African Charter on Human and People's Rights, 27 Afroyim V. Rusk

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06510-9 - Citizenship, Alienage and the Modern Constitutional State: A Gendered History Helen Irving Index More information

INDEX

African Charter on Human and debates on marital denaturalization, People’s Rights, 27 90 Afroyim v. Rusk, 255 House of Representatives resolution Aleinikoff, Alexander, 242 against marital Alien Property Custodian, United denaturalisation, 1926, 167 States, 140 implementation of Hague Alienage, consequences, 87, 88 Nationality Convention, 1936, Alienage, declaration, 59, 109, 122, 176 129, 166, 167, 200, 216 marital denaturalisation. See Aliens Act 1905, UK, 92 Nationality Act, 1920 Aliens Acts, 87 Parliamentary Committee on Aliens Restriction Act 1919, UK, 92 marital nationality, 147 Allegiance restoration of political rights to historical, 40 denaturalised women, 25, 179 perpetual, 20, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, women’s franchise, 16 64, 66, 67, 73, 97, 261, 262 Australian marriage to German, 112 American marriage to German, 139 American marriages to titled Baldwin, M. Page, 11 foreigners, 154 Bancroft Treaties, 64 American Revolution, 33, 34, 52, 247 Banishment, 50, 266 American Society of International Law, Bayly, C.A., 32, 36 198, 199, 220 Bedford, Sybille, 84 American soldiers Belgium, 9, 109, 113, 150, 151, 224, 235 marriage to German women, 209 Bennett, Richard, 101 Arendt, Hannah, 21, 22, 26, 253, 255, Bentham, Ethel, 113, 167 256, 273 Bickel, Alexander, 88, 89, 241, 242 Argentina, 10, 100, 151, 230, 231, 235, Bigler-Eggenberger, Margrith, 142 275 Birthright lottery, 28, 243 British community, 271 Blackstone, William, 19, 38, 51 Asian BNSA Act. See British Nationality and racial citizenship disqualiﬁcations, Status of Aliens Act, 1914 14, 152, 159, 223 (UK) Astor, Nancy, 181 Bolivia, 9, 231, 235 Auden, W.H., 84 Boll, Alfred, 216, 252, 258, 271 Augustine-Adams, Augustine, 15 Booth, Frederick, 106, 107 Australia, 179 Borchard, Edwin, 220, 221, 222 ‘White Australia’, 159 Bosniak, Linda, 238, 242, 243

282

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index 283

Brazil, 4, 10, 224, 230, 235 prostitution and marital Constitution, 10 naturalisation, 83 Federation for the Advancement of women’s franchise, 16 Women, 231 Canterbury Women’s Institution, New Bredbenner, Candice, 14, 18, 21, 63, 92, Zealand, 140 98, 103, 118, 119, 159 Catholicism and marital citizenship, Brennan, William, 123, 254 226 Britain Cazalet, Victor, 2, 91, 167 women’s franchise, 16 Cecil, Robert, 198 British marriage to American, 111, 210 CEDAW. See Convention on the British marriage to Austrian, 130, 142 Elimination of All Forms of British marriage to German, 127, 133, Discrimination Against 137 Women British marriage to Italian, 138, 143, Chile, 9, 219, 226, 231 144 Constitution, 9 British marriage to Russian, 109 Delegation at the League of Nations British marriage to Spaniard, 112 Conference on the Codiﬁcation British marriages to Japanese, 131 of International Law, The British Nationality and Status of Aliens Hague, 218 (in New Zealand) Act 1923, 177 China, 9, 109, 235 British Nationality and Status of Aliens Chinese. See racial disqualiﬁcations Act 1914, 58, 75, 86, 100, 125, citizenship 160, 212 revocation laws, 21st century, 265 British naturalisation laws. See citizenship and right not to be Naturalization Act 1870 excluded, 257 Burnyeat, Hildegarde, 125 citizenship resumption, 110 Butcher, John, 126, 127, 166, 167, 177 Citizenship, Expatriation, and Protection Abroad, Cable Act, 1922, 14, 17, 70, 91, 119, Congressional Report 1906, 67 139, 151, 152, 154, 159, 160, Civil Code, French, 64 161, 164, 165, 184, 200, 206, Civil Code, French, 1804 209, 210, 268 ‘Napoleonic Code’, 5 Cable, John, 54, 71, 91, 139, 155, 158 Cockburn, Alexander, 65 California, women’s franchise, 95 Colombia, 139, 224, 235 Canada, 11, 80 Comitis v. Parkerson,97 ‘White Canada’, 12, 159 Committee of Representatives of Canadian marriages to Americans, Women’s International 94, 101, 104, 175. See also war Organisations, 89 brides Common code, British nationality, concerns over marital naturalisation, 106, 159, 168, 169, 181, 186 163 Commonwealth Conference on debates on marital denaturalisation, Nationality and Citizenship 90 1947, 190 implementation of Hague Commonwealth Expert Committee on Nationality Convention, 1931, Nationality, 1947, 162 175 Conference on the Operation of naturalisation law. See Dominion Legislation, 1929 Naturalization Act UK, 164

