Researcher’s Guide to 2

Researcher’s Guide to Montenegro been pre- pared to help researchers from all over the world who plan to come to work or study in Montenegro. The aim of this guide is to provide researchers with the necessary information when moving to Montenegro and after arrival. “Researcher’s Guide to Montenegro” is published as part of the EUR- AXESS Montenegro project, which is financially supported by the European Commission and the Government within the 7th Frame- work Programme. The current version, published in 2011, is the first edition of the Guide.

Our aim is to make your mobility experience as easy as possible. This guide offers you guidelines for arranging employment and work formalities and for managing the practical matters of your everyday life in Montenegro.

FEBRUARY 2011 3

Prepared and compiled by: Prof. Dr. Mira Vukčević, Slobodanka Koprivica, Dijana Jovanović Translation: Dijana Jovanović Proofreading: Ana Dragutinović Graphic design: Studio Mouse, , Montenegro Printed by: Studio Mouse, Podgorica, Montenegro

Disclaimer: The descriptions of administrative procedures in Montenegro given in this guide are to be used for informational purposes only. Recommendations in this publication do not substitute official information sources and information given by the official administration should be taken into account in all cases.

The information provided in this publication gives no right for claims or legal expectations of any kind.

Updated information can be found on the Montenegrin Researchers’ Mobility Portal www.euraxess.me 4

Contents

1.1 About Montenegro 6 1.2 Geography 9 1.3 History 10 1.4 Political system 10 1.5 Religion 11 1.6 Climate and Weather 11 1.7 Transport 12 1.8 Accommodation 14 1.9 Culture 15 1.10 National holidays 15 1.11 16

2.1 Recognition of and professional qualifications 21 2.2 Visa requirements overview for Montenegro 24 2.3 Temporary stay for the purpose of scientific research 27 2.4 Temporary stay for the purpose of family reunification 27 2.5 Temporary stay for the purpose of work, education and other 28 2.6 Social security and Pension system 28 2.7 Health care 30 2.8 Taxation 32 2.9 Employment procedure in Montenegro 34 2.10 Intellectual property rights 37 5

3.1 Montenegrin RTD sector 39 3.2 Main stakeholders involved in ST policy making in Montenegro 39 3.3 Research institutions in Montenegro 40 3.4 IT support for research 42 3.5 Academic network 42 3.6 RTD expenditure 43 3.7 National RTD strategic and legal framework 43 3.8 Research infrastructure 44 3.9 Business, innovation and technology in Montenegro 45 3.10 Possibilities of external funding of research and innovation 46

4.1 About EURAXESS Montenegro 47 6

1.1 About Montenegro

Montenegro is located in south-eastern The capital of Montenegro is Podgorica Europe, it belongs to Central Mediterra- with the population of 180.810 (Statistical nean. Montenegro’s territory measures Office of Montenegro). Podgorica is the 13,812 square km and its population administrative, cultural and educational numbers about 620 000. It has 21 mu- centre of Montenegro. nicipalities. To the west, north and east it shares borders with Croatia, - According to the average annual data Herzegovina, and , and in 2009 provided by the Statistical Of- to the south with . Montenegro fice of Montenegro, the population of is a maritime country, with 293,5 km of Montenegro is 627 478. the Adriatic coastline. One of the most Links: beautiful bays in the Mediterranean is www.gov.me the Bay of Boka. National Tourist Organization www.monte- negro.travel

The official Montenegro name: Flag:

Coat of arms:

Political Republic status: Location: Adriatic Coast, South-East Europe Neighbouring Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, Albania, countries: Size: 13,812 km² 7

Length of 614 km border: Population: 620.145 (according to the 2003 census) Montenegrin - 43,16 % Serb - 31,99 % Bosniak - 7,77 % Albanian - 5,03 % Muslim - 3,97 % Croatian - 1,10 % Other - 6,98 % Capital: Podgorica (approx. 180.810 inhabitants; administrative and economic centre) Historical (18.500 inhabitants, historical and cultural centre) capital: Other major Niksic (75.000), (50.000), Bar (40.000), (35.000), cities: (35.000), (33.000) Religion: Most of the population is Christian Orthodox, with a significant Muslim mi- nority and a notable Roman Catholic presence in some parts of the country. Language: Montenegrin is the official language. Both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabet are in use. Albanian is spoken in some communities that have a majority Albanian population. Foreign English, German, Russian, French and Italian are the most common foreign languages: languages spoken at the tourist resorts. Length of the 293 km coast: Length of 73 km beaches: The highest Bobotov kuk (2.523 m) - Mt peak: The largest Skadar - 391 km² lake: The deepest The Canyon - 1.300 m canyon: The largest Boka Kotorska bay: National Durmitor (39.000 ha) parks: (40.000 ha) Lovcen (6.400 ha) (5.400 ha) 8

UNESCO Durmitor National Park, Natural and Cultural - Historical Region of heritage sites: Currency: Euro (€) Time: GMT+1 International telephone + 382 code: Internet country .me domain: Electricity: 220 volts AC. Sockets are round two-pin.

