o THE SMITHSONIAN TORCH No. 76-10 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. November 1976 Bicentennial banners, from left: the Castle, MHT, and MNH. (See story, page 8.) 81 Offers First Major Horticultural Display Althernanthera bettzicaina, commonly By Linda St. Thomas known as Jacob's Coats, grown in the Smithsonian's greenhouses. The Victorian Garden, which opened to The greenhouses, under the direction of the public on September 27, is the perfect August Dietz, are located at the U.S. Soldiers' place to stroll, read, or just relax. Created by and Airmen's Home in northeast Washington. the Smithsonian Office of Horticulture, it is During the warm weather months, the the Institution's first major horticultural garden has palms, bananas, yuccas, figs, and display. other tropical plants to enhance the feeling of Located in the quadrangle bounded by the a 19th-century orangery and conservatory. Arts and Industries Building, the Castle, Typical hardy plants such as azaleas, Independence Avenue and the Freer Gallery, willows, oaks, and boxwoods are used as the Garden has been designed to recapture part of the permanent landscape. the feeling of the horticultural extravaganza During the winter months, the of the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Althernanthera in the parterres will be Philadelphia. replaced by flowering kale and cabbage, and "The garden is an authentic adaptation of the tropical plants will be returned to the the Exposition's Horticultural Hall, "1876" exhibit in the Arts and Industries complete with antique accessories," said Building and the greenhouses. James Buckler, horticulturist, "and, for the Said Mr. Buckler, "Many gardeners and first time, we will have period plants and Smithsonian staff members had a hand in the garden accessories for our permanent collec­ creation of the garden, including Kenneth tion." Hawkins, grounds management foreman; Visitors may stroll along winding paths of In the center of the garden is an elaborate pattern of one of the 13 stars used in the east August Dietz, greenhouse gardener­ crushed shale that complement the red parterre, or ornamental flower bed, patterned end of Horticulture Hall. foreman; Jack Monday, program assistant; sandstone of the Castle and are reminiscent after the sunken garden that was on the north and Michele Sengsourinh of the Office of of carriage trails of the Victorian period. end of Horticulture Hall, but the The parterres are free-form in the sense Horticulture." A berm, or small hill, was created near Smithsonian's garden recreates only one that dividers and edging have not been used The garden, which is maintained by Independence Avenue to provide a sense of section of the original Victorian parterre to force the flowers into a particular forma­ the Grounds Management Division of the serenity and to block some of the noise and which was one-quarter mile long. tion, added Mr. Buckler. They are composed Office of Horticulture, is open daily from fumes from the street. A nearby parterre is set in the geometric of 40,000 red, green, and yellow 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Wilson Center Publishes First New York and Washington Issue of Quarterly Journal Salute Cooper-Hewitt Opening By Herman Stein Center since 1973, to begin pla nning such a Amidst generous attention from the press troduced Lisa Taylor, director of the journal. Now, after 18 months of intensive a nd a host of cooperative exhibitions in Museum, who thanked the media for the "We're trying to produce the news testing, preparation, and fundraising, the museums around New York and years of support it has provided the Cooper- magazine of the world of ideas .. . There"s magazine is being launched with a fi rst-issue Washington, the Cooper-Hewitt Mus , - Hewitt; a·ml Samu'e :Jonm ol-, elfllir.ma-n'"ef nothing quite like it being printed in America press run of 80,000 copies, reflecting an the Smithsonian's National Museum of Johnson Wax, the sponsoring corporation today." unusually large circulation for a serious Design, opened to the public on October 7 in for Cooper-Hewitt's opening exhibition, That's how editor Peter Braestrup quarterly. the newly rehabilitated Andrew Carnegie "Man Transforms, Aspects of Design." describes the Wilson Quarterly, a new jour­ Mr. Braestrup, a Yale graduate and a mansion in New York City. Hans Hollein, the Austrian designer who nal that began publication last month Nieman Fellow at Harvard in 1959-60, is no The product of years of planning and developed the exhibition concept and launched under the auspices of the Woodrow newcomer to journalism. As a staff writer for development efforts, it is the first museum directed its construction, also spoke. "Man Wilson International Center for Scholars in Time in the mid-50's, he covered labor and outside Washington to become part of the Transforms" was created by a team of 10 the Smithsonian. civil rights in the Midwest and South. Smithsonian Institution. distinguished designers from eight countries. The privately-funded Quarterly, says In 1957, his investigative reporting in At a press briefing prior to the opening, In charge of the Carnegie mansion restora­ Braestrup, "is designed to provide educated Harlem for the New York Herald Tribune Secretary Ripley said that the event was an Americans with a continuing overview of the tion was Hugh Hardy, of the architectural earned him a Pulitzer Prize nomination. "answer to a prayer" that had been in the firm of Hardy, Holzman and Pfieffer. Nation's best thinking on today's social, Recruited for the New York Times by Scotty minds of Smithsonian staff for nearly a political, economic, and intellectual issues.'" Reston, he worked at the paper's decade. The Center's 35 distinguished fellows and Washington bureau and in Algeria, Paris, "We, at the Smithsonian, have been look­ 150 former fellows, who include George and Bangkok before joining the Washington ing forward for quite some time now to the Kennan, Carlos Fuentes, and Elliot Richard­ Post as Saigon bureau chief just before the opening of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum," SI Commons son, will provide scholarly expertise, help in 1968 Tet offensive. Mr. Ripley elaborated in a statement the selection of books and articles for review, As a Wilson Center Fellow, Mr. Braestrup prepared for the occasion. and advise on future projects. completed a 1,200-page, two-volume study Opens to Staff "I well recall, more than a decade ago, the Some will join other scholars and analyzing American media coverage of the concern that was raised when the trustees of The Smithsonian Commons reopened to specialists in contributing original essays, Tet crisis. The book, titled "Big Story," will Cooper Union reluctantly decided to close its employees and Woodrow Wilson Center special studies and reviews. be published next January by Westview Museum for the Arts of Decoration." staff on October 18 in its old Castle location "For example," notes Mr. Braestrup, Press. "Acquisition of the collection," he con­ but with a new menu and improved kitchen "George Kennan is contributing a critique Mr. Braestrup's associates at the tinued, "was a venture somewhat outside the facilities. of the U. S. Foreign Service for our Quarterly include Timothy Adams, former usual, even for the Smithsonian, the ultimate Because the Commons could no longer second issue next January." managing editor of the Washington Month­ repository of collections deemed to be in the accommodate the approximately 400 staff The idea for the magazine came from ly; Philip Cook, formerly' a Washington national interest. members and Associates who had been using James Billington, director ofthe Center, who correspondent for News week; and Lois "Now, the Cooper-Hewitt is opening in the facilities daily, the dining room closed believes there is a real need for a lively Decker O'Neill, former Washington editor the magnificent, restored Andrew Carnegie several months ago, making possible minor periodical intended for professionals, public for Praeger publishers. mansion. This is the museum of design; it kitchen repairs. officials, teachers, and other lay persons, Mr. Braestrup has also sought new talent. should be the national repository for In the meantime, the Associates Court which would feature solid information from He cited Anna arie Torres, a Middlebury designers' archives, (which it already is in dining facility was opened in the Natural scholars, specialists, and public officials. College grad who came to the Quarterly In early 1975, Mr. Billington asked Mr. part), a working place for students of all ages History Building for use by Associates. This Braestrup, who had been a fellow at the in this essential field, and it should be new dining area, created especially for the maintained in New York. For New York, Associates, has been well received as seen by despite recent buffetings, is still our national a recent survey in which 496 of 500 responses design center. The Smithsonian has tried its were favorable. best to live up to its responsibility since The Court serves 250 Associates at once accepting this collection from the Cooper while the Commons could serve only 100 Union. Now it isupto New Yorkand the rest Associates at a time. Meals are served buffet of the Nation to take up the task of making style in this facility-ufthe newly opened West the Cooper-Hewitt a veritable national Court from II a.m. to 3 p.m. A glass mural of museum of design," Mr. Ripley concluded. autumn leaves highlights the decor of objects Among comments from the press were related to the types of collections of the those of Ada Louise Huxtable, architecture Museum. critic for the New York Times, who said: Luncheon items now served in the Com­ "What has finally been achieved by the mons include soups and salads, a selection of Cooper-Hewitt is much more than the sandwiches, and some gourmet foods. rehabilitation of a building or a collection. It As before, meals are served buffet style, in is a miracle. The new museum is a successful combination with waitress servjce, from combination of a unique esthetic resource II :30 a.m. to 2 p.m. Once again operated for witt, a landmark structure, realized over the Smithsonian by the Marriott Corpora­ formidable obstacles." tion, the fixed price is $2.75 including Attending a Wilson Quarterly meeting are staffers (from left) Lois Decker O'Neill, Peter Charles Blitzer, Smithsonian assistant beverage, except beer and wine, which may Braestrup, Researcher Craig Kolkman, Anna Marie Torres, Researcher John Milligan, secretary for history and art, served as the be obtained at additional cost. Desserts are Philip Cook, and Timothy Adams. moderator at the press briefing. He in- also available at an extra charge. Page 2 THE SMITHSONIAN TORCH November 1976

