ISLAMIC,· . LITERATURE· AN ...,...... INTRODll..cy'Q1tfii e1,.J HIST.Qlt~>· ···. ··· . W!WIJ:'.":· ·-. · · · SELEGTIONS . ·... · ' .:. : <:·:~ . ""it \~'.~ . . :.· ! ~ " . : ~ ·...... ~~ _.. .: - ' ~ ~ """W'. • ~";· r'r·,.,):., ...·...... by NAJla ~~-lJLAH ... · ·-. "..!/ /, •• · •••· /"\~.. - ~· ...... , i/1 J1t\·-::'- .:. . .. · .. ,, .. .• .
WASHINGTON SQUARE PRlSS;-u.IC •. •. NE.W--VOR'K ...... ISLAM...... IG LITERATURE' .. ...· ·~··· ·\\lefS.i'f~§f~v, -~quar• Ptess edition •• ')>nntU1g..• ·~Q.J ·· ·~ ···· ...... 1 anuary, 1963 , .. '- ~~ . . ; .. ~.~ ... .· ········ ...... : A.~...... •• ...... •• ~ -~ •• ··~
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Copyright, .·. . ' . ,,.. : ,. < PREFACE • • • • • • • PART ONE ARABIC cha.vter i PRE-ISLAMIC POETRY • • • • • • • • , 4 The Arabic Language; Hi.tla, Hiia, Raj~. and the Leg ends; Hira and Ghassan and Their Dramatic Legends; Qasida and the Suspended Odes; lrruu'ul-Qays; Tarafa; 'Antara; Zuheir ben Abi-Solma; 'Amr hen Kulthwn Chapter 2 I THE KORAN AND ISLAM , • • • • • · ,• • • 17 Selections from the Koran; Hadith; Tafsir; Mohammed and the Poets: Lahid; Hassan ben Thabit; Ka'b hen. Zuheir; Al-Khansa; Ali hen Abi-Tu.lib; Oratory and Political Correspondence ... t Chapter 8 l . !f'· LITERATURE UNDER THE UMAYYADS • • • • • • • • , 37 Poetry: Maisuna; Yazid hen Mu'awiya; Walid II; Leyla al-Akhyaliya; Umar ben Abi Rabi'a; Akhtal; Jari:r; Farazdaq; Love Ballads; Prose Literature Chapter 4 ~;· - THE ABBASlD PERIOD AND l'O:ETS • • • • • • • • 45 . rrs f •, ~.. Bashshar ben Burd,; Abu Dolama; Abu Nuwas; Abu'l Atahiya; Fadl; Mahouba; Abu Tammrun; Al-Bohtori; Ibn al Mu'tazz; The Court of Aleppo: Abu Firas; Al Mutanabbi; al-Ma'am; In Kh.urasan and Persia: al-Busti; 'Ali al-Bakha.rzi; Abul-Muzaffar ~hapter 5 POETS OF ANDALUS!A. • • • ·• • • , • • , , • , 64 Al-Amuwi; Ibn Hani; lbn Zaydun; Wal,lada; Mu'tamJd; Rumaykiyya and Buthayna; Ibn Ammar; Ion Khafaja; Al-Thurtusi; Ibn Quzman;ri'ft~.A I:.~ v 'f ''Y''. ,, ' . :. : .. . •... ·... · . . ·.. r1• ,.i r,0~~~~' • ,~~ . ~ ':'• ~t..-p.=.,.? J ·r... B.ELLES-LETTRES; ANJ;)' :rALEs-,OF:::. CHIVA):..RYhLQYE; .. . ' w ; .. -'ANJ) ADVENTU$ ' " . · ..; - . ·• . . _i .' ; • •- ; • • ._ 7.7' ·.·:':· . i·~,; '·-: .- lb~--- aJ -MuqaHa:; ih.J;t Qut~~ha; . Al-Jahiz;· Ibn-- 'Abd-al- . :;,_/', r,-: / . Rabbilu; Abul-Faraj al-Isfahani; Tha'alibi and IbnNadim; w~ '•/:~;·:·. ~-- .. _Ma~a7_~t; . f~a~~.-~~~~~1an ~am.a~ni; .. Hariri .. . :;;~~ ~,;.• ;'._ i · -. •" - · . ,. : Chapter 7 '} ~!~~cimcAJ:. L~~TU~l~t~~ GEOGRAPHY • .• • • • • • . ~3... :, i<' ..:_. 'Al-Waqidi;.. Af;a_aladhwi; Tabari; Mas'udi; Al-'Utbi; Ibn ;' ;?.'i'.(:, • lU7Athir; Ibn Khallikaxi; A,bul-Feda; Ibn Khaldun; Ibn. ._ }'{:;- -Khu.rdadbih;. Al-Ya'qul:!h Jayhani; Al-~alkhi; AJ-Istakhri; .. .-f:;.