284 index

Conﬂicts of marriage law, 85, 86 Dummett, Ann, 11 Congress of Vienna, 1815, 35 Duncan-Hughes, John, 90, 129, Congress, United States, 17, 33, 53, 69, 167 95, 96, 140, 154, 195, 231, 263, 277 Ecuador, 231 Convention on the Elimination of All Egypt, 235 Forms of Discrimination Enemy Aliens Tribunals, 130, 132, 145, Against Women, 1, 236 146 Convention on the Nationality of Equalisation Act 1934, United States, Married Women, 1, 2, 6, 21, 22, 156 27, 29, 107, 191, 234 Ethiopia, 235 Cosmopolitan citizenship, 29, 250 European Convention on Nationality, Cott, Nancy, 13 27, 216 Coverture, 12, 19, 20, 42, 67, 68, 71, European Court of Justice, 259 97 Expatriation Act 1868, United States, Cuba, 9, 151, 226, 231 57, 61, 63, 97 Delegation at the League of Nations Expatriation Act 1907, United States, Conference on the Codiﬁcation 13, 14, 17, 21, 55, 67, 74, 97, of International Law, The 110, 117, 137, 152, 156, 159, Hague, 222 197, 214, 254, 255, 268 Czechoslovak Republic, 9, 12 Czechoslovakia, 9, 12, 13, 90, 225 Feinberg, Melissa, 12, 13, 89, 90 Feudalism, 38, 39, 52 Dagger, Richard, 247 Finnis, John, 260, 261 Dauvergne, Catherine, 264 Fitzroy Case, 97, 98 de Gouges, Olympe, 248 Forbes, George, 102 de Haven-Alten, Augusta, 140, 155 Fourteenth Amendment Declaration of Independence, 1776, 33, United States Constitution 1868, 8, 52 13, 34, 44, 57, 69, 96, 97, 153, Denizen status, 50 160 Denmark, 114, 235 France, 3, 8, 10, 11, 16, 24, 32, 34, 37, Desertion by husband, 111 43, 64, 81, 87, 101, 108, 111, Dicey, A.V., 117, 120, 121 116, 132, 150, 227, 278 Dickinson, Willoughby, 105, 127, revolutionary citizenship, 43, 63, 138 88 Dillingham Commission, 82 Frankfurter, Felix, 253, 254 Dominican Republic, 235 French Dominions concept of citizenship, 11 response to Hague Nationality Civil Code. See Napoleonic Convention, 175 Code Dominions, British, 75, 125, 162, 164, French Revolution, 34 169, 172, 176, 179, 182, 183, Gardner, Martha, 13 184, 190 Garran, Robert, 163 Dual nationality, xiii, 4, 7, 39, 43, 56, Gual, Florence, 92 57, 59, 66, 71, 85, 93, 106, 107, German 115, 158, 163, 164, 169, 174, Nuremberg Citizenship Law, 141 176, 191, 194, 204, 212, 213, German-American Mixed Claims 215, 216, 218, 265, 270 Commission, 214

