was sentenced to three years after having spent a year in jail awaiting trial, the charge against him being that his choir had given a public performance and ie proceeds had been donated to the African National Congress. On appeal the sentence was reduced to one year. A white farm foreman. M.P. J. Carstens, has been sentenced to four years (three years suspendedl after being found guilty of culpable homicide. He was originally charged with the murder of a Coloured farm labourer, Kerneels Christiaan. The judge said he realised Christican had first assaulted Carstens, but " in spite of the fact that you were drunk, you took a life and therefore you must be punished" Stephen Dhlamini, former President of the South African Congress of Trade Unions, who is already serving a sentence of four years on Robben Island for belonging to the African National Congress, was recently brought to trial in Durban on a charge of belonging to and furthering the interests of the Communist Party. He pleaded guilty on the first count and not guilty on the others, and was sentenced to a further two years.

South West case in final.. throes The International Court of Justice at The Hague goes into its summer recess with the marathon case on South West Africa in the final throes. Ethiopia and Liberia have completed their argument and will only add observations on the South African replies to their charges, which are proceeding. Judgment may be expected soon after the Court's return from recess in the autumn. Rhadbia South Bechuanaland iWestr,- u Repeblic of South9 Atrica Ethiopia and.Liberia first charged South Africa in 1960 with violating the mandate given to her by the League of Nations for the administration of South West Africa. They say South Africa has failed to promote the material and moral well being and social progress of the South West Africans by introducing, in law and practice, racial distinction or apartheid, and by applying legislation which suppresses the rights and libeptie f the inhabitants of Sorlh WestAfricea. They also say South Africa failed to give the United Nations annual reports on the state of the territory as required under the mandate. They add that South Afrca violated the mandate by administering the territory in a way inconsistent with its international status: that is, by providing for its representation in the South African Parliament and by refusing to transmit to the United Nations petitions from Sooth West Africans and by preventing them from appearing before United Nations bodies. The Court rejected South Africa's preliminary objections in 1962, saying inter alia that it was evident that a deadlock over the disputed territory had been reached. In January 1964 South Africa submitted a counter-memorial to answer the charges made by Ethiopia and, Liberia. thcse are the charges which have been orally argued before the Court since March this year and which are now drawing to a close. During these oral hearings, Ethiopia and Liberia have amended their charges, adding that Sooth Africa has established military bases within South West Africa and has, "in the light of applicable international standards or international legal norm, or both ", failed to promote to the utmost the well-being and progress of South West Africans. What now? The Court may rule in one of three ways: in favour of South Africa; against South Africa; ambiguously. The next few months will show which, and the onus may very soon be back on the United Nations, to take action. Nationalists stir up Dutch There is evidence that the South African Government is using the growing international pressure against apartheid as a means of drawing all South African whites into the Nationalist laager. Recent demonstrations by Dutch immigrants in South Africa against their own country's decision to contribute to the Defence and Aid Fund are said to have been inspired by the Nationalist Party, who want every Hollander in South Africa to vote solidly Nationalist at the next General Election. One Dutch immigrant has been reported in South African newspapers as saying the Nationalist Party was "making political capital" out of the Defence and Aid contributions. "'This is an attempt to whip up resentment among Hollanders in South Africa. What started as a dignified demonstration has been turned into an election campaign for the Nationalist Party," the immigrant said. Opposition MPs in South Africa feel that the Nationalists are now eager to exploit alt international quar . rels to promote" white solidarity ". The Nationalists apparently believe that if they can show a solid white front it will deter the United Nations and other organisatins from taking drastic steps against South Africa Meanwhile, evidence of the lengths the Nationalists, are prepared to go to in their suppression of all opponents of apartheid came from the treatment meted out to Dutch woman, who courageously supported her country's contribution to Defence and Aid. The woman, Mrs. Apolnia Brusse, received threatening letters and phone calls, and a Nationalist newspaper started a fund to send her back to Holland. When she staged a counterdemonstration, Mrs Brusse was manhandled, her posters were snatched Ite 1Ihie Oun. anen oounselt is o first sign of trouble and whip out her pih from her hands and she was called a " traitor". More than half the 2,507 Dutch people who emigrated to South Africa during the past three and a-quarter years have gone home, official statistics say, Since the intensified drive for immigrants was started in 1962, 2,507 people have gone to South Africa and 1,372 have returned to the Netherlands. More beer for the workers While famine rages in northern Trans. vaal and the Ciskei, and thousands of Africans are reported to be on the verge of starvation, Johannesburg City Council has just decided to build a new brewery costing £1,750,000 to produce 150,000 gallons of beer a day for the city's African labour force. eug eneouraged to lift her skirt at the France may sell missiles France now remains South Africa's, only important supplier of arms. t is calculated that the United States has turned down contracts worth £90 million, and that Britain will lose a sum of about £150 million over three years. It is understood .that South Africa hopes to increase its ground-to-air defence and also to buy submarines, more ships, and long-distance maritime reconnaissance aircraft. France has now reached an advanced stage in the development of missiles; she has facilities for the construction of "hunter-killer" submarines, and manufactures a maritime patrol aircraft, the Bregnet 1150 Atlantic, with a range of 5,600 miles. She can expect to profit considerably from the arms embargos of the other world Powers. i U.S. snubs Verwoerd The incident in May when an official visit to Cape Town of the United States aircraft carrier Independence was cancelled, because the Govern. ment insisted that aircrews from the carrier landing at D. F. Malan airport should be all-white, may prejudice an agreement with the United States for the establishment of satellite. w iIs' ij'Os e'ij A special State Dep artment tat..e m ' ,.' saidthattheUnitedStatescould not accept whites-only rules for L United States personnel at spaceL tracking stations, if South Africa , sought to impose such conditions. In an official statement, South Africa ras iecently did just that. r-TT" Suicide attempt A man who had been endorsed out of Johannesburg tried to strangle himself with a scarf at the Albert Street Pass Office last month. He had been told that his reference book was not in order. This is the second "Pssstl - The East Smuggley Constituency Labour Party has passed a resolution to boycott South African sherry- attempt at suicide at the Pass Office pass it on...." following reference book problems.