Belgian IAppointments By Linda St. Thomas

Using a small hammer and chisel, Belgian Symington To craftsman Rene Delcour carefully engraved an elaborate floral design on the small silver Development plate that soon would adorn the barrel of a Belgian firearm. His efforts were part of the opening-week Directorship ceremonies at the National Museum of History and Technology for its exhibition By Johnnie Douthis "Belgian Gunmaking and American History." James Symington has joined the Smithso­ Mr. Delcour, a well-known professor of nian staff as director of membership and arms engraving at the Ecole de Fine development, effective October 4. A 1943 Mecanique in Liege, Belgium, was ] graduate of Yale University, Mr. Symington demonstrating the ancient art of engraving ~ comes to the Smithsonian from his position silver, gold, and steel, while answering ~ as senior vice president for Wilson, Haght, visitors' questions. CS Welch, Inc. , an advertising agency in Hart­ Mr. Delcour's work shows a variety of ~ ford, Conn. animals, hunt scenes, elaborate scroll work ~ From 1950-55, Mr. Symington was an account executive for J. Walter Thompson and stylized flowers that ornament sporting Secretary Ripley (center) and Georges Cools, Belgian Economic Ministry exhibits chief, and guns. Advertising Agency, and from 1955-62, he other guests, watch engraver Rene Delcour at work during the opening ceremonies of the served as vice president for Young & At the opening ceremonies, Claude Gaier, "Belgian Gunmaking and American History" at MHT. director of the Liege Arms Museum Rubicam Advertising Agency in New York. As director of membership and develop­ presented a Bicentennial commemorative Gunmaking and American History" features On the other hand, American gun shotgun for President Ford to Milton Mitler, ment he will be responsible for coordinating 150 firearms made in Liege, one of the manufacturers, such as Colt, Wesson, the National Associates and seeking finan­ deputy special assistant to the President, world's leading arms manufacturing centers Winchester, Remington, and Browning who then presented the gun to MHT Direc­ cial support for various museum exhibitions. since the Middle Ages. inspired Belgian craftsmen and industrialists Mr. Symington succeeds William Warner tor Brooke Hindle. It will be displayed in the to mass-produce copies or variations of their Among the weapons in the exhibit are who is currently on a leave of absence. Mr. exhibit and will remain at the Smithsonian weapons for sale in the United States. One, guns used by colonists before the American Warner served as acting director for the past for an indefinite period. the Browning automatic rifle, was invented Revolution; a Liege-made musket which is year. The Bicentennial Model FN Browning here in 1912 by John M. Browning and first the same kind of gun as those purchased by Jon Yellin was appointed director of the Shotgun, made of French walnut, has a produced in Belgium in 1914. The Belgians Benjamin Franklin in Paris for George Smithsonian's Office of Programming and barrel breech outlined with inlaid golden also made their own versions of the Ken­ Washington's army; and Belgian adap­ Budget, effective October 10. He succeeds thread. The inscription on the barrel reads, tucky rifle, the American shotgun, and the tations of the Plains rifles imported from John Jameson in that post. "Presented to the President of the United Colt revolver, all of which are included in the Liege when American manufacturers could Mr. Yellin, a native of Brooklyn, N. Y., States by the Liege Arms Museum." exhibit. not meet the colonists' demands for received his B.A. in 1963 from Columbia Welcoming the guests to the opening "Belgian Gunmaking and American weapons. College and his M.A. in 1965 from Columbia reception, Secretary Ripley said, "It is fitting History" was designed by Georges Cools and University. He joined the Internal Revenue that the Belgian government should sponsor Authentic letters written to place orders Claude Blondel of Belgium and organized by Service in 1970 as a management intern and this exhibit, for through the years our two for weapons in the exhibit point up the the Belgian Ministry of Economic Affairs served in successive posts as management countries have shared a friendly and significance of the Belgian city in American and the Liege Arms Museum. The exhibit analyst, budget analyst, regional budget cooperative relationship." history. During the Civil War, for example, will remain in the third floor Hall of Armed officer, and staff assistant to the fiscal Mr. Ripley and Mr. Hindle were joined at more than 200,000 firearms were imported Forces History through December 31. management officer. As staff assistant, he the ceremony by the Belgian ambassador, by the Confederate and Union armies. After The Smithsonian's Traveling Exhibition coordinated and wrote the IRS budget Willy Van Cauwenberg, and by Craddock World War II, the American government Service will later present the exhibit as part submission to the Department of Treasury, Goins, Jr., curator of military history at once again turned to the Belgian arms of its "Salute to the States" program in Office of Management and Budget, and the MHT. industry to repair and maintain more than museums in Lubbock, Tex.; Logan, Kans.; Congress. Sponsored by the Belgian government as a two million small arms for American troops Seattle, Wash,; Detroit, Mich.; Midland, For the past year Mr. Yellin held the Bicentennial tribute to America, "Belgian in Europe. Tex.; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Tampa, Fla. position of budget officer with the National Endowment for the Arts. 'Quarterly' Smithsonian Institution employees are Ronald Becker has assumed a new posi- Scientist Eat:.ns (Continued/rom Page J) bein offered a special discount subs ri tion in ' ef of.JLer anne . . in 1975 from the Center's typing pool. She rate of $10 a year. The regu ar su scnptlOn September 26. As chief, r. Becker super­ was soon named assistant editor in charge of rate is $12. vises the full range of personnel matters SI Medal for production "because she showed remarkable The first iss ue features essays on economic carried out by the staff of personnel con­ spirit, talent as an organizer. and ability to growth, Brazil, and the American Revolu­ sultants and assistants. He also will consult Cancer Study learn on the job," said M r. Braestrup. tion, as well as a reprint of the famous 1949 with Smithsonian employees on their Secretary Ripley has presented the The magazine's working capital was Harper's sociological satire by Russell operating personnel problems, an area Hodgkins Medal to epidemiologist E. Cuyler provided by private individuals, cor­ Lynes, "Highbrow , Lowbrow, previously handled by Howard Toy, director Hammond for his contributions in the field porations and foundations, notably the Middlebrow," along with Lynes' own 1976 of personnel. of cancer research. Richard King IMellon Foundation, as the commentary. The issue also contains brief Mr. Becker came to the Smithsonian in The gold medal was given to Dr. Ham­ result of a fundraising effort by the Center's reviews of current articles in specialized 1974 as chief of the policy and programs mond at the dinner meeting of the Board of trustees, advisory council, and staff, assisted magazines, and a "current books" section branch in the personnel office. Mr. Becker Regents, Friday, October 1, in the Cooper­ by the Smithsonian Institution. reviewing 45 worthy books largely overlook­ has an M.S. in personnel administration Hewitt Museum in New York. "James Billington did a tremendous job in ed in the mass media. from George Washington University, and a In the citation, Mr. Ripley said of Dr. raising the needed capital," said Mr. "Whatever the subject," said Mr. Braestrup, B.A. from the University of Virginia. Hammond, "As a human biologist, he has Braestrup. "And we are greatly indebted to "we try to give our readers clarity, brevity, Salvador Gaytan has been named field managed to associate, in all its complexity, the brilliant business staff of Smithsonian and readability. We like to think that our manager of the Mount Hopkins Obser­ the relations between biology of man and magazin or management of the circulation editors wield the sharpest blue pencils in vatory, Amado, Ariz. Mr. Gaytan, formerly human cancer. He has done this in an elegant and pr motion aspects." town." a geophysicist with the Phelps Dodge Cor­ manner as a theoretical mathematical poration, succeeds J. T. Williams who was biologist by interpreting human popUlation appointed site manager for the Multiple groups in an ecological sense." Mirror Telescope Project. Dr. Hammond is known for his research SI Cited as Best Manicured For the past five years at Phelps Dodge, into the causes of cancer and the possibilities Mr. Gaytan served as senior geophysicist in of controlling the disease. His study of charge of planning, budgeting, and staffing individuals working in the presence of mineral exploration projects in the United asbestos fibers has led him to conclude that States and abroad. such work does not in itself greatly increase Recently appointed to the SI Libraries susceptibility to lung cancer, but does so for staff are Diane Palmer, library technician, those who are heavy smokers. NASM, and Cynthia Ribul and Karle C. The Hodgkins Medal, established in 1893 Nirmel, library technicians in cataloging in memory of Thomas George Hodgkins, is services. awarded periodically for "important con­ John Gregory has been appointed acting tributions to knowledge of the physical associate director for geoastronomy at the environment bearing upon the welfare of Center for Astrophysics and will serve in that man." Hodgkins, an Englishman who came capacity in addition to his duties as assistant to the United States in 1830, gave the Smith­ director of the Harvard-Smithsonian sonian a special gift in 1891 for this purpose. Astrophysical Observatory. Dr. Hammond, a graduate of Yale Univer­ Mr. Gregory succeeds George sity and the Johns Hopkins School of Weiffenbach who resigned from that posi­ Hygiene and Public Health, is an adjunct tion, but will continue to serve as a senior professor of community medicine at Mt. geoastronomer. Sinai Hospital School of Medicine in New John Balling has joined the Chesapeake York. He also is vice president for Bay Center staff as education research epidemiology and statistics at the American associate. During the next three years, he will Cancer Society, a position he has held since conduct research on the effects of various 1966. outdoor environments and materials on the Dr. Hammond has served as a lecturer in ability of learners to understand and apply preventive and environmental medicine at ecological principals. He will also evaluate Albert Einstein College of Medicine and as The Smithsonian has been recognized as the Nation's best maintained governmental teacher-led tours, estuarine ecology consultant to the biology department at building or complex in 1976 by Grounds Maintenance magazine and the Professional curriculum development, and self-guiding Brookhaven National Laboratories and the Grounds Management Society. trail programs at the Center. Coal Mine Health Advisory Council. Presented at the society's annual conference in Dearborn, Mich., the award is given Dr. Balling is a grad uate of Northwestern Recent recipients of the Hodgkins Medal each year in recognition of excellence in grounds care in II different landscape University and obtained his Ph.D. in have been Arie Haagen-Smith, California categories. psychology from the University of Institute of Technology, 1969; Lewis Mum­ The award was presented to James Buckler (center) of the Office of Horticulture by Massachusetts. Since 1972, he has been an ford, Edinburgh University, University of Jack Hancock, assistant to the publisher of Grounds Maintenance. On the right is C. assistant professor in the Department of Rome, 1971; and Walter Orr Roberts, Har­ Francis Lay, president of the Professional Grounds Management Society. Psychology at the University of Wisconsin, vard University, 1973. Madison. November 1976 THE SMITHSONIAN TORCH Page 3