\:;. Ipn ' Hauqali-. Mas'udi~ Al~Muqaddesi; Al-Beixuni; - ~- · ., · -. · · Idris1; Ibn JuoaY!; Yaqut; Ibn l3att_ita · :-:· ( ~~~~-~~ . - i·7·~: :~.. :.:- 'P.. " Chapter 8 •, -. ~. - BlUEF !i._" ,•-.A_ , _. ACCOUNT OF SCIENTIFIC AND '.;_:,!' PHILOSO.PHIC LITERATURES • • • • • • • , • • • 11~ ;·1.'.:'. .. Astronomy; Mathematics; Physics and Chemistry; Medi- ":· cine; Natural Sciences and Agriculture; Philosophy; The P~losophers: Al-Kindl; Al-Ra.zi; Al-Farabi; Ibn Miska- 1, / wayh; Avicenna; The Brethren of Sincerity; Imam ,t_.. ,.. Ghazali; lbn Bajja; Ibn Tufayl; Averroos ri .·. . .. Chapter 9 I:. !i Hadith,. JURIDICAL UTERATURE, AND t: .. . COMMENTARIES ON THE KORAN • • • • • • • • • • 134 l· ..'·' · Al-Bukhari; Muslim; Abu . Dawud; Al-Tinnidhi; Al- ,··:,.,. Nasa'i; Ibn Maja; Jurisprudence; Abu-Hanifa and the l':·::·· Hanafites; Abu Youssof; Imam Mohammed; The Mali 1 '-'''.' · kites; Abder-Rahman Ibn al-Qasim; The Shafe'ites; The ~ Hambalites; Oth~r Schools: The Zah.irite School; Yahya :' '·. . Ibn Sulaymao; Tabari; The Shiites; Later Development ?, · " , in; Islamic Law: Abdul Malik al-Juwayni; Al-Ruyani; ; =- · . Ibn Dahhan; Ibn Hazm; Ibn Twnart; Tafsir i ~: .• _. y;:. · . .. Chqpter 10 (:MYSTICISM; AND MYSTICAL POETIW , , , • 149 • ·:~y:n··· Writers : al-Muhasibi; Dhunnun; Bayazid; Qusheryi; ·al- rif-.:.>:-. .,~· Gilani; 'Omar Ibn ul-Farid; al-'Arabi (~)~:(: ". ·-. Chapter 11 : ~'frEii.::.THE SACK OF BAGHDAD • • • • , • • • • • • 162· Z~?"~ :!J.~Hilli; Ibn al-Tiqtaqa; Nuwayri; lbn Taymiya; Firoza-· [t · . badi; Al-Maqrizi; Asqalani; Ibn Arab-Shah; Suyuti;· :(;_.. ·. 'Ay~ha, .. al-Ba'uniyya; Al-Sha'rani; Haji Khalifa; Popular ~ ':..·-.:,·:(./~ ·~· · ·::· Po~try; A~del-Wahhab \§j.;,_:;;.:P~ .- . . . .· .. ' ' I - ' C.ol&&ents I vii Chapter 12 An-Nahda-TKE RENAISSANCE OF ARABIC LITERATURE • 172 Poetry: The Novel; The Short Story; Arabic Dramatic Literature; Liternry Historians and Critics; Political Literature, Journalism, and Oratory Chapter 13 SELECTIONS OF MODERN ARABIC POET.RY • , • • • • • • 186 NWf al-Yazeji; Ahmad Shawqi; Hafiz Ibrahim; Khalil Matran; Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi; Ma'ruf al-Rusafi; Umar Abu-Risha; Khayr-uddin Zurukli; Khalil Mardam; Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi~ Iliya Abu Madi; Mikha'il Nu'ayroa; J it>ran Khalil Jibran Chapter 14 SELECTIONS Fl\OM MO;DERN ARAlllO DRAMA • • • • • • • 199 . Ahmad Shawqi; Tawfiq al-Hakim PART TWO . . • . • . • 213 PERSIAN LITERATURE .· Chapter 1 TKE BEGINNINGS OF PERS.tAN LITERATURE • • • • • • • 216 The Persian Language; Rig-Veda and Sjinskrit; Zoroaster and Avesta; Ancient Persian; Pahlavi, or Middle Persian; Modem Persian, or Dari; Early Poets; Poets of the Sa.manid Period; Rodald of Samarkand; Daqiqi of Balkh; Early Prose Writers; Early Epic Literature in Prose; Abu-Ali Bal'aroi and the Persian Translation of Tabari's Universal History; Commentary on the Koran in Persia.n; The Persian Poems of Avicenna ChaptM 2 THE GLORY OF PERSIA.N LITERATURE UNDEll ·.