SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

Porcupine Mountain Wilderness State Park

PARK PROFILE AREA 59,020 acres COUNTY Ontonagon and Gogebic Counties TOWNSHIP Wakefield and Carp Lake Townships LATITUDE 46.767000 LONGITUDE -89.750000 ADDRESS 33303 Headquarters Rd. Ontonagon, MI 49953-9087 PHONE 1-906-885-5275

Appendix A: Supporting Analysis A.1 Park Setting area operated through a lease agreement. The Porcupine Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park (PMWSP), located Mountains WSP also features a number of historic structures in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is the largest including 12 cabins constructed primarily in the 1940s that are of Michigan’s state parks, encompassing over 59,000 acres. available for rent by park visitors. Most of the park is legally designated as a Wilderness Area under Part 351 of Public Act 451 of 1994 in recognition of its Location & Community magnificent forests, scenic vistas and geological formations. Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park is located in the The majority of the park is also recognized by the National northwest corner of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula in Gogebic Park Service as a National Natural Landmark. and Ontonagon counties. The park headquarters is 15 miles The Porcupine Mountains rise abruptly above Lake Superior west of Ontonagon and 50 miles northeast of Ironwood by to a high elevation of 1,958 feet above sea level, forming a road. The main access to the park is off M-64, which follows 12-mile-long escarpment. Nestled in the mountains are Lake the Lake Superior shoreline from Ontonagon. The east and of the Clouds and Mirror Lake, which feed into the Big and west ends of the park are linked by the South Boundary Little Carp rivers, respectively. The park features deep-cut river Road, a seasonal county road which is closed from December valleys, many spectacular waterfalls and 21 miles of shoreline 1 to late spring, depending on road conditions. Locally, the on Lake Superior. The park also features old-growth hemlock- communities of Silver City, White Pine and Wakefield offer hardwood stands that were protected from logging by the limited amenities for park visitors. The cities of Houghton to formation of the park in 1945. the northeast and Ironwood to the southwest offer a wider range of amenities. The park welcomes over 300,000 visitors The expansive acreage of the park offers a range of recreation per year from across the globe. opportunities including modern and rustic camping on the lakeshore, backcountry camping, hiking on over 90 miles The western Upper Peninsula is a year-round destination of trails, cross-country skiing, hunting, fishing, wildlife and for adventurers, offering spectacular, remote wilderness scenic viewing, a Visitor’s Center and a winter downhill ski experiences. The region includes almost one million acres of

A-1 APPENDIX A

A.2 Demographics Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park (PMWSP) spans the border between Ontonagon and Gogebic counties. Both are rural counties with a low population density. Ontonagon County is the second least-populated county in the state after Keweenaw County. The region’s low population is starkly contrasted with the high visitation the park receives. The United States Census Bureau data below shows that both counties have been experiencing a decline in population in recent years.

Regional Location Map These counties can be characterized by a high representation of people of European decent. The data shows an aging National Forest System land, which extends from the south population with a higher than state average of persons over shore of Lake Superior to the Wisconsin border. The area is the age of 65 and lower percentages of persons under 18 rich in wildlife viewing opportunities; supports breathtaking years and under 5 years. Per capita and median household views of rolling hills interspersed with lakes, rivers and income are both lower than the state average. Three waterfalls; and is known for spectacular fall color displays. sectors dominate the economy of Gogebic County: diverse Historical sites are also plentiful, telling the stories of the industries, forest products and tourism. The largest employer ethnic settlements, the timber industry, iron and copper in Ontonagon County is Aspirus Ontonagon Hospital, and the mining communities and Native American mining and trading. area also has a growing tourism and recreation industry.

UNITED STATES CENSUS DATA FOR ONTONAGON AND GOGEBIC COUNTIES FACT ONTONAGON COUNTY GOGEBIC COUNTY MICHIGAN Population estimate 2017 5,881 15,342 9,962,311 Population, Census 2010 6,780 16,427 9,883,640 Population % change – April 2010 to July 2017 -13.3% -6.6% 0.8% Persons under 5 years, percent 2.8% 4.0% 5.8% Persons under 18 years, percent 12.6% 15.7% 21.8% Persons 65 years and over, percent 35.4% 24.9% 16.7% Female persons, percent 49.0% 45.8% 50.8% White alone, percent 96.1% 90.5% 79.4% Black or African American alone, percent 0.3% 4.4% 14.1% American Indian and Alaska Native alone 1.5% 2.9% 0.7% Foreign born persons, percent, 2012-2016 1.8% 1.3% 6.4% Housing units July 2017 5,691 10,798 4,595,158 Owner-occupied housing unit rate, 2012-2016 87.6% 78% 70.8% Median Value of owner-occupied housing units $69,500 $69,800 $127,800 High school graduate or higher, % 25 yrs+, 2012-2016 91.7% 92.7% 89.9% Bachelor's degree or higher, % 25 yrs+, 2012-2016 17.4% 17.5% 27.4% Persons with a disability, under age 65 13.1% 11.3% 10.4% Mean travel time to work (minutes), 2012-2016 24.3 17.3 24.3 Median household income in past 12 months, 2012-2016 $35,038 $35,833 $50,803 Per capita income in past 12 months, 2012-2016 $22,428 $21,464 $27,549 Persons in poverty, percent 15.80% 20.40% 15.00% Population per square mile, 2010 5.2 14.9 174.8 Land area in square miles, 2010 1,101.85 1,311.23 56,538.90

A-2 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

A.3 Regional Recreation Resources with approximately 23 miles of the trail passing through Porcupine Mountains WSP. The trail within the park is Federal Resources maintained by the Ni-Miikanaake Chapter of the North • Ottawa National Forest spans from the south shore of Country Trail Association. Lake Superior to the Wisconsin border between Ironwood and Iron Mountain and directly borders Porcupine State Parks Mountains Wilderness State Park (PMWSP) to the south. • Lake Gogebic State Park is 26 miles south of Porcupine This area of almost one million acres features rolling hills, Mountains WSP. The 360-acre park provides about lakes, rivers and waterfalls and is rich in wildlife and scenic one mile of shoreline along Lake Gogebic, the largest viewing opportunities. Other recreation opportunities inland lake of the Upper Peninsula. The park provides include camping, fishing, hunting, hiking, cross-country opportunities for camping, hiking, swimming, fishing, skiing, snowshoeing and snowmobiling. and boating, as well as serving as a base for exploring the • Black Harbor Recreation Area is located within the western Upper Peninsula. Ottawa National Forest on the shores of Lake Superior, just • Twin Lake State Park is about 44 miles to the east a few miles west of the Porcupine Mountains WSP. The of Porcupine Mountains WSP. The park is situated in site offers scenic hiking, Lake Superior beaches, a 40-site Houghton County, in the heart of Michigan’s Copper campground and a series of scenic waterfalls as the Black Country. This 175-acre park provides a central location River flows through the forest. An historic pavilion built by to explore various attractions such as nearby mines and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) is also located here. historic Fort Wilkins. Park facilities include campsites, a The harbor offers one of the few access points on Lake boat launch, beach, 1.5-mile hiking trail and access to ORV Superior, with a launch ramp that can accommodate most trails. trailered watercraft. • Agate Falls and Bond Falls Scenic Sites are located • North Country National Scenic Trail(NCNST) was approximately 40 miles southeast of the park. These sites, authorized by the United States Congress in 1980 and both located on the middle branch of the Ontonagon is the longest National Scenic Trail at 4,600 miles. The River, offer views of scenic waterfalls, with parking and route, from New York to North Dakota, passes through picnicking opportunities. seven states. More than 1,500 miles are in Michigan,

Bond Falls Scenic Site

A-3 APPENDIX A

Baraga Forest Management Unit The Baraga Forest Management Unit (FMU) manages all state forest lands in Baraga, Gogebic, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties. The following are the relevant management areas near Porcupine Mountains WSP. • Norwich Plains sits 27 miles to the east of the park in Ontonagon County. This 4,600-acre area is situated on a Dissected Till Plain dominated by a mesic northern forest community composed of aspen and northern hardwood species. This area provides benefits such as recreational activities, wildlife habitat, fish habitat and forest products. • Central Houghton covers a 46,908-acre area in Houghton County. It is about 45 miles east of Porcupine Mountains WSP. This management area is primarily situated on Dissected Moraines which are dominated by a mesic northern forest community composed of northern hardwoods, aspen and lowland conifers. Although this area’s management priority is to produce high- quality timber products it also provides benefits such as recreational activities, wildlife habitat, and fish habitat. This forest also contains one of the Grouse Enhanced Management System (GEMS) areas of the western Upper Peninsula, which are intensively managed accessible ruffed grouse hunting areas. • The Baraga FMU is co-managed by the Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Division to maintain viable wildlife populations and provide recreational opportunities for wildlife viewing, hunting and trapping. Featured species in the western Upper Peninsula include A kayak on the shore of Lake Superior highly valued game species, threatened and endangered species and species of greatest conservation need. There are four grouse enhanced management sites (GEMS), Ê Bergland to Sidnaw Route (49 miles) heading east premier bird hunting areas, in the Baraga FMU: Norwich, from Lake Gogebic Blue Bill Creek, Mosinee, and Hazel Swamp. Ê Pioneer Trail (24 miles) begins northeast of Bergland to Victoria reservoir in Rockland Township State Trails • Snowmobile Trails: a network of interconnected • Iron Belle Trail is the longest designated state trail in the snowmobile trails can be found in the area around nation, stretching from Belle Isle in Detroit to Ironwood Porcupine Mountains WSP. in the Upper Peninsula, with separate routes for biking Ê Trail 11 follows the South Boundary Road through and hiking. The hiking trail follows the route of the park from the lakeshore connecting to trail 102 which North Country National Scenic Trail through Porcupine leads to the north end of Lake Gogebic. Mountains WSP and will be 1,221 miles long once complete. The biking trail follows US 2 across the western Ê Trail 1 provides access to Lake of the Clouds Scenic Upper Peninsula. Overlook. This very popular trail travels east from the overlook along the lakeshore then south to Lake • Multi-Use Trails include: Gogebic, it connects to multiple other routes to Ê Ontonagon to Rockland Rail Trail- (13 miles) heading Ontonagon, Wakefield, Iron Mountain and more. south from Ontonagon • Lake Superior Water Trail: The Western Upper Peninsula Ê Bergland to Sidnaw Rail Trail- (49 miles) heading east Water Trail traverses 319 miles along the southern shore from Lake Gogebic of Lake Superior. Beginning at the Michigan-Wisconsin border, the water trail passes the Porcupine Mountains Ê Stateline Rail Trail (95 miles) west of the park WSP and continues around the Keweenaw Peninsula to following the Wisconsin border from Iron Mountain the Baraga-Marquette County line. The park provides to Wakefield, MI paddlers with several access points and accommodations • ORV Trails in the area include: in the shoreline campgrounds and cabins. The water trail Ê Ontonagon to Rockland Route (13 miles) heading passes by some of Michigan’s most rugged but beautiful south from Ontonagon coast line.