ISI Newsmakers Kainen: An Artist Looks Back Biologist Wins By Margery Byers Unwilling to go into the commercial field "I didn't decide to be an artist, I was, " says but pressured to make a living, he left New NPG's Evelyn Jacob Kainen, whose prints will be exhibited York in 1942 to join the Smithsonian's then Natural History in the first floor gallery of the National small Division of Graphic Arts for which he Sings Opera Collection of Fine Arts from November 19 gave demonstrations on the department's Award from SI through January 16, 1977. presses. Four years later, he was appointed By Johnnie Douthis The son of Russian immigrants, he was curator, a position he held for 20 years. The Smithsonian Senate of Scientists has Douglas Evelyn, NPG assistant director, born in Connecticut and moved to New York "The first curator had been Sylvester R. presented its International Award for sang with the Paris Opera when the Choral as a young boy. He clipped reproductions of Koehler, a great scholar who organized the Distinguished Contributions to Natural Arts Society augmented the French com­ paintings from the Jewish Daily Forward material and got the division started," History to George Gaylord Simpson, one of pany for a performance of Berlioz' "Re­ and other newspapers and, by the time he Kainen said. "The graphic arts then were the outstanding paleontologists and quiem" at the Kennedy Center on September was 13 or 14, was filling his own treated as an industry, on the same level as evolutionary theorists of the 20th century. 29. sketchbooks. fisheries or agriculture. But Koehler The presentation was made by Secretary A rare transplanted coral reef is alive and "Because my family had no money for collected, and because dealers knew him, S. Dillon Ripley during ceremonies at the well in the office of Walter Adey, MNH relatives' birthdays and anniversaries," he they gave him breaks. He died in 1895 and Museum of Natural History on October 7. paleobiologist. An article in the Washing­ recalled, "my mother used to go with me to nothing happened until I took over. Dr. Simpson, who is now associated with ton Star reports that the 350-gallon, the Metropolitan to pick out paintings for "I found unidentified works: an etching by the Department of Geology at the University 8-foot-long aquarium has from 300 to 500 me to copy. She had no background but she Ribera, another by Delacroix, but there were of Arizona, has produced hundreds of scien­ species of plants and organisms. had a great eye ." big gaps. I was able to get funds for purchase tific papers that are considered fundamental Lawrence Angel, MNH anthropologist, At 16, Kainen studied in the Art Students by subterfuge. I could get money for equip­ works in the literature of descriptive continues to aid medical examiners League at night and worked in a books hop ment but not for prints so I decided that vertebrate paleontology, organic evolution, and law enforcement agencies throughout during the day. The next year, he enrolled as 'equipment' such as exhibition cases includ­ and historical biogeography. the Nation in determining the cause of a full-time student at Pratt Institute and, ed whatever was in it." He has also written prolifically for general death and verifying the remains of uniden­ during one hectic year, also attended the In 1966, after two decades of juggling audiences, and his "The Meaning of Evolu­ tified persons. A Washington Post article New York Evening School of Industrial Art careers as curator, painter, and printmaker, tion" (1949) has had more than 20 editions, noted that Dr. Angel is asked to help the FBI and studied privately. Kainen resigned from the Smithsonian to including translations into 10 languages, and about 50 times a year. Two weeks before his scheduled gradua­ devote full time to his own art and to "live as is considered by many to be the best An article on nostalgia in the 'Washington tion from Pratt in 1930, he was dismissed for an artist in utter poverty." semipopular interpretation of the Star describes MHT Curator Peter Marzio "consistently asserting independence in But, happily, he was persuaded to join evolutionary process. as "one of several scholars to grumble about esthetic outlook" - and it was not until 12 NCFA as curator of prints and drawings. Dr. Simpson has served as chairman ofthe the selective memory involved in contem­ years later that he received his diploma. It Although he agreed to work two days a Department of Geology and Paleontology at porary nostalgia, the way we pick out the was dated 1930. week, it usually ended up being four. He the American Museum, and asa professor of good and forget the bad." During the Depression, he supported again announced his resignation in January zoology at Columbia University. Marc Pachter, NPG historian, has just himself precariously with odd jobs - water­ 1970, and this time he meant it. In 1959 he was named Alexander Agassiz returned from an eight-country USIA­ front cafe counterman, sign painter and Wherever he is, he continues to learn. This Professor at Harvard University which he sponsored European tour. He lectured on medical draftsman. There never was any past summer, he spent two blazing hot left in 1969 for Tucson, where he and~is wife "Abroad in America," NPG's third major thought of giving up. summer months working in lOO-year-old established the Simroe Foundation for Bicentennial exhibition, which he conceived In 1935, Kainen joined the WPA as a print shops in Paris. education and research in science and he and planned. graphic artist, a job from which he was fired "They have craftsman's standards and I began his present association with the Elliot Sivowitch, M HT Division of Elec­ and rehired three times. learned a great deal," he said, "but they're University of Arizona. tricity and Nuclear Energy, was interviewed not the standards of artists. They can do it In remarks before the MNH gathering, by Therese Keane on the Radio Smithsonian faster and cheaper than in America, but they Donald Ortner, chairman of the Senate, feature carried on WTOP radio. Sivowitch don't work with the artist as well." said. "The Senate of Scientists of this Throughout his career, Kainen has been discussed the ham radio station in" A Nation Museum wished to call attention to the known not for his competitiveness but for his of Nations." importance of natural history, and we have generosity in helping fellow artists. He Deborah Britzfelber, designer, MHT ex­ chosen this award as our vehicle for modestly accepts the praise but then instant­ hibits office, discussed the Columbus show emphasizing the importance of the history of ly mentions his peers. on "All Things Considered," a program life in a world society confronted with hard "David Smith," he said firmly. "Now produced by National Public Radio and decisions. there's an example of a generous man. And aired locally on WETA-FM and WAMU­ "Dr. Simpson is the first recipient of this FM. deKooning gave full credit to Gorky." award because his career embodies ex­ Kainen also minimized his courage in Brooke Hindle, director of MHT, was a cellence in scientific research and a commit­ continually taking artistic risks by frequently panelist at the October Congress for Creative ment to public understanding of natural changing his style. Am~ca in October. Division of Musical history. Instruments Museum Specialist Robert "I try to do what comes to mind, nd half "We a~r~e=a';'"ls--o-=g::;:iv';;i=:n~g~r=e=c=o::g~n~lt!;:IO=:n~t:':o~t i""e'==~==· the time I don't know what I'm doing," Sheldon arranged a group of 10 brass renewed and growing significance of what he confessed. "But I have educated instrumentalists to play 19th-century Dr. Simpson calls the history of life," Dr. sensibilities and I think the whole point of American music at one of the conference Ortner continued. dinners, and Division Curator Cynthia being an artist is to trust your gut feelings "Our Museum of Natural History," he Hoover prepared concert notes for the regardless of what's expected or of what added, "like its sister institutions throughout audience. the powers-that-be think is important art, the world, has been the source of much of the Richard Ahlborn, M HT curator of Ethnic Jacob Kainen important style." research on the history of life. and Western Cultural History, took sab­ " . . . It is one of the cruelest and most batical leave this summer to search the humbling paradoxes that the same meth­ collections and archives at Santa Fe, in a Ethnologist Shows Own Photos odology which has allowed and stimulated detailed investigation of the material culture the enormous explosion in our knowledge of Spanish New Mexico. His research will By Thomas Harney Gibson would set up a tent close to the Thirty color photographs taken by settlement, and proceed to photograph the has also created innumerable possibilities result in an illustrated index of every for its destruction," Dr. Ortner continued. documented type of manmade object in that Museum of Natural History African people at work and at leisure, and gather ethnologist Gordon Gibson are being shown spoken information with the help of an The role ofthe natural historian must have remote region during its second colonial era, its focus in the