It's clear as black and white Well, of course, I'm only too glad to give you information, said the Man from the Ministry, making sure that the bugging aparatus in his room was sending loud and clear. What can I tell you? I'd like to know what you mean by Separate Development, I said. Seperate Development ... Mm ... I'm glad you asked that, A magnificent conception, he said, moving over to the bug and speaking louder. Separate development! New, flexible, very flexible: an end to years of drift, an end to racial injustice, And the essence of simplicity! Dr. Verwoerd is a genius, he said, and of course Mr. Vorster is too. He looked at his watch. I hope I've been of help to you? Well, not really. I mean, how separate? what developmient? I'm glad you pinned me down. t just assumed that the phrase speaks for itself, like "baasskap" But it isn't baasskap, surely? Oh my goodness, no, he said, his eyes swivelling to the bug. Not at all, nothing of the kind. The position is simply this: there is a white South Africa and a black South Africa. We white people live in our country and of course elect our government (like the English do in England), and the 'slack people have their countries,heir homelands, or heartlands, as we ike to think of them - the Transkei, Tswanaland, Zululand and so forth. And under our guidance, they will elect their governments. Nothing could be simpler. Which is White South Africa? I asked, looking at a map on the wall. He walked to the map and swept his hand over most of it. About how much of the country is that? I asked. Oh, about 87%, he said. But the rest is reserved for them. Strictly. Wait a minute, I said. There are about 12,000,000 Africans Bantu, he said automatically. That's a lot of people, I went on, for 13'% of the land. Goodness, they don't have to live there, of course. We don't insist. I see. Can the homelands support 12,000,000 people? Yes and no. They need to be developed, of course, and they will be. Didn't a Government Commission here he grimaced- say that even with development the Reserves could support only about 2,000,000 peasants? What about the rest? They will be absorbed into secondary industry as it develops there. Development, you see, separate development. So capital is-being encouraged into the Transkei and other Reserves? Goodness, no: the Transkei's not yet ready for investment by foreigners, even South Africas.7Theyn'e simple' people, you know, and we must protect them from exploitation. But just say it's hypothetical of course - just say all 12,000,000 Africans wanted to go and five in their "homelands ", would you let them? Of course not! We're not heartless. They'd starve for years to come. Anyway, they don't want t go. But just say they ssted' They could do as they pleaed. Separate development mecans separate freedom, for thein and for us. But if it's true thalt two thirds of all your workers are not white, your economy would ciliapse if they left, even 1,000,000,nokem? Collapse! Nonsefe, my boy, you exaggerate. But the economy is thoroughly integrated? More or less, at present. Things take time, Rome wasn't built in a day. And you think only it material terms: that's not important. What' s important to us is political separation and here our progress has been spectaculart Do you know that pro le already not one black man has the vote in white South Africa and not one white man has the vote in black South Africa. Fifty-fifty, you see, fair's fair. We vote for our Parliament, they vote, or soon will, for their Parliament. The votes don't have quite the same value, it seems to me. A vote's a vote. But you're one of these Doubting Thomas's, t think. My word, I wish we could have this conversation in a hundred years' time. So do , I said. *Batasskap is Afrikaans for " white supremacy Harry Oppenheimer Harry Oppenheimer, the diamond millionaire, suffers the fate of everyone who tries to face two ways at once he ends up in a very ungainly posture indeed. As the man who controls the industry on which South Africa's economic strength is based, he must be regarded as one of the most powerful men in the country. And he declares himself to be a dedicated opponent of the South African Government's policy of apartheid. Not quite dedicated enough, though, actually to do anything about it. His annual report to shareholders in his giant Anglo-American Corporation habitually contains pious thoughts about South Africa's racial situation. The choi ei....lve politial and psychological The choice considerationswhicharemattersfor Lastyearhesaid:"Discrimination theSecurityCouncil. ongroundsofraceorcoloris is blockade Secmorallywrong and partition on Yetinspiteofthefindingsofthe groundsofraceorcolouriseconoorcivilw ar international conference en sanctions ically impossible." and the recent report of the Expert Bishop Ambrose Reeves writes: Committee of the United Nations But in almost the same breath he Security Council, them seems little condemned those people who urge The imposition of sanctions against chance that the member states will nations to show their disgust at such South Africa has been a subject of take action against the Republic of discrimination by imposing a trade public discussion for some time, South Africa in the near future. Does boycott on the Republic. notably at the international conference this then mean that nothing can be on sanctions in London last year. done at the moment? Far from it. Such a boycott would be unlikely to More recently the Security Council of On the