Useful phone numbers

Information: 1181 Mobile telephony: Ambulance: 124 • Pro Monte GSM www.promonte. Police: 122 com Time: 125 User’s service: 9898 Weather report: 044800200 E-mail: [email protected] Help on roads: 19807 • T-Mobile www.t-com.me Sending telegrams by phone: 126 • User’s service: 080 080 000 International calls: 1201 • E-mail: [email protected] Montenegro Customer Care – 1300 • M-Tel www.mtel-cg.com (24h – Tourist service) • User’s service: 068 9868E-mail: Internet of Montenegro [email protected] Tel: 1500 Number for Dial-up connections: 19402 9

1.2 Geography

Montenegro is located in the southern The rivers of Montenegro are swift with part of the Balkan Peninsula. large drops in elevation and large vol- umes of water resulting from high pre- Most of the country is covered by high cipitation. They are exceptionally clear and extensive mountain massifs inter- and unpolluted, suitable for rafting, fish- sected by river gorges and deep valleys. ing and other water . Some have Larger lowland areas are to be found in carved themselves spectacular canyons; the south, near the coastline. those of the Tara, and Moraca are up to 1200 m deep --- among the deepest Montenegrin seacoast is a narrow strip in the world. of land running from Herceg-Novi to the river on the frontier with Lake Skadar, the largest lake in the Bal- Albania. It is famed for its sandy beaches kans, is over 40 km long and on aver- and abundant sub-tropical vegetation. age 10 km wide. Two-thirds belong to Montenegro and one-third to Albania. The high Dinaric mountains of , Lovcen and rise steeply from the National Durmitor (39.000 ha) sea, forming a magnificent background parks: Lake Skadar (40.000 ha) Lovcen (6.400 ha) to the coastal strip, but a great obstacle Biogradska Gora (5.400 ha) to communications between the coastal and inland parts of Montenegro.

The plain in the area of Lake Skadar, together with the valley of the Zeta and the Niksic Polje, comprise the biggest lowland region of Montenegro and its most fertile area.

North of this stretch the high lime- stone mountains of Durmitor, Komovi and Sinjajevina. The Moraca, Tara, Piva and Ceotina rivers and their tributaries have cut deep gorges through these mountains. 10

1.3 History 1.4 Political system

The dates back The Constitution of Montenegro de- to 9th century with the emergence of scribes the state as a “civil, democratic, , a vassal state of the Byzantine Em- ecological state of social justice, based pire. In those formative years, Duklja was on the rule of law.” Montenegro is an ruled by the House of Vojislavljević. In independent and sovereign republic 1042, at the end of his 25-year rule, King that proclaimed its new Constitution Vojislav won a decisive battle near Bar on 22 October 2007. against Byzantium, and Duklja became independent. Duklja’s power and pros- The is the perity reached their zenith under King head of state, elected for a period of Vojislav’s son, King Mihailo (1046–81), five years through direct elections. The and his son King Bodin (1081–1101). President represents the republic abroad, From the 11th century, it started to be promulgates laws by ordinance, calls referred to as Zeta. It ended with its incor- elections for the Parliament, proposes poration into Raška, and beginning with to the Parliament candidates for Prime the Crnojevic dynasty, Zeta was more Minister, president and justices of the often referred to as Crna Gora or by the Constitutional Court. The official resi- Venetian term monte negro. A sovereign dence of the President is in the historical principality since the Late Middle Ages, Montenegrin capital Cetinje. Montenegro saw its independence from the formally recognized in 1878. From 1918, it was a part of vari- ous incarnations of Yugoslavia. On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006, Montenegro declared independ- ence on 3 June of that year.

The Government of Montenegro is the executive branch of state authority of Montenegro. The government is headed by the Prime Minister, and consists of the deputy prime ministers as well as ministers. 11

1.5 Religion

Freedom of religion and free public profession of religious conviction is guaran- teed by the Constitution and respected in practice. According to the 2003 census there were 620 145 citizens living in Montenegro, out of which 74,24% declared themselves Orthodox, 17,74% , 3,54% Roman Catholics, while 2,24% stated that they do not belong to any confession.

Statistical Office of Montenegro www.monstat.org

1.6 Climate and weather

The climate of Montenegro, besides its In the central and northern part of Mon- latitude and altitude is also characterized tenegro, the climate is continental though by the water area of the and influenced by Mediterranean climate lake Skadar, then by deep penetration of manifested by precipitations and a higher the sea into the mainland in the Bay of temperature in winter months. Climate in Boka. Also, high mountains Orien, Lovcen the northernmost part of the republic is and Rumija as well as the mountain mas- based on Continental climate with great sif of the Durmitor, and Prokletije temperature differences during the year prevent warm wind from entering. and smaller volume of precipitations. High karst mountain area is Sub-alpine The south of Montenegro enjoys a with cold snowy winters and moderate Mediterranean climate, with long dry summers. Average precipitations vary summers and short mild winters. At from 960 to 2.900 l/m2, while the region the seaside, average July maximum of Krivosije (Crkvica) has a European temperatures are around 28C with a maximum of precipitations, on average high approaching 30C, winter maxi- about 4.800l/m2 and in the record years mum temperatures are around -10C and 7.000l/m2. On average there are 142 minimums around –27.5C. Podgorica is sunny days a year, while air humidity is the warmest city in Montenegro, where from 50% in Podgorica, during summer, maximum temperature can reach up to up to 80% in Kolasin and Niksic during 40C and the minimum -10C. autumn months. Hydrological and meteorological service of Montenegro www.meteo.co.me 12

1.7 Transport

Montenegro is connected to the world through road, railway, maritime and air transportation.

• By plane…

Choose one of the following airports:

- Podgorica - Airport is situated 12 km from the capital Podgorica, 62 km far from , 43 km from Bar, 69 km from , 80 km from Kolasin and 170 km from Zabljak.

-  – is only 4 km from the town centre, 20 km far from Budva and Herceg Novi, 58 km from Bar, 73 km from Ulcinj and 80 km from Podgorica.

-  – Cilipi Airport - one of the biggest airports in Croatia is situated in-between the Montenegrin town of Herceg Novi and the city of Dubrovnik. What many tourists do not know is that when flying into Dubrovnik Airport you are only 24 km far from Herceg Novi, 44 km from Tivat and 68 km from Budva.

www.montenegroairlines.com

• By train...