ivory tower existence of 1693 to 1821. on the MNH rotunda balcony through interpreter and a tape recorder. January I, 1977. The pictures are of the "Generally my interest in these people research, but we cannot just be permanent A total of 207 docents including 65 "new­ repositories of esoteric knowledge. We must comers" have completed training courses at Himba, a cattle-keeping people of the rocky stimulates a good deal of rapport", he said. semidesert Angola-Nambia borderland in "They know that I'm not there to tax or use our expertise and unique point of view to MHT. The training covers all disciplines, convey effectively to our public the meaning and docents are capable of conducting 25 southwestern Africa. inoculate them, and they quite like talking Largely due to the remoteness of this area, with me." of the history of life and the factors, both different tours. animate and inanimate, which affect it. Louise Hutchinson, Anacostia many of the Himba traditions have survived, The Himba are devoted to their cattle, and and make the culture particularly interesting several of Dr. Gibson's pictures show the "This objective is nothing new and indeed Neighborhood Museum supervisor of is embodied in the bequest by James research, appeared on WKYS-FM to ethnologists, such as Dr. Gibson, who has people herding, watering, and tending their studied their social life and customs during animals. The photos also capture the con­ Smithson in his will of 1826 which was the September 24 to discuss the need for iden­ basis on which the Smithsonian Institution tifying and preserving District of Columbia visits to the area in 1960-61 , 1971, and 1972- siderable color, artistry, and imagination, 73 . was established," Dr. Ortner concluded. landmarks including those relating to black used in the people's headdresses and per­ Americans. She further emphasized the im­ The Himba are not CIne of the tribes sonal ornamentation, including bracelets, portance of interpreting existing landmarks, involved in Angola's civil conflict, but Dr. beads and other jewelry, and cosmetics. SI Loses to NIH; and their placement on the National Gibson fears that because the situation there Himba headdresses and hairdos are striking, Register. is so serious, he may not be able to return for signifying the wearer's stage of life and Alice Malone, head of MHT education many years. making individual status mmediately Beats HUD, 6-0 On his visits to Himba territory, Dr. recognizable for any other I' '''''''~_' department, gave a talk on museum educa­ After dropping its opener to NIH, 25-6, tion and the handicapped student at the Smithsonian football team went on to Nebraska's Mountain-Plains Museum on , edge the D.C. Mean Machine, a team of October 6. HUD employees, 6~ in a muddy encounter Allen Bassing, assistant curator of educa­ at East Potomac Park. tion at the Renwick Gallery, had his paper, It was a disappointing start for the "Museums in sub-Saharan Africa: Agencies gridders, who last year beat NIH enroute to for Cultural Change," presented at the posting a 4-2-1 record. The cruncher came on Conference on the Roles of the Museum ina two interceptions in the second half, one of Decentralized Cultural Policy, International which an NIH player returned 45 yards for a Council of Museums, UNESCO, Umea, touchdown. Sweden. The second game, played in blowing rain, Margaret Cogswell, deputy chief of was a defensive struggle in which the only NCFA's Office of Exhibitions Abroad, was score came in the second half after Chuck interviewed on Boston's TV show, "Good Mangine of SI Accounting blocked a punt Day," on "Images of an Era: The American deep in Mean Machine territory. Poster 1945-1975" which is currently touring The remaining schedule called for the Europe. Smithsonian team to face American Univer­ Deborah Warner, MHT curator and sity, CERA, and the regular HUD team in organizer of the women's section of "1876," October, and Labor and NISC on'Nov. 6 and was interviewed by the Middletown, Pa. 13. Press & Journal on the 1876 cookbook. Newcomers adding strength to the squad The September issue of National Trust are Ron Halliday and John Pittman of magazine carries an article by MHT Curator Ethnologist Gordon Gibson compares a beaded headdress with one in his photograph of International Exchange Service, Pete Nerret (See' Newsmakers,' Page 5) Himba women, as he prepares several of his pictures for the current exhibit at MNH, of SI Libraries and Joe Falletta of NZP. Page 4 THE SMITHSONIAN TORCH November 1976 'Around the World' Opens in A&I Bldg.

By Susanne Roschwalb The Smithsonian Puppet Theater, located November at the 5 in the Arts and Industries Building, is currently featuring the Nicolo Marionettes' production of Jules Verne's classic adventure story "Around the World in Eighty Days," THEATRE CHAMBER PLAYERS : Selections by Bar­ LEC11JRE : Americas: The Decorative Arts in Latin complete with music, a circus act, a balloon 1 tok, Pierre Boulez, Stockhausen and Maxwell Davies 8 America in the Era of the Revolution. Brazil. Speaker: ascension, and a bullfight. MON will be performed by the twelve Players in their first MON Dr. Suzy P. DeMello, Professor, Brazilian Architecture, Smithsonian employees won't need a child concert of the season. 8: 30 p.m. Baird Auditorium, Federal University of Minas Gerais. First in a series of to bring as an excuse to see the show. Nick Natural History Building. $5 .50 and $4.50 with dis­ four lectures by eminent Latin American scholars co­ Coppolo, director of the Nicolo company, counts for students, senior citizens and Resident Associ­ sponsored by the Renwick Gallery, the Organization of said puppets weren't invented just to amuse ate members. For reservations, call 381-5395 . American States and the Resident Associate Program. 8 children. More likely they were originally p.m. The Renwick Gallery. Remaining programs Nov­ used as religious symbols. NMHT TUESDAY FILM: Presidential Campaigns and ember 15, 22 and 29. $5; $16 (series). * 2 the Influence of Music. 1 p.m. Carmichael Auditorium, "Even today," said Mr. Coppolo, "man SMITHSONIAN CHAMBER PLAYERS : American History and Technology Building. FREE . has his witch-doctor, masks and rattles, and ruES Music of the Federal Period (ca . 1790-1825). Selections Christmas Crib, all relatives of the puppet." HIRSHHORN FILM : I. M. Pei : Five Essays. The archi­ by Gilfert, Reinagle, Eckhard, Bray, Jackson, Taylor Along with new interest in many tect sets forth his views in five filmed essays : Open and Carr will be performed by members of the Division traditional theater forms has been the Space; Program for a Building ; A Modem Building of Musical Instruments, directed by James Weaver. 8 :30 rediscovery of puppets, which now sell Material ; An Architect for Today ; and Interior Space. p.m. Hall of Musical Instruments, History and Tech­ products on television, "walk" in protest 12 noon and 7 p.m. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture nology Building. $4 with discounts for students, senior marches, and appear in sophisticated theater Garden. FREE. citizens and Resident Associate members. For reserva­ productions. tions call 381-5395 . FREE FILM THEATRE : Salute to the Tall Ships - 3 filmed in New York and Bermuda in 1964 ; and The Tall CREA TIVE SCREEN : With These Hands - Eight Ships Are Coming - filmed in London and Amsterdam 9 artist-craftsmen express their ideas and motivations in 1975. 12 :30 p.m. Carmichael Auditorium, History ruES about their work, lifestyles and creative process. Weav­ and Technology Building. FREE . ing, pottery, glassblowing, sculpture and woodworking are shown. 11 a.m., 12 :15 and 1 :30 p.m. The Renwick 18TH CENTURY SEMINAR : Ethics in A esthetics in Gallery. FREE . 18th Century American Art. Speaker: Dr. Irma Jaffe, ORIENTAL ART LECTURE : Important Developments Chairman, Department of Fine Arts, Fordham Univer­ in the History of Japanese Ceramics. Speaker : Robert sity . Lecture will be followed by a discussion . Spon­ Moes, Curator, Department of Oriental Art, Brooklyn sored by Charles Willson Peale Papers and the National Museum. Co-sponsored by the Freer Gallery of Art and Collection of Fine Arts. 11 a.m. Lecture Hall, National the Embassy of Japan. 8:30 p.m. Freer Gallery. FREE. Portrait Gallery. FREE . NMHT TUESDAY FILM: Women's Rights in the U.S. : NEW WINDOWS ON THE UNIVERSE: Ultraviolet An Informal History. 1 p.m. Carmichael Auditorium, Astronomy. Speaker : Andrea Dupree. Modern co s~ History and Technology Building. FREE. mology lecture series, co-sponsored by the National Air and Space Museum and the Harvard-Smithsonian Cen­ FREE FILM THEATRE : Follow the Wind to Cousin - ter for Astrophysics. 7: 30 p.m. National Air and Space 10 an island in the Seychelles maintained by the Interna­ Museum theater. Remaining programs November 10 WED tional Council for Bird Preservation; and The Booby and 17. Each lecture is followed by a question and Priz e - filmed on Christmas Island, a nesting place for answer period. FREE. a unique species of booby now threatened by a phos­ Puppet stars of "Around the World in phate mining operation. 12 :30 p.m. Carmichael Audi­ Eipty Days," LUNCHEON TALK : The Magic of Carpets. Chinese torium, History and Technology Buiiding. FREE. 4 Rugs will be discussed by Jean Mailey, Curator, Textile NEW WINDOWS ON THE UNIVERSE : Gamma-Ray It has not always been so, and puppets THUR Studies, Metropolitan Museum of Art. 12 noon. Lecture Astronomy. Speaker: Trevor Weekes. 7: 30 p.m. Na- have had a long and varied history, probably is preceded by. luncheon. Remaining rograms in this ~.:..;.;.,-",,...::..: __ tiona I Ai [..p nd Seace Museum theater. See Novem~be;.;;;;..r ..::3_ _ ~:::.1 beginning in ancient Greece. Aristotle series are scheduled November 11 and 18. $17.50 ; $65 for series detai s. R described puppet actors made with movable (series) . • eyes. But such lifelike quality was forbidden AIR AND SPACE FORUM : Communications by Satel­ by religious law in India and Southeast Asia, FREE FILM THEATRE : Salute to the Tall Ships ; and lite. The development and status of communications so bea!ltiful and unusual symbolic puppets The Tall Ships Are Coming. Repeat program. See satellites and innovative public services applications. were created. November 3 for details. FREE . Speaker: John Miller, Goddard Space Flight Center. India and Burma developed string HIRSHHORN FILM : I. M. Pei : Five Essays . Repeat 12:30 p.m. National Air and Space Museum theater. puppets, but the Japanese favored intricately program. 12 noon. November 2 fo r program details. FREE . carved shadow puppets and stylized rod FREE. FREE FILM THEATRE : Follow the Wind to Cousin ; puppets. Later, live actors and dancers HIRSHHORN EVENING FILM S: Premium ; and Mir­ 11 and The Booby Prize . 