contrary, there is a tremendous have anyeffect, he said, and even if the United Nations set up an Expert task to be done still in building up an it did "it would produce not Committee "to undertake a technical informed public opinion in the United democracy, but either a dictatorship and practical study as to the Kingdom on the South African of some sort or other, or chaos feasibility, effectiveness and impli- situation. This involves countering cations of measures which could, as the propaganda put out by the South What he failed to add was that a appropriate, be taken by the Security African authorities by disseminating successful boycott would also hit the Council under the United Nations accurate factual information. People profits of his £400 million empire, at Charter" in connection with the race in Britain have to be brought to see the same time diverting an odd few conflict in South Africa. This com. that the South African situation is too million from his own well-lined mittee reported to the Security Council serious for their attitude to be deter- pockets.on27Februarythis year. mined either by the profits they receive h ontheirSouthAfricaninvestmentsor Whenareporteraskedhimrecently The subsequent reports in the British by the importance of British trade why he did not use his business Press for the most part gave no very with South Africa. The Expert Com- influence to fight more effectively for clear account of the findings of this mittee recognised that any measures what he believes in, he replied committee. Certainly the reader of taken against South Africa would uncertainly: " Big business doesn't some of these reports would not have inflict hardship on the economies of really have the power that most gathered from them that the com- certain member states which have people think it has, does it?" mittee came substantially to the same considerable trade with South Africa, conclusions as those reached by the but the committee believed that steps The story of the Oppenheimer London Conference last year. But could be taken by the international millions is the classic one of rags to this is in fact what happened. community to mitigate these effects, riches or, as others would put it, of ruthless colomial opportunism. Like the conference, the committee But more than this. It is not sufficient emphasiced that the effectiveness of to emphasize the clear duty that the It was not Harry it all happened to, any measures taken by the nations United Nations has to face the grave but his father, Ernest, who left his " would directly depend on the danger to world peace that in created native Germany in 1896, aged 16, to universality of their application and by the state of affairs in Such Africa work for a London diamond firm, the manner and the duration of their and to deal with this danger, unless enforcement ". Indeed the emphasis at the same time everything possible In 1902 he was inspired by a meeting on the necessity for "sincere coller- is done to win far more active support with Cecil Rhodes to visit South tive determination" on the part of all for the United Nations than it now Africa. He stayed and formed his the member states runs like a refrain has among the British people. And own diamond syndicate, which now through the report. Given such all the time it must be made clear controls 90 per cent of the world's determination the Expert Committee that sanctions, if applied, are only a diamond supply as well as was convinced that such measures method for breaking the present stale- incidental fortunes in gold and copper would have a considerable psycho. mate in South Africa a method, logical and economic effect on the however difficult and costly it may be, When Ernest died in 1957, Harry present leaders and inhabitants of which we are convinced is preferable inherited his empire. Believing that South Africa. to the only alternative method that politics and business don't mix, he But what measures had the committee now seems possible, namely, civil war stood down from the deputy leaderin mind? The report lists six such with the inevitable involvement of the ship of the Opposition United Party, measures. Embargo on the supply of whole African continent and the though remaining a member, petroleum and petroleum products, possible eventuality of global racial on the supply of arms and on trade war. But sanctions are not an end in Two years later he quit the party with South Africa; the cessation of themselves. The end is that all the altogether. But he still takes every the emigration of technicians and peoples of South Africa should be opportunity of parading his liberal skilled labour to South Africa - the brought into consultation so that opinions in public, at the same time interdiction of communications with they may together decide the future urging people not to act on them. South Africaand the application of of their country at the national level. political and diplomatic measures as Mr. Oppenheimer is not unique. mentioned in resolutions already, Bishop Ambrose Reeves was When it comes to a clash of principle adopted by the Security Council and formerly Bishop of Iohannesburg. and self-interest, most people, like the General Assembly. He was deported from South Africa him will opt unfailinglyfor thelatter in 1960. Since his return here he In conclusion the Expert Committee has written two books. He took the But few do it with so spectacular a stated categorically that these chair of the South Africa Commission show of hypocrisy as he does. Only measures could prove effective and at the International Confeensce when you're a multi-millionaire, I would be feasible, although it recog- on Eonoic Sanctions agabnst South suppose, can you have it both ways nised that such measures would Africa in London last year. with impunity,