A-4 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

Township and County Parks boating access, and trails at the base of the falls. • Ontonagon Township Park is 17 miles east of the Ê The Historic Adventure Copper Mine provides guided Porcupine Mountains WSP. The park provides camping tours of an authentic underground mine, as well as along the Lake Superior shoreline. group and educational tours. • Bergland Township Park is about 20 miles south of Ê Victoria Dam, owned by the Upper Peninsula Power Porcupine Mountains WSP. The park is situated at the Company, includes a boat launch, parking for cars and north end of Lake Gogebic and provides opportunities for trucks with trailers, and sport fishing opportunities. camping and picnicking as well as beach access on Lake Gogebic. Ê Old Victoria Historic Townsite is a restoration of an early mining village, with hand-hewn log cabins built • Black River County Park is only about two miles to house miners at the Victoria Copper Mine. southwest of Porcupine Mountains WSP along the shoreline but is around 32 miles away by road. The county Ê Military Hills is an MDOT Roadside Park with an park includes a harbor, providing boat access to Lake historic marker commemorating Abraham Lincoln’s Superior. The park also features hiking trails through commissioning of the road from Green Bay to Fort old-growth hemlock and hardwood forests, as well as five Wilkins as a military highway to secure copper different waterfalls along the route. supplies for the Union Forces. The park has picnic facilities, a dog run and vault toilets. • Ontonagon County Park is located 26 miles south of Porcupine Mountains WSP along the western shore of Lake Gogebic. This park provides a boating access site to Private Recreation Facilities Lake Gogebic, camping, beach access and picnicking. The western Upper Peninsula, with an average annual snowfall of 17 feet, offers three downhill ski resorts: Big Snow, Big Other attractions Powderhorn Mountain and White Cap Mountain. All provide There are many unique destinations in the region relating accommodations and other services. The region also has a to the area’s heritage and geology, some of which are listed range of private campgrounds, lodging opportunities, resorts, below: guide services, liveries/rentals and more to support visitors. Ê Copper Peak, an international ski flying hill, is the Nearby private overnight accommodations include: location of the world’s largest ski jump. It is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a Ê Union River’s Big Bear Campground, located at the historic mining site. The observation deck, accessed entrance of the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness by chairlift or shuttle and 18 story elevator, provides State Park, with 50 campsites the highest, unobstructed, 360 degree vista in the Ê River Road RV Park, Campground and Bunkhouse, Midwest, overlooking 2500 square miles of the located along the Ontonagon River, with 30 full hook- western Lake Superior region. up campsites and tent sites open year-rounds Ê Alligator Eye is an igneous rock outcrop which rises Ê Mountain View Lodge, located on the shores of Lake 300 feet above Lake Gogebic. The quartz veins found Superior, offers fully furnished cabins year-round on this site were the focus of quarrying efforts by Ê Lakeshore Cabins Resort in Silver City, two miles east ancient miners nearly 3,500 years ago who used the of the park, offers six cabins for rent quartz to produce tools. Ê Lake of the Clouds Resort in Silver City provides full- Ê Ontonagon County Historical Museum is in the heart service cabins, bike rental and lake access of historic Ontonagon’s downtown. The museum houses displays outlining the development of the Ê Porcupine Lodge provides six furnished condos for region in mining, logging, agriculture and industry, rent with special emphasis on Ontonagon’s maritime Ê Konteka Black Bear Resort, located in White Pine history. There are also displays of minerals, local offers a motel and other amenities archaeological finds, firearms and weapons, and antiques. Ê AmericInn in Silver City is three miles east of the park with 71 guest rooms Ê Historic Bergland Ranger Station/Heritage Center was constructed in 1936 by the CCC and was one of the first administrative offices built for the Ottawa National Forest. This vintage property is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places and is one of the only remaining United States Forest Service offices of this type within the Eastern United States. Ê Bond Falls Flowage and Campground is recreational land owned by the Upper Peninsula Power Company. It includes cottages, a campground, a picnic area,

A-5 APPENDIX A

A.4 History of Porcupine Mountains to the Porcupine Mountains area in search of copper and silver, but after several years and little yield the mines closed. Wilderness State Park Later attempts at reopening some of the mines and reworking The namesake of the Porcupine Mountains is believed to the spoils yielded little results. At least forty-five mines (10 have originated with the Ojibway people, who thought the companies) were established within what is now Porcupine prominent escarpment resembled the hunched profile of a Mountains Wilderness State Park’s boundaries including the porcupine’s back. Before the arrival of French explorers and Nonesuch Mine, which operated from 1867 until 1912, and fur traders in the early 1600s, an amalgamation of native the Carp Lake Mine, which was worked intermittently from tribes had moved into the Lake Superior region. The Upper 1858 until 1929. Townsites were built to support mining. Peninsula Anishinabe (“original people”) were seasonally nomadic and subsisted primarily by hunting, trapping and As the wave of mining swept the mountains, the logging fishing. A permanent Ojibway village stood at the mouth of the industry started to take advantage of the area as lumbermen Ontonagon River, with other smaller villages at the mouths of began to move westward after exhausting supplies to the east. the Big Iron and Presque Isle rivers. The Archaeological Atlas Logging in the Porcupine Mountains began only after other of Michigan (Hinsdale, 1931) shows a Native American trail forests had been cleared, with the first account of logging running through part of what is now Porcupine Mountains in 1899. In the early 1900s, the more accessible fringes of Wilderness State Park from Lake Superior to Union Bay, the Porcupine Mountains were logged, with several logging indicating use of the park lands by the early people in the camps established in the area. Other areas were spared as region. mining companies were reluctant to sell and the inaccessible interior forests were not rich in white pine, which was the Early written accounts by individuals exploring for mineral primary interest at the time. By 1913, the big camps in the resources in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula mention contact with Porcupine Mountains were abandoned. However, limbs and trapper/traders and Native Americans during their travels in tops left behind fueled many fires. In the late 1930s and early the 1840s. The 1841 report by Michigan’s first state geologist, ‘40s, logging in the Porcupine Mountains resumed, this time Douglass Houghton, resulted in the nation’s first mineral rush, of hardwoods and hemlock. Loggers continued work in the with prospectors heading to Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula Porcupine Mountains up until the park was dedicated in 1945 in search of copper. Mining in the Porcupine Mountains began and as late as 1960 in the very eastern sections. in the mid-1800s (1845 at Union and LaFayette mines) though it is reported that a few of the mines were located on former Although the Porcupine Mountains was not dedicated as prehistoric mine sites. Many different mining companies came a state park until 1945, the area was the subject of several

1945 Conservation Commision with P.J. Hoffmaster

A-6 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

In 1945, development of a trail system into the wilderness interior began. By 1949, ten cabins were constructed at scenic points on the trails and can only be reached by hiking or by boat. The earliest cabins are the Mirror Lake group of three cabins. Two additional cabins within the park once belonged to Raymond Dick– the man who led the effort to save the Porcupine Mountains in the 1940s– and became the property of the state upon his death.

The original campground for the park was a single loop road located to the east of the current Union Bay Campground at approximately the location of the organizational camp and Gitche Gumiee Cabin. Work on this campground began in 1947 and was completed in 1948. The service area was constructed off County Road 107, just west of the Union Bay campground. Consisting of a garage, workshop, wood shop and two residences, this is one of the most intact original A commemorative plaque service areas in the park system. proposals to preserve the area for public recreation. In the In the 1950s, the Porcupine Mountains (Wilderness) State Park early 1920s, P.J. Hoffmaster, the first chief of state parks in participated in the prison work program, and picnic tables and Michigan, identified the Porcupine Mountains as a location for other features for Michigan’s state parks were constructed in a possible state park. the park’s wood shop. The prison camp was initially located within the park boundary, then re-located east of the park to In 1928, a petition was made for the area to become a the site of what is now the Lake Superior Sportsman’s Club national park, but the Great Depression stalled the talks in 1958. In 1949, the prison laborers constructed the runs of and the advent of World War II effectively halted park the downhill ski area as well as the cross-country ski trails. development across the nation (even though in 1935 the US Prior to purchase by the state, a local ski club maintained Forest Service acquired over 6,000 acres near Lake of the some downhill runs at the eastern edge of the park. It was Clouds to be added to the nearby Ottawa National Forest). decided that the Department of Conservation would improve Fearing loss of the virgin forest, in 1940, Raymond Dick and operate the ski area to demonstrate that downhill skiing organized the “Save the Porcupine Mountains Association” to could be a growing attraction in the Upper Peninsula. The ski protect the property from commercial mining and logging and to preserve it as a park.

In 1933-34, an emergency conservation work wintercamp, Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Camp 106.5, Ontonagon State Camp, was established in the area of the current park headquarters. The camp primarily employed youth ages 18-25 in state forestry programs directed towards fire hazard reduction and restoration of depleted natural resources.