Train travel is convenient and inexpensive. If you prefer travelling by railway, it is useful to know that the main railway line is Bar-Podgorica- with connections from Belgrade to the rest of Europe. The existing railways are 249 km long - the main railway line is Bar-Podgorica- Belgrade with branches towards Niksic and the 13 other one towards Skadar (Albania). Italy. Ships operate on lines between Bar- There are several passenger trains on , Bar-Ancona and Kotor-Bari. During the Bar-Belgrade-Subotica route: ex- the summer months the frequency of press trains, business, car-trains and lines is increased. The Port of Bar is the sleeping cars trains. Passenger trains on biggest port in Montenegro. The capac- the Bar-Belgrade line have connections ity depends on the type and length of with international trains to Budapest, boats, 14 to 20 boats can be served at Vienna, Bucharest, Athens, , etc. one time. Kotor Harbour consists of Kotor Bay with the operative coast of 216 m in length and 3 to 12.8 m in depth, Lipci TIMETABLE INFORMATION Terminal with a 75 meter-long operative coast and the small harbour of Bigovo, Local timetable information - www.zicg.me International timetable information - www. which is located on the open sea. deutschebahn.com/site/bahn/en The Railway of Montenegro arranges timetable • By car... for every year separately. The best way to get acquainted with a country is if you visit it by car. You • By bus... can reach Montenegro via one of the It is also possible to reach Montenegro border crossings with Croatia, Bosnia from neighbouring countries by bus. and Herzegovina, Serbia and Albania. A comprehensive coach network con- The road network totals 5,174 km. The nects all parts of the country. Bus service two major roads in Montenegro are through Montenegro is quite frequent, the Adriatic Motorway from Croatia to as well as regional services. There are bus Herceg Novi and then to Ulcinj, and the stops in all towns and cities of Monte- motorway that links the South and the negro. During the tourist season, many North, from Petrovac, through Podgorica operate 24 hours a day. There are also and Kolasin to Bijelo Polje and Serbia. regular daily bus lines to bigger cities - Border Crossings: in neighbouring countries. Timetables are arranged for every year separately. With Croatia: Debeli brijeg, Kobila. With : , • By boat... Vracenovici, Scepan polje, , The coast of the Adriatic Sea makes Mon- Ilino brdo, Krstac, Nudo, Sula. tenegro accessible for arrivals by boats, With Serbia: Rance, Cemerno, Dobra- yachts, ferries, cruisers...There are a few kovo, Kula, Drazenovac, Vuce. companies that maintain a regular ferry With Albania: Bozaj, Sukobin, Grncar. connection between Montenegro and 14

- Road Assistance and Information: 1.8 Accommodation

AMSCG (Automobile Association of Finding proper accommodation in Mon- Montenegro) tenegro is not such a difficult process, but Automobile Association of Montenegro requires a period of at least one month provides services 24 hours a day in before your arrival. Montenegro. For help on roads call 9807 The easiest way is to contact one of the Tel: +382 9807 real estate agencies and check their offer. www.amscg.org In accordance with your needs, you can choose between a house and apartment, empty and furnished apartment, and similar. Prices vary depending on the quality and location of accommodation.

Besides agencies, you could also check daily newspapers and advertisements, since many choose to rent their real es- tate without intermediaries. In this case, it would be useful if you had a person from Montenegro to assist you in translation and making of arrangements. 15

1.9 Culture 1.10 National holidays

Due to its location, between two great National holidays civilizations - Eastern and Western, and Date Name three great religions: Orthodox, Catholic and Islamic, Montenegro has rich cultural 1 January New Year’s Day heritage with works of many known and 7 January Orthodox Christmas unknown architects, painters and carv- - Orthodox Good Friday ers, masters of the refined arts, writers, - Orthodox Easter transcribers and printers. - Orthodox Easter Monday The most attractive and visited cultural 1 May Labour Day - historical monuments in Montenegro 9 May Victory Day are: the town of UNESCO - Kotor, town museum Cetinje and native village of 21 May Independence Day the Petrovic dynasty - Njegusi. Excur- 13 July Statehood Day sions to notable religious monuments in the hinterland as well as excursions far deep into Boka Kotorska bay and Skadar Lake are a must-do when you stay in Montenegro.

More information on Montenegrin old towns, religious architecture, monu- ments, fortresses, towers and palaces, archeology, museums and art, but also about traditional celebrations, carnivals, theater, festivals and concerts could be found at www.montenegro.travel 16

1.11 Education ed their status can acquire education as Montenegrin citizens according to the reciprocity principles, i.e. providing The General Law on Education makes that the same right is offered to our cit- a distinction between foreigners that izen in a foreign country, in accordance have been approved for a temporary with the international agreement. stay or permanent residence in Mon- tenegro, and those that have not regu- In accordance with this Law, a school is lated their residence, i.e. permanent obliged to provide an adequate assistance residence in Montenegro. Namely, in language learning to those who follow foreigners that have been approved lectures in . Teach- for a temporary stay or permanent ing can be performed also in a foreign residence in Montenegro have the language for educational programmes same rights as Montenegrin citizens in that are licensed by the Ministry. practicing rights regarding , elementary and secondary education, is realized while foreigners that have not regulat- through four cycles: preschool, elemen- tary, secondary and higher education.

Pre-school education covers the period until the beginning of elementary school. Preschool education is realized in accord- ance with an educational programme. The educational programme is realized as full-day lasting 6-10 hours, half-day programme lasting 4-6 hours and as a short or specialized programme lasting 3-4 hours.