['HE GHAZNAVlDS • 238 The Poets of the Ghaznavid Empire: Abul-Qasim Fir dausi; 'Unsuri of Balkh; Farrukhi of Seistun; Manuchehri; Abu-Sa'i Chapter 4 PEI\SIAN LlTERATUlW: UNOE.I\ TFm MONGOLS AND 'l'IMUIUDS 295 Saadi; Kamal; Iraqi; Khaju; Ha£z; The Timurids; Jami; Amir Ali Sheir Nawai; In India: Amir Khusrnu; Hasan; Prose Writers of the Mongol and Timurid Periods: Nasir- . Uddin Tusi; Juwayni; Rashid-uddin; Wassaf; Harnd ullah Mustawn; Bami; Sharaf-uddin Ali Yazdi; Ha6.ze Ahru; Abd-ur-Ruzzaq; Dawlatshah; Mir-Khwand; Kashifi; Khwand-Mir Chapter 5 ' PERS.IAN UTERATUTIE AFl'Ell THE TIM:Utl.IOS • 321 Feghani of Shiraz; Fayzy; Mul1tasham; Um of Shiraz; · Naziri of Nishapur; Talib of. Amul; Kalim of Ramadan; Saeb; Princess Makhfi; Mirza Abdul Qadir Beidel; The f. Poetry of Afghanistan; 'Kahi; Abul-Faizi Hazrat; Khiyali of Herat; Giyasi; Ansari; The Crowned Poets of Afghan i, istan; Prose Literature After the Timurids; Poetry in Persia in the Nineteenth Century: Majma.r of Isfahan; Nishat; Wisal of Shiraz; Qaem Muqam; Qaani of Shiraz; Feroghi; Surosh of Ispahan; Mahmud Xhan; Persian Poetry in Afghanistan During the Nineteenth Century: Mashriqi; Ghulam Mohammed Khan Tarzi; Wascy; Hamid of Kashmir; Wasil; Persian Prose in the Nineteenth ·Century ' .· Chapter 6 .MODERN LITEBATUllE • • • • • • • • $44 : Arif of Qazvin; Ishqi Adibat-Uzzaman Farahani; Prince · h.aj; Adib Peshawa~i; Bahar; Debkhuda; Parwin Itesami; ~!,· ·\i:;·. Y~se;ni ;'. Pajman Bakhtiyari; In Afghanistan: Amir Abdul '''::'·~· Rahm an;- Mahmud Tarzi;' Nadim of Kabul; Mustaghnl; , . Qari; Beitab; Khalili; History and Belles-Lettres io Af- ghanistan; Persian Literature in India-Iqbal; Soviet Literature of Tajikistan , . ., ·-: ' . ' Conten ts I ~\ PART THREE 367 ·. TURKISH LITERATURE Chapter 1 BAC:K;GnOUND, BECINNINCS, AND GROWTH TO CLASSlctSM 370 Early Islamic Literature of the Tw·ks; The Ottoman Turks and Their Literature: Veled; Ashiq Pasha; Yunus Emre; The Court Poets: Murad l; Mehmet Il Zaynab; Prince Jem; Nejati; Mihri; Sultan Selim I; Sufeiman the Mag nifkent; Fuzuli; Baqi; Nef'i; The Age of Tulips: Neclim.i Ghalib-; Turkish Prose: Hoja Sadeddin; Nayma ana Rashid; The Popular Prose Writers Chapter 2 MODERN 1.'URKISH LITF."RATURE 399 . Shinasi; Namik Kemal; Abdul Hak Hamid; The End of · the Nineteenth Century; The Twentieth Century: Ahmed Ilnshim; Ziya Gok Alp; Kemaleddin Knmi; Nazim IDk- met; 'Yashar Nabi; Some Contemporary Poets: Menh Cevdet Anday; Oktay Rifat; Orhan Veli; Rifat llgaz; Arif Damar; Hanjarlioglu Chapter 3 'I1iE TURKO-TATAR LlTERATtllU!: • 421 Cbaghatay and Uzbek Literature; Nawai; The Court of Huseyn; Baber; The Sixteenth Century; Abul-Ghazi Khan; After the Seventeenth Century; Tw·kmenian Lltera ature; Kazakh Literature: The Literature of Azerbaijan; Tatar Literature · • SELECTED R~APINGS • 429 INDEX ~33 ·~ •t'' ·S" -; . ':"':·