In 1944, the State Park Division adopted a new program for the acquisition of an area in the Porcupine Mountains for its scenic value, public recreation and for the preservation of a part of the last remaining large stand of virgin hardwood- hemlock forest in Michigan. The Michigan Legislature, in an extra session, appropriated $1 million dollars for the acquisition of the Porcupine Mountains area. That year, the state purchased 46,000 acres in conjunction with the adoption of a statewide development program centered on recreation and increased tourism. Thus, the development of Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park wedded two ideas: preservation of the natural beauty of the area and public Historic program used for purchase of the park from the 1944 recreation. State of MI proposal for acquiring the propery

A-7 APPENDIX A

First park manager Knox Jamison on park boat area was officially opened in 1950, with the Ski Hill Chalet state park approved in 1972. Primary recommendations of this constructed in 1958, and additional runs and lifts added in the plan were to rename the park to be a Wilderness State Park, 1960s and 1970s as it grew in popularity. acquire an additional 3,340 acres of private and federal land to protect the character of the wilderness, acquire mineral rights With the increased concern for preserving natural areas, not owned by the state underlying the park, control use of the the Natural Resources Commission, in cooperation with the park through interior park roads and other natural and cultural Michigan Natural Areas Council, adopted four categories resource management recommendations. The provision of a of natural areas. In 1954, 45,210 acres of the Porcupine visitor center to inform visitors of the diverse offerings of the Mountains were dedicated in the category of Nature park and to provide a base for interpretive services was also Reservation. Within the confines of the Nature Reservation, recommended. This plan zoned the majority (35,000 acres, three scenic sites were dedicated: Presque Isle, Escarpment encompassing the entire old-growth forest) of the park as and Summit Peak. Wilderness Zone, which was defined as: In 1965, the South Boundary Road connecting the east and “An area where earth and its community of life west ends of the park was completed. In the winter of 1965- are untrammeled by man, where man himself 66, two Adirondack shelters were constructed in the park’s is a visitor who does not remain. An area of interior. A third was added later. All Adirondack shelters have undeveloped land retaining its primeval character since been removed. Other more ambitious proposals, such as and influence, without permanent improvements a hotel/cabin complex at the west end of the park and a scenic of human habitation, which is protected and byway, were not implemented. managed so as to preserve its natural conditions…”

Past planning initiatives for the Porcupine Mountains A Park Master Plan, based on this prior study, was approved (Wilderness) State Park included a comprehensive study in 1973 and amended in 1974 with the goal of providing delineating management policies and zoning plans for the for the public “the highest quality wilderness recreational

A-8 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS experience”. The report stressed the interdependency of A.5 Land Ownership preservation, education and recreation. Currently, 47,671 acres are dedicated as Wilderness under Part 351 of Public Act Funding Sources 451 of 1994. In 1976, the majority of the park was rededicated The state acquired the lands encompassed by Porcupine as a Wilderness Area under the Wilderness and Natural Areas Mountains Wilderness State Park through a variety of funding Act 241 of 1972 (Repealed 1995, Act 59. Now protected under sources. Often, conditions attached to the original funding the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act 451 source or other details of the property transaction encumber of 1994, Part 351). The 1,465-acre Presque Isle River Scenic the future use or disposition of the land. Site was also rededicated, along with dedication of the 160- acre Union Spring Scenic Site (dedicated as a Natural Area The funding source map at the end of Appendix A identifies under Act 541 of 1994, Part 351). In 1984 the National Park the sources used in acquiring land within Porcupine Mountains Service dedicated 42,812 acres of the Porcupine Mountains as Wilderness State Park. The following outlines in more detail a National Natural Landmark. each funding source associated with the park.

The park Visitor Center was constructed in 1983. Other more recent developments include the renovation of the former Special Legislation park manager’s residence in 2006 as a modern lodge for park Acquisitions for park purposes through this source are tied visitors. to specific funding established by the legislature under Act 27, P.A. 1944, and Act 50, P.A. 1944. This legislation included Major weather events have impacted the Porcupine an appropriation of $1,000,000 for land in the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park over time. In 1953, a Mountains area. windstorm destroyed over 5,000 acres of old-growth forest. • This was the primary funding source used to acquire The resulting blowdown was later salvaged for timber. Thirty approximately 39,000 acres of land within the Porcupine years later, in 1983, a torrential thunderstorm resulted in Mountains Wilderness State Park, primarily between heavy flooding, leading to the loss of bridges, denudation and 1944 and 1947. erosion of hillsides, washout of a section of South Boundary Road and other damage. In more recent history, heavy storms State Game Fund in 2016 led to similar damage including heavy beach erosion. Act 17, P.A. 1921 established a tax on hunting licenses and A significant wildfire occurred in the park in 2000. This fire is directed the revenue to a fund used for land purchased. The assumed to have started from a lightning strike during Labor primary purpose of this land is for hunting and fishing, and the Day weekend. The smoldering seemingly innocuous fire development of other recreation facilities is restricted. burned slowly in the deep forest duff. It was not discovered until weeks later and suppression did not begin until October • Approximately 14,400 acres of land in the eastern region 20th. Very little water was used in suppression and the fire of the park were acquired in the 1940s using this funding continued to burn in many areas into mid-November. Finally, source. it was extinguished by winter snow. Many old growth trees were killed as their roots were burned; most were killed Federal Government Land Exchange outright; others were toppled by the wind, their shallow root In separate land exchanges with the federal government in systems destabilized by burning. 1949 and 1951, the state acquired approximately 9,500 acres of land, consolidating state ownership in locations across the park.

Tax Reversion The state received approximately 1,800 acres due to non- payment of taxes (tax forclosure).

Michigan Land Trust Fund The Kammer Recreational Land Trust Fund Act of 1976 (Public Act 204, 1976) created the Michigan Land Trust Fund (MLTF) program to provide a source of funding for the public acquisition of lands for resource protection and public outdoor recreation. Funding was derived from royalties on the sale and The smoldering 2000 fre lease of State‐owned mineral rights. This fund was replaced by

A-9 APPENDIX A

the Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund in 1984. (NPS). Land purchased using LWCF funding must be used for public outdoor recreation purposes. • In 1976, the state acquired 640 acres of land in the southeast corner of the park using the MLTF. • Approximately 7.8 acres were purchased with this funding source between 1966 and 1972. This land is located on Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund (MNRTF) the Lake Superior shoreline. The MNRTF was created by a state constitutional amendment in 1984, which required that oil, gas, and other mineral lease Recreation Bond Fund and royalty payments be placed into the Trust Fund, with Three small parcels of land were acquired using this funding proceeds used to both acquire and develop public recreation source along the Lake Superior shoreline in the 1970s and lands. To implement the constitutional amendment, the 1980s. legislature passed the Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund Act of 1985 (P.A. 101 of 1985, Act 101). Lake Superior Basin Trust • The land (640 acres) funded by this source is mainly The Lake Superior Basin Trust was established in part through located in the southwest corner of the park and was the settlement of National Wildlife Federation et al. v. Copper acquired in 1994. Range Co. for the purpose of funding various environmental mitigation and enhancement projects to restore, protect and Gift enhance resources or habitat in the Lake Superior Basin. The A portion of the park was obtained through gifts of land. 600-acre “Presque Isle River Property” was purchased in 2000 using 50% Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund and 50% • Many of these transactions involved property in the Gift (Land Transfer) from the Lake Superior Basin Trust. The southwest area of the park and were completed in 1994. award of the land is contingent upon the lands being used for “long‐term conservation and management of natural areas, Federal Land and Water Conservation Fund and to manage them to accommodate public access that The Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) is a federal does not interfere with conservation and preservation needs”. program administered in Michigan by the Department of There are also restrictions on sale or transfer of the land. Natural Resources on behalf of the National Park Service

Hikers in the exposed river bed of the Presque Isle River

A-10 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

Lease Contracts and Use Agreements The following contracts are in effect for Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park: • A & D, Inc. – lease to operate the Outpost Store including firewood and ice sales and LP tank filling, operation of the Laundry room facility, provide watercraft rentals, utilize the Water Plant as a storage and office facility, and provide full service of vending machines at the Outpost Store, Union Bay Toilet Building, Visitor’s Center and Contact Station until April 30, 2021. The lease also includes operation of the Visitor’s Center store. A competitive bid letting will be held for this concession upon its expiration. • Friends of Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park – lease to operate and maintain the Old Carpenter Shop and Dan’s Cabin buildings for a period of five years ending on A fall scene looking across the water. July 31, 2020, with an option to renew for an additional four 5-year terms. The Old Carpenters Shop is to be used Mineral Ownership for Friend’s Group and committee/community activities. The state does not own the mineral rights beneath Dan’s Cabin is used primarily for the Artist-in-Residence approximately 45% of the land within the park boundary and program. the DNR must provide reasonable access to private mineral • Lake Superior Sportsman’s Club Inc. (Ontonagon Shooting rights owners should they choose to explore or develop Range) – lease for approximately 15 acres of land of their mineral rights, except as prohibited under Part 531, the former Porcupine Mountains prison camp for the Wilderness and Natural Areas, of PA 451 of 1994 (Natural purposes of providing a safe location for shooting and Resources and Environmental Protection Act). When the state archery activities. The lease is for a period of 15 years, completed a land exchange in 1951, resulting in an addition ending on March 31, 2020, with an automatic renewal of of over 6,600 acres to the park, the grantor of that property, two additional 5-year terms unless terminated. the federal government, reserved the rights to all “fissionable • Gogebic Community College – use agreement that allows material” (e.g., uranium) on or beneath the property. These the College to operate the Winter Sports Complex, which includes the ski chalet, ski slope areas, storage buildings, types of minerals are not currently known to occur within parking lots and apartment building for a period of seven the park in commercial quantities, but reservations like this years ending on July 31, 2019, with an option to renew for by the federal government were very common during that an additional three 3-year terms. time period. The current ownership maps included in this plan indicate the DNR’s best understanding of current mineral rights ownership based on available records. Where the maps show that the state owns 100% of the mineral rights for the parcels acquired from the federal government in 1951, this does not include “fissionable materials”. In addition, there may be other third-party mineral reservations that the state is not aware of.