index 285

Germany, 8, 26, 37, 84, 112, 125, 127, International Council of Women, 76, 134, 141, 142, 146, 178, 214, 225 150, 156, 223, 229 Nazi citizenship law, 141 International Court of Justice, 48, 244 Girard, Philip, 12 International Covenant on Civil and Girouard v. United States, 118 Political Rights, 258 Glyn-Jones, William, 105 International Institute of Law, 67 Goldman, Emma, 84 International Law Association, 200, Gordon, Charles, 264 202, 221 Gorman, Daniel, 12 International Law Commission, 221, Greece, 235 233, 234, 235, 258 Guatemala, 109, 235 International Woman Suffrage Habermas, Jurgen,¨ 33, 257 Alliance, 200 Hague Nationality Convention, viii, 86, International Women’s Committee of 104, 107, 108, 141, 142, 144, the Labour and Socialist 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 184, International, 232 186, 196, 198, 199, 204, 209, Internment of enemy aliens, 123, 124, 213, 217, 222, 223, 224, 225, 132, 135, 138, 145, 146 226, 228, 229, 233, 240 Iraq, 235 Harcourt, Lewis, 8, 106, 107, 190, Ireland 275 Citizenship Act 1956, 189 Harvard Law School Constitution 1922, 183 Draft Convention on Nationality, Constitution 1937, 189 201, 202, 203, 204, 213 Nationality and Citizenship Act Harvey, Thomas, 105 1935, 108, 176, 184, 188 Hearne, John, 185, 186, 189 Italy, 109, 111, 141, 144, 227 Herrick, Manuel, 155 Fascist citizenship law, 142, 144 Heuer, Jennifer Ngaire, 10, 87 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 119 Japan, 3, 8, 37, 111, 225, 227 Holt, Richard, 128 Japanese Citizenship Law 1899, 109 Honduras, 109 Jewish women, 84, 141 Hudson, Manley O., 233 Joppke, Christian, 268 Hungary, 9, 111, 181, 225 jus sanguinis rule, 36, 37, 44, 171, 196, 231 Imperial Conference, 112, 113, 161, jus soli rule, 36, 37, 44, 50, 76, 147, 171, 164, 168, 169, 170, 175, 176, 188, 196, 231 181, 182, 183, 187 exceptions, 37 Institut de Droit International, 194, 195, 202 Karst, Kenneth, 243 Inter-American Commission of Kelly v. Owen,62 Women, 209, 223, 232 Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 123, 254 International Alliance of Women, 223 Kerber,Linda,20 International Alliance of Women for Kesby, Alison, 248, 249 Suffrage and Equal Citizenship, Kymlicka, Will, 238, 250, 251 232 International Committee of Catholic Lambie, Margaret, 160 Women for the Nationality of League of Nations, 2, 87, 89, 107, 151, Married Women, 226 161, 167, 175, 185, 186, 189, International Co-operative Women’s 198, 199, 201, 205, 211, 223, Guild, 232 224, 226, 227, 228, 230, 232, 279

286 index

League of Nations (cont.) Napoleonic Code Committee for the Study of the Legal French Civil Code 1804, 5, 7, 10, 11, Status of Women, 230 34, 35, 44, 64, 74, 77, 116, 197 Committee of Experts on the National Association of Women Progressive Codification of Lawyers, 204 International Law, 199, 201, National Council for Women, 166, 172 203 National Insurance Act, 1911 UK, 105 Conference on the Codification of Nationalism, 36 International Law, The Hague, Nationality Act 1948, United Kingdom, 18, 205, 212, 217, 221, 224, 228, 147 232 Nationality Act 1920, Australia, 112 London, Meyer, 155 Nationality of Married Women Bill, Lyons, Joseph, 183, 227 United Kingdom, 156, 166 Lyttelton, Edith, 167 Nationality of Married Women Pass the Bill Committee, 222 MacDonald, Ramsay, 181 Naturalization Act 1870, United Mackenzie v. Hare, 69, 253, 254, 264 Kingdom, 7, 12, 58, 66, 74, 76, Mackenzie, Ethel, 69, 95, 96, 97, 98, 93, 109, 166, 197 254, 255 Naturalization Act 1903, Australia, 14 Macklin, Audrey, 238, 243, 256, 258, Naturalization Act 1790, United States, 270 53 Macmillan, Chrystal, 111, 112, 113, Naturalization Act 1795, United States, 137, 172, 173, 222, 237 53 Macphail, Agnes, 90 Naturalization Act 1844, United Maitland, F.W., 120 Kingdom, 62 Man Without a Country,94 Naturalization Act 1855, United States, Mann, Edward, 168 6, 55 Mann, Erika, 84 Naturalization Act 1914, Canada, 101 Marriage termination, 68, 70, 110, 111, Naturalization Act 1881, Canada, 266 153, 207, 214, 215 Naturalization treaties, 64 Married women and husband’s name, 3 Netherlands, 109, 225, 228, 234, 235 Married Women’s Independent New Zealand Nationality Act. See Cable Act implementation of Hague Married Women’s Property Acts, 20, 78 Nationality Convention, 1934, Marshall, T.H., 243 176 Matrix, Sidney Eve, 81 marital denaturalisation law. See McClure-Smith, Hugh, 234 British Nationality and Status McDonald, John, 101 of Aliens (in New Zealand) Act, Mexico, 9, 134, 231, 235 1923 Mills, Ogden, 156 nationality law and franchise, 163 Monaco, 225 restoration of political rights to Montevideo Convention 1933, 108, denaturalised women, 177 230, 232, 233 women’s franchise, 16 Montevideo Treaty, 1933, 108, 157, New Zealand marriage to American, 229, 230, 232, 233 102 Morris, Edward, 227 Nicol, Andrew, 11 Nineteenth Amendment, United States Nansen certificates, 211 Constitution, 17, 119