ANTI-APARTHEID NEWS JUNE 1965 Published by the Anti-Apartheid Movement 89 Charlotte St., London, Wi LANgham 5311 Editor: Gus Macdonald Official AAS4 policy is expressed in staements issued in the name at the AAM National Conittee or its Executive. Unsigned articles in Asssi-Alssrtfseid News are the responsibility of the Editorial Board. In common with many monthly publications, Anti-Apartheid News is bridging the summer hiatus with a Jlilv-Augitst issue. But we go on holiday vastly encouraged by the Commorvwealth Conference. Many of 1 ti African mcmbers of delegations found time in their grinding work * schedules to express their appreciatien I of the high quatity of Anti-Apartheid News. Among tie complimentary reme.s I was that of I lerbert Chitepo, Director of Public Prosecutions in Tanzania, I who said that in the mass of printed matter shich arrived on his desk each month Anti- Apartheid News stood iout, and heo invariably read it from Sir Albert Margai, Prime Minister of H e ro e s SierraLeone, was..impresed that heordered copies of the paper to be sent to every school in his country! But thebiggest boost camefrom Kenya. Joseph Murumbi,Kenyan o U r Foreign Minister and leader of the 1 delegation to London, ordered 1,000 copies!, tim e In the autumn we are going on to the offensive and plan a big promotion No Easy Walk to Freedom eampaign to lift paper sales through- Artice, Sehsand trial addees.c out Britain. Leaflets have already ArUels,M and t irst).beenprepared and can be obtained by Netson Mandela (ed. Roth First). in bulk on request by groups who 5nseinemann: 21s1. wish to distribute in their areas. 117 days. Ruth First. - (Penguin Special 3s 6d). Fightingfund NoNisanBucarhn M, The Anti-ApartheidMovement I i* *a s subsidises our paper by £80 each lwath First htersdnte animmense month. This totals almost E1 000 by ittisi ethnr tis collecuon h and artcl b £1a00. We are laFnchig a I taeison pMandela. In the first place, £1,000 FightingFundto make it properlyCuts down toSize the the paper self-supporting and 3 monstrous pretensions of the existing take the weight off the Move- regime in South Africa. Quite simply, ement's strained finances. Why * in all the Irosts of apologists and not send a pound; or when tacorists for apartheid; there is no one paying your ccoul give the to measureup to te large compasodds to the Fighting Fund? sa, te hard analysis, the totality of view o1 Mandta. Beside him, the I enclose f ...... _s.....,..... for [ Iregime is seen not only as inhumane, £1,000 Fighting Fund bizarre, irrational it was clearly always tat- but as petty, a kinu of S e ll A - A Ne w s ...... barbism. An annual subscription costs Like manyothers in this country, I 10/-. Bulk orders of six ormore I i.st red ielson Mandela in the copies are at the reduced rate published extracts of his Rivonia of 4d, per copy, sale or return. tial spcech a year ago, and, like them, *rs ras i.pressed with tne power and I wish to become a subscriber E] strengti and dignity; clearly a (annual subscription 10/-) *popularleader,not onlyof Atrican, ls u of world stature. What I was not Please send me ...... copies El pi pared for was the clear hard every month ii.stcryo1hispoliticalanalysis;on Ii nature of' Bantu" education, Join n ~c wlikmx oftheliberal position on the concept of Bantustan ; Anti-A parteid ,ove al1, en tactics and organisation. We arein the middle of a big t his combination of action, political recruiting drive to double Anti- thought and organisational underApartheid membership. If every 1 standilng is all too rare in contemreader becomes a member we poray politics. It is easy to see why sthe South African rulers fear him; stall succeed. and euitally why they hate him, for I wish to becomea member Ihis greater vision shrinks their own (cost 10/- per year) - even in their own eyes: "during Iamstudyingandwish mylifetimeIhavededicated myself astudentm rE]I tothisstruggle oftheAfrican tobecome a meme people.Ihavefoughtagainstwhite (cost 5/- peryeae) donmination,andIhavefoughtagainst We wish to join as an black domination. I have cherished Oganisation i theidealofademocraticandfree (ostfil peryear society in which all persons live (cost£1peeyear) togetherintarmonyandwithequal Name ...... e It is an ideal which I Address ..... opetoliveforandtoachieve.But it needs he. it is an ideal for which I ...... i al prepared to din." ...... WhentheSouthAfricanGovernment Organisation ...... complains of " illegality ", of Cheques and POs crossed and 1 ' saboteurs "', of "agitators ", they mare payable to* would do well to ponder Mandcla's wiords at his trial in 1912: "I conAnti Anartheid Movemet . sider myselfneitherlegallynor Iencloseintotal£ . ... morallyboundtoobeylawsmadeby a Parliament in which I have no representation ". It is clear that tlse movement for fredom in South Africa has produced a great and, indeed, heroic leader. Perhaps many such leaders, for it is of the nature of the struggle against tire modern police state that its greatest men may live, work and die in obscurity. The greatest heroism of our times is often that displayed eonymously and alone in the isolatlon cell. ,, First says something too of diis second