Easements The following easements grant access or construction rights on the state park property: • Gogebic County Road Commission • Michigan Transportation Commission • Ontonagon County Telephone Company • Ontonagon County • Porkies Mountains TV Company INC. • Upper Peninsula Power Company

Lake Superior shoreline

A-11 APPENDIX A

Grant Funding The following Land and Water Conservation Fund projects, for both land acquisition and development, have been completed within the park (see table below). Grant number 26-01060A for the development of the Presque Isle campground included a 6(f) Boundary Map (below) encumbering all of the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park land owned at that time.

GRANT HISTORY LWCF GRANT YEAR AMOUNT NOTES NUMBER 26-00049 1965 $6,958.00 Acquire 35 acres. (inholding) 26-00251 1971 $8,000.00 Acquire 3.6 acres of land (inholding) 26-00098 1965 $62,621.50 Construct a double chair ski-lift. 26-00971 1977 $75,795.67 Develop: complete T-bar ski lift and LWCF sign 26-00489 1973 $197,753.59 Develop: enlarge ski chalet, increase parking lot, blacktop roads/parking areas, improve sanitary facilities/trails/stairs entrance road, improve picnic facilities, construct new visitor center/vehicle road access 26-01060 A 1978 $53,351.41 Development of the Presque Isle unit

This 6(f) site plan delineates land encumbered by the Land and Water Conservation Fund restrictions.

A-12 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

A.6 Legal Mandates For all park general management plans, all legal mandates are identified that serve to further guide the development of the general management plan and subsequent action plans. For our planning purposes, the term “Legal Mandates” refers to not only to federal and state law, but also the administrative tools of “Policy” and “Directive” of the Natural Resource Commission, the Department, and the Parks & Recreation Division. Examples include Orders of the Director, Park and Recreation Areas State Land Rules and all other laws, commission orders, and rules or directives that apply to the park.

Specific to Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park the following legal mandates have been identified. FEDERAL STATUTE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT, 1973 The purposes of this Act are to provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved, to provide a program for the conservation of such endangered species and threatened species, and to take such steps as may be appropriate to achieve the purposes of the act. BALD AND GOLDEN EAGLE PROTECTION ACT, 1940 AND AMENDMENTS This Act prohibits anyone, without a permit issued by the Secretary of the Interior, from "taking" bald eagles, including their parts, nests, or eggs. The Act defines "take" as "pursue, shoot, shoot at, poison, wound, kill, capture, trap, collect, molest or disturb." “Disturb” includes actions that may result in injury to the eagle, a decrease in its productivity or nest abandonment. NATIONAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION ACT, 1966 AS AMENDED This is the primary federal law governing the preservation of cultural and historic resources in the United States. The law establishes a national preservation program and a system of procedural protections which encourage the identification and protection of cultural and historic resources of national, state, tribal and local significance. NATIONAL TRAILS ACT, 1968 AS AMENDED This Act established the Appalachian and Pacific Crest National Scenic Trails and authorized a national system of trails to provide additional outdoor recreation opportunities and to promote the preservation of access to the outdoor areas and historic resources of the nation. The National Trails System includes four classes of trails: National Scenic Trails (NST), National Historic Trails (NHT), National Recreation Trails (NRT) and Connecting or Side Trails. The North Country NST was designated by P.L. 96-199 in 1980. NATIONAL NATURAL LANDMARK PROGRAM The National Natural Landmark (NNL) Program was established in 1962 by administrative action under authority provided by the Historic Sites Act of 1935. The NNL program is administered by the National Park Service under 36 CFR Part 62, published in the Federal Register on May 12, 1999. The NNL Program regulations dictate administration of the program by the National Park Service, but not NNL land use or management.

A-13 APPENDIX A

STATE STATUTE NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT (NREPA) AND AMENDMENTS PA 451 of 1994, Part 5 Gives the DNR authority to make rules to support its mission. This includes State Land Rules, Land Use Orders, Wildlife Conservation Orders, Fisheries Orders and Watercraft Control. PA 451 of 1994, Part 31 Provides authority to DEQ to require a permit for any occupation, Water Resources Protection construction, filling, or grade change within the 100-year floodplain of a river, stream, drain, or inland lake. PA 451 of 1994, Part 301 Requires a permit from the state (DEQ) to undertake certain activities Inland Lakes and Streams relating to inland lakes and streams, such as dredging, fill, marinas, structures, alteration of flow, etc. PA 451 of 1994, Part 303 Requires a permit from the state (DEQ) to undertake certain activities in Wetlands Protection regulated wetlands, such as, dredging, fill, construction or drainage. PA 451 of 1994, Part 325 A permit is required for all filling, dredging, and placement of permanent Great Lakes Submerged Bottomlands structures (i.e., docks, piers, pilings, etc.) below the "ordinary high water mark" and on all upland channels extending landward of the "ordinary high water mark" of the Great Lakes. PA 451 of 1994, Article III, Chapter 1, Part 351 Allows for the designation of wilderness and natural areas and management Wilderness and Natural Area of those areas. PA 451 of 1994, Part 365 Allows for acts necessary for the conservation, protection, restoration, and Endangered Species Protection propagation of endangered and threatened species in cooperation with the federal government pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973. PA 451 of 1994, Part 419 Hunting Area Control Section 324.41901 establishes the powers of the Department to establish safety zones for hunting. PA 451 of 1994, Part 741 The department shall create, maintain, operate, promote, and make State Park System available for public use and enjoyment a system of state parks to preserve and protect Michigan’s significant natural resources and areas of natural beauty or historic significance, to provide open space for public recreation, and to provide an opportunity to understand Michigan’s natural resources and the need to protect and manage those resources.

PA 35 of 2010, Part 741 Recreation Passport This act amended the Michigan Motor Vehicle Code to provide for a State Park and State-operated public boating access site “Recreation Passport” that a Michigan resident may obtain by paying an additional fee when registering a motor vehicle. PA 451 of 1994, Part 761 Aboriginal Records and The state reserves the exclusive right and privilege to all aboriginal records Antiquities and other antiquities including those found on the bottomlands of the Great Lakes. PUBLIC HEALTH CODE PA 368 of 1978, Part 125, Campgrounds, Established to protect and promote the public health by establishing health Swimming Areas and Swimmers’ Itch code requirements and regulations that all public (including DNR) and private campgrounds must meet. Includes permitting, licensing, inspections and rules regarding sanitation, safety standards and public health. Also covers testing and evaluating quality of water at bathing beaches, safety and rescue equipment.

A-14 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

Orders The following Orders apply to Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park

Land Use Orders of the Director 5.12 Certain state parks and recreation areas, requirements for use, certain conduct prohibited.

Order 5.12. The following conduct shall apply to use of Michigan state parks and recreation areas: Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park, prohibited conduct.

(10) A person shall not do any of the following in the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park without first obtaining proper written permission from the department: Relaxing on the shore of Lake Superior • (a) Feed a bear or lure any bear with food. This provision does not apply to the lawful baiting of bear as described in except for section 19 and the N 1/4 of section 30, T50N R45W, orders issued pursuant to part 401, wildlife conservation, Gogebic county (Presque Isle scenic site section), and the S of Act 451 of 1994. 1/2 of the NW 1/4 and the N 1/2 of the SW ¼ of section 21, • (b) Operate a snowmobile off the designated snowmobile T51N R43W, Ontonagon county (lake of the clouds escarpment route. scenic site section), and section 9 and the N 1/2 of section 1, 5.16a Entry, use and occupancy of certain state parks, T51N R42W, Ontonagon County (Union bay campground and recreation areas and scenic sites, prohibited conduct. headquarters area); also except the entire park shall be closed to the taking of waterfowl from September 1 to Labor day. Order 5.16a (1) A person shall not do any of the following: History: Eff. Mar 31, 1989; Am. 2, 2016, Eff. April 15, 2016. • (a) Enter any of the following state-owned lands with a motor vehicle unless a valid Michigan recreation passport has been purchased and affixed to the vehicle: Fisheries Orders Lake of the Clouds (T15N, R4ccc3W, S21, 22): the daily • (66) Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park, possession limit for smallmouth bass is zero (0). Tackle: Ontonagon and Gogebic counties. Artificial lures only. It shall be unlawful to use or possess live bait, dead bait, organic or processed food or scented material Wildlife Conservation Orders at any time on the shore or water. 7.9 Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park, hunting and trapping allowed; exception. FO-210.18, Designated Trout Streams: many of the streams within the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park are Sec. 7.9 Hunting and trapping shall be allowed during the designated trout streams, which are classified by type and established seasons on all state-owned lands within the have specific regulations for season and catch. These include boundaries of Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park Presque Isle River and all tributaries, Little Carp River, Carp River, Union River and several creeks.

State Land Rules Parks and Recreation Areas – State Land Rules are issued by authority conferred on the Michigan DNR by Section 504 of 1994 PA 451 MCL 324.504. The rules cover entry, use and occupation of state lands and unlawful acts.

Wilderness and Natural Areas are recorded under Michigan Administrative Rule R322. See Appendix C for legal description of designated Wilderness and Natural Areas within the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park and requirements for the maintenance, restoration and prohibited activities in A family ready to hike accordance with NREPA.

A-15 APPENDIX A

A.7 Landscape Context and Natural Resources

Landscape Context Sub-subsection The following information was obtained from Regional Landscape Ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin, prepared by Dennis Albert in 1995, which classifies regional landscapes based on macroclimate, physiology, soil and vegetation. PMWSP falls into sub-subsections: IX.6.1, the Gogebic-Penokee Iron Range and subsection IX.8, Lake Superior Lake Plain. The Porcupine Mountains are a band 3-4 miles wide and 10 miles long, of Keweenawan basalt and conglomerate Ridges. On the bedrock ridges, red pine, white pine, red oak and paper birch grow on thin red and sandy loam soils that formed from glacial abrasion of iron rich bedrock formations. On till, northern hardwood forest occurs.

Glacial lake plain and water-reworked moraine dissected by small rivers flowing within straight shallow valleys cover most of subsection IX.8, Lake Superior Lake Plain. This subsection extends into Wisconsin. Conifer and hardwood-conifer forest are dominate on both the flat uplands and steep ravines. Dominant species include eastern hemlock, northern white- cedar, balsam fir, basswood and white spruce. Northern hardwoods are sporadic on better drained sites.