Educational programme can also be performed at privately owned institu- tions, but the programme has to be previously accredited by the relevant body. Also, an institution can organize education within a family, for children that are not in a position to spend time in an institution due to illness. In this case preschool education is performed by educator paid privately. 17

An institution admits students in accord- Education in grammar school lasts four ance with the regulations. The manner years. After the final year, the student and procedure is determined by the has to pass a graduation exam after statute of an institution. which he/she acquires general second- ary education. Elementary (Primary) education is performed within elementary schools. Foreigners and persons without proof It is compulsory for all children 6 to 15 of citizenship can be educated in the years old. Elementary education lasts grammar school in accordance with for nine years and is financed by the the international conventions. They are state budget. obliged to submit medical certificate when applying. Along with elementary education, chil- dren can also gain education in arts The Ministry can determine a quota for (music, ballet and other). foreign citizens, educated according to the principle of reciprocity in line with Within its possibilities, a school is obliged the international agreement, as well to organize extended programme com- as the number of students within pro- prising extended stay, optional activities grammes for student exchange. and remedial teaching. A person that has completed elemen- Parents can organize education of chil- tary education and is less than 17 years dren at home, and are obliged to inform old can be enrolled in the first year of the school about this at least three grammar school. months before the beginning of classes. Requirements for enrollment in privately Enrollment is conducted each year in owned grammar schools are determined April, after compulsory medical exami- by founders. nation. Enrolment terms are in June and August, Secondary education can be general after a public announcement. and vocational. Secondary is General secondary education is ob- acquired at the level of lower two-year tained at general programme grammar vocational education, medium 3-4 years school (). Grammar school vocational education and upper-second- can be established as a public or pri- ary vocational education. vately owned institution. There are no educational fees for grammar school Enrolment terms are in June and August, as it is financed from the state budget. after a public announcement. 18

Students can be enrolled as full-time or recognized higher education institution part-time students. Full time students ac- in the region. quire education through regular attend- ance of lectures, while part-time students The of Montenegro (www.ucg. acquire education through preparatory me) consists of 20 faculties/academies classes (instruction-consultative classes) and three institutes, which together and examination. account for 77 study programmes (61 academic and 16 applied). The total A full-time student is not obliged to number of students at the University of pay any fee for education in the public Montenegro is about 22 000. institution, but part-time student is, in accordance with regulations. Private are the Mediter- an University www.unimediteran.net A person that has completed elemen- and the University Donja Gorica www. tary education and is less than 17 years udgedu.me old can be enrolled in the first year of vocational school. The structure of higher education in Montenegro is based on three main Foreign citizens and persons without cycles. Programmes of study for ob- citizenship can acquire secondary educa- taining higher education degrees and tion in accordance with the international diplomas are: conventions. a) undergraduate (for obtaining the A person who completed elementary Bachelor for academic studies school abroad can be enrolled after or applied studies), his/her diploma is recognized. Foreign citizens or persons without citizenship b) postgraduate (for obtaining the di- submit a health certificate when ap- ploma of specialist studies for academic plying. The Ministry can also require or applied studies; for obtaining the assessment of language proficiency as diploma of applied Master studies; for a specific condition for enrollment. obtaining the diploma of Master of sciences),

c) doctoral study for obtaining the aca- Higher education demic title of .

There are one public and two private Access to the specialist study pro- universities in Montenegro. University grammes is possible after a student of Montenegro is the only public uni- has successfully completed applied/aca- versity. It was founded in 1974 and is a demic undergraduate studies (3 years). 19

The specialist degree is awarded after system for undergraduate, postgradu- completion of the respective study ate (specialist and Master’s studies) courses lasting up to one year. and doctoral studies are compulsory for all universities and higher education Students can obtain the applied Master institutions in Montenegro. Courses are studies diploma after obtaining the ap- limited to one semester and each course plied undergraduate studies diploma is graded in accordance with ECTS points. and after completing 2 years post-gradu- ate studies (one year specialist, one year The 2003 Law on Higher Education stipu- Master’s studies). lates that a Diploma Supplement (DS) based on the official European model Access to programmes for the Master of must be issued; as of the academic year Science diploma is possible after com- 2006/07, the DS is mandatory for all de- pletion of the academic undergraduate gree programs, attached to the Diploma studies. The MSc programme lasts 2 years and free of charge. The content of the (including one year specialist studies). DS is bilingual, in both Montenegrin and English languages. Before the intro- Graduates who have achieved the de- duction of the DS, certificates on study gree of Master of Science are eligible for completion with the list of grades were study at the doctoral level. The academic issued. The certificate included informa- title of Doctor of Philosophy requires at tion on the study programme and the least 3 years of study. The programmes completed courses. consist of taught courses (lectures), re- search, writing and successful defence According to the 2003 Law, the Higher of a doctoral thesis. Education Council functions as an ac- creditation body and conducts external In accordance with the Law, a university evaluations through its commissions. The may organize studies in cooperation Government of Montenegro established with a domestic or a foreign institution the Council for HE in 2004. or an international organization. The university has the right to issue double The process of accreditation begins or joint diplomas to a student upon with an external evaluation review. If the completion of the required studies. The institution passes the review, certifica- content of the diploma is determined tion for the right to confer degrees in in accordance with the agreement on education is awarded. Foreign experts cooperation between the institutions. may be appointed as members of the external evaluation commissions. Since September 2004, the principles of ECTS as an accumulation and transfer The Ministry responsible for Education 20 and Science has the power to issue the and vocational, i.e. graduation exami- operating license to an institution, as nation. For specific study programmes, well as to change or revoke the license. additional, i.e. entrance examination can be introduced (art, medicine..) The operating license is an official docu- ment granting an institution the right Foreign citizens are enrolled under the to begin work. An institution may be same conditions as Montenegrin citizens. granted a license after obtaining a cer- After enrollment, a foreign citizen has tificate of accreditation by the Higher the same status as a Montenegrin self- Education Council. The certificate is financing student. There are no specific awarded based on the recommenda- tuition fees for foreigners. Regarding their tions of the evaluation commission. rights, they are in the same position as Montenegrin self-financing students. Each higher education institution in Montenegro, whether it is newly found- ed or already in operation, is required to have an operating licence. The license Links: determines the institution type, its ac- Ministry of Education and Sports www. credited study programmes, the maxi- mps.gov.me mum number of students it can enrol, as well as the degrees and diplomas it Contacts: Biljana Misovic biljana.misovic@ can award. gov.me Nada Kovac [email protected] Students are enrolled on a competi- tive basis and according to the results Ministry of Science www.mna.gov.me achieved during secondary education 21

2.1 Recognition of diplo- for the candidates from that country. Recognition will also enable applicants mas and professional to use the academic title under the law qualifications and rules of the country where recogni- tion is asked, and in such a way acess to International framework for recognition labour market will be faciliated.