kind of heroism. Her book, - t17 Days" is a simple and straight(srt waid account of her experience in c,,nfineicnt under the notorious 90diys clause. In some ways its matterOf tact tone makes it all the more firightening. When the only contact s.ith the real world is through the swhispring voices of the interrogators, Ire reality itself begins to change. The hidden stitches that count her days b-come a defence against sirsender "It was ", she says, "like b-ng sealnd in a sterile tank of glass is a defunct aquarium. People come to look at me every now and then and left a ration of food Perhaps Wsorst of all was the uncertainty. This 90 days was perhaps merely tie prelude to another and yet another. And, indeed, on one occasion they rcaleased her only to arrest her again, before she had got half across ste road. And even in prison, the bizarre laws of Soulth Africa prevailed. She was a white South African madam ". so a Kaffir was brought in to clean her cell! Norm'n Buehan is Libour MP for Weist Reinfrewshire. White tribes and lost tribes 'the White Tribes of Africa " by Richard West (Jonathan Cape 21s). 1hiew Gardner writes: There are some 4,000,000 whites in Africa 3.000.000 of them in Dr. Verwoerd's Daz-washed society. Perhaps tire best thing that can be sa;d for their story is that it is one long h'story of missed opportunity. It would, I suppose, have been too eouch to expect the early settlers of tire 16th century to look upon the continent's aborigines as potential partners but the history of Africa might have been happier if they had. Again, the thrusting drive of 19th century colonialism was not the climate to encourage negotiation. But the seeds of today's distrust were sown by Cecil Rhodes. In recent years Britain has slowly conic to terms with African nationalism but not before the weary, apparently inevitable process of persecution and imprison- sent had proved of no avail. 'oday, at a time when the rest of the vorld seems to have grown a little vscr, the ,-notf wtere other Canutes have foa: arms raised against a wave vohse progress is as remorselessly at e as the tide's. From afar ono 'aiats to SiOUt: "Can you not see at you are attempting the impossible - perhaps digging your own graves?'" But reason cannot avail. The are as blind to opportunity as lhe other white men of Africa have been. I hs myopicism is well illustrated in Richard West's little book "The White Tribes of Africa. In Kenya last year Mr. West was still able to meet wsite people who came out with such charming expressions as: "The way some of the coons drive, it's no fun dr iving any more ", and, as if it was an incantation that would turn back history: " Bloody wogs ". Mr. West would, I imagine, be the last to claim his work as the definitive word on the African white man. It is too much tie reporter's sketch to be that. But Mr. West is a good journalist and ils observations are usually acute. Sometimes they are startling: like wh n he reminds that although a great many European motorists have bcen murdered in the Congo. the actual number of road deaths is tower than in Britain. A tiny point. But it helps to put things in proportion. More valuably Mr. West reminds us that some of us in this country have just as odd ideas about white men in Africa as they seem to have about the black men around them. To understand the politics of Africa we have to dismiss from our minds the image of the gin-sodden bossman (a refugee from the 1945 Labour Government) hating the land he lives in and dreaming always of the Mother country. To a great many white men the " Mother country" is Africa. In South Africa Mr. West spoke to an Afrikaner farmer who referred to himself as an African. The gin sodden louts exist, of course, Mr. West seems to have run across I'ore tian his fair share of them in Rhodesia. But the point he is at pains , mace,'and the point we need to grasp to understand the passions and prejudices of the continent, is that many of the white tribes think of themselves only as Africans. Understand this, and remember the long decades of missed opportunity, and it is possible to understand the support given to Dr. Verwoerd by men and women who are otherwise kindly and hospitable. It is also the clue to why so many white refugees from Dr. Verwoerd (I think Mr. West is over optimistic in sis judgements on the rule of the law in South Africa) continue in this country to work for better days. It isn't just a sense of decency, justice and fair play that inspires them. It is because they are Africans and love their land and have cast aside the blindfolds that they work to divert their fellow whites from the abyss. Perhaps Mr. West might have devoted a chapter to them. For they are the lost tribe of Africa. They have been driven from their homeland and forced to adjust their ga from limit. less horizons to the grey claustrophobia of our cities. Wives have been parted from husbands. Children have lost touch with their parents. Skilled lawyers are told by the Law Society (01 the happy comradeship of Establishments) that they may not practise here. Home ceases to be a memory of sun and sistance but the thought of a prison'cell. The lost tribe. But not I think for ever. Almost unique in a span of centuries they have seen the future, accepted it and decided to work for iis achievement. 1.ewv Gardner is a Fleet Street journalist. Question Were Doctor Verwourd and other Nationalists so very wrong to back Hitler against the Soviet Union? Southern Africa, 21 May 1965.