Climate The two subsections described above can be characterized by slightly different climatic conditions. For IX.6.1, the growing season in Michigan ranges from 120-130 days and has an A fallen tree average precipitation of 31-36 inches. The winter months bring extreme cold temperatures of -40°F along the coast and fall ranging between 60-200 inches each year. In the IX.8 lake -50°F farther inland. Among the states included in this sub- plain region, the growing season is similar in length, ranging section, Michigan receives the highest amount of annual snow from 110-140 days. Extreme minimum temperatures range from -30°F to -40°F and this area of Michigan also sees large amounts of snowfall, with a range of 120-160 inches annually.

Topography Topography in the park ranges from a minimum elevation of 602 feet above sea level along the coast of Lake Superior to a high of 1,958 feet within the park’s interior mountain peaks. The Porcupine Mountains are the highest range of hills between the Alleghenies in West Virginia and the Black Hills of North Dakota. The most distinct range of hills is known as the escarpment, with steep cliffs paralleling the Lake Superior shoreline. The park features a number of lakes within the hills as well as numerous deep river valleys and creeks.

Regional landscapes of Michigan's Upper Peninsula (Regional Landscape Ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin, Water Resources Dennis Albert, 1995) Among the ridges of the Porcupine Mountains, there are two lakes, Lake of the Clouds and Mirror Lake. The main watershed of the park is the Presque Isle River watershed which is part

A-16 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS of the South-Central Lake Superior Basin. This watershed Ultimately, the continent failed to split apart. Evidence of the contains many mountain streams and rivers including Carp Mid-continent Rift extends in an arc from northern Kansas up River that feeds Lake of the Clouds, Little Carp River that feeds to Lake Superior and then back down through the center of Mirror Lake, and the Presque Isle River. The deep valley gorges the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. In most places, rocks of the and rocky terrain result in approximately 90 waterfalls within Mid-continent Rift System are buried by thick sequences of the park boundaries, including Manabezho Falls, Manido Falls Phanerozoic sediments. However, in the Lake Superior region, and Nawadaha Falls near the mouth of the Presque Isle River, these older igneous and metasedimentary rocks are at or near and many more both named and unnamed. The main stem of the surface and have been studied in detail. the Presque Isle River within the Ottawa National Forest, from the confluence of the east and west Branches to Minnewawa The bedrock formations in the park are all Precambrian in age Falls, (south of the park) is designated as a Wild and Scenic and consist primarily of lava flows and sedimentary rocks that River in recognition of its outstanding geologic, scenic and filled the rift basin. Much younger (<20,000 years old) glacial wildlife value. sediments, typically less than 20 feet thick, cover much of the park area.

The formations present in the park have been a source for copper in the region, both in its elemental (native) form and as the mineral chalcocite disseminated in some of the sedimentary rocks. Commercial exploration and production of metallic minerals in the park dates back to the mid-1800s. The mines that existed within the current park boundary reported relatively small amounts of production. However, just east of the park, the White Pine Mine produced over 18 million tons (4 billion pounds) of copper. There has been additional metallic mineral exploration at the west end of the park.

Hydrocarbons have been encountered in the Nonesuch Shale in this region. However, the consensus among experts is that Presque Isle River the hydrocarbons do not present significant potential for commercial extraction. Where present, the glacial sediments Soils in the region can be a local source for construction aggregate. The soils in sub-subsection IX.6.1 are composed of red loams In other parts of the region, some of the volcanic rocks have and sandy loams, which were formed by the erosion of iron also been used for road aggregate. formations by the glaciers. These are classified as Orthods and Inceptisols (Hole 1976). Soils in subsection IX.8 include The state does not own the mineral rights beneath much leached calcareous red loams, clays and pink sands. The of the land within the park boundary. See Section A.5, Land latter soils are derived from local, iron-rich, volcanic bedrock Ownership, for additional information. and shale, classified as Aquepts and Boralfs (USDA Soil Conservation Service 1967).

More than 100 unique soil types can be found within the park’s vast boundaries. The most commonly found type is from the Oldman Series of very gravelly loams and silt loams. This series makes up about 25% of the park. Each soil type has a soil surface texture classification. Prevalent soil surface textures within the park, as seen on the Soil Texture map, include slightly to highly decomposed plant material, gravelly moderately decomposed plant material, loams, and silt loams.

Geology and Mineral Resources The bedrock geologic formations represented in Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park are a product of a significant tectonic event that began more than one billion years ago in which a rift began to form in what is now North America. Sunset on the lake shore

A-17 APPENDIX A

Circa 1800 Vegetation Based on information taken from the General Land Office survey notes from the period of 1816 to 1856, the area now occupied by the park was dominated by sugar maple- basswood forest and sugar maple-hemlock forest. Small areas of hemlock-yellow birch forest occurred along the east bank of the Presque Isle River, while hemlock-white pine forest was found on the eastern edge of the park. The shoreline of Lake Superior supported a narrow band of spruce-fir forest. In addition, several types of wetland were found within the park area including mixed conifer swamp, cedar swamp and shrub swamp/emergent marsh.

Current Land Cover and Vegetation A Pileated Woodpecker Several different types of upland and wetland forests cover Natural Communities the park today, together with small areas of open wetland There are 66 exemplary occurrences of 20 different natural and exposed bedrock glades. Most of Porcupine Mountains community types documented by Michigan Natural Features Wilderness State Park consists of northern hardwoods Inventory (MNFI) within Porcupine Mountains Wilderness dominated by a mix of sugar maple, hemlock, yellow birch and State Park. The largest of those, the mesic northern forest, basswood with a rich ground flora. The wilderness is largely is one of the largest tracts of old growth forest in the state, unchanged from what the first Europeans encountered. covering almost 49,000 acres. It is thought to contain the With the arrival of the Emerald Ash Borer and widespread largest stand of virgin sugar maple-hemlock forest between ash mortality, the first landscape level change is underway. the Rocky Mountains and Adirondacks. The volcanic bedrock Higher elevation forests located north of Escarpment Trail glade is one of only 19 occurrences in the state. The exemplary occurring on thinner soils over bedrock, have a relatively natural communities documented within the park are: thin canopy, and include red oak, sugar maple and white ash. Northern white cedar is common along stream channels, the • Bog G3G5/S*4 Lake Superior shoreline and in depressions adjacent to inland • Clay Bluff GNR/S2 lakes. Areas of exposed bedrock beach also occur along the • Dry-mesic Northern Forest G4/S3 shoreline, supporting lichen species, hairbell, beach pea, bog goldenrod and spiked lobelia. Several areas of bedrock glade • Emergent Marsh GU/S4 occur in exposed locations including along the steep-sided, • Hardwood-Conifer Swamp G4/S3 south-facing cliff of the escarpment above Lake of the Clouds. • Mesic Northern Forest G4/S3 • Northern Bald GU/S1 • Northern Hardwood Swamp G4/S3 • Northern Shrub Thicket G4/S5 • Northern Wet Meadow G4/S4 • Rich Conifer Swamp G4/S3 • Sand and Gravel Beach G3?/S3 • Sandstone Bedrock Lakeshore G4G5/S2 • Sandstone Cliff G3/S2 • Sandstone Cobble Shore G2G3/S2 • Submergent Marsh GU/S4 • Volcanic Bedrock Glade GU/S2 • Volcanic Bedrock Lakeshore G4G5/S2 • Volcanic Cliff G4G5/S2 • Volcanic Cobble Shore G4G5/S3 * G and S denote global and state rank, where 1 is the most A scenic view of the Porcupine Mountains critically imperiled.

A-18 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

FAUNA: RARE ANIMALS PRESENT OR LIKELY TO BE FLORA: RARE PLANTS PRESENT OR LIKELY TO BE PRESENT AT PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS WILDERNESS PRESENT AT PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS WILDERNESS STATE PARK STATE PARK Scientific Name Common Name State/ Scientific Name Common Name State Federal Status Status Adlumia fungosa climbing fumitory SC Myotis septentrionalis northern long-eared bat SC/LT Disporum hookeri fairy bells E Myotis lucifugus little brown bat SC Crataegus douglasii Douglas’s hawthorn SC Pemimyotis subflavus tri-colored bat SC Ribes oxyacanthoides northern gooseberry SC Falco peregrinus peregrine falcon E Cardamine maxima large toothwort T Haliaeetus bald eagle SC Collinsia parviflora small blue-eyed Mary SC leucocephalus Dryopteris filix-mas male fern SC Glyptemys insculpta wood turtle SC Vertigo bollesiana delicate vertigo snail T *Breeding Bird Atlas record (not confirmed by MNFI) Boloria freija Freija fritillary SC LT Listed as Federal Threatened Ophiogomphus extra-striped snaketail SC E State Endangered anomalus T State Threatened Coregonus artedi cisco T SC State Special Concern Planogyra asteriscus Eastern flat-whorl SC Gavia immer* common loon T Falco columbarius* merlin T Accipiter gentilis* northern goshawk SC bear and grey wolf, although both are rarely seen. The park Ecological Reference Areas also contains a documented deer wintering complex, providing The dedicated wilderness area is also an Ecological Reference vital habitat for deer during the winter months. Many other Area (ERA) designated by the DNR as such to meet Forest mammals inhabit the area such as fishers, bobcats and Certification. “ERAs are a category of High Conservation coyotes. Value Area (as defined by the Forest Stewardship Council Lake Superior and its tributaries within the Porcupine certification standard) and are Forests with Exceptional Mountains Wilderness State Park support a variety of salmon Conservation Value (as defined by the Sustainable Forestry species, including steelhead, lake trout, brown trout, Chinook Initiative certification standard). An ERA identifies a geographic and coho salmon and whitefish. Perch and smallmouth bass area on the landscape where there is an emphasis on can be found in the inland lakes. The rivers and streams within biodiversity conservation achieved through maintaining and/ the park, including the Big Carp River, Little Carp River, Presque or restoring high quality native natural communities, with a Isle River, Union River and the Little Iron River, offer native long-term goal of ensuring that these natural communities are brook trout habitat. Fishing regulations within the state park conserved as examples of our State’s biodiversity. They serve vary according to stream designation and location. as models of ecological reference within the state. They are higher quality examples of functioning ecosystems that are primarily influenced by natural ecological processes.” - MDNR Forest Certification Work Instruction, June 23, 2015

Wildlife and Fisheries The Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park is home to a variety of rare and threatened species. The peregrine falcon is an endangered species in Michigan and nests in the cliffs of the mountains. The bald eagle is a bird of special concern that can be seen along the Lake Superior shoreline as well around the larger lakes within the park. Northern long-eared bat is a Federal Threatened Species that hibernates in some of the abandoned mines within the park. As a large, undeveloped wilderness area, the park supports a large population of black A family enjoys the view

A-19 APPENDIX A

A.8 Recreational Resources Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park offers a range of recreation opportunities from modern and rustic campgrounds on the shoreline to remote backcountry experiences.