12 :30 p.m. Carmichael Audi­ adopted the movements and costumes of the acle - two films by California artist Ed Ruscha . 7 p.m. THUR toriu m, History and Technology Building. Repeat. See puppets for their performances. In Japan, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. FREE . November 10. FREE . the live theater and puppet theater developed EXHIBITION : Alfred Leslie. Eleven large oil paintings side by side. NATURAL HISTORY LECTURE : Bamboos of th e of traditional subjects by Leslie, a contemporary realist, In the Western world, puppets were used 5 World - the many different kinds of bamboo and the and a small selection of his drawings. Landscape, por­ by the church during the Middle Ages to FRI ways in which they are used . Speaker : Dr. Thomas traiture, allegory and history paintings are represented. perform morality plays and Bible stories. Soderstrom, Curator of Botany. Slide illustrated. 12 The word for string puppets originated at Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, through noon. Baird Auditorium, Natural History Building. January 9. that time with references to puppets of the FREE . Virgin Mary as marionettes, which translates LUNCHEON TALK : The Magic of Carpets. Turkish from the French as "Little Mary." The word Carpets will be discussed by Dr. Walter Denny, Honor­ puppet is older, stemming from the Latin FILMS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE: 12 noon. Hirshhorn ary Curator of Rugs, The Fogg Art Museum. 12 noon. "pupa," meaning "little child" and later, 6 Museum and Sculpture Garden. For film titles, call Lecture is preceded by luncheon. See also November 4. "doll." SAT 381-6264. FREE. $17.50 . • When the puppets' lively antics were MUSIC FROM MARLBORO: Selections by Schoen­ ILLU STRATED LECTURE : Robert Rauschenberg. creating too much laughter in the sombre berg, Hugo Wolf and Dvorak will be performed by Felix Speaker : Robert Hughes, Art Critic, Time Magazine. morality plays, they were banished from the Galimir and Yuuko Shiokawa, violins; Kim Kashkash­ Rauschenberg's work is examined from his origins in church and sent outdoors. The subtle ian and Patricia McCarty, violas; Paul Tobias and Paul Abstract Expressionism, early ventures in Minimal marionette evolved into the broad, slapstick Cheifetz, cellos, all artists from the Marlboro Music painting, his contemporary expressionism using hand puppet, and the Punch and Judy show Festival. 5:30 p.m. Baird Auditorium, Natural History all media of vi sual communication, and the influences was born. Building. $5.50 with discounts for students, senior citi­ of earlier artists on his work. 8 p.m. Baird Auditorium, Puppets continued to exist as a theatrical zens and Resident Associate members. For reservations Natural History Building. $5 .· form for centuries. Perhaps the height of call 381-5395. enthusiasm was in the 18th century when, NATURAL HISTORY FILM : Baobab Tree - the com­ under royal patronage elaborate puppet 7 THE AMERICAN DREAM: MOVIES U.S.A. Born 12 plex interdependence of life in and around this tree of theaters were built for performances of plays Yesterday, starring Judy Holliday. Series of films noted FRI Africa. 12 noon. Baird Auditorium, Natural History and operas by the great artists of the day. By SUN for their superb portrayals by acting giants and their in­ Building. FREE . sights into the success and defeats of American industry. the end of the 19th century, however, the FILM / DISCUSSION Nothing But a Man, a film that Each film is introduced by Carl Colby, Georgetown puppet theater yielded to new forms of deals with the black experience will be shown, followed University. Remaining programs November 21, 28, entertainment such as magic lantern shows, by Tony Gittens, Federal City College Film Institute, stereopticons, and motion pictures. December 5 and 12. 5 p.m. Carmichael Auditorium, who will speak on films as image makers. 10 a.m. The Smithsonian Puppet Theater created History and Technology Building. $3. * Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. FREE. "The Grand Centennial Puppet Show" to DANCE PERFORMANCE : Classical Spanish, Mexican correspond with the A & I Centennial and European dances performed by Sonia Amelio of AMERICAN POPULAR SONG: Tony Bennett - a Exhibit. "Around the World in Eighty Days" Mexico. The program will include music by Bach, 14 singer who helped shape the art of popular music. 8 is the second Nicolo production of the season Ricar, Scarlatti, Mendelssohn and Hernandez. Co­ SUN p.m. Baird Auditorium, Natural History Building. $6 and it features live actors appearing on stage sponsored by the Renwick Gallery and the Organization with discounts for students, senior citizens and Resident working with a variety of string, shadow, of American States in conjunction with the current ex­ Associate members. For reservations call 381-5395. and rod puppets. hibition Americas: The Decorative Arts in Latin Amer­ The plot centers on the daring wager made ica in the Era of the Revolution. 8 p.m. Renwick in 1872 by an English gentleman, Phileas Gallery. FREE. 15 LECTURE : Americas: The Decorative Arts in Latin Fogg, who bet his entire fortune that he JAZZ CONNOISSEUR SERIES : Bill Harris. One of the America in the Era of the Revolution. Venezuela. could travel around the world in 80 days. first guitarists to apply comprehensive classical tech­ MON Speaker: Dr. Carlos Duarte, Official Restorer, Museo The show gives viewers a chance to ap­ nique to contemporary jazz. Also performing are Buck de Bellas Artes, Caracas. 8 p.m. The Renwick Gallery. preciate two art forms, the puppets Hill, saxophone; Marshall Hawkins, bass; and Warren See November 8 for series details. $5. * themselves and the acting and miming of the Shad, drums. 6 :30 p.m. Hirshhorn Museum auditori­ visible puppeteers. um. $4.50 general with discounts for students, senior NMHT TUESDAY FILM : Gunsmith of Williamsburg. 1 For showtime, consult the November citizens and Resident Associate members. For reserva­ 16 p.m. Carmichael Auditorium, History and Technology calendar. tions call 381-5395. TUES Building. FREE. November 1976 THE SMITHSONIAN TORCH Page 5

Timing Perfect for Gallery Cartoons By complete coincidence, and thanks to the League of Women Voters, the National Portrait Gallery opened its new, and very 1ithsonian Institution political, show on the same day as the vice­ preseidential debate. "The American Presidency in Political Cartoons; 1776-1976" contains some of the most pungent satirical NEW WINDOWS ON THE UNIVERSE: The New NMHT TUESDAY FILM : Silversmith of Williamsburg. cartoons aimed at the highest office of the 17 Cosmology. Speaker: William Press. 7:30 p.m. Na­ 23 1 p.m. Carmichael Auditorium, History and Tech­ land. From George Washington to Gerald WED tional Air and Space Museum theater. See November 3 ruES nology Building. FREE . Ford, no one has been spared. The collection for series details. FREE. of over 150 cartoons carry names of some CREATIVE SCREEN : With These Hands. Repeat. See familiar artists including Thomas Nast, November 9 for program details. LECTURE : Alfred Leslie discusses his own work as a Herblock, David Levine, Peter Arno, Bill contemporary realist painter. 8 p .m. Hirshhorn Mu­ Mauldin, David Low, and Pat Oliphant. SEMINAR : Neutron Activation Analysis and Its Appli­ seum and Sculpture Garden. FREE. The show, on the mezzanine of the cl

Hans Hofmann ISI in the Media I Retrospective Cooper-Hewitt, At Hirshhorn "Gunmaking"

The first retrospective of 20th-century Attract Media painter Hans Hofmann to be exhibited since By Johnnie Douthis his death in 1966 opened at the Hirshhorn on Cooper-Hewitt Wins Praise October 14. It includes 75 oils painted by Kudos from the media on the opening of Hofmann between 1935 and 1965. the Cooper-Hewitt Museum: said the New According to painter and critic Walter York Times' Ada Louise Huxtable, "The Darby Bannard, who is guest curator for the new museum adds an extra cultural and show, a retrospective of Hofmann's work is environmental dimension to New York." long overdue. New York magazine quoted director Lisa "The reason there has been none until Taylor as saying, "We were never chic now," he said, "is that the art world moves before, but we've become chic very fast. This slowly, and New York museums have been place is going to be lively and lots of fun." heavily booked with other shows." As a The Washington Star's new Homel Life result, many significant exhibitions, such as magazine described the Cooper-Hewitt's this one, are being shown outside New wallpaper collection as the finest in the York." United States. The task of tracing and choosing works Sarah Booth Conroy writing in the from such a prolific painter was enormous. Washington Post reported that the Cooper­ "It was a detective search involving hun­ Hewitt . . . "rivals the world's great museums dreds of people: Hofmann's estate, his of decorative arts, the Victoria and Albert in friends, dealers, students, and the people London and the Musee des Arts Decoratifs who bought his paintings, which by this time BRILLIANT - This 13-foot model of the American Revolution period tobacco ship in Paris." are scattered all over the country," said Mr. From the New York Daily News: "Some "Brilliant" is now on display in temporary quarters on the first floor ofthe Museum of Bannard. of the most beautiful objects ever made by History and Technology. According to Melvin Jackson, MHT curator of maritime "Despite Hofmann's importance in 20th­ man will be at your fingertips ..." history, the model will reside permanently in the Museum's Hall of American century art," he added, "surprisingly few of Insects Make TV Debut Maritime History when it opens in 1977. The model, made for the Smithsonian by his paintings are in museum collections." Terry Erwin, MNH entomologist and Charles and N. Davis Newcomb of Trappe, Md., is one-tenth the size of the original, Many of those belonging to museums, he scientific consultant for the Insect Zoo and constructed of the same type of wood. said were gifts of the artist. recently did a taping for "To Tell the Truth" "This could be explained by the fact that television program. He and his wife Laverne, Hofmann was not immediately popular, nor staff assistant to the director, MNH, brought were his paintings heavily collected. Now Latin American Decorative Art live bugs before the cameras including a they are very expensive and for that reason black African scorpion, a giant horned do not often change hands even now." scarab beetle, an Indian wal~ing stick, a Exhibit Opened at the Renwick hissing cockroach, and a giant Trinidad In a salute to the artisans of the Americas on art and design, who is currently teaching a millipede. during the time of the American Revolution, course in art hi story at the Parsons School of Because all members of the program's the Renwick Gallery is offering an exhibi­ Design in New York. panel and the production crew were afraid of tion, "Americas: The Decorative Arts in She is a former curator of the Museum of the insects, Mrs. Erwin, as prop manager, Latin America in the Era of the Revolution," Modern Art, and, during the 1940's she was had to stir up the insects when the camera which opened on October 19, and will last associated with the office of the Coordinator crew wanted to get shots. until April 3, 1977. of Inter American Affairs and the Hispanic The Erwins won $200, yet unreceived, an Some of the finest examples of silver, Foundation at the Library of Congr~ss . electric shaver, a month's supply of paper­ textiles, furniture, ceramics, and leather It took Mrs. Constantine nearly three back books, a six-pack of thermos jugs, and created in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, years and two trips to Latin America to some jewelry. Colombia, Eduador, Guatemala, Mexico, organize "Americas." The popular Science News magazine view­ Panama; PataguaY, 'Peru, PUerto Rico: and ' ''Wh'erl ''1 I ~ t a'sk'elf' for' suggested 'Works ed-..MNH's-Insect2oo as a w-Drth,v..idea wh&J" u....