South Africans artists Son show in London : Nigel Gosling writes: The work of the 12 artists showing at the Piccadilly Gallery is so different that I doubt whether, without inside knowledge, the casual visitor could guess that they are all African and that they are all working in one place Johannesburg. The work range from formal, classical ideaisations to fluid impressions of scenes caught on the wing, from generalisations to sharp-eyed observations of detail. Apart from one artist, Ephraim Ngatane, who shows some lively sketches of everyday life, colour seems to play a minor role. In fact the two contributors who make the strongest impact are in effect both draughtsmen. They represent very well the two tendencies. Louis Maqhubela is 26 and comes from Durban. He is the most evenly accomplished of the artists exhibiting here. Each one of his pictures is exactly thought out and expertly finished. Although they are lightly tinted, these are basically sculptural cartoons, with a serious, monumental rhythm. The interplay of the linear patterns and the heavy, full limbs of his figures is very satisfying. There is emotion in these works which, in spite of their overall classical composition often show a lively freedom, for instance in the way the figures are cut off in the study of resting "Russians " but it is powerful but perfectly contained. He is obviously a natural for large scale decoration, and he has recently completed six murals for a public building in Johannesburg. In complete contrast Andrew Motjuadi, who is 30 and comes from the Northern Transvaal, attacks his subjects with a pencil which concen. trates on incident and individual qualities. In his open compositions the spectator's eye is often carried past two or three figures in the foreground to clearly observed details of village life- far away but as crisp as though viewed through a telescope. The figures themselves are treated with an expressionist freedom, with distortions emphasising some emotionat tension which it would be hard to identify exactly. Motjuadi's intense concentration on particular details somnetimes leads to an ambiguity which seems at variance with his aims (which of the two foreheads in " Penny Whistle" is in front of the other?) but there is a refreshing directness about these drawings which raises them well above mere reporting. The other artists show a competence which enables them to put across their feelings about their subjects, but perhaps with less personal style. Durant Sihale's "Zondi Township" is a lyrical vision filled with light and air and Benjamin Macala's "Prophet" is a live and lively drawing. John Koenakeefe Mohl, like Goodlad Jwabe, conjures up industrial scenes in a way which recalls Lowry, and Geraid Sekoto's " Mother and Child" has a tenderness which does not blanket real observation. Of the four sculptors, Sydney Kumato shows the most confidence. Working in a style with obvious afinities to cubism and its African sources, his little bronze nudes are well worked out formalisations. Benjamin Macala's " Bull" shares with Solomon Maphire's "Tired" (perhaps the best of the sculptures) a flowing energy which goes back more to European tradition. Lucas Sithole's elongated figures adroitly combine expressive distortions explored by African carving techniques with the some contemporary European artists. Fascists lend a hand Die Vaderland, the Johannesburg Nationalist newspaper, has apologised for reproducing an article from an American anti-Semitic publication refering to the" great lie" that six million Jews had been murdered by the Nazis. towns ; and it is Government policy Republic. to house workers in white areas in The Government is now expected to hostels rather than houses or flats build huge underground bunkers in the Highvelt (Transvaal), the Orange When questioned on the consequences Free State, and near the coast, of this policy for married couples, ensuring a continued supply in all a Government spokesman told Parlia- main areas of the country in case of ment in 1963 that "both the husband an emergency. It is impossible at and the wife will have had prior present to establish the total cost of knowledge of the step they have taken this project, which is being negotiated (i.e. in getting married] and will have with a big United States firm. to suffer the consequences .. . Censorship In Cape Town th~eleading3overn- *V'l ast o ment paper, the Burger, has expressed disquiet that the London bookshop tanks planned of John Tyndall's Greater Britain Movement is selling official pamphlets The South African Government is published by the South African reported to be planning a vast storage Information Department and that plan so that the country is never short Con Joedan's National Socialist of a year's supply of oil, evidently Movement is also distributing this as a safeguard against any future literature, internationaloilembargoagainstthe f1:k _t annm , The chairman of the mining group in the Nationalist Party, Mr. W. J, van Wyk, MP for Welkom, told mineworkers that, while'he had every respect for what the mining industi y was doing for South Africa, he wanted mineworkers to remember that the capitalists were heartless and soulless. He said the colour bar had to be maintained in all industries, not only the mining industry. He said that on no account should the white man be sacrificed for the sake of the industry. New law splits familes The South African Government implemented its long-threatened law prohibiting white households from employing more than one African servant living in without special permission on 1 July. The law forms part of Government policy to exclude as many