Trails The Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park offers an extensive trail system, featuring more than 90 miles of hiking trails. Twenty-three miles of the North Country National Scenic Trail, which is also the hiking route of the Iron Belle Trail, runs through the park. The park’s trail system offers a variety of hiking experiences ranging in difficulty from easy to strenuous. The park allows mountain biking on the designated cross- A bridge through the woods country ski trails. restrictions to fishing in the park which include: fishing in Union Springs is prohibited, fishing on the Lake of the Clouds is artificial lure only, and bass fishing on the Lake of the Clouds is catch and release only. The entire park is open to hunting during established seasons, with a few exceptions.

Beach A one-mile stretch of sandy beach along Union Bay offers the best swimming in the park; however, it is not a designated swimming beach and contains no buoys. The rest of the Lake Superior shoreline is generally rocky. The cold waters of Lake Superior limit swimming to the brave.

Boating The park manages two boat launches providing access to Lake Superior, one at the Union Bay campground and the other at the mouth of the Big Iron River in Silver City (outside of the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park boundary). Canoe Skiing and kayak rentals are available seasonally at the concession Within the park there are cross-country ski trails available store located near Union Bay Campground on County Road as well as a downhill ski area. There are 26 miles (42 km) 107. Although the streams and rivers within the park are not of groomed cross-country ski trails featuring two warming suitable for paddling due to their shallow, rocky nature, the shelters. The trails are accessed from the downhill ski area and concessionaire at the park provides shuttling to other sites are maintained by the Department of Natural Resources with more suitable for paddle sports. the support of donations. The other trails in the park are also available for cross-country skiing but are not groomed. The Porkies Ski Area contains 200 skiable acres with a 641-foot Camping/Lodging vertical drop. There are 12 runs available with the longest run There are many options for camping throughout the park. The being 1.2 miles. two main campgrounds are located at either end of the park: Union Bay to the east and Presque Isle to the west. Union Bay, also the location of the park headquarters, offers a modern Hunting and Fishing campground with 100 sites, two yurts, and the modern Kaug The Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park is the largest Wudjoo Lodge. The lodge, which formerly served as the park of the state parks in Michigan and is home to many wildlife manager’s residence, can sleep 12, with a fully equipped game species including white-tailed deer, black bear, coyote, kitchen and modern amenities. Presque Isle campground has squirrel, snowshoe hare and ruffed grouse. Natural brook 50 rustic campsites, including six walk-in sites. trout habitat is found throughout the park. There are some

A-20 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

There are also 18 rustic cabins located throughout the park Visitor’s Center that require a one- to four-mile hike to reach. Four of these The visitor center is located near the junction of County Road cabins are available year-round. Sixty-three reservable 107 and South Boundary Road and is open daily from mid-May backcountry campsites are located throughout the park. until mid-October. The center has a 100-seat auditorium and Camping is prohibited in areas other than a designated site, an exhibit hall featuring natural communities of the mountains except when the ground is snow covered, when dispersed and native wildlife species including fisher, goshawk, gray wolf, camping is allowed at least 0.25 mile from any park building, porcupine, peregrine falcon, bear and beaver. The exhibit hall trail or waterbody. The park also features two adjacent rustic also displays the history of the Porcupine Mountains from group use camp areas in the Union Bay Area, accommodating prehistoric copper miners to the lumber camps of the early up to 24 people each. 1900s.

Picnic Areas and Scenic Overlooks Concession/Store Presque Isle day-use area has a picnic shelter available for A store is operated by a concessionaire close to the Union Bay rent. Picnic tables and grills are also provided at Union Bay, campground, where visitors may purchase firewood, ice, gifts Summit Peak and Lake of the Clouds. and refreshments. Bicycle, canoe and kayak rentals are also available. The primary scenic overlooks at Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park are: Snowmobiling Ê Lake of the Clouds South Boundary Road and County Road 107 within the park Ê Summit Peak are closed to vehicles December 1 through late spring. Both Ê Presque Isle are designated snowmobile trails during the snowmobile season. Snowmobiling is prohibited off the designated Disc Golf Course snowmobile route by Director's Order. An 18-hole course is available within the Porkies Ski Area. The course is free and discs are available for rent at the park’s Metal Detecting campground store located near the Union Bay Campground on The majority of the park is closed to metal detecting. Metal County Road 107. detecting is allowed in one designated area of the park as shown by the map to the left. Removal of archaeological artifacts, historic or prehistoric, is prohibited by law.

A-21 APPENDIX A

A.9 Historic and Cultural Resources the site file records as Native American, but characteristics of the burial suggest it is Native American. Archaeological Resources Native Americans lived in the area prior to European settlers. Not surprisingly, mining-related sites are the most numerous The rich resources found in Porcupine Mountains Wilderness type of site recorded in the park. Among these sites is the State Park brought many prospectors to the land to try Nonesuch copper mine and townsite. The Nonesuch mine their luck at mining and logging, resulting in many physical opened in 1867 and was worked more or less continuously for reminders of the history of the park. about seven years, and then sporadically for another 30 years until it closed in 1913. The Nonesuch mine appears to have The state archaeological site file records held by the State been the longest-running mining operation within the park. Archaeologist in the State Historic Preservation Office provide Many of the other mines that were begun during the second a view of known and recorded archaeological resources in half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century the park. There are 37 archaeological sites reported within were relatively brief operations. the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park’s boundary in both Ontonagon and Gogebic counties. Interestingly, no There is mention made in mining company documents that formal, systematic survey by professional archaeologists has in the course of exploration work, earlier pre-contact Native been conducted within the park boundaries. Consequently American mining excavations were observed. This is further it is certain that many additional historic and prehistoric evidence for Native American presence and the likelihood of archaeological sites exist in the Porcupine Mountains more Native American sites in the park. Wilderness State Park. There are several logging-related sites within the park It is also worth noting that there are only two Native boundaries. Commercial logging in the Upper Peninsula American-related sites among the 37 recorded sites. One is a began substantially later than in the Lower Peninsula. The camp site that dates at least as early as the 1840s and perhaps logging sites in the park appear to be associated either with a earlier. The other is a burial that is not specifically identified in relatively early phase of logging in the U.P. that pre-dated 1910 or with a later phase that took place in the 1930s.

A-22 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

Finally, there are several homestead/cabin sites in the park. HISTORIC DISTRICT – CABINS & TRAIL SYSTEM These sites tend to date to the early twentieth century and Structure DTMB # Map # are located on waterways and lakeshores in the park. Little Mirror Lake 8 Bunk Cabin 80072 1 is known about these sites; at least some of them were Mirror Lake 4 Bunk Cabin 80073 2 probably seasonally-occupied recreational sites while others may represent attempts to establish year-round homestead Little Carp Cabin 80074 3 locations. Big Carp 4 Bunk Cabin 80075 4 Section 17 Cabin 80078 5 Lake of the Clouds Cabin 80079 6 Extant Historic Structures Lily Pond Cabin 80080 7 Historic structures within the state park are listed in the Lake Superior Cabin 80081 8 following tables. The two historic districts listed below are Buckshot Cabin 80082 9 considered eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, the Ski Hill Chalet, constructed in Mirror Lake 2 Bunk Cabin 80083 10 1958, and the and Ski Hill Storage (Taj-Mahl), are considered Greenstone Falls Cabin 80084 11 historically significant. Big Carp 6 Bunk Cabin 83189 12

HISTORIC DISTRICT – SERVICE AREA AT UNION BAY Cabins and Trail System In 1945 development of a trail system into the wilderness Structure DTMB #* Map # interior of the park began. A total of 12 cabins are located Asst. Park Mgrs. Residence 80057 13 at scenic points on the trails. The earliest state built cabins, (Kaug Wuojoo Lodge) designed by Ernest Hartwick and constructed in 1948, were Staff Apartment Building 80067 14 the Mirror Lake group of three cabins of log construction and Carpenter Shop (Wood Shop) 80087 15 Big Carp 4 cabin on the Carp River. Two existing cabins in this Garage/ Shop 80088 16 area, Big Carp 6 and Lake Superior, pre-date the park, once *DTMB - Department of Management and Budget (state reference number)

A-23 APPENDIX A

belonging to Raymond Dick, who led the effort to save the significant changes to the downhill ski area, it would not be Porcupine Mountains, and becoming the property of the state eligible as a historic district. upon his death. A small plaque on a rock overlooking the Carp River commemorates Mr. Dick. Other 1948 cabins designed The original park cross-country ski trails were constructed in by Ernest Hartwick include: Buckshot (the half log cabin on 1949. However, according to a 1959 ski hill brochure, there the Lake Superior Trail) and three frame cabins: Greenstone were 1.5 miles of cross-country ski trails at that time, and Falls, Lily Pond, and Lake of the Clouds. Lake of the Clouds that trail has since been converted to a downhill ski run. is unique as the interior was finished as a “show cabin” with Most of the cross-country ski trail system currently in use was knotty pine paneling in circa 1948. A ranger cabin, Section constructed from 1977-1978. 17, was also constructed along the trail and rehabilitated for use by the public. The cabins show the evolution from the Historical Context labor-intensive log construction of the Mirror Lake cabins Historical Marker S0167, Porcupine Mountains, was erected done in the rustic architecture style to more inexpensive, in the park in 1958. It is located at the Meade Copper Mine frame, standard design cabins such as Lily Pond and Lake of Picnic Area along County Road 107, with the approximate the Clouds. The cabins maintain a high degree of integrity and coordinates of 46.81938600, -89.70568600. It describes have been well-maintained. On the trails, some remnants of the origin of Porcupine Mountains’ name, the history of Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) work can still found, such as commercial pursuits in the park, and the date of the park’s a half log culvert. inception. The Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park trail and cabin system is a historic district unique to the state park system. Given the integrity and high degree of historic significance of the historic district described above, all elements, historic objects and features, including landscape design, should be preserved as a cultural resource.