In March 2004, Montenegro ratified Recognition and Validation of Educa- Lisbon Convention on Recognition of tional Certificates on the acquired or Diplomas in the field of higher educa- commenced education abroad is car- tion in the region of Europe. In accord- ried out in accordance with the Law on ance with this Convention, which was Recognition and Validation of Education the basis for creation of Montenegrin Certificates (Official Gazette of Monte- Law on Recognition and Validation of negro No. 4 / 08). Coming into force of Education Certificates (the new Law the Law introduced recognition of edu- was adopted on January 17, 2008), each cational documents for the validation country, signatory of Lisbon Recogni- purposes, which was the responsibility tion Convention had to recognize the of the . The acquired qualifications, as similar to procedure and method of validation the respective qualification in its own and equivalence was prescribed by education system unless substantial the Rules of Procedure and Method of differences are noticed between the validation. A foreign educational docu- existing qualification in the signatory ment is a certificate, a diploma, a joint country and the acquired qualification diploma or other document proving that in another country. Foreign educational the person who owns an educational certificate can be a certificate, degree/ document fully or partially completed diploma, Joint degree or any other docu- an educational program, in accordance ment that certifies that a person, who is a with the regulations of the country holder of a foreign educational qualifica- issuing the document. Recognition of tion (hereinafter: holder of qualification) foreign educational documents is has completely or partly completed an done for the purpose of: education programme, in accordance • with the regulations of the country is- • Finding employment. suing the document. Recognition of Recognition of acquired qualification foreign educa- will result in further access to educa- tional doc- tion in the country where recognition uments is asked, under the same conditions as on the 22

obtained primary, secondary general which are found to be issued by non- or vocational education and part of accredited institutions, are not recog- education, and commenced education, nized, and such request is rejected. The in order to continue education or find decision on the recognition of foreign employment, is conducted by the Min- educational certificate shall be made istry of Education and Sports. Recogni- within two months after the documents tion of foreign educational documents are submitted. on the obtained higher education in order to find employment is done by ENIC Centre, Ministry of Education and Evaluating the degree Sports, while recognition of foreign educational certificates for the purpose Evaluation is a separate process and of continuation of higher education is includes providing opinions to interested done by the professional body of an parties on documents on education, accredited higher education institution, on study program and the education with the previously obtained opinion system of certain countries, as well as by the ENIC Centre. ENIC Centre is an information on programs and higher information center and a member of education institutions in Montenegro. the European Network of Information Comparability of educational system, Centers on Recognition and Mobility. educational certificates, study programs, level of education, professional and aca- In the process of recognition of foreign demic title, as well as other facts relevant educational certificates for employment to employment or further education are purposes certain criteria are assessed. assessed in the process of evaluation. The law states the following criteria: the system of education in the country where the foreign educational certifi- Recognition of specialization and expert cate is acquired, duration of education examination without comparison of educational When it comes to specialization in the programs, degree earned, the rights field of medicine the competent author- conferred by the foreign educational ity is the Ministry of Labor and Social certificate in the country where it was Welfare. When it comes to other spe- obtained, and other circumstances im- cializations, the competent institution portant for recognition. In the process is also the Ministry of Labor and Social of recognition, ENIC center will in most Welfare. Regarding professional examina- cases check the status of the institution tions, the competent professional body and the credibility of degrees through is the Chamber of Commerce. Drafting the ENIC / NARIC network. Diplomas, of the Law on Regulated Professions 23 in Montenegro is under way, which For educational certificates acquired is done in accordance with Directive in other countries, the following docu- 36/EU/2005 on recognition of profes- ments are needed: sional qualifications. The law will cover all regulated professions in Montenegro, as well as the body responsible for the - Request recognition thereof. - Three copies of diploma or certificate of graduation translated by a certified Documents required for recognition court interpreter of foreign diplomas and professional qualifications in Montenegro - Translation of Certificate of passed examinations and the Diploma Sup- For recognition of educational certifi- plement certified by a translator cates acquired in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia for the purpose - Copy of the original Diploma or certifi- of employment, the following docu- cate of graduation, ments are needed:

- Request For all information on recognition of - Three certified copies of diplomas or foreign diplomas and professional certificate of graduation qualifications, as well as information about the higher education system in - certificate of examinations passed and Montenegro, you can address: a diploma supplement Vanja Drljević - Payment of 55 € into the bank account: Address: Rimski trg bb 832-3161-26, recipient - republic ad- 81000 Podgorica ministrative fee, purpose of payment: E-mail: [email protected] recognition of foreign educational Web site: www.mps.gov.me documents 24