--._-...... J Venezuela are included in the show. for the exhibition, 90 percent offered pain­ represents long overdue respect for Most of the works are highly embellished, tings and sculpture, not what we wanted for "evolution's joint-legged success story." sophisticated examples of the decorative arts this show," she recalled . "The Latin SI Noted Around U.S. of the period . Among them are liturgical Americans hadn't tho ught of the decorative The Mini Page, a syndicated leaflet vestments, a polychrome wood towel rack, a arts as havi ng great meaning or importance. designed for children and distributed in silver cup and straw, an inlaid traveling desk, It was fasci nating to them to realize the papers across the country, devoted most of a a decorated majolica plate, a tortoise-shell contri butions of decorative arts to their own September issue to the National Air and "Auxerre, France. St. Etienne's glorious and copper comb, a folding altarpiece with cult ures, and to ours." Space Museum. light emanated by its windows, as crucifix, a leather trunk, and silver sandals A wire service story appearing in the for a saint's image. The 80-page exhibit publication includes a remembered," 1960. Oil on canvas from the comprehensive essay by Elizabeth Wilder Fayetteville, N.C., Observer quoted NASM collection of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Eichholz. Joshua C. Taylor, director of the National Dir(;ctor Michael Collins as saying "the time Collection of Fine Arts, said in the foreward Weismann. An authority on Latin American art and cultural history, Mrs. Weismann is may have come for the Government to place After arriving in the United States from to the exhibition publication, "The delight in restrictions on the size and the power offuel­ the author of "Mexico in Sculpture, 1521- his native Germany in the early 1930's, exuberant color and design was shared by 1821 ," and co-author of "A Guide to the Art gulping automobiles." Hofmann became widely known as master patron and public, and characterized in Nicky, a gorilla at NZP likes TV, especial­ of Latin America." teacher to a generation of American artists distinctive ways the urban cultures from ly "As the World Turns," according to an from 1933 to 1958. He first attracted atten­ Argentina to Mexico. . . Doubtless the To complement the exhibit, a series of article in the Houston Post. tion as an artist with the abstract ex­ greatest demand for sumptuous design came slide-illustrated lectures by Latin American The New York Times art critic noted that pressionist painters in the 1940's, but from the church. In contrast to the English scholars will be cosponsored by the Renwick the Hirshhorn's John Covert exhibit shows developed and matured independently of the colonies to the north, the Latin colonies Gallery, the Organization of American its strength in three or four pictures done in movement. identified art with religion and, through its States, and the Resident Associate Program. 1919. "There was nothing quite like these His best-known works, the "floating rec­ association with ecclesiastical precincts and Subjects of the evening lectures will pictures in the American art of the time, and tangle pictures" of 1958 through 1965, were ritual, lively decoration bore an element of include Brazil, November 8; Venezuela, they still look fresh and inventive today." produced during the last years of his life, magic, of transcendence, quite unrecognized November 15; Mexico, November 22; and The Smithsonian is acquiring a Peotone, when he was in his late 70's and 80's. by our more austere forebears." Ecuador, November 29. For more informa­ Ill. , farmhouse which is reminiscent of a Born in Munich in 1880, Hofmann went to The exhibition was coordinated by tion on the lectures, see the calendar in Greek temple, reported the Chicago Paris in 1903 where he became familiar with Mildred Constantine, author and consultant issue of Torch. Tribune. The house will be reconstructed in the works of Cezanne, the Fauves, Picasso, MHT as representative of early prairie farm Braque, Delaunay and Kandinsky. architecture. Teaching positions in California brought . .. and Around D.C. Hofmann to the United States during 1930 The Washington Post described the and 1931, and he settled in New York in Belgium gunmaking exhibit at MHT as "a 1932. The famous "Hans Hofmann School fine show." The reporter wrote that "anyone of Fine Arts" was founded there in 1933, and who has come away unsatisfied from the in Provincetown, Mass., in 1934. Among sterile neatness of the collection at the Hofmann's many students over the next National Rifle Association will welcome a 24 years were Larry Rivers, Helen Franken­ touch of warts-and-all reality that makes thaler, and Louise Nevelson. these 150 firearms look dangerous as well as Through the 1950's, Hofmann increasing­ beautiful." ly utilized the bright constrasting colors, The Washington Star music criticdescrib­ thick application of pigment, and painterly ed NPG's "The Coming of Age of American approach, for which he has become best Music," as "a fine show, handsome, neat, known. compact, eloquent. 100 percent Mr. Bannard's critical essay on Hofmann stimulating." The writer also gave the old appears in a fully illustrated catalog accom­ Patent Office Building a rave review, calling panying the exhibition. Along with it "one of Washington's architectural jewels, illustrations of each work, including 12 in beautifully restored and revamped to serve color, the catalog contains 21 additional new purposes." illustrations of works not included in the Maryland's Bowie News reported on exhibition, which also includes "Flowering K-9 TEAMS GRADUATE - Shown here at graduation ceremonies held September 24 for NZP's dedication of a sundial in memory of Swamp" from the HMSG collection. the Smithsonian's K-9 Corps Class No.2 are (front to back) John Krob with his dog Heinz, Jenifer Sherwin, who was killed by a falling After closing in Washington on January 2, Harold Jamerson with Willie, David Miller with Lobo, and Dee Proctor with Sabath. branch at NZP during a windstorm on April 1977, the exhibition will travel to the Watching the dogs put through their paces are Jay Chambers, chief, Protection Division; 3, 1975. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, which co­ Julian Euell, assistant secretary for public service; Charles Blitzer, assistant secretary for And finally, a story in the Washington organized the exhibition and oversaw the history and art; and Richard Ault, director of support activities. The graduation ceremony Post told how Susan, an 800-pound hip­ catalog's publication. Dates for the Houston held at the Metropolitan Police Training Academy, included a field demonstration by the popotamus, has left NZP for Singapore for showing are February 2 through April 2, graduating class and the presentation of Certificates of Appreciation to the donors of the what officials hope will be a betrothal and 1977. dogs. motherhood. November 1976 THE SMITHSONIAN TORCH Page 7 Rain Can't Dampen MNH Pic ic Lecture Marks By Linda Lichliter 1776 Sinking To commemorate the 200th anniversary of In spite of pouring rain, approximately the sinking of the gunboat Philadelphia, the 200 people turned out for Natural History's National Museum of History and third annual picnic, held in a large enclosed Technology presented a public lecture and pavillion at Fort Hunt Park on October 2. tour of the vessel in the Hall of Armed Forces Sponsored by the Smithsonian History. Museological Association of Natural The Philadelphia, the oldest intact man­ History, the picnic opened with a Bicenten­ of-war exhibited in an American museum, nial puppet show given by the Punch 'n Judy sank in Lake Champlain during the Battle of Puppeteers of the Maryland National VaJcour Island October II, 1776. Capitol Park and Planning Commission. In his lecture on October II, Philip K. Next, the crowd was alternately amazed Lundeberg, curator of naval history, discuss­ and delighted by a magic show given by ed the strategic importance of this vessel, its Harold "Doc" Dougherty, who, aside from construction, and its crew of 44 men. being a professional magician, works in "This boat represents a type of ship­ photo services for NHB. building that is often forgotten - vessels The final highlight was the Natural designed especially for inland waters," said History Lampoon, a musical skit poking fun Mr. Lundeberg. "In contrast to other ships at all aspects of museum life, from the stuffed ~ of the Revolutionary period, the rhinoceros in Porter Kier's office ("He -.l Phi/adelphia is in excellent condition sought the advice of the Rhino so near, Who ~ because it was sunk by a single blow and then secretly directed our Museum so dear. ") to ~ preserved in the fresh water of Lake the new Insect Zoo: ~ Champlain for 159 years. ('If we could talk to the arth-ro-pods, just ~ Designed by Benedict Arnold, the gun- im-agine it, chatting to a roach in cock­ SI employees and their families enjoying third annual MNH picnic. boat was one of eight "gondolas" which roach-ese. frustrated and delayed Britain's first major lm-ag-ine ban-ter with a bed-bug, mus-ing have skeletons of people of every creed and will later move to the new staff gallery, lo­ effort to divide and subdue the rebellious with a mag-got. What a neat a-chieve-ment it race. But where do we put 'em. We need more cated just outside