Service Area at Union Bay The service area at the northeastern end of the park is one of the most intact in the state park system. Built on a loop, it includes the east contact station (now a store), a wood shop, a garage workshop, and the manager’s residence. The park participated in the prison work program of the 1950s and the wood shop constructed picnic tables and other features for Michigan’s state parks. The service area provides a good example of the interior workings of a state park and the operation of the DNR personnel as opposed to the tourist aspect of the park. A historic district would encompass the entry drive and loop of the service area.

Given the integrity and high degree of historic significance of the service area historic district at Union Bay, all elements, historic objects and features including landscape design should be preserved as a cultural resource. This is the best opportunity to preserve an example of the working infrastructure of the state park system.

Other Historic Features The warming house (Ski Hill Chalet) in the downhill ski area, constructed in 1958, underwent a major renovation in the 1990s and has thus lost its historic integrity. The Expert Slope has been modified since its construction by prison labor in 1949 while the Open Slope is more intact. Because of A historical marker

A-24 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

A.10 Programing, Events and Volunteers The Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park is one of only seven parks in the state park system with a year-round interpretive program.

Programs Regular programs are held from June to early October and again in the winter from December to February. These cover a variety of topics, including astronomy, bear dens, gray wolves, agate rocks, wilderness navigation and much more. In addition, interpretive hikes are commonly held to locations such as the Nonesuch townsite and Summit Peak. Introductory and more in-depth classes for outdoor skills, such Interpretive hike at Cloud Peak as archery, fishing and hunting, are also held. Friends Group / Volunteers The Friends of the Porkies is a non-profit group whose goals Special Events are to inspire appreciation of the wilderness by promoting, Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park hosts a variety of supporting and enhancing the resources and the visitor different events throughout the year: experience of the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park. The Friends sponsor an Artist in Residency program and many • Snowburst Winter Carnival workshops, events and volunteer opportunities. The Porcupine • CopperFest Mountains Folk School is located in the historic carpenter shop • Lake Superior Day building and provides a number of art related workshops. • Annual Porcupine Mountains Music Festival (last weekend The Conservation Film Series is a new program offered by this in August) very active non-profit organization. Ni-Miikanaake Chapter • Lantern lit skiing and snowshoeing of the North Country Trail Association works with the DNR to administer, construct, and repair the trail and is currently working on major reroutes and realigned in the park.

Lantern lit trail

A-25 APPENDIX A

A.11 Park Use Statistics In 2017, Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park had an estimated 329,989 visitors (day-use and campers). The number of campers was derived from camp nights recorded in the reservation system multiplied by the average party size. Day-use numbers are estimated by car counts in the park. Camping data indicates that the park draws visitors from a large geographic range, from other mid-western states and from Houghton in the Upper Peninsula, to Ann Arbor in southeast Michigan, to Minneapolis Minnesota.

Some of the increased visitation to the park in recent years can be attributed to expanded publicity. In 2015, the park ventured into social media and quickly attained a large following. The park also has been routinely featured in national and international publications. This helped boost public interest in the park.

TOP CITIES FOR CAMPING RESERVATIONS 2013 CITY & STATE RESERVATIONS NUMBER OF NIGHTS Madison, WI 252 547 Chicago, IL 171 378 Minneapolis, MN 126 266 Grand Rapids, MI 101 241 PARK USE STATISTICS Marquette, MI 99 182 FISCAL YEAR NUMBER OF DAY-USE Duluth, MN 91 191 CAMPERS VISITORS Milwaukee, WI 81 205 2018 87,882 362,187 Houghton, MI 76 151 2017 87,630 253,500 Ann Arbor, MI 70 170 2016 80,090 228,611 Green Bay, WI 63 166 2015 80,872 110,470

Children view exhibits at the Wilderness Visitor Center

A-26 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS 3 /2 1 /2 0 1 9 Miles 10 ? ß 5 Adventure Mine Adventure Agate FallsAgate Scenic Site 0 Twin Lakes State Park Lakes Twin State Bond Falls Bond Scenic Site Military Hills Military Roadside Park I Ã I Ã Motorized Trails Motorized Nonmotorized Trails (Hiking) Route Belle Iron North Country Trail (Biking) Route Belle Iron ? á Local Local and Regional Trails: Ontonagon Park Township Dam Victoria Old Old Victoria Historic Townsite Historic Historical Museum Ontonagon County Ontonagon I § Alligator Eye Alligator Bergland Township Bergland Park Township Lake Gogebic State Park ? s Private Recreation Facility Recreation Private Other Attractions Ontonagon County Park County Ontonagon ? s Heritage Center ? á To wn s h i Park pCounty P a r k State Park Federal Park Facility Cultural Regional Resources: Bergland Ranger Station and Big Snow Resort Copper Peak I §

Big Powderhorn

Mountain Resort Lake Superior Black Harbor County Park Black Harbor Recreation Area Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park State Wilderness Mountains Porcupine State Roads Counties State Forest Lands National Lands Forest

Wh i tecap Mountain WISCONSIN Data Sources: Michigan CGI Open Data Portal, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, USDA Forest Service Forest USDA Resources, Natural of Department Michigan PLAN MANAGEMENT GENERAL PARK Portal, STATE WILDERNESS PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS Data Open CGI Michigan Sources: Data Regional Recreation Resources

A-27 APPENDIX A

9 M

1 R

0 A

O N T O N A G O N

T O W N H S I F P

2

/

6

O T C A R P

L A K E O T W N H S I

P 1 A

/ T 5

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s E L I M

N E T H

S

N

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L D

A O

O W

W

P

H L

C T

A

M 5

.

1

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4 O L D

M

6 4

X 6

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W

E S A

0 H

C TER CEN

BOUNDARY ) a ) a A r e a l r e e r r a A

A l

t u s r a

a

s a L u e e

N A I t r

( R n

r O A e

e N a

( M E i t

r k

M S

i l d

a

S

P I H S N W O T

D N A L G R E B i t e i c

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m

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n

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c G i n c e

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S

L e t a

r H T

c l 7

n e 0

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A M L i n l e

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e I s l p

T i n a S e N

p n u E n u o q M c s i o t i r E r e o G P P U n N a A N A s M e

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l k N a r r E

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a t

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N

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t A n t a e P

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: N

s P I H S N W O T D O O W N O R I I P S A l C o M u u e P c r t U u o C S a

R a t O a N D P

A-28

SUPPORTING ANALYSIS M

9 R

1 A

O N T O N A G O N

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0

2

/

O T C A R P

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P 2

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6 4

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W

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0 H

C TER CEN

BOUNDARY

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A

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M E

t s

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h

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c

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r f a 7 0

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h A d L i g n P

a R

T l N c e r a E a e M n r f E u G M i S A N A s M e

c r L u A o s R e E R

l k N a r r E

u

a t

Y T N U O C N A G O N O T N O G a P

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K f Y T N U O C

C I B E G O G e o t R

t s A n t a e P t

S m

t E r s h T a s p A e e T g D n

S i r

n a S e g i S R h E i l d c

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y l

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r S

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k A s

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o t

: N

s P I H S N W O T D O O W N O R I I P S A l C o M u e P c R r U u o C S N

R a t O a D D P

A-29 APPENDIX A 9 P M I 1

R H

S 0 A

O N T O N A G O N

T O W N H S I F P N

2

/

W

2

O T C A R P

L A K E O T W N H S I

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/ T D 4

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O P

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H M i l e

C T 3

A

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L

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d

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x S BOUND s

AR a R Y

4 u

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T E

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r C E Õ

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n

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e n A d

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C

s

TER n B H i e

T EN a

C L a g 7

n

2 0 m

# 1 n L e a T a x c h t i o l E G E g S a a

i

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2 L a M i S S ARY R # BOUND

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E

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u F i n

d s n n a B F u t i o r 1 a t

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l

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s T e c r N u E o s e M R

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f Y T N U O C

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t a e L S s m

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k I A s

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s P I H S N W O T D O O W N O R I I P S A l C o M u e P c R r U u o C S N

R a t O a D D P

A-30

SUPPORTING ANALYSIS M

9 R

1 A

O N T O N A G O N

T O W N H S I F P

0

2

/

O T C A R P

L A K E O T W N H S I

P 2

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P

I O P 4

s E L I M

N E T H

S

N

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O T

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L D

A O

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W

P

H L

C T

A

M 5

.

1

Y A K L Y V I C H

4 O L D

M

6 4

X 6

O Æ C Õ L I

W

E S A

0 H

C TER CEN

BOUNDARY t f

6 5 9

1

L

A s

I

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l M E

C M

S a

e

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D N A L G R E e B k h

r

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a

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e P

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r P G o c

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t A

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n

c k e

i

m

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n 7 S L

m :

0 e 1 c u e S S N g A n L y a P e

v R r T

u S N

n l E a o c i i M g t o E f t l a

o G v e 8 G A e

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c r L u A o s R e E R

l k N a r r E

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a

t Y T N U O C N A G O N O T N O G a P

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t A n t a e P

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n a S e g i S h E i l d c i

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y

l

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e n

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k A s

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g i i o i u n h M n

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t u i

P I H S N W O T D L E I F E K A W r E a M

t o

: N a

P I H S N W O T D O O W N O R I I s S C o P A l M u e P c v r U u o C e S

R l a t O a E P D

A-31 APPENDIX A

9 M

1 R

0 A

O N T O N A G O N

T O W N H S I F P

2

/

2

O T C A R P

L A K E O T W N H S I

P 1 A

/ T 4

P

O P I

s E L I M

N E T H

S

N

W M i l e 3

O T

H S

L D

A O

O W

W

P

H L

C T

A

M 5

.