Africans as possible from urban areas, and especially from - white " areas. The Director of the South African Institute of Race Relations has drawn attention to the "serious social implications " of the law, which will split up mhrried couples at present " living in" together, and force the men into the " bachelor " hostels outside the cities. African families have already the greatest difficulty in finding a way to live together in the nrban areas. Under the Bantu Law Amendment Act, "unemployed ", "undesirable" and other categories of persons may be arbitrarily deported from the Some 10,000 publications are banned in South Africa censorship of imported reading matter is controlled by no fewer than four different Acts. Booksellers have become extremely cautious and sometimes cut out whole pages from overseas newspapers because they fear that by selling them they may contravene the law. DEFENCE & AID FUND has, since 1956, raised £300,000 for the defence of those charged with political offences in southern Africa . . . for the welfare of their dependants. Needed now. £50,000 for legal fees £100,000 for the welfare of families Tear off this coupon and enclose with your donation IencloseI : : fortheworkoftheFund Please receipt to: 'N am e ...... A ddress ...... DEFENCE & AID FUND Christian Action Dept. AN, 2 Amen Court, London, E.C.4 The New African The radical review 24 pages monthly Is 6d Annual subscription £1 Political articles, stories Reviews, verse, satire Now moved from Cape Town to 12a Goodwins Court, St. Martins Lane, London, WC2 PLEASE write for FREE sample copy v .l.=vu va.v,=. ¥

The warrior with a personal conviction Tony Laurence writes : Generals, as we all know, are uncommonly warlike creatures. Languishing in times of peace, they gain promotion and fame in times of war by deeds of skill and derring-do. It's an unfair promoion system, of course, because it leaves little chance of advancement for men who modestly step aside when the bullets start to fly. And so we must give three cheers to the South African Government, who have boldly swept aside the old rules and appointed as their new Defence Chief a man of proven lack of fighting experience. The warrior in question, the Commandant-General or over-all commander of the South African Defence Force, is Lt.-Gen. Rudolph Hicmstra. a man with lots of red on his lapels and lots of nothing where other generals wear their battle ribbons. The lack of colour over his ighting heart is due to the fact that Roaring Rudolph gracefully declined to take part in the Second World War, which, as most soldiers know, lasted between 1939 and 1945, Rudolph during most of this time was fighting behind a desk in the Civil Service. He was a Transport Inspector and prudently didn't leave his post until 1948 when the war was well and truly over. Needless to say he' didn't fight in the Korean War, this time for "medical reasons ". He is quoted as saying he was " sorry "he didn't fight against the Nazis, but he had declined as a matter of personal conviction, A sound reason indeed, in view of future events. I for one can't imagine why Leonidas, looking down from Thermopylae an Xerxes and his Persians, didn't pack his bags and cycle off to Athens, saying he didn't feel like toining in " for personal reasons ". He obviously stayed there, selfish man that tic was, hoping to win a VC or some other bauble. Not like Raging Rudolph, who bravely stuck to his desk only to hear people like Lewis Gay, the chief defence spokesman for the United Party, say " It is a sad day when the country chooses an officer who, from his own choice, took of' his uniform and elected not to serve with his military comrades in ie defence of South Africa against Nazi and Fascist domination." Come to think of it, the case of Rampaging Rudolph, the hero who never was, is best summed up by William Shakespeare, who said: He which hath no stomach for this fight, Let him depart; his passport shall be made, And crowns for convoy put into his purse: We would not die in that man's company That fears his fellowship to die with us." Picnic arrest on mountain Anne Tobias, former Editor of the Liberal newspaper Conit, is banned under the Suppression of Communism Act. She has to obtain special permission to visit her father, an Anglican bishop resident outside Cape Town. Recently, while eating a picnic lunch on the slopes of Table Mountain with two friends, she was arrested, for "attending a gathering Panlus Mopeli, leader of the 1950 Witieshoek revolt against cattle culling, who has now been in "exile" in Frenchdale in the North Western Cape for 85 yeaes, is to be banished again, to Kuruman, in the Kalahari desert. Banished with him will be Mr. Theophilis Tsbangela, a Pondo leader banished in 1960, and Mopeli's wife, Treaty. All are now in their eighties. A tourist looks beneath the surface I could see why so many tourists come back from South Africa with tales that all is well. On'the surface, it looks good. New buildings go up, new motorways push forward, them are more swimming pools than ever in the white men's gardens. As for the Africans, they are courteous as always, and they do not stop tourists in the street and tell their troubles. The "Survival Brochure " gave me my first glimpse beneath the surface. Every white family has received a copy from the Government, It tells them that war threatens South Africa and that they must plan to ensure their survival. The planning seems, however, to have been done for them. It involves tse possibility of comptl sory training, either military or civil defence, for every white man and woman between the ages of 17 and 65. Nothing is said of the role of