the employees' cafeteria. American colonies. would be. space! Mignon Davis, association president, Said Mr. Lundeberg, "Since we now know If we could talk to the arth-ro-pods, learn "There is no reason for collecting, Not organized the picnic with assistance from that the Philadelphia was one of eight their lan-gua-gues, May-be take a spi-der on even space to do dissecting. Mike Carpenter and Mary J. Mann. Many identical vessels, it's apparent that mass a spree.) "There is nothing like the grace of ex-pan­ scientists and technicians worked together to construction in shipbuilding was used some One of the most rousing numbers was a sion space. present the Lampoon, among them, Ray 200 years ago." spoof at the Museum's lack of space, sung to Performed by a cast of more than a dozen Rye, Fred Collier, Dick Eyde, Bill Melson, New documents have added a human the tune of "There Is Nothin' Like A Dame:" Museum employees, the skit starred Jim Jim Kalonturas, Bruce Hodess, and Mark aspect to the story of the Philadelphia. The "We've got cases, we got drawers, we got Kalonturas as Porter Kier, and Dick Ebertz. payroll sheet for her crew shows that 44 men restaurants in good taste, we got specimens Eyede as the reincarnated James Smithson. were assigned to the vessel under the com­ surrounding us, no matter where weface. We Between shows, participants could watch SMITHSONIAN TORCH mand of Benjamin Rue of Bucks County, Pa. are housing other bureaus and they come spinning demonstrations, given by Paula November 1976 The Phi/adelphia is exhibited with its from every place. What ain't we got? We ain't Fleming and Maureen Downey, and view an Published for Smithsonian Institu­ cannons, which are 75 to 100 years older than got space! exhibit of photographs submitted by ti on personnel by the Smithsonian the vessel, and with many of the spoons, "We've got heating that is cold, air con­ Museum employees. Office of Public Affairs, Susan Bliss, kettles, and cannon balls recovered from the ditioning that's hot, lots of garbage at the The photos are now on display in the hall Editor; Kathryn Lindeman, Assistant. wreckage. It is located in MHTs third floor loading dock that's well advanced in rot, we OUt Sl ~ ~ the main library, as in past years, and Armed Forces History Hall. C-H Launches SI-Peace Corps Aids World Environment The program also lists current forestry at Oregon State University. One of Class Program By Herman Stein assignments open in Honduras to set up his first assignments for the Smithsonian will demonstration projects in two key be a field trip to Central America for

, , ~,,-~ The Peace Cor s is c rrem ly ~nio in a waJl!r ~b~ ds ,jn~ ril ?jLto lead cJ)_urses in ran e consultation and fo'eet deveJo ment. The Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New resurgence of popularity at home and management, in Upper Volta to develop - Since its inception, the program has York City has launched a full-scale pro­ abroad, on campuses and in Congress and wildlife management plans for the parks, in provided more than 500 Peace Corps gram of SUbscription lectures, seminars, one of its programs is thriving at the Senegal to teach villagers the value of volunteers to work in environmental and workshops, study tours, and performances. Smithsonian. wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, and natural resource projects in some 60 coun­ Conducted by scholars, designers, and After six years of operation, the Smithso­ in other faraway places to perform a host of tries around the world. artisans, the programs use the rich re­ nian- Peace Corps Environmental Program equally exotic jobs. It has sent volunteers to study monkey­ sources of the Smithsonian Institution as is busier than ever, helping to set up projects The surge of requests in recent months has eating eagles in the Philippines, eared doves well as New York City to explore, unders­ designed to conserve natural resources in resulted in the need to expand the program's in Colombia, and rhinoceroses in Sumatra. tand, and expand an awareness of design, developing countries, recruiting qualified staff. Assisting its director, James A. Sher­ It has staffed an ecological study of the often through the creation or examination of Peace Corps volunteers for these burne. are two new associate directors, Larry Kalahari Desert, and a survey of contamina­ actual objects. assignments, and evaluating results. Ritter and Myron Gildesgame. tion sources of El Salvador's rivers to see Classes relate to the collection and One example of the intensified activity is a M r. Ritter, who previously worked as a how to improve them as fisheries. cover subjects from the history of current request by the Philippines for 15 writer with the program, spent five years in Commenting on the increased pace of costume and the study of art nouveau, to American forestry specialists to help Kenya with the Peace Corps both as a work at the Smithsonian- Peace Corps calligraphy and stage design. A course on streamline that nation's forestry research volunteer and as a staffer training other Environmental Program, Dr. Sherburne "Perception and Communication" is system. The task entails finding Americans volunteers. said, "More people now realize that you can't taught by four professional designers, qualified as forest biometricians, geneticists, M r. Gildesgame served as a Peace Corps give environmental problems low priority among them George Nelson, one of the pathologists, entomologists, and other volunteer doing rural settlement work in the behind agricultural and industrial develop­ creators of Cooper-Hewitt's inaugural ex­ specialists to volunteer for two-year tours in jungle highlands of Ecuador east of the ment, because they actually go hand-in­ hibition. the Philippines. Andes before earning his master's degree in hand." Weekend seminars will be held on Islamic masterpieces, textile design, and the Ver­ sailles of Louis XIV. NASM Recalls Each month a Monday afternoon art repair cl inic will be conducted by Steven Leon, a free-la nce conserva tor at the Battle of Britain Guggenheim Museum. To commemorate the September anniver­ Luncheon talks on various aspects of sary of the Battle of Britain over southern antique collecting are being offered on eight England in 1940, the National Air and Space Mondays from October through May. The Museum was presented a tableau honoring tuition fo r this program will be used to seven American pilots. support a social service fund to extend British Ambassador Sir Peter reduced class fees, and possibly reduced Ramsbotham presented the tableau to Muse um admission fee s, to senior citizens. NASM Director Michael Collins in a brief The Museum will offer travel programs ceremony in the Special Exhibits Gallery. focusing on decorative arts, architecture, The tableau, designed by Flight Lieute­ and design, in New York City, as well as day nant John Holloway, MBE, is about four trips, ove rnight trips, and extended tours feet by two feet. It includes silver models of outside the city. Visits during the first year American and British aircraft, flags of both will include homes of New York designers; nations, and the names of the seven underground New York, encompassing the American flyers. plumbing, heating, ve ntilatio n, and electrical The only American to survive the decisive systems that operate under New York's battle, John K. Haviland of the University of biggest build i ngs; the Smithsonian Mall Virginia, was also present at the ceremonies. museums; a nd the America n Southwest. In presenting the tableau, Ambassador Classes fo r children aged 7 to 12 give Ramsbotham said, "Much is written about young people a chance to draw, design, and the early settlers of this continent, the tough construct. Some of the courses are "When is but highly principled men and women who a Chair a Chair?" "How to See," "American laid the foundations of the world's greatest Indian Design," a nd "Early American democracy, and about the leaders who in Craft s." subsequent eras shaped the American Special demonstrations of the performing destiny. It is in keeping with this tradition, a rt s, with attention this year to the art of and in gratitude to the men of America who puppetry, is another important part of the fought for us, that, on behalf of the Royal young people's program. Air Force and the people of Britain, I present Coordinator for Cooper-Hewitt's to the Smithsonian Institution, to hold for educational offerings is Jane Clark, the the people of the United States, this Smithsonian-Peace Corps volunteer Joseph Fox uses local transportation and help in Museum's programs specialist. commemorative tableau." conducting' faunal survey in Nepal's Chit wan National Park. Page 8 THE SMITHSONIAN TORCH November 1976 New Mall Banners Point the Way for Visitors By Kathryn Lindeman The blue and white enamel banners now since the boxes, weighing between 500 and hanging from Mall lampposts are the results 600 pounds each, required a forklift to set of a Bicentennial project which has involved them in place. several years and the efforts of at least four The boxes were designed with venting to government agencies and the Smithsonian. prevent steam and leakage, and are further The banner logos are just one part of a protected by the kiosks' ornamental roofs. public signage and information system Conduits for lighting were included in the designed for the Mall by Wyman and Can­ design in case illumination were ever re­ nan of New York, under the direction of a quired. steering committee of officials from the With 14 of the initial 18 kiosks installed, National Gallery of Art, National Archives, and four more in process on the Mall, the Capitol, the National Park Service and possibilities still exist for expansion in the SI, which was represented by Susan future. The maps could be expanded to Hamilton, Bicetennnial coordinator, and include information programs for the area Paul Perrot, assistant secretary for museum J beyond the Capitol and the Federal Triangle programs. area. The architectural firm of Skidmore, The extensive project already includes Owings, and Merrill acted as consultants for maps and logos for the Smithsonian Mall the project, which was underwritten by Museums, NCFA and NPG, the federal Bicentennial funds. Washington Monument, the Jefferson Coordinated with the banners are a series Memorial, the Lincoln Memorial, the White of kiosks containing two-sided, three­ Banner logos shown here symbolize, from top left, A&I, the Renwick, NGA East, House, the Capitol, the Botanic Garden, the dimensional maps of the Mall with names HMSG, NPG, and the Botanic Garden. National Archives, Constitution Gardens, and information keyed in five languages. and the Folklife Festival. The National The