1

Y A K L Y V I C H

4 O L D

M

6 4

X 6

O Æ C Õ L I

W

E S A

0 H

C TER CEN

BOUNDARY r t e % % % % a e 0 0 0 0 . . . . r 0 5 0 5 g 2 2 3 3 r - - - - o

% % % % % 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . .

5 0 5 0 5

L 1 2 2 3 3

A

I

R

O

M E

M

S

P I H S N W O T

D N A L G R E B

R E E

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L A K E O T W N N H S I P

I

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N E

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c , s r M e

e c r L P u A o s R e E R

l k N a r r E

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a

t Y T N U O C N A G O N O T N O G a P

N

K Y T N U O C

C I B E G O G f e o t R

t A n t a e P

S m

t E r s T a s p A e e T D n

S r

n a S e g i S h E i l d c i

N

M

W R r ,

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l

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i r

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o

r i n L d P I

e

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p t

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o

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e

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e n

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k A s

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a d o l i t y

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U o d i n n a a R O p t y c i p

g i i o u n h M n

R c t e c

u i

P I H S N W O T D L E I F E K A W r E a M

o t

e

: N

P I H S N W O T D O O W N O R I I s P S A l C o M u e P c p r U u o C o S

R l a t O a S P D

A-32 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

9 M

1 R

0 A

O N T O N A G O N

T O W N H S I F P

2

/

2

O T C A R P

L A K E O T W N H S I

P 1 A

/ T 4

P

O P I

s E L I M

N E T H

S

N

W M i l e 3

O T

H S

L D

A O

O W

W

P

H L

C T

A m

M a 5 r . r o 1 e e L m t

a t Y A K L Y V I C H a t h l i o O W L S

4 O L D

M

6 4

X 6

O Æ C Õ L I

W

E S A

0 H

C TER CEN m a o y L k BOUNDARY c y o l k d R e c n

v o a r a r y S r

d e e e G V

n B , i

d y F l d n

b e y a

r r b , e e u d h V R

n t

y , a a l S h e b

c t , b w a a t s e e i

C o P P B U n

L

A

I

R

O

M E

M

S

P I H S N W O T

D N A L G R E B

R E E

C A R P

L A K E O T W N N H S I P

I G m

a N E

o

H T L

7

m

0 y m 1 a a d N o o n L L A a

L y S t l

P i d e

S n

T n i a y F N S k k

E d c c y e r n u u n M e a i E M M F V S G A N A s M e

c r L u A o s R e E R

l N a r E l

u

t

a Y T N U O C N A G O N O T N O G a

r i N

K f Y T N U O C

C I B E G O G t e o k R

a t r A n a M e P P l

t m a t E n r t e r i T a a l p A l t a t e e P l T

a S a D

a S d r i

s n r i M e s a S t e s g t e i t e S a o h n n a E c p r i a M l

N e M

M

m t P

R r d

,

t

l l

o n

i E

o a

d n c a t

i l r e

D

a

W l o s r P

L

P I D e P

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d a

p n y t

p d i l e W

a

s e u m

D

s t a S t e

o

o

S n e o n

p N c

e

r a

I

e p u

e p R P Q S E

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m

k o A O

d D m

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a

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l L c C e M

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D e t e n n

y D i a O l

y x l r a g p i y t l e e l h u M

c

v

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d h i

e P I H S N W O T D L E I F E K A W r c E g o g M r a i

o l

T : N

s P I H S N W O T D O O W N O R I I G M H i P S

e P c l r U u i o C S

R a o t O a S D P

A-33 APPENDIX A 9

k M

1 R c

0 A

O N T O N A G O N

T O W N H S I F P

2

r o /

2

d O T C A R P

L A K E O T W N H S I

P 1 A r /

e T 4

P B

O P I

i v e s E L I M

N E T H

S d R N

e / W M i l e s

3

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e

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L D k p

A O x

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W

P

H L

C T

A

M 5

.

1

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4 O L D

M

6 4

X 6

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C t Õ L I W s

t

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s A r e 0

t H e o r

C TER s

M EN F

C r e

L E F o d

o o F

c k p o e l o n m w i n a s a m P g s i

e . a w h d 8 c S H B i

Y AR e BOUND 4 r - - 8 R M

g

1 f -

o l e l e f i e

o o

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e / t o 5

i n a 4 t C g P M a M a

8 S

e

r r 1 d e

k t e a a i s h m t x e g g h

o f u u r f o S M i W M u S

s d e e t t o c n u

l d a n n o i c g

i r y

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v

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t O o a S s r

t

f

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s M

r e c M

d

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f

t S e o r

f s P I H S N W O T

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c r L u A o s R e E R

l k N a r r E

u

a t

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N

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t A n 8 t a e P

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t E 4 r s T a s p A 8 e e T D n

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n a S e - g i S h E i l d c 5 i

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k A s

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g i i o u n h M n

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E a M o t

: N

s P I H S N W O T D O O W N O R I I P S A l C o M u d e P c r U u n o C S

R a a t O a L D P

A-34 SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

9 M

1 R

0 A

O N T O N A G O N

T O W N H S I F P

2

/

2

O T C A R P

L A K E O T W N H S I

P 1 A

/ T 4

P

O P I

s E L I M

N E T H

S

N

W M i l e 3

O T

H S

L D

A O

O W

W

P

H L

C T

A s M 5

.

d 1

Y A K L Y V I C H a n l

4 O L D

M

6

4 e t

X 6

O Æ C Õ L I W

W

E S

A 0

s

H C

TER u CEN e o t s t a c d e s b e s r r a n o t l e r o F F

H e t

e s

s

RY r BOUNDA t u o W

o F e n e n

y u r g d d g i e d o e r x e r o i e c

D E v M W E m

L

A

I

R y O t i

s

M E

M

y

S

e n

t P I H S N W O T

D N A L G R E

B e i t

s

R E E

s

n

u C A R P

L A K E O T W N N H S I P I I a c

G e n

e o N E

t m S p

n

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a c

i 7

e 0

s

b d 1 e n a w e N b p e r a o t A b a O L M L H

D

u

P , , , / r

r

e T v d o e d e d e d N S c C

E p p p / d a n

l o o o n M a b s E L e l e l e l

l u G a r a s n r e v e v e v A o i t N D D D S h G a A N

, s M e

c r L u A o s R e E R

l k N a r r E

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t Y T N U O C N A G O N O T N O G a P

N

K Y T N U O C

C I B E G f O G e o t R

t A n t a e P )

S m

t E r s a y T a l s p A e e C T D

n

S / r

n

a S e g d i S h E i l d c 1 i a n

N

M

W S R r ,

1

l

E

o a

/ s t

i r

D

0

o

r i n k L P I

e c s

a 2

t a

p t

o W

p

a

n

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R

, o S

u

( S r

n r

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e C a y

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U E I L S E d

e r

k A e O

M

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a

a t a n G e / v N L e d

C L

U

i n W e n a t o

r a O p v g i n i u e n u h t M

r t C

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i P I H S N W O T D L E I F E K A W r

E p u M a r

o

: N

P I H S N W O T D O O W N O R I I s P O B P a s C d e P c r U u n o C S

R a a t O a L P D

A-35

APPENDIX A

M

R

A

r e O N T O N A G O N

T O W N

H S

I F P

o

O T C A R P

L A K E O T W N H S I

P h A

s T e e

P

r e

O P I

d k s E L I M

N E T H

S o a

N l a h h L

W M i l e

S G 3 r s

O T k

H S a c L D l e

9 A

O c k b 1 O M

r o W o 0

W b

r

P t f

d

H 2 L / l i o d e n

C T 2 e e B

A C C 1 /

M B 5 . 4

r g i c i c i c 1

e

i c n n n

Y A K L Y V I C H n m l c a l a l c a l c a

b

4 O L D

M

6

4 o o o o

X u

6

O Æ C Õ

L

I V S V V V W

E S A

0 H

C TER CEN e r o h

BOUNDARY s e e r t k h e o c h L a a c k

p S i e

h B m c k l e T l a

b r o e f b w b v d S l i f o a e

r u r r B C C h

G S f e

e e e i

d n n n n n r n o o o o t t t e a s s s C

d d d d h r t h n n n n i c a a a a

N o R S S S S

L

A

I

R

O

M E

M

S

P I H S N W O T

D N A L G R E B

R E E

C A R P

L A K E O T W N N H S I P I

p G

N E p m

a

H T m 7

a 0 w

w 1 t S w s N

o S d d A r e r L a o o P e o

F i f e

T w M n n N r d t E r l d e e C o a a M - H B W E r t h d

G o n n n r r r A o N o e

e e N w i c A s r t h r t h r t h r d s M e

c r L N o H a M e N o N o u A o s R e E R

l N a r E

u

t

Y T N U O C N A G O N O T N O G a

N

K f Y T N U O C

C I B E G O G o R

t A n r k e P

a m s t E P r

T a e p A e t e i T D

S t t a

n a i S S g

i S t s h s E c s n i e

N e

r M

R r , n

u

l

r E

o a F o

t

i e

r

D

o

r L n P I

e m r i l d

a e t p

W

a

h

W u D

t h S

m S r s s r

n

N

t e

a

I

o

e p R P Q S E

U E I L S

E o k A

O N

M M

T I

a

t G e C N L i c f C f n s

U i n n e u e l a O p g B i r g

u h a M - M

y c c e

i g P I H S N W O T D L E I F E K A W r r E M o o m

: N

s P I H S N W O T D O O W N O R I I P B C l a D r y E u e P c r t U u o C S a

R a t O a N D P

A-36