index 287

Norman, Wayne, 238 Ranciere,` Jacques, 248, 249 Norway, 109, 114, 148, 225 Reanda, Laura, 235 Nottebohm case, 48, 244, 269 Re-naturalisation, 70, 119, 125, 131, Numbers affected by marital 135, 152, 174 denaturalisation laws, 24 Re-naturalisation in war, 125 Residence and citizenship, 39, 43, 44, O’Higgins, Kevin, 185, 187, 212 52, 53, 55, 63, 65, 70, 71, 82, 92, Oath of allegiance, 27, 38, 50, 51, 53, 101, 104, 111, 151, 152, 160, 65, 69, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 161, 202, 203, 207, 209, 210, 153 213, 258, 267 Oglivie Gordon, Maria, 172 Restoration of citizenship, United Opportunistic citizenship, 82, 83, 269 Kingdom, 135 wives of enemy aliens, 129, 130 Palestine, 27, 86, 258 Restoration of citizenship, United Pan American Conference, 231 States, 68 Pan American Union, 10, 157, 209, Right to vote, women’s, 16, 17 230 Roberts, Charles, 128 Paraguay, 151 Rogers,Edith,158 Parliament Rogers, John, 17 Canada, 24 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 232 United Kingdom, 25, 45, 61, 91 Royal Commission into Naturalization, Parliamentary Committee on the 1869 United Kingdom, 57, 61, Nationality of Married Women, 88, 166 1923 UK, 138 Rubio Marin, Ruth, 16 Parr, James, 102 Ruckgaber v. Moore,68 Passports, 29, 30, 49, 82, 83, 91, 100, Rumania, 93, 150, 225 102, 104, 109, 133, 140, 142, Russia, 26, 83, 103, 104, 109 143, 165, 187, 200, 209, 211 1917 Revolution, 151 League of Nations Passport Conference, 87 Salvador, 109 Pedder, John, 163 Samuel, Herbert, 126 Pension Acts, 91 Sandel, Michael, 247 Pensions, 87, 93, 105 Sandeman Allen, John, 167 Pensions Act 1910, UK, 105 Savorgnan v. United States, 253 Perez v. Brownell, 70, 253 School Teachers Superannuation Act, Perley, George, 163 1910 UK, 93 Persia, 109 Schwimmer, Rosika, 118, 119 Peru, 231 Seckler-Hudson, Catheryn, 207 Philippines, 27 Select Committee on The Nationality Poland, 235 of Married Women, 1923, Politis, Nikolaos, 217 United Kingdom, 164, 165 Portugal, 9, 109 Sex Disqualiﬁcation (Removal) Act Property rights and citizenship, 12, 16, 1919, UK, 20, 93, 168 19, 20, 38, 43, 50, 52, 57, 58, 78, Shachar, Ayelet, 28, 243, 244, 245, 246, 79, 88, 90, 121, 138, 140, 208, 259, 260, 271 209, 250 Shanks v. Du Pont, 67, 97 Prostitutes, 83 Shelley v. United States, 119 Prostitution, 82, 85 Shelley, Rebecca, 119