Smithsonian has discussed the value Gallery of Art has two logos; one for the of such a project for many years, according the District of Columbia for the kiosks Boye, and from his work, two castings were original building, and one for the east to Mrs. Hamilton. located on city land, and the General Ser­ made at SI Exhibits Central. From them addition. "It can be a completely confusing situation vices Administration for the kiosk at the polyresin castings produced 28 three- by six­ Kiosks will be completed by the end of the for families who have never visited National Archives. foot maps. year at the following locations: the Castle, Washington to try to find their way and see Three design firms submitted proposals 'Under the direction of James Mahoney, A&I, MHT, MNH, NASM, HMSG, NGA, the things that interest them," she said. for the sign system, but Wyman and Cannan Exhibits Central staffers John Widener and the Botanic Garden, the Capitol reflecting According to Mrs. Hamilton, it was the were chosen unanimously, and work began Walter Sorrell silkscreened text onto the pool, the SI Metro stop, the Department of Bicentennial which provided the motivation in September of 1975. maps. Agriculture, the Bureau of Engraving, the to complete the project. Many Smithsonian staff members were Alfred Clark, chief of the receiving and Washington Monument, the Jefferson An undertaking of this size required the involved in the construction and installation shipping branch ofOPLANTS' warehousing Memorial, the Lincoln Memorial, the White cooperation of many people. Approval was of the map kiosks. The main model was division, designed the installation of the House, the National Archives, and the obtained from the Commission of Fine Arts, made in New York by modelmaker Charles boxes into the metal kiosks, no small task, Madison Drive skating rink. Freer Exhibits Public Queries: Everything from Bones to UFO's By Linda St. Thomas The National Collection of Fine Arts also library is the central location for all informa­ Shinto Painting People seem to think the Smithsonian has distributes "Questions and Comments" tion requests at that Museum. In April, By Susan Bliss all the answers. At least that's the message cards. a nd most people inquire about artists NASM received 732 mail inquiries, about Paintings and artifacts from the Freer contained in the volume and va riety of mail or Museum collections. But Margery Bye rs, half of which were answered with leaflets and collection of Shinto art went on display the Institution receives. Requests for infor­ public information officer, recently has prepared reading lists, according to a month­ October 12 at the Freer Gallery. mation, which reach a high point during the answered questions about the double ly report filed by Catherine D. Scott, Included in the Freer exhibit are 14 academic year, include inquiries about signature on a Winslow Homer painting, the librarian. religious paintings and objects dating from UFO's, Aztec cultures, nuclear power, and shrubbery at the entrance to the Museum, New pamphlets such as a recent one on the 5th to the 18th century that relate to the human bones. and the music that plays in the children's World War I flying aces and the P-51 Shinto religion, which is native and unique The general letters, even those addressed Explore Gallery. Mustang aircraft are added to the collection to Japan. to the "Smythsonian Institute, N. Y., N. Y.," At the National Zoological Park, there are as public interest is evidenced. The paintings depict specific Shinto are sent to the Visitors Information Center in fact sheets and brochures on tigers, polar Letters from high school students and shrines, deities, and festivals. Of particular the Castle where they are sorted by Ann bears. gia nt pandas, kanga roos, cheetal1s, children often concern r I , a 0 interest are a set of three paintings, Perper, public in4uiry speciali st, and monkeys. otters. and the American buffalo, astronomy, "Star Trek," UFO's and the constituting a Kumano Mandala, a represen­ forwarded to a ppropriate offices. along with about 35 others sent out by the Bermuda Triangle. tation of Eastern Japan's Kumano Shrine In the anthropology department alone, public information office. Not all the inquiries can be fully answered precincts and associated deities. there are 100 pieces of prepared material on At the Museum of History and and returned within a few days, especially According to Ann Y onemura, museum topics such as careers in archeology and Technology. letters are sent directly to the when the letter starts in New York and specialist for Japanese art, it is unusual to a nthropology, American Indians, Mayan departments for pamphlets and letters on gradually finds its way to the proper find this kind of mandala, which graphically and Aztec cultures, and ethnic groups in the everything from ca mpaign buttons to 1913 Smithsonian department. But the letters, depicts the assimilation of Buddhist and United States. Model-T Fords. whether they be from seven-year-olds or Shinto deities of a particular shrine, treated More than 2,000 requests for ge neral The National Air and Space Museum postdoctoral researchers, do get answered. in a set of three paintings. Also of interest is information were a nswered during the 1975 the depiction of pilgrims to the shrine fiscal yea r, according to Ruth O. Selig, precincts. in formation specialist in anthropology. Curator for the exhibition is Harold Stern, Dinosaurs and horses continue to be the MHT Textile Expert Prepares director of the Gallery. Assisting Dr. Stern is most popular subjects for the paleobiology Miss Yonamura, who gives weekly gallery department. Museum specialist Raymond Delicate Objects for 'Nation' talks about the Freer's Shinto collection on T. Rye has prepared a dinosaur kit which Thursdays at 2 p.m. until the exhibition includes a leaflet, a reading list, and pictures. By Edith Martin, Chairperson be conceived. For display of a leather Indian closes November 5. For the more technical questions, such as a Publicity Committee jacket and red gypsy dress, Mrs. Vann recent question about a specimen found in Smithsonian's Women's Council recommended that the two padded hangers Minnesota, Mr. Rye identified the specimen be suspended respectively by a metal hook, and sent along the name of a Minnesota Visitors to Smithsonian Bicentennial ex­ and strong invisible plastic monofilament. Geological Survey member for further con­ hibits may not think about those who work An Indian blanket of dyed wool is dis­ sultation. behind the scenes, but many are involved in played in a vertical plexiglas frame. Because "Can sharks be found in the Chesapeake creating the visual experiences that make the of the blanket's weight, Mrs. Vann used Bay?" and "Is there really an Abominable artifacts interesting. Velcro in the mounting process. Snowman?" are two of the questions often One Qf them is Lois Vann, museum Restorat ion of the silk reprod uction of the asked by children writing to the vertebrate specialist in the Museum of History and Declaration of Independence was her most zoology department in the Museum of Technology's Division of Textiles. tedious task for "Nation." The edges of the Natural History. As a textile preparator and consultant for silk had been glued, and the fabric was very "Our requests seem to come in cycles, M HT's Bicentennial show, "A Nation of brittle. Stitching would have destroyed it, so often depending on what has been in the Nations," Mrs. Vann'sjob was to decide how the fabric had to be sandwiched between silk news or in the movies lately," remarked to handle and di splay many fragile textile crepline and the covered stretcher for dis­ Helen Deppe, museum technician. "Last specimens that appear in this important play. .. summer, for example, our sharks pamphlet installation. Restoration doesn't always go smoothly, was in high demand. Luckily, one of our "Mounting techniques deal with In­ said Mrs. Vann. She recalled the time in a curators had asked that we reorder the dividual objects," Mrs. Vann said, "so process involving several staff members, that pamphlet so we were ready for the deluge of methods must vary. For long-term ex­ some samplers were inadvertantly switched letters and phone calls prompted by interest hibitions such as 'Nation,' the artifacts must to rectify a mistake. in the movie 'Jaws,''' she said. be protected when they are mounted. This But such mistakes are not common. Mrs. Serious requests come from researchers requires use of special stretcher frames, Vann keeps detailed record sheets on each and college students looking for information hand-stitching, and exclusive use of moun­ textile item she handles. The record includes on wildlife, especially wild birds. All queries ting fabrics that have been analyzed for a description of the artifact, the work per­ are answered, either by Mrs. Deppe or a acidity by the Smithsonian Conservation formed, the process followed, the equipment curator in the appropriate area. Analytical Laboratory." a nd solutions used, and the result produced. At the National Portrait Gallery, public Some of the older textiles arrived for the Apart from the special requirements of a information officer Carol Cutler usually exhibition in danger of disintegration due to show with the scope of "Nation," Mrs. Vann answers the letters. The Museum's informa­ a high acid content built up over the years. also maintains the textile division collection, ~ tion desks give out postage-paid cOlnment The acids had to be neutralized by wet manages textile storage, and is in charge of ~ ~ cards to the visitors and many come back as cleaning the places in nonionic detergent and the weaving and spinning demonstrations. .", thank-you notes for tours or special exhibits. distilled water. She trains the contractors and docents ~ Recently, though, one man wrote to say that For textiles in very poor condition, in­ who give the demonstrations, and actually ~ after a careful survey of N PG's Presidential genuity was required for restoration. A black operates the spinning wheel and loom on ~ Corridor, he noticed that almost all of our silk apron displayed in the travel section was Fridays, and for special tour groups. ~ presidents were blue-eyed. He wanted to brittle and had to be backed with cotton Mrs. Vann also conducts tours for school i; know if the Museum staff was aware of this percale to reinforce the weak areas. and professional groups, who then have the Portrait of Fujiwara no Kamatari (AD 614- and if they had an explanation for the For heavy textiles, which could not be opportunity to meet one of the important 669). Painted in 15th century. phenomenon. stitched, ingenious hanging methods had to people "behind the scenes."