black men and women. Does their survival not matter, one wonders, or is it assumed that they will be the enemy? I saw a little further beneath the surface when I met friends who are 'ctive in the South African Liberal Party or in the work of the Defence 'nd Aid Fund. These brave people have taken everything the Government has dished out over the past few years, but they are now wondering whether they can possibly go on. They are working in the shadow of a Government action which ominously enlarges the area of danger for opponents of apartheid the ban. sing order against David Craighead. David Craighead is a prominent Catholic and general manager of a large insurance company. He was chairman of the Transvaal Division of the Liberal Paty and of the Johannesburg Committee of Defence and Aid He is known as a rather right-wing Liberal ; he has always opposed any movement by the Liberal Party towards socialist policies, and he is certainly an opponent of violence. Yet the Minister of Justice is satisfied that he has been furthering the aims of Communism and therefoue forbids him to attend any gathering for five years. His real crime is, obviously, that as chairman of Defence and Aid he has been trying to contact the victims of oppression and their families, in order to make their lives just a little more bearable. If a man so eminently respectable cannot do work so'eminently humane, what is there left for anyone to do within the bounds of South African legality? That is the question which people are facing, beneath the surface. They will come up with different answers, Some will relapse into apathy and despair. Some will leave the country. Some wilt turn to illegal methods of struggle. But the tourists will still cosee back and report that allis well Trade unionists banned Five leading officials of SACI'U, the multi-racial trade union congress in South Africa, were banned immediately after the successful 10th annual conference of the organisation last month. They ace Emily Mahoko, Administrative Secretary; Sam Pholoto, Organising Secretary of the Metal. workers' Uniont David Mazibuko, Acting Secretary of the Furniture Workers' Union; Pauline Xaba, Organiser Textile Workers' Union; and Gift Molep, Secretary, African Textile Workers' Union. Under the five-year lans the trade unionists are forbidden to enler any factory, and they ae confined to the African townships throughout the week, unless "they enter a whte area for purpose of employment Since there is no opportunity for them to find work, this proviso is pure cynicism. At weekends they are confined to their homes. We urge trade unions to protest at these latest bans, Newspoints A man dies Mr. " Boy " Mia, an Indian, was refused hospital treatment recently because he was taken in error to Johannesburg General Hospital for Europeans, after a serious ca accident in which he received head injuries. Mr. Mia was very light-skinned, and had been picked up by a "white " ambulance. When doctors decided to operate, however, they required permission of his wife. She appeared in a saree. The hospital refused to operate, and Mr. Mia had to be transported to the non-white Coronation Hospital, where he died on the operating table, Kiss of life A white woman doctorIn Johannesburg who gave mouth-to-mouth respiration to an African child who later died has sparked off a controversy in medical circles there. Sonic hospital employees say Dr. Margaret Isaacson should have asked an African nurse to give the child the " kiss of life ". One now refases to speak to her, However, most doctors and nurses interviewed said they would have done what Dr. lsaacson did, and that attempts must always be made to save life, regardless of the patient's skin colour. Disease Latest figures in South Africa show a 40 per cent increase in the incidence of tuberculosis, a malnutrition disease, since 1962. Too dark A swarthy Cypriot, George Paissis, emigrating to South Africa on the assisted passage scheme, was refused permission to land in Durban because, he was told, he was " very dark He had been granted a visa and immigration permit to settle in South Africa through the consular offices in Athens. He was told at Durban tlat he would have to return to Egypt. Mr. Paissis said he was dark because he was sun-tanned. He has a married sister in Pretoria. He has been allowed to stay pending investigations. Vietnamese Prize-winning Afrikaans author Breyten Breytenbach has said he wishes he could opt out of being an Afrikaner. He said this after the South African Government refused a visa to his Vietnamese born wife so that they both could visit South Africa in the autumn. Breytenbaeh is also a painter and has been invited to exhibit at lists year's Paris Biennale Christians Two-thirds of South Africa's 1,509,000 Coloured people belong to Chrisisan churches, according to the South African Year Book The enemy Senator Jan de Klerk, Minister of the Interior, disclosed that Hitler's former bodyguard had been allowed to enter the country (see AA News, June) but that an American official of the Roman Catholic Church had been efused permission. Don't look Thirty Africans watching soccer at the Rand Stadium were expelled by police during the match The club's permit allows for Coloured and Indian spectators, but not Africans, to be adsitted. The Africans' entrance money was not refunded. Sobukwe Mangaliso Robert Sobukwe leader of the Pan Africanist Congress is to be held on Robben Island for another year following the renewal of the order which allows the South African authorities to detain him after completion of his sentence, Printed by The Warwick Pre (TU), 58 LidseerRoad, London, N.t9 8