2.2 Visa requirements Short-term stay visa (visa C) a visa for a short stay (C visa) shall be issued for overview for Montenegro tourist, business or other trips. A visa pursuant to paragraph 1 of the Aliens Act shall be issued for one or more entries into the territory of Montene- Pursuant to the Aliens Act, a visa gro, whereas the uninterrupted stay shall be: or the total length of successive stays may not be longer than 90 days, in a Airport transit visa (visa A) , An airport- period of time of six months, counting transit visa shall be issued to an alien from the day of first entry. A visa for a for one or more crossings through an short stay (C visa) with more entries international transit space of an air- shall be issued for a period of time of port, during the interruption of a travel up to one year. or transfer between two phases of an international flight, without entering Long-term stay visa (visa D ) Long-term into the territory of Montenegro. stay visa (visa D ) shall be issued to an alien intending to stay at the ter- Transit visa (visa B), A transit visa (visa ritory of Montenegro longer than 90 B) shall be issued to an alien for one, days but not longer than six months two or more trips across the territory within one year period counting from of Montenegro. A transit visa shall be the day of first entry, that is subject issued with a term of validity of up to decision of the Authority of State to six months. Pursuant to a transit Administration competent for foreign visa an alien may stay in Montenegro affairs. for at most five days. A transit visa The Law on Foreigners (Official Gazette can be issued to an alien who has of Montenegro, No. 82/08) regulates the entrance visa of the state he trav- conditions of entry, movement and stay els to or through whose territory he of foreigners in the territory of Monte- continues his travel, unless otherwise negro. A foreigner exercises the right determined by a treaty. of entry, movement and stay with the visa, if s/he comes from countries whose citizens, in accordance with the Regula- tion on the visa regime (Official Gazette of Montenegro, No. 18/09, Ministry of Foreign Affairs http://www.mip.gov. me), require a visa to enter Montenegro, or without visa in accordance with the above regulation. 25

Nationals of the following states may States of America, Bolivarian Republic enter, pass through the territory of and of Venezuela. stay in Montenegro up to 90 days with a valid travel document without a The exemption from the visa require- visa: Principality of Andorra, Argentine ment also applies to the holders of valid Republic, Aruba, Australia, Republic of travel documents issued by the Hong Austria, Kingdom of Belgium, Bermuda, Kong Special Administrative Region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federative the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Macao Special Administrative Region of Republic of , Canada, Republic the People’s Republic of China. of Chile, Republic of Costa Rica, Republic of Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Nationals of the following states may Republic, Kingdom of Denmark, Republic enter, pass through the territory of and of Estonia, Republic of Finland, French stay in Montenegro up to 30 days Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, with a valid identity card or a docu- Republic of Guatemala, Hellenic Re- ment confirming their identity and public, Holy See, Republic of Honduras, nationality: Member States of the Eu- Republic of , Republic of Iceland, ropean Union, Principality of Andorra, Ireland, State of Israel, Italian Repub- Principality of , Republic of San lic, Japan, Republic of Korea, Republic Marino, Holy Seat and Swiss Confedera- of Latvia, Principality of Liechtenstein, tion, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic Republic of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, Republic of Macedo- nia, Malaysia, Republic of Malta, United Mexican States, Principality of Monaco, Republic of Nicaragua, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Zealand, Kingdom of Norway, Republic of Panama, Republic of Paraguay, Republic of Poland, Portuguese Republic, Roma- nia, Republic of El Salvador, Republic of San Marino, Republic of Seychelles, Republic of Singapore, Slovak Republic, Republic of , Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom of Sweden, Swiss Confedera- tion, Republic of , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Eastern Republic of Uruguay, United 26

of Serbia, Republic of Croatia, Republic Nationals of states with which bilateral of and Republic of Kosovo. agreements on abolishing visas for hold- Nationals of the Republic of Albania, ers of diplomatic and official passports, Republic of Ecuador, Republic of Cuba, i.e. conditions of traveling have been Republic of Peru, Russian Federation and concluded, may enter, stay and pass Ukraine may enter, pass through the ter- through the territory of Montenegro ritory of and stay in Montenegro up to in accordance with these agreements. 30 days, with a valid travel document without a visa. Holders of a valid passport, diplomatic or official passport, accredited to the Holders of travel documents containing Diplomatic Protocol of the Ministry of a valid Schengen visa, a valid visa of the Foreign Affairs of Montenegro or whose United States of America or a permission passport contains a seal of the Ministry to stay in these countries, may enter of Foreign Affairs of Montenegro or have and stay, i.e. pass through the territory a special identification card issued, may of Montenegro up to seven days, and enter, pass through the territory of and not longer than the expiry of visa, if the stay in Montenegro without a visa. period of validity of visa is less than seven days. Holders of travel documents issued Visa regime between Montenegro and by the United Nations Organization or its other countries is regulated by the Regu- Specialized Agencies (Laissez-Passer) lation on visa regime (Official Gazette of may enter, pass through the territory of Montenegro, No 18/09) http://www.mip. and stay in Montenegro up to 90 days gov.me/en/images/stories/download/ without a visa. Holders of travel docu- REGULATION_ON_VISA_REGIME.pdf ments issued by the European Union Links: Member States or the United States Ministry of Foreign Affairs www.mip.gov.me of America based on the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees from 1951 or Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons from 1954, as well as travel documents for foreigners may enter, pass through the territory of and stay in Montenegro up to 30 days without a visa. 27

2.3 Temporary stay for the 2.4 Temporary stay for purpose of scientific the purpose of family research reunification

Pursuant to the registers of per- Members of the immediate family of a manent and temporary residence foreigner, who is granted a temporary (Official Gazette MNE, no. 13/08), stay for scientific research, can exercise foreigners intending to stay in Mon- the right to temporary residence, in tenegro for more than three days are accordance with Article 48 of the Law, obliged to register themselves with i.e. on the basis of temporary resi- the police station within 24 hours of dence for family reunification. Mem- arrival in Montenegro. bers of immediate family, according to this Law are: a spouse, minor children According to Article 46 of the Aliens born in or out of marriage, minor Act www.gov.me/files/1233742793. children of the spouse and adopted doc, temporary residence for scientific children. research can be granted to a foreigner who meets the following requirements: s/he has provided funds for maintenance, s/he has provided accommodation, s/he has provided health insurance, there are no interference in terms of national security, public order or public health evidence, and s/he has submitted evidence justifying the request for tem- porary residence. He/she has to submit a contract concluded with the research institution in Montenegro as evidence of the justification of the request for a temporary stay. 28

2.5 Temporary stay for 2.6 Social security and the purpose of work, Pension system education and other

Temporary residence may be granted In order to protect social security rights to a foreigner intending to stay in Mon- of foreigners in Montenegro and of Mon- tenegro for more than 90 days, for: 1) tenegrin citizens abroad, Montenegro employment and work, conducting has signed a number of international business or entrepreneurial activity, 2) agreements on social security. On the seasonal work, 3) secondary or higher basis of reciprocity, bilateral international education, 4) participation in the pro- agreements provide the social security grams of international exchange of rights of citizens according to their work students and other youth programs, 5) and residence in one of the contracting specialization, vocational training and countries. The provisions of bilateral practical training, 6) scientific research, agreements include health insurance 7) medical treatment, 8) family reunifica- rights, rights to pension and disability tion; 9) on humanitarian grounds , 10) insurance, unemployment rights, rights other justifiable reasons, in accordance to child allowance and administrative with the specific law or international legal assistance. agreement. Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, as A foreigner who is granted a temporary the competent authority for the conclu- stay can stay in Montenegro in accord- sion of bilateral agreements on social ance with the purpose for which he was insurance, coordinates the social security granted a temporary stay. A foreigner system with 25 states, most of which may be granted a temporary stay if: 1) are members of the European Union. s/he has provided means of subsist- All agreements on social security which ence 2) s/he has provided shelter, 3) s/ Montenegro signed as an independent he has health insurance, 4) there are no state are in line with European legislation. obstacles in terms of national security, public order or public health, 5) s/he has Institutions relevant for the area of so- submitted evidence of the justification cial security rights and enforcement of the request for a temporary stay. of contracts are: Republican Fund for Pension and Disability Insurance (area of pension and disability insurance), Health Insurance Fund (area of health insurance and health care) and the Em- ployment Agency of Montenegro (area 29 of unemployment). The above institu- - contribution rate for pension and dis- tions make payments of social benefits ability insurance is 20.5%, out of which in accordance with the international the employer’s contribution is 5.5% and law and bilateral agreements on social the employee’s is 15% security through correspondent banks. - contribution rate for health insurance Information related to the exercise of is 12.3%, out of which the employer’s rights from pension and disability insur- contribution is 3.8% and the employee’s ance, can be obtained on the website of is 8.5%, the Republican Fund for Pension and Disability Insurance, www.rfondpio. - contribution rate for unemployment co.me , phone +382 (0) 20403-882, insurance is 1%, out of which the em- Monday to Friday from 8 to 16 hours. ployer’s contribution is 0.5% and em- ployee’s is 0.5%. Social security contributions

Foreign nationals and stateless persons employed at the territory of Montenegro Links: are required to pay social security contri- Republican Fund for Pension and Disability butions, unless international agreement Insurance www.rfondpio.co.me provides otherwise or they are insured under the regulations of another state. Rates of contributions for compulsory social insurance are: 30

2.7 Health care Compulsory health insurance repre- sents a part of the health insurance system, which provides, based on the principles of obligatoriness, reciprocity, Health and medical care for foreigners and solidarity, to all citizens of the Re- is regulated by the Law on Health Insur- public of Montenegro (hereinafter: the ance and the Law on Health Care. Republic) and to other individuals the right to health care and other rights, in According to the Law on Health In- line with the Law. surance: The Republic Health Insurance Fund Health insurance of citizens shall provide shall provide the implementation of for the implementation of the right to compulsory health insurance, in line health care and other entitlements. with the law. The aim of this Law is to create condi- tions for: Voluntary health insurance represents a 1. provision of compulsory health insur- special form of health insurance, which ance; provides, based on the principle of 2. stable financing of health care through voluntariness and within established harmonization of health service con- standards, special conditions of the sumption and actual material pos- provision of health care in terms of sibilities; and staff, accommodation, and the time of 3. introducing of voluntary health in- rendered health care, as well as rights surance. that are not included in the compulsory health insurance.

Health insurance rights cannot be trans- ferred to other persons or inherited.

Rights to cash compensations that are due but not exercised, due to the death of the insured person, can be inherited.

Insured persons who have rights and obligations deriving from compulsory health insurance are the insured, their family members, and other persons in accordance with this Law. 31

According to this Law, the insured are: Health Care of Foreigners (Art. 31)

- foreigners working for national legal Health institutions and health workers or private entities in the Republic of shall be obliged to administer urgent the basis on specific contracts and medical assistance to the foreigner. agreements on international technical Foreigners shall bear themselves the assistance; cost of administered urgent medical assistance or other - foreigners employed by international organizations and institutions and type of health care, unless the interna- other foreign legal and private entity on tional agreement otherwise regulates. the territory of the Republic if it is not For the use of health care referred to in otherwise regulated by an international Par. 1 of this article, the foreigner shall agreement, or if they are not insured be charged as per price list of the health as per regulations of another country; institution.

- foreigners employed by foreign con- Links: sular and diplomatic representative Ministry of Health http:// offices on the territory of the Republic www.mzdravlja.gov.me/en/ if such insurance is envisaged by an ministry?alphabet=lat international agreement; Law on Health Insurance and Law on Health http://www.mzdravlja.gov.me/ According to the Law on Health Care: en/library/zakoni?pagerIndex=2 The Republican Health Insurance In the area of health care, the Republic Fund http://fzocg.me/splash.html shall provide funds from the Budget for:

- health care of foreigners and staff of diplomatic-consular representative of- fices, who are provided with health care on the basis of international agreements if such agreements do not regulate differently, as well as of foreigners who stay in the Republic upon invitation of the state authorities, during their stay in the Republic 32

2.8 Taxation Direct taxes are those taxes that tax pay- ers pay individually; such are real estate taxes and personal income taxes.

Indirect taxes are those taxes that are Ministry of Finance of Montenegro, calculated and collected by interme- Department of Public Revenues diaries; such are VAT, excise duty and import duty. The Department of Public Revenues is an administrative unit whose basic Every person who generates income duties are collection system, tax regula- in Montenegro is obliged to pay taxes. tions, implementation of laws and other regulations. The Department is one of Montenegrin tax system comprises: the units of the Ministry of Finance. - personal income tax - property tax Tax system - income tax - VAT Montenegrin tax system is compatible - excise duty with tax systems of developed European - sales tax on vehicles tax countries, EU directives, countries in - games of chance tax transition particularly countries from the region, regarding types of taxes and Relevant bodies of local administration regarding procedures of determining decide on tax rates, for consumption tax collection methods and audit proce- and local income tax (local surtax), which dure. Tax system is based on direct and are not the same in all municipalities. indirect taxes. 33

A tax payer who pays personal income Resident and non-resident persons tax is a resident i.e. non-resident natural practice the same rights and obligations. person who generates income. The local income tax for personal in- Personal income is income that tax payer comes is 15% for Podgorica and Cetinje, generates from employment. and 13% for Niksic.

- Income from employer is gross income, Avoidance of double taxation tax rate is calculated proportionally, contributions from and to personal Avoidance of double taxation has greater incomes are calculated (from- employ- importance than provisions of this Law. ees income; to-charged to employers). In tax calculations, after taxes are col- lected from income that non-resident - Income from self-employment is au- legal persons generate, income payer tonomous activity taxed on a propor- applies provisions of the agreement on tional rate, and to which contributions avoidance of double taxation, if non- are calculated. resident proves that he/she is resident of the country with which Montenegro has - Property and property rights income signed this agreement. Evidence of being tax is calculated proportionally, an- a resident of country with which Mon- nual report is submitted to the Tax tenegro has signed an agreement on Administration. avoidance of double taxation is proved by income payer with a certificate or - Capital is calculated by proportional other document verified by relevant rate 9% (dividend and interest). body of residence country.

- Tax payers (old age and disability in- Agreements on avoidance of double surance, and health insurance) are: taxation are kept at the Ministry of For- employees, persons who perform tem- eign Affairs. porary and occasional work, foreigners employed in Montenegro at foreign legal and natural persons, persons employed in international organizations Links: and institutions, as well as foreigners employed at Montenegrin legal or Ministry of Finance www.mf.gov.me/ natural persons. Tax base is calculated in en/ministry accordance with the Law, i.e. collective agreement and employment contract. Department of Public Revenues www. poreskauprava.gov.me 34

2.9 Employment proce- permit, permission for permanent residence or temporary residence dure in Montenegro permit, concluded labor contract and that the taxpayer has reported the The Law on Employment and Work of work of the foreigner in accordance Foreigners (Official Gazette of the Repub- with this Law. lic of Montenegro, No. 22/08) provides that a foreigner may be hired or work Work permit is issued by the Employ- in Montenegro, under the conditions ment Agency of Montenegro. The work determined by the law, the collective permit is a required document, accord- agreement, ratified and published inter- ing to which a foreigner may obtain national treaties and generally accepted a temporary residence permit for the rules of international law. According to purpose of employment or work. After the law, the term foreigner represents a receiving approval for a temporary stay person who is not a Montenegrin citi- of the foreigner, the employer concludes zen, whether s/he is a citizen of another with a foreigner labor contract, or a legal state or a stateless person, and does not entity or organizational unit of a foreign make a distinction between foreign-EU company registered in Montenegro nationals and nationals of third countries. concludes a civil contract and registers his/her employment at the Employment According to the Law, a foreigner may Agency within 15 days since the begin- be employed, i.e. work in Montene- ning of employment. gro, provided that he/she has: a work To regulate all forms of employment and work of foreigners, the labor market of Montenegro envisages three types of work permits: personal work permit, employment permit and work permit.

Personal work permit is a license that allows a foreigner free access to the labor market, regardless of the state and market relations. A foreigner with a personal work permit has an equal status as a Montenegrin citizen in terms of unemployment and employment rights. This work permit can be issued to a foreigner: with permanent residence, in accordance with the Law on foreign- 35 ers, refugees and additionally protected This permit could be for: persons, according to the Law on Asy- • Seasonal work of foreigners, lum (Official Gazette of MN, no. 45/06). • Work with the referred foreigners (cross- Personal work permit is issued upon the border services, further training and request of the foreigner for an indefinite education, movement of persons within period of time, and exceptionally may a foreign company) be issued for a period up to one year. • Training and education of foreigners and Employment permit is a permit accord- • The provision of contractual services. ing to which an employer makes labor contract with a foreigner and is issued Permits are issued for a limited time, for upon the request of the employer. Permit a period of three months to one year, for employment and work of foreigners extendable to two more years, depend- shall be issued upon the request of the ing on the type of permit. employer, legal person or organizational unit of a foreign company, registered in The Employment Bureau shall be obliged Montenegro. Exceptionally, the employer to decide on the request within 30 days will not be refused a request for work from the day of submitting the request. permits for foreigners: Quotas • With higher education, in manage- ment affairs; The Government of Montenegro, upon • Montenegrin citizen family members the proposal of the ministry in charge of (spouse and children up to 21 years old) labor issues, having previously obtained • Family member of the employer (spouse the opinion of the ministries in charge and children up to 21 years old), for some activities for which quotas • For the occupation for which it is not are determined and the opinion of the possible to provide education in Mon- Social Council, in accordance with the tenegro. migration policy and consideration of the labor market, establishes an annual Work permit is a permit with the pre- quota of work permits. determined duration of work, according to which an employer makes a labor Quotas are not determined for the work contract with a foreigner, i.e. foreigner permit issued to a foreigner if: with a legal entity with headquarters in • s/he has a personal work permit; Montenegro or organizational unit of a • is employed in Montenegro on the foreign company, registered in Montene- basis of international agreement, on gro, delivering services or other form of the basis of reciprocity; work, on the basis of civil law contracts. • performs teaching in educational insti- 36

tutions