288 index

Sherwell, Arthur, 128 naturalisation. See Naturalization Shipley, Ruth, 219 Acts Shuck, Peter, 263 naturalisation by Act of Parliament, Siam, 109, 225 50 Smith, Rogers, 263 repeal of marital denaturalisation, South Africa, 159 148 Soviet Union, 9, 84, 90, 104, 109, 151, Royal Commission into 205, 235 Naturalization 1869, 57, 61, 88, Spain, 112, 143, 227 166 Constitution, 1931, 143 United Nations Fascist citizenship law, 143 Report on Statelessness, 206, 208 Special Conference on Nationality and United Nations Commission on the Naturalization, 1918 UK, 76, Status of Women, 39, 230, 233, 162 234, 235, 280 Spivakovsky, Leonore, 103, 211 United Nations Convention on the State formation, 31 Nationality of Married Women, Statelessness, marital, 205 1, 2, 6, 21, 22, 27, 29, 107, 191, in the United States, 24, 207 233, 234 Story, Joseph, 67 United Nations Convention on the Sweden, 9, 114, 151, 226 Reduction of Statelessness, 239, Swiss marriages to Germans, 142 246 Switzerland, 3, 9, 37, 111, 142 United Nations Convention Relating to Syria, 235 the Status of Refugees, 258 United Nations Declaration of Human Tabili, Laura, 12, 137 Rights, 2, 239, 260 Tangney, Dorothy, 147 United Nations Economic and Social Todd, Barbara, 12 Council, 233, 234 Treaty of Versailles, 138 United States, 151. See also Congress, Trop v. Dulles, 254 Expatriation Act 1907 Turkey, 226, 235 Alien Act 1918, 84 American marriages to Canadians, Undesirable women, 83, 110 24 Union Internationale des Ligues Delegation at the League of Nations feminines´ catholiques, 227 Conference on the Codiﬁcation United Kingdom. See also of International Law, The Naturalization Act 1870 Hague, 219, 221 House of Commons resolution marital denaturalisation. See against marital Expatriation Act 1907 denaturalisation, 1925, 167 marital naturalisation law, 1855, 45, House of Lords, 59, 60, 61 54, 97 implementation of Hague Nationality Act 1940, 154 Nationality Convention, 1933, naturalisation. See Naturalization 174 Acts marital naturalisation law 1844, 44, naturalisation power, 53 51, 55, 58, 76, 177 repeal of marital denaturalisation. nationality law. See British See Cable Act, 1922 Nationality and Status of Aliens repeal of marital naturalisation, Act 159

index 289

women’s franchise, 17. See also Westphalian order, 31, 32, 249, 250 Nineteenth Amendment Widowhood, 66, 70, 93, 110, 111, 127, United States Act of March 2 1907. See 200 Expatriation Act 1907, United Widowhood and citizenship, 54, 59, 64, States 77, 81, 188, 214, 215 United States Supreme Court, 62, 67, Wilkinson, Ellen, 73, 167 69, 70, 89, 95, 97, 118, 123, 255 Williams, Melissa, 251 Universal Declaration of Human Wold, Emma, 195 Rights, 1948 United Nations, Women’s Consultative Committee on 21, 234, 235 Nationality Uruguay, 151, 231, 232 League of Nations Conference on the Codiﬁcation of International Venezuela, 5, 109 Law, The Hague, 223, 232 Women’s International League for Waltz, Waldo Emerson, 196, 213, 232 Peace and Freedom, 76, 223 War brides, Canadian, 24, 80, 81 Women’s International Organisations, War of 1812, Britain and United States, 186 60, 116, 277 Wong Kim Ark Case, 96 Ward, Irene, 144 World’s Young Women’s Christian Ward, Joseph, 163 Association, 232 Warren, Earl, 70, 253, 254 Weil, Patrick, 22, 42, 44, 273 Young, Alexander, 103 Westphalia, Treaties, 31, 35 Yugoslavia, 93, 235