Green Technologies in Polish Energy Sector

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p Fundamentals of Renewable Energy

ISSN: 2090-4541c

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o u n o DOI: 10.4172/2090-4541.1000133 s J and Applications

Review Article Open Access

Green Technologies in Polish Energy Sector - Overview Grzegorz Piechota1,2*, Bartłomiej Igliński2 and Roman Buczkowski1 1Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Chemistry, Department Chemical Proecological Processes, Torun, Poland. 2G.P.Chem., Stawki 75/63 Street, 27-400 Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Poland

Abstract Green technologies presented in Polish power generation are based on biomass. Poland has considerable potential for biomass produced using forest, agricultural, and municipal waste. Currently biomass is used in several hundred power stations, co-incineration of biomass with coal powers 39 CHP and power plants. The largest establishments producing bioethanol are located in Starogard, Gdański, Oborniki, and Wroclaw. The largest producer of biodiesel is the Trzebinia Refinery S.A., located in the villages of Surochów, Tychy, and Malbork. Through cogeneration with biogas electricity and heat are produced in 76 water treatment biogas plants, 94 biogas plants on municipal waste landfills, and 29 agricultural biogas plants. In the near future Poland expects further development of bioenergy technologies.

Keywords: Green technologies; Bioenergy; Biomass; Poland • Reducing the impact of energy production on the environment. Introduction The article shows the ecological projects implemented in the Polish energy sector over the past years. They are designed to improve energy The development of humanity and the world economy is closely efficiency and reduce the nuisance to the environment through the -in tied to the use of energy. The oldest form of heat energy was derived troduction of renewable energy. The article focuses on biomass, which from combustion of wood, plants, or dry fertilizer. A little later the man represents 85% of renewable energy in Poland. began to harness light energy in the form of an oil lamp and a torch. About 3 thousand BC began the use of wind power (sailboats and wind- Polish Energy - History, Current State and Problems mills), water energy was applied by the end of the antiquity era (water In Poland until the mid-19th century wood was the primary source wheel). Charcoal obtained in the process of pyrolysis has become the of raw material used for energy. It was mainly used for heating, dry- primary source of energy for what was then called the metallurgy [1]. ing, and preparing meals. At the end of the middle ages windmills and The rapid development of industry and energy has been observed water mills became increasingly popular which mainly served to grind for about 250 years. Key factors in these developments were: cereals [1]. • The invention of the steam machine in 1769 and the utilization An important breakthrough in large-scale energy use was made in of coal for drive. the 18th century through the use of coal, also related to the metallurgical industry developing, as well as the use of coke for iron and zinc smelt- th • Construction of an internal combustion engine in the 19 cen- ing. During the second half of the 19th century crude oil emerged as tury, which contributed to the rapid development of motor trans- an energy source that was followed with the invention of the oil lamp portation and the increase in fuel consumption. by Ignacy Łukasiewicz and the discovery of an oil refining method. In • The discovery of large natural gas deposits, which were used as 1854, Ignacy Łukasiewicz in Bóbrka built the first oil well [4]. fuel and raw chemical materials. The first gas plant that generated coal gas was constructed in the th th • Production of electricity [1]. second half of the 19 century in Poland. Into the last years of the 19 century the first electrical generators were built with low power capaci- Energy sectors worldwide, including the Polish energy sector, ties which were installed at power stations and industrial plants. Gener- stand currently in front of large challenges. High demand for energy, ated electricity was initially mainly used to illuminate the city. Several inadequate level of infrastructure development for manufacturing and professional plants emerged with the beginning of the 20th century in transport of fuel and energy, and dependence on external supplies of big cities [1]. natural gas and oil. This dependence on external supply comes with After World War 1, engineering of electrical power quickly began. obligations regarding the protection of the environment; including cli- Small coal and hydro power plants arose in large numbers. In 1938, mate change and the need to take decisive action to prevent the deterio- rating situation of the recipients of the fuel and energy [1,2].

According to the Polish energy policy in effect till 2030, the political *Corresponding author: Piechota G, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Facul- direction of Polish energy policy is [3]. ty of Chemistry, Department Chemical Proecological Processes, Gagarina 7 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland Tel: +48 56 611-47-87; Fax: +48 56 611-24-77; • To improve energy efficiency. E-mail: [email protected] Received September 27, 2013; Accepted October 11, 2013; Published October • Increase in fuel and energy supply security. 18, 2013 • The diversification of the structure of electricity generation by in- Citation: Piechota G, Igliński B, Buczkowski R (2014) Green Technologies in troducing nuclear energy. Polish Energy Sector - Overview. J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl 4: 133. doi: 10.4172/2090-4541.1000133

• The development and use of renewable energy sources, including Copyright: © 2014 Piechota G, et al. This is an open-access article distributed biofuels. under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the • Become more competitive on the fuel and energy market. original author and source are credited.

J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl ISSN: 2090-4541 JFRA, an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000133 Citation: Piechota G, Igliński B, Buczkowski R (2014) Green Technologies in Polish Energy Sector - Overview. J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl 4: 133. doi: 10.4172/2090-4541.1000133

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th 38 million Mg of coal were mined which allowed Poland to achieve 7 by conventional power plants include dust, SO2, and NOx. Air pollution place worldwide. Along with the production of 3977 GWh of electric- particles of dust shall entail an increase in morbidity and mortality. ity, 584 million m3 of natural gas and 507 thousand Mg of oil were exca- The most dangerous faction of dust; are the tiny particles with a di- vated that was processed in 27 Polish refineries. Contemporary Polish ameter less than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5) which penetrate through the natural energy was overwhelmed. In 1938 electricity was generated with 3198 respiratory system filters and settle deep in the lungs. It causes serious units fueled by coal, biomass, and water [1]. respiratory organ diseases, including lung cancer. Unfortunately, these fine dust particles penetrate easily through the exhaust filters installed The early years after World War II, the effort started to rebuild for the flue gases from thermal power plants based on coal. Along with power plants or build new ones, very large coal-fired units. Unfortu- dust there are also heavy metals emitted. Elements such as lead and nately, most small hydro power plant fell into disrepair. Peak coal min- mercury are also emitted into the atmosphere and can cause lasting ing took place in 1979 and reached 201 million Mg. As a result of the health damage such as arsenic, beryllium, and cadmium is also carci- recession and the introduction of energy - efficient technologies, coal nogenic [7]. mining dropped to 142 million Mg in 1990, and 102 million Mg in 2000 (decreased export of coal). Over the last 30 years consumption of For several years Poland has been producing energy from solid bio- electricity in Poland is at a similar level (140-145 TWh) [1]. mass, liquid biofuels, and biogas. This is especially of great importance in the north of Poland, where there are no deposits of coal and lignite. The location of the plant depends primarily on the presence of coal Figure 1. One-third of Poland’s energy comes from coal mining based The Use of Solid Biomass for Energy Purposes in Górnośląski Okręg Przemysłowy, where the most important power stations are Rybnik and Jaworzno. The second factor is a close proxim- Poland makes 85% of its renewable energy through incineration or ity to a water source for cooling purposes, the larger the power plant co-incineration of biomass. Forest and agricultural biomass waste are the greater the amount of water is needed for cooling. For this reason used for energy purposes. power plants are located near large volume rivers, like power plants Solid biomass resources in Połaniec, Kozienice, and Ostrołęka. The power plant in Bełchatów supplies 20% of domestic electricity using lignite coal as fuel. Turow, Poland has a large resource of biomass. Straw, cereal, rapeseed, Konin, Adamów, and Pątnów have a great influence as well [1]. wastes from agro-food industries, and wood waste give the greatest potential for energy production. Significant amounts of waste wood are Hydroelectric plants such as Żarnowiec, Porąbka-Żar, Solina, formed during the stretch and thinning of forests. Given that the 15% Włocławek, and Grzybowo produce a significant amount of electric- of this wood is waste wood (parts of core, small branches, and pieces ity. In addition it is note worthy that in recent years more and smaller from workers), meanwhile in Poland approximately 2 thousand m3 of hydro power plants (small capacity) are being built, located near small wood is sufficient for a year’s energy supply. water sources. Also in recent times there has been an increase in the use of wind energy. In Poland there are currently more than 600 wind A major amount of biomass waste is formed in the lumber indus- mills mainly in the northern and north-western part of the country [5]. try, saw mills, furniture industry, the paper industry, and cellulosic. Another source is post-consumer wood. Until recently, post-consumer A major concern of the Polish energy sector is a large consump- wood in Poland went mostly to landfills. Now, increasingly, it is used tion of currently active blocks. A significant number of them have been for wood energy purposes, mainly to produce heat. Most of it is wood operated for more than 40 years. Competitive considerations and ecological requirements mean that by the year 2020, 80% of existing blocks used during construction, remodeling, or building demolitions. Large should be replaced [4]. quantities of post-consumer wood come from households and public institutions: furniture, fences, benches, gazebos, and etc. An important The classic approach to economic evaluation includes internal source of post-consumer wood in Poland is packaging (mainly used costs- Investment costs, the cost of fuel, and Operating costs. In the in trade and transport). Wood produces boxes, cages, baskets, barrels, Polish energy sector there is practically no concern about external costs and pallets. Life span of wood products range in Poland from several associated with the production of energy from conventional fuels. In weeks (baskets, boxes, pegs), to several years (poles, furniture, win- the case of coal energy; significant external costs are associated with dows, etc.). It is estimated that yearly in Poland about 3 thousand m3 of coal mining. The production of electricity in Poland is associated with wood can be collected. the work of thousands of miners. In addition to the direct threat (e.g. methane explosion), they are exposed to inhalation of coal dust, and In Poland, energy willow plantations (Salix viminalis) are mainly this leads to pneumoconiosis [6]. Mining exploitation and operation established, but measures are being taken to attempt to use other en- construction is deforming natural geological structure and terrain; ergy crops. For example; in Nowy Dwór Gdański, there is a Virginia this also compromises the level of groundwater and surface water, also Mallow flower plantation (Sida hermaphrodita) which covers an area chemicals pollute the soil and vegetation cover. Open cast mining is of 750 acres. The purpose of the plantation is for supply of bioenergy causing devastation to the land; furthermore the draining of water is for the city heating plant in Nowy Dwór Gdański with a power capacity the cause of sinking groundwater and surface water. In 2010 the Polish of 10 - 15 MW. The Agricultural Sciences Institute also cultivates the lignite coalmines drained more than 505 million m3 of water, which Virginia Mallow in Zamość. One hectare can yield from 12 to 17 Mg of flows to the Baltic Sea or evaporates. The problem deepens because of dry weight. Virginia Mallow is also being tested as fresh biomass or si- the country’s aridity and very small water resources; in fact Poland is lage for the production of biogas in the fermentation methanol process. comparable to Egypt. There is various ongoing research on the Jerusalem artichoke (Helian- thus tuberosus), Amur silver grass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus [Maxim] A hallmark of the Polish is burning large amounts of coal in house- Hack), and Big bluestem (Andropogon- gerardi) [8,13,14]. hold furnaces for heating purposes. Every year about 10 million Mg of coal are burnt without any filters or emission reducing equipment. In recent years, Polish agriculture has been dominated by the cul- Turning to the most important pollutants emitted into the atmosphere tivation of cereal, from which straw is acquired for energy purposes.

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Crops like wheat, rye, and barley produce the largest harvest. Poland ment was also purchased for transportation and loading of fuel (straw). Re- produces about 25 million Mg of straw annually. For decades straw was cently successful attempts were conducted with plants from energy planta- used mainly for livestock production, as a bedding material, and feed. It tions; such as Miskantor or Virginia Mallow, which can further improve was also applied to cover mounds, for home insulation, and to prepare organization and economic supply of fuel for boiler-rooms [20]. the mat in horticultural holdings. Since 1983 the straw harvest began to exceed the demand resulting from agricultural production. In the years The municipal heating network in Grabowiec employs straw as fuel 1983-1990 the average annual surplus in agriculture amounted to 5.3 to power two boilers with a capacity of 550 KW, which were installed million Mg and in the period between 1995-2010 it was already 10.9 in 2005. The heating plant supports 7,000 sq m, and the annual produc- million Mg. These calculations include the straw needed for plowing, tion of heat is about 5000 GJ. Excess heat is stored in two water ac- in order to maintain the sustainable balance of organic matter in the cumulation containers. Zakład Ułlug Komunalnych Gminy Ulhówek soil. The straw surplus began the search for an effective way in which to utilizes three straw boilers, with a total capacity of 900 KW–heating manage its development [15]. One of the possibilities is to utilize straw schools, kindergartens, and housing complexes. Functioning in Stud- in the energy field. Its calorific value ranges from 14.3 to 17.2 MJ/kg, zianki since 2003 is a straw fueled boiler with a capacity of 200 KW. The which means that in terms of energy, 1.5 Mg of straw is about equiva- boiler-room in Bystrzyca has been in use since 2004, it has a capacity lent to 1 Mg of coal [16]. It is worth mentioning that Poland has 900 of 280 KW. In 2010, a boiler -room was put into service with a capac- thousand ha of land set aside and 480 thousand ha of wasteland – some ity of 900 KW, which heats the community building, health center, the of them could be converted to grow energy crops. culture house, and the shopping pavilions. In the winter season it burns Incineration and co-incineration of biomass from 900 to 1500 Kg of straw per day [21,22]. The first bubbling fluidized bed boiler in Poland, which only burns Production of heat through wood has a long tradition in Poland, biomass on an industrial scale, was put into operation in 1997 at the especially when it comes to burning wood in an individual boiler with low power. The number of households equipped with manually load- thermal power station in Ostrołęka Figure 1 [23]. ing boilers for wood is estimated at about 100,000, but their power is a The boiler is the result of the modernization of the OP-100 steam mere few KW [17]. The largest biomass heating plants are located in the boiler. The boiler produces steam with a capacity of 13 kg/s, at a tem- vicinity of Szczecinek, Barlinek, Brodnice, Morąg, Hajnówka, and Pisz. perature of 450°C, and a pressure of 4.0 MPa. The OKF-40 boiler was Pisz has the largest biomass boiler-room – 4 Polytechnik type boil- adapted to burn wood bark. As a result of change in fuel, fuel ash re- ers working together for a power total of 21 MW with an efficiency of duced along with removal. In addition, this investment has contributed 87.4% [17]. The boiler-room utilizes woodchips, shavings, chips-chips, to increased efficiency in combustion of about 5-7%. At the beginning wooden planks, wood edgings, sawdust, pallet pieces, and common of 2010 a biomass feeding installing was put into service in the pow- osier willows. A similar type of biomass is consumed in the majority er station. It is the largest such installation in Poland, it operates in a of boiler-rooms in Poland. An example of another fuel is the burn- closed system with a direct feed of biomass into the boiler. The installa- ing of cones as a surface biofuel, a method employed in Nadleśnictwo tion will allow an increase in the annual renewable energy production Białogard (near Szczecinek). Each year 300 - 400 Mg of cones is incin- to a level of 600 GWh [23]. erated [8]. International Paper Kwidzyn S.A. is a plant involved in the pulp and paper industry, the plant has a sodium boiler, which burns The power plant in Połaniec Figure 2 has been operating since away black liquor. The boiler has a thermal power of 204 MW. In com- 2004, co-incinerating of biomass with coal. In May 2006, the produc- bination with the production of heat, electricity is also produced. Po- tion of "green" energy had reached a level of 0.5 TWh. The primary land also uses dried fruit seeds, cereal grains, and particularly oats. The cost of heating with grain is two times cheaper than using gas and three times cheaper than burning coal [8]. Zarnowiec

Exploiting straw as a fuel in primitive ovens to heat residential Zydowo buildings in the village and even under the kitchen floorboards in poor rural family homes has been a hardship long endured by the Polish. The Dolna Odra first straw boiler was launched in 1996, now there are dozens of them Ostroleka operating. In 1998, Lubań with their boiler of 1 MW capacity joined Patnow Wloclawek producers of thermal energy from straw. A system was applied in order Konin Adamow to shred the straw and its transport enabled the moist straw to be burnt Lodz in the grate boiler. The introduction of the chain-conveyor between the Kozienice straw shredder and the rotary valve feeder, in the place of the previ- Belchatow ously used screw conveyor, and this made work much easier especially Wroclaw because it also eliminated the phenomenon of transports with shred- Turow ded straw being blocked [19]. Opole Halemba Jaworzno Stalowa Wola Blachownia In 2002 the city and community of Frombork acceded to the mod- Trzebinia Laziska Krakow ernization of the traditional heating system in the city. In the modern Rybnik Polaniec coal lignite water Skawina boiler-room there have been two boilers installed with a capacity of 2.5 Porabka-Zar Tarnow MW, and another 1.5 MW boiler. The entire heating network has been > 1 GW Solina 0.5-1 GW replaced; 6 km of new insulated pipes have been installed along with 0.1-0.5 GW 69 modern heating nodes single– and dual-functional with controlled Figure 1: Location and the power output of the largest power plants in Poland. supply of heat if needed for central heating and warm water. Equip-

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circulating fluidized bed, fueled by biomass for steam output of 215 Mg / h with a capacity of 154 MW. Buildings and associated facilities are all contributing elements of the technology. The main fuel consumed in the Konin power plant is a biomass composed of a blend of woody biomass and agricultural origin. The share of agricultural biomass in the total amount of biomass burned in Konin power plant is planned Ostroleka to be 20%. The primary fuel will be wood biomass with wood chips and sawdust from pine and leafy trees, wooden pallets, and bark as shavings [26]. Konin Warszawa The Kozienice power plant has 10 generating units with a combined Kozienice installed capacity of 2820 MW and an attainable capacity of 2880 MW. Connected to the 110 KV and 220 KV network, including the two larg- Stalowa Wola est generating units in Poland rated at 500 MW operating on the 400 Bogatynia KV network. On blocks of 200 MW, co-incineration is realized through Opole Polaniec biomass with coal. Its share in the fuel is 10%. Biomass is administered applying an additional installation on carburizing strings. Then, the mixture of biomass with coal is sent to the boiler bunkers. After grinding in coal mills, it’s blown by burners into the combustion chamber of the boiler. In the first half of 2011, the Kozienice power plant burned about 55% more biomass in comparison to a similar period of last year. In Kozienice production in the first half of the year totaled 188 GWh of Figure 2: Power stations and thermal power stations \ co-incinerating of biomass with coal. electricity using coal and biomass co-incinerating technology for this purpose. The power plant required 104.5 Gg of biomass for this pur- fuel, which is used in the process of co-incineration, is wood waste pose, while in the first six months of last year in Kozienice 66 Gg of obtained through the National Forest Association from thinning and biomass were burned. In the future, Kozienice power plant intends to from sanitary cuts. Other types of biomass are dried raspberry, dried use liquid biomass in co-incinerating. (technical Glycerin) [28]. redcurrants, dried cherries seeds, sawdust briquettes, straw and willow In the Opole power plant the following biomass types are burned: shaving briquettes. Since 2010, in a power plant in Połaniec, the world's largest biomass energy block is being built with a capacity of 205 MW • Sawdust (calorific value 7-15 GJ/Mg). [8,12]. • Wood shavings with a maximum size of 25 mm (7-15 GJ/Mg). The Turow power plant in Bogatynia Figure 2 is equipped with a • Bark (fragmented to 25 mm) (7-15 GJ/Mg). closed circuit water-cooling system. From July 2009, the Turow power plant has a working installation for co-incinerating biomass on the en- • Energy Willow shavings or other energy crops; poplar, Jerusalem ergy blocks; No. 5 and 6. For safe co-incinerating of biomass with lig- artichoke, rose, and etc. (6-15 GJ/Mg). nite; forestry origin biomass, agricultural and energy crops was selected • Pellets from straw, grasses, other raw materials of agricultural ori- for a total of 180 Gg per year. In October 2011, the Turów power plant gin, bran, husks, shells, and etc. (14-18 GJ/Mg). launched an installation that will allow co-incinerating of biomass in boiler energy blocks 1-4. A new installation with metering performance • Briquettes from straw, grasses, or energy crops with a diameter of above 80 Mg biomass/h will allow the production of up to 9% of "green less than 55 mm (13-17 GJ/Mg). energy" on blocks 1-4, just as it has already done on blocks 5 and 6. Due • Cereal bran (13-16 GJ/Mg). to the inability to install biomass feeding installations in the Turów power plant for the needs of blocks 1-4, the purchase of ready biomass • Rape (15-17 GJ/Mg). pellets harvested through agriculture and forestry waste. When the sec- The purchase of the above types of biomass is run on the basis of ond installation becomes operational, its capacity will grown to about annual contracts (for forest biomass), five-year agreements (for bio- 240-260 Gg per year [12]. mass of agricultural origin), and ten-year contracting agreements (for In 2012 the Szczecin power plant (Zespół Elektrowni Dolna Odra the plantation of energy crops). Contract for forest biomass and bio- S.A.) was ready for operation as the biggest in Poland and one of Eu- mass of agricultural origin are concluded with companies which have rope's largest fluidized boilers fueled by biomass; technological param- submitted the most favorable terms and conditions in their offer. The eters: 230 t/h, 535°C, 70 bar. The production of "green" electricity is Opole power plant is expecting annual sale offers of agricultural and going to be 440 GWh/year, and the production of heat will be 1.9 TJ/ forest biomass during the period from mid-September until mid-Octo- year. Biomass consumption amounts to 550 Gg/year. Ecological effects Type of Type of biomass Supply [Mg] Interest [Mg] achieved: zero CO2 emissions, reduction of SO2 emissions by 69%, re- transport duction of dust emissions by 63%, reducing the amount of waste by barge 111 744 80%, compared to the current situation. In Table 1, it is shown how Wood chips 1 604 314 railway 330 480 biomass will be provided for the power plant [25]. car 1 162 090 In May 2012, the power plant was synchronized with the National Wood chips from energy crops 369 924 car 369 924 Energy System with the biomass block in the Konin power plant. The Straw pellets 40 897 car 40 897 most important element of the block is the fluidized boiler “K9” with Table 1: Methods of delivering biomass to the Szczecin power plant [25].

Page 5 of 11 ber. The Opole power plant is currently contracting approximately 150 ment clinker. An alkaline environment–burnt material is highly Gg of biomass per year, however from 2012 biomass is planed to in- alkaline. Acidic compounds are contained in the exhaust gases crease to a level of about 300 Gg. To this end, it intends to run an instal- e.g. sulphur oxide (IV), and the remaining components form lation for direct administration and burning of biomass in the boiler. part of the clinker. Thanks to the mentioned features above it As the primary fuel for this installation pellets are foreseen made from can be concluded; cement kilns are one of the best technologi- raw materials of agricultural origin (straw, bran, scales, and etc.) [30]. cally equipped devices for the co-incineration of waste. Disposed in them may be organic compounds, even those most resistant to The Stalowa Wola power plant is one of the first power plants in the country, which began the implementation of renewable energy pro- temperature [32]. duction technologies using biomass. Since 2004, the energy is produced Alternative fuels are solid and liquid waste; municipal and industrial from biomass originating from wood production, forestry industry, waste exploited for industrial and energy plants as a replacement for and energy crops like willows or hay. Sunflower husks, rapeseed oil- conventional fuels. Regularly we deal with the following forms of fuel: cake, and fruit seeds are also burned [31]. • Fragmented solid fuel (PASr) began as a result of grinding waste The Żerań and Siekierki CHP plants in Warsaw began using bio- to a specific granulation determined by the buyer. Solid alter- mass in the production of heat and electricity in 2006. This launched native fuels replacing coal or coal dust, including dry fuel from co-incineration of biomass at Żerań CHP plant in fluidized bed boil- shredded waste (detergent, plastics, wood, gum, and others) that ers OFz-450. Implemented in 2009 was the second installation for is produced in a technological process, consisting of segregation co-incinerating biomass pellets in four block boilers at the Siekierki and grinding of selected waste while separating out unsuitable CHP plant. In 2011 the companies used about 100 Gg of biomass at waste. The final product; granules with a diameter up to 70 mm the Żerań CHP plant and about 60 Gg of biomass at the Siekierki CHP and physicochemical parameters conforming to the requirements plant. This allowed the production in 2011 to be 166 GWh of green of the customer. energy [31]. • Impregnated solid fuel (PASi), resulting from the mixing of liquid Incineration and co-incineration of waste waste with substances containing absorbing properties. In Poland bioenergy is also produced from the result of burning • Liquid fuel, resulting from the mixing of liquid waste [33]. organic waste in medical waste incineration plants, to a small extent at municipal waste and sewage sludge incineration plants. Currently, In Poland there are 11 working cement plants equipped with full a pro- Poland has one functional municipal waste incineration plant located duction line. Their production capacity is 15 million Mg of clinker and in Warsaw (yearly in it burns almost 60 thousand Mg. In the near fu- 20 million Mg of cement per year. The fuel waste is co-incinerated in ture incinerators are to be risen in: Łodz (250 Gg), Krakow (250 Gg), 9 plants. With each year more and more heat is extracted from use of Warsaw (265 Gg), Białystok agglomeration (100 Gg), Tri-city agglom- alternative fuels Figure 3 [34]. eration (250 Gg), Śląsk agglomeration–Ruda Śląska (250 Gg), Śląsk ag- Replacing conventional fuels with waste reduces production cost of glomeration–Katowice (250 Gg), Poznań (200 Gg), and the Szczecin metropolitan area (180 Gg). Municipal waste is an alternative fuel. The cement, mainly due to significantly lower price of alternative fuels. Ad- calorific value of unsorted municipal waste is comparable to the calo- aptation of production installations for the incineration of a different rific value of lignite, which is the primary fuel for generating energy on type of fuel is by far cheaper than building traditional incinerators [34]. a professional level [8]. Production of Biofuels and Biocomponents in Poland Cement kilns can be successfully used as devices for thermal waste Bio component and Liquid Biofuels Act of 25 August 2006 were disposal. Advantages of cement kilns are results of their principles of obtained in Poland, which clearly defines the concept of biofuels. In operation, temperature operated range, and the chemical character of accordance to the Act for liquid biofuels the following were considered: the baked mixture, which is: • Motor fuels containing more than 5.0% v/v of biocomponents or • The combustion temperature and clinker process reaches 2000 °C. Outlets from the expansion vessels, in the dry temperatures reach 1100-1200 °C. Combustion takes place in an oxygenated 40 atmosphere. 35 • Time gases spend at high temperature–temperature of the gases 30 exceed 1100 °C for 8 to 10 seconds, wherein the temperatures 25 above 1600 °C shall be maintained for 2-3 seconds. 20 [%] • Very high thermal capacity of the kiln–is the result of mass from 15 the; fireproof brick laid expansion vessel kiln, together with material located inside, depending on the type and size of installation 10 it harnesses from a few hundred to several thousand Mg. Capacity 5 of a heated up boiler drum is so large that even in case of emer- 0 gency interruption of combustion, for about another 30 minutes

the surface temperature along with the temperature of the mate- 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 rial located inside the kiln will not be reduced. Year • No waste after combustion of fuels–ash reacts with burnt material Figure 3: The share of heat from alternative fuels in Polish cement plants [32]. and its components are included in the composition of the ce-

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above 15.0% v/v of ethers. potatoes. The production capacity of all distilleries in Poland is around 400 million dm3 of alcohol per year. However, the demand for alco- • Diesel oil containing more than 5.0% v/v of biocomponents. hol consumption and industry does not exceed 250 million dm3. Thus, • Ester, bioethanol, biomethanol, dimethylether, and pure vegeta- there are reasons to apply it as an additive to motor gasoline [39,40]. ble oil forming a self-contained fuel. The use of bioethanol on a mass scale in gasoline, was initiated in • Synthetic biofuels – synthetic hydrocarbons or mixtures of syn- Poland at the end of 1993. Adding ethanol in quantities not exceed- thetic hydrocarbons produced from biomass forming a self-con- ing 5% v/v enabled the introduction of new standards for fuel stations tained fuel. PN92 C-96025. Since 1999, the amended regulations were obtained in accordance with EU standards (BS EN228). The total production ca- In Poland, biofuels and biocomponents are produced on the basis pacity of the dewatering ethanol plants in Poland amounts to 700 mil- of rapeseed oil (Brassica napus L.) and ethyl alcohol [36]. lion dm3. Currently in Poland the largest bioethanol production plants Production of rapeseed oil in Poland are located in Starogard, Oborniki, and Wroclaw. The largest producer of biodiesel is Rafineria Trzebinia SA, and factories in Surochów, Ty- Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) takes the first place among oilseed chy and Malbork Figure 4. crops cultivated for food and motorized purposes [37]. The city, which first introduced the bioethanol as a fuel for city In Poland, there are three basic oil-milling technologies, depen- buses, was Slupsk, in 2011 [41]. dent on the scale of final product yielded. Large industrial mills use technology based on an initial extraction of the oil by means of screw Harnessing Biogas in Poland presses from seed previously subjected to conditioning in the roaster. The biogas technology in Poland has developed well in recent The second stage is extraction of the rest of the oil from the pressing years–March 2013 there were 196 biogas plants in Poland with a com- using solvent (hexane and light gasoline). This technology allows ob- bined total electric capacity of about 112 MW. Since the mid-90s of the taining three final products: crude oil, solvent-extracted oil, and oilseed last century biogas plants were created close to the wastewater treat- cakes. The yield of oil obtained with this technology is in the range of ment plants and landfills. In the years 2008-2013, 30 agricultural biogas 0.41-0.42. Production capacity of mills employing classic technology plants were established [42,44]. amounts to 200-700 Mg of rapeseed per day. However, classical technology has some drawbacks. The oilseed cakes have definitely reduced Poland as an agricultural country has huge biogas potential. In the usefulness of fodder due to a strong denatured protein and the con- Poland the biogas obtained from sewage sludge in medium and large tent of residual solvents. The largest plants producing rapeseed oil for wastewater treatment plants is profitable. The technical potential of the fuel purposes are situated in Kruszwica, and Szamotuły [37]. biogas from sewage sludge is about 25 million m3. The amount of municipal waste generated from households and public utility buildings Small mills with a production capacity of around 50 Mg per day in Poland is about 12 Tg, more than half of this waste is biodegrad- use the one-or two-step hot processing oil extraction from rapeseed. able. Assuming that the technological potential is 15% of the theoretical Prior to the pressing process, the seeds are crushed and properly con- potential, then the possible amount of biogas that could be produced ditioned. In effect raw oil and pressing is received. Unlike the classical 3 technology, the hot pressing technology is pro-ecological, and fodder from municipal waste is about 80 million m . Poland has a wide range values of pressing are definitely bigger (higher soluble protein content, of gamma substrates for the production of agricultural biogas: animal higher energy value, lack of residual solvent) [37,38]. excrement, agricultural waste or food waste. In Poland there are 5.7 million head of cattle, 15.2 million pigs, and 155 million chickens. Very small mills with a production capacity of 1-15 Mg per day are Management of manure would raise about 1800 million m3 of biogas. called mini mills. Applying the cold forming technology and followed by the one-or two-stage process after a partially crushing and heating Biogas plants close to wastewater treatment plants the seed to a temperature no higher than 45°C [37]. In Poland there are about 1700 industrial wastewater treatment The process for receiving rapeseed oil as a raw material for the plants and about 1500 municipal sewage treatment plants, only 2% of production of esters, consists of three basic technological operations: the treatment waste manages to result in biogas. For technological rea- rapeseed crushing, the extraction of oil, and filtration. These treatments sons, not all buildings are suitable for the production of biogas, but the can be carried out in small mills with small production capacity of 0.1- remaining part is suitable for modernization [46]. 0.5 Mg of seed per hour, as well as in the industrial mills with a large An example of functioning solutions in fermented sludge treat- production capacity of 50, 000 Mg per year. In the oil plants with a ment is a wastewater treatment plant in Tychy Figure 4. The yearly large production capacity the process of obtaining oil from the seed is sewage flow is 12 million m3. Initial sediment is directed through a heat enriched with additional processes: extraction, bleaching, and filtration exchanger to separate sludge digesters. Excessive sludge, after the me- [38]. chanical compaction, moves to the fermentation chambers where it is In Poland the process of trans esterification is usually carried out subjected to the process of methane fermentation. Biogas produced in with methanol and an alkaline catalyst [8]. the closed fermentation chambers is collected in the common collector before being put through dehydration, than it is directed to the de- Production of bioethanol in Poland sulphurization reactor using morass ore. After dehydration and desul- The distillery traditions in Poland date back to thesixteenth cen- phurization biogas is introduced into the flexible storage tank, which tury. In 2000 Poland had about 900 distilleries, but their number have protects and storages 6 hours of biogas production. Until April 2006, dropped to about 150. The majority of alcoholic products are produced at the wastewater treatment plant in Tychy, biogas was combusted in in the agricultural distilleries located in areas with a large production of coke boilers that were adapted for combustion of biogas and provided

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place. The biogas obtained during the fermentation process is purified and used for energy purposes (burned in local oil-gas boiler rooms). B As a result of carrying out the process of anaerobic sludge stabilization; Starogard B about 3 million Nm3 of biogas is produced annually with the calorific B E Malbork Gdanski value of 23 MJ/Nm3, of which 1.6 million Nm3 is needed for the treatment plant. The dehydrated sludge is not subject to further processing B E E B and it is passed for the reclamation purposes; for plant cultivation that B is not for consumption purposes but for the production of fodder [49]. B Oborniki E B The location of biogas plants working near wastewater treatment B E plants in Poland is shown in Figure 5. B B B The biogas plants in landfills Biogas plants employed for degassing of municipal waste landfills B Wroclaw are a factor in reducing the threat to people and the environment. The esters B main ingredient of this mixture is a methane-gas, which is flammable E E Trzebinia Tychy E Surochow and explosive, has had a very big impact on advancing the greenhouse B bioethanol E effect along with the destruction of the ozone layer. From the point of E E view of counteracting threats, an effective way to avoid them is retrieval of biogas and its use for energy purposes. It will be implemented ac- tively, by using the negative pressure in the deposit. By appropriately Figure 4: Producers of biofuels and bio components in Poland (development selected parameters of the burning process it is possible to virtually personally). process all organic compounds into carbon dioxide and obtain combustion products that contain very small amounts of pollutants such as: fuel for production of heat to support technological processes and heat- carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide [50,51]. ing purposes. In 2006, a modern, low-temperature hot water boiler was installed with a capacity of 895 kWc equipped with an oil gas dual- The biogas plant in Toruń is still functioning and it is one of the purpose burner. The boiler is a backup device–for production of need- first biogas plants in Poland Figure 6. In 1997 it started the exploitation ed heat for technological processes along with heating buildings, pro- of gas deposits, in December of 1999 additional work was completed duced in cogeneration unit. Digested sludge is directed to the gravity and permission to operate was obtained. In 2001 nominal technical- thickener, and then is fed into the sludge drainage system: centrifuges exploitation parameters were achieved. Gas extraction covered 11 hect- and belt presses. Stabilized and dehydrated sludge is collected for tem- ares of the landfill. During the period of 1997-1999 there were 40 fifty porary dehydrated sludge storage and used for land reclamation [47]. meters gas wells built and gas network cables was laid. The installation is technically equipped for biogas suction (pumping-regulating mod- The wastewater treatment plant in Zamość Figure 4 has been func- ule MPR-1), with an internal gas combustion engine (generator AP-1) tioning since 1995, where sludge fermentation is carried out in two producing the electrical capacity of 550 kWe and thermal capacity of fermentation chambers. The fermentation process is done at a tem- 770 kW, working at high-speed cogeneration. The CHP plant was at- perature of around 34ºC. During powering the chambers by concen- trated sludge, the digested sludge is pushed out from the bottom of the chamber through a tube derived to the top of the tank. The sludge from the fermentation chambers is discharged into an open pool; equipped Gdansk with a sludge supernatant system and a stirrer in which the second step of fermentation is carried out. The dehydrated sludge is subjected to hygienization by quicklime, and after a few days of ripening the sludge in the Gdansk storage yard is used by farmers as a fertilizer. Obtained biogas is stored in Torun unpressurised fabric tanks, which power the local gas boilers [48].

Another example of a treatment that applies anaerobic digestion pro- Warszawa cess is a wastewater treatment plant in Toruń Figure 5, which produces about 80-90 Mg of sewage per day. Originally this was deposited in the landfill, but with such a large number of it further populating landfills was irrational. To prevent this decision was made to dispose of it in the treatment area. Sewage is currently fermented, and then prepared for ag- Zamosc ricultural utilization. Obtained biogas in fermentation chambers is in the 3 amount of 200-250 m /hr., it is subject to desulphurization, and then used Tychy to produce electricity and heat. This energy satisfies 60% of the electricity needed for heating. Working generators have a significant impact on reducing the cost of the plant functioning [48]. As a result of wastewater treatment at the Gdańsk-East treatment plant in Gdansk Figure 5 is sewage sludge, which is fed to fermenta- Figure 5: Biogas plants near wastewater treatment plants in Poland, as of April 2013 (developed personally). tion chambers, where a deposit methane fermentation process takes

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tor along with instrumentation. The biogas plant in Franki currently exploits a German generator made by MWM, type-TCG 2016 V16 C (formerly DEUTZ) with a nominal electric capacity of 716 kWe [51,52]. Agricultural biogas plants After World War II mini-biogas plants began to form in Poland. For example, in the village of Tworóg near Katowice operates a biogas plant, at which 5 m3 of liquid manure were processed a day harnessing about 70 m3 of biogas. At the time mini-biogas plants went bankrupt pretty quickly. Frequent downtime resulting from errors on the stage of construction and carrying out methane fermentation meant that they were not viable economically. Since 2005, modern agricultural biogas plants are being built in Poland; the first biogas plant in Pawlowek. In Poland, as well as throughout Europe, mainly used is mesophilic fermentation process (temp 32 °C -42), only in Mełno, the agricultural biogas plant is fueled Figure 6 through thermophile fermentation (57- Figure 6: The biogas plant generator set in Franki (Picture B. Igliński). 50 °C). In Poland heat and electricity are obtained from biogas– in cogeneration units, used for cogeneration of electricity and heat, which is the most common (and virtually only) method for biogas energy [54]. tached to the power grid and district heating. In April 2002, another 12 wells were built and engaged into the system [50]. Agricultural biogas plants in Poland are usually close to large animal farms, using as a substrate the burdensome waste like slurry and In January 2004 the second generator (AP-2) MDE brand with the manure. The application of these wastes as substrates in agricultural electrical capacity of 324 kWe was launched, and thus was completed biogas plants is a much better alternative to the commonly used meth- the first stage of development of the installation for acquisition and od of disposing of this waste (in Poland, slurry and manure are poured utilization of landfill biogas, which included the above-mentioned con- directly into the field). As a result of this process sanitation occurs, this struction of 12 wells, 3 km gas pipeline, transformer station, NN cable prevents the risk of groundwater contamination. In addition electricity line, and the purchase of AP-2 [50]. and heat are obtained, and the post-fermentation remains are used as From March 1st 2004, the biogas plant instillation has an electrical fertilizer [42]. capacity of 698 kWe and a thermal capacity of 770 kW - utilizes 440 Capital expenditures of the first centralized agricultural biogas Nm3 / h of landfill biogas. Additional biogas wells built in: August 2007 plant in Poland in Pawłówek have amounted to 8 million PLN. The bio- (17 wells), December 2009 (5 wells), and December 2010 (20 wells). gas plant in Pawłówek uses a liquid manure as a substrate for the pro- In the meantime, a total of 12 inactive or ineffective biogas wells were duction of biogas, which comes from nearby farms in Pawłówek and closed. At the end of 2012, 82 biogas wells were being used distributed Dobrzyń (about 29 Gg / year), maize silage and waste from the nearby in a heap with an area of about 14 ha and an average height of 18 m. The meat processing plants (3.5 Gg / year) which is previously subject to produced electricity and heat supplies the residents of Torun through the process of hygienization at 70 º C and glycerin (1 Gg / year). In local network operators: Energa-Operator SA (electricity), Toruńska Pawłówek, the installation consists of two fermentation tanks, a mix- Cergia Społka Akcyjna (heat) [50]. ing tank (initial), two post-fermentation tanks, and hygienizer of waste. Another example is the biogas plant on the landfill in Franki Figure The residue from the fermentation process is discharged into airtight 6. Degassing installation of municipal waste, also for the production containers and used as organic fertilizer. The obtained electricity from of electricity and heat from biogas captured for the targeted electrical combustion of biogas is used for personal purposes (mixer, room light- capacity of about 1 MW. Biogas is captured from deposits using degas- ing) as well as it is sent to the electricity grid - the biogas plant satisfies sing wells, then through collectors with a 63 mm diameter is sent to the energy needs of 1800 individual farms. The obtained heat from the the station, where it is dried (dehydrated), and delivered to the central cogeneration process is used to heating farm and offices [55]. collector with a diameter of 150 mm-312 mm. At the accumulation sta- The two largest agricultural biogas plants in Poland are settled in tion every shot (well) is regulated manually or through automatically Koczale and Liszków. The installation in Koczale, which was estab- regulated valves, and biogas composition from each well is measured lished near a farm with 8 thousand sows, processes 58 Gg of slurry and by a gas analyzer. This allows for an optimal exploitation of the deposit. 32 Gg of corn silage each year in the fermentation process. The sub- From the accumulation station biogas is transported using main col- strates in appropriate proportions are put into the mixer, and then they lectors with a diameter of 150 mm, through an anti-explosive nozzle are directed to three fermentation chambers. The fermented biomass and gas-meter for biogas powering (generator), along the way is fur- moves to the two post-fermentation tanks where it is stored until its ther dehydrated. In the event of a generator failure or repair, biogas is agricultural application. After removal of sulfur compounds by a bio- burned in flare. Produced electricity is delivered through a container logical filter, the biogas is sent to the cogeneration system. Electricity transformer station 0.4/15 kv to the existing medium-voltage overhead and heat are used for personal purposes: in the biogas plants, in feed line (15 kV) and sold to the electric industry. Eventually, the heat is mills, on the farms, and the excess energy is sold. The biogas plant in managed by installing heat accumulators, construction of the dryer, or Liszkowo exploits broad-spectrum substrates: used for the need of the landfill [51,52]. • Distillery broth: 100 Gg/year. The most important and the most expensive device in the installation of landfill gas utilization is the engine room–biogas fueled genera- • Onion: 10-12 Gg/year

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• Vegetable wastes: 6 Gg/year new EU member states (8th place in the EU-27). The main component in country wide regulation is the result of the Act of August 25, 2006 • Potato pulp: 2-3 Gg/year on bio components and liquid biofuels, which introduces EU Directive • Glycerol 2 Gg/year 2003/30/EC into Polish law. Since 2004 Poland has recorded growth in biofuel consumption by 0.5 to 1.5 percentage points per year. The na- • Waste from processing of apples: 300 Mg/year, tional market for biofuels consumed in transport is mainly based on the • The sediment from oil cleanup: 60 Mg/year addition of bioethanol and biodiesel into ethyl gasoline. The share of energy from renewable sources in final gross energy consumption was • Beet pulp: 15 Mg/year [56]. determined for EU members in the Directive 2009/28/EC of the Euro- In a biogas plant in Liszków an organic matter that could still be a pean Parliament and of the Council of April 23, 2009. This promotional source of biogas is recycled for re-processing. The effect is using about directive endorses energy from renewable sources, which also amended 95% of organic matter in the process. In this solution there is also no and subsequently repealed Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. In need for water intake after the fermentation process, because it is con- 2020, Poland’s share of energy from renewable sources in final gross tained in a distillery broth, which is used as a substrate. Water losses energy consumption is projected to be 15% [55]. are supplemented by returning water processing technology from the settler. In Liszków, the column method is applied for the desulfuriza- The European Parliament, the Council, and the Commission have tion of biogas, otherwise known as dry or biological desulfurization. taken appropriate measures to establish mandatory national targets. The biogas pumped into the lower part of the column moves up. Then These are consistent with a 20% share of energy from renewable sourc- it passes through the deposit filled with granules of iron oxide, whose function is to block the precipitation of sulfur. As a result of this reac- tion is water or water vapor. Simultaneously with the process of desulfurization occurs regeneration of deposits by adding the compressed Nalclaw air. Due to the possibility of air forming an explosive mixture of biogas, Koczala the dose of added air is used on the minimum level. The advantage of Pawlowko regeneration is the fact that this process is exothermic. Thanks to this Melno the formation of steam condensation is made impossible [56]. Liszkowo Nacław is currently constructing a heat distribution network with Warszawa a length of 1.5 km, which connects the biogas plant with six apartment buildings, a common room, and a primary school. The biogas plant covers heat demand for hundreds of residents. This allows the exclu- sion of two old boiler houses that used coal and fuel oil, and will pro- vide the residents with stable supply of heat throughout the year [42].

The distillery and the biogas plant in Mełno cooperate closely to- Szewnia gether. The heat generated from the combustion of biogas in cogen- Studzionka eration Figure 7, 8 is used for the production of ethanol in distilleries. The fundamental substrate for methane fermentation in biogas plant is distillery broth Table 2 [57]. Poland also erected small agricultural biogas plants. In the bio- Figure 7: Location of agricultural biogas plants in Poland-current to April 2013 gas plant in Szewni 50 kg of agricultural commodities or their waste (Developed personally). (beets, corn, straw, leaves) are added to fermentation chamber once a day. From such a quantity is produced about 1 m3 of biogas per hour. Studzionka biogas plant uses bird droppings (690 Mg/year), liquid swine manure (320 Mg/year), maize and grass silage (365 Mg / year) and small amounts of residues from agricultural production and household. The obtained electricity is currently utilized for the biogas plants and agricultural industry. The heat is used to heat residential buildings and livestock buildings containing piglets. The fermented liquid manure is applied to fertilize the fields [42]. Summary Poland as an agricultural country will develop technologies based on biomass. In Poland, potential investors still deter; high initial investment costs of renewable energy technologies, the high cost of preparing the project in relation to the operating costs. Also includes the lack of well defined economic and tax mechanisms in the state budget, finan- cial policies, strategies, along with programs and schedule of expendi- ture from the ecological funds [54]. Figure 8: Cogeneration systems in Mełno (fot. B. Igliński). In terms of biofuel exploitation, Poland occupies first place among

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Lp. Substrate name Total [Gg/rok] Monthly availability Dry matter content [s.m.] Temperature [°C] 1. Pig manure 6 January- December 6% local 2. Distillery broth 41 January-December 10% 86°C 3. Beet pulp to 25 January-December 22% local 4. Onion husk 7 September-May 23% local 5. Fruit and vegetable waste 2 July-October 16% local Table 2: Input material/substrates for installation [57]. es and a 10% share of energy from renewable sources in transport in Development of renewable energy has a great importance for the Community energy consumption by 2020 [55]. Polish energy policy until 2030 [3]. The increased use of these sources carries a greater degree of independence from imported supplies. Pro- The control of European energy consumption, amplified exploit of moting renewable energy allows increasing the degree of diversifica- energy from renewable sources, along with energy conservation and tion of supply sources and to create conditions for the development of increased energy efficiency, all play an important part in measures re- energy on locally available raw materials. The renewable energy usually quired to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, also complying with the consists of small generator units located close to the receiver, which al- Kyoto Protocol formed by the United Nations Framework Convention lows growth of local energy security and reducing transmission losses. on Climate Change and with continued community and international Energy production from renewable sources is characterized by low or commitments for reduction of greenhouse gas emission beyond 2012. zero pollution emission, which provides positive environmental effects. All these measures play an important part in promoting reduction of Development of renewable energy also contributes to the development greenhouse gas emission through security of energy supply, techno- of less developed regions (eastern and northern Poland what are rich in logical development, and innovation while providing employment op- renewable energy resources). portunities and regional development especially in rural and isolated areas [55]. According to the Polish energy policy until the year 2030 in the nearest future the most energy efficient solutions will be implemented, Priority access and guaranteed access to electricity produced from including gasification of biomass and waste. It is assumed that in the renewable energy sources are key for integrating renewable energy near future building will begin new biogas plants mainly on landfills sources into the internal electricity market, in accordance with ar- and agricultural biogas plants [3]. ticle 11(2) and article 11(3) of Directive 2003/54/EC. Reliability and safety requirements relating to grid up keep and the dispatching may Acknowledgment differ from textbook secure and national grid operation. Priority access This research was financially supported by the Foundation for Polish Science, to the grid pledges reliability to connected electrical generators using Programme ventures. Project number “VENTURES/2013-11/7”. renewable energy sources. This ensures the ability to sell and transmit References the electricity produced from renewable energy sources in agreement with connection law and regulation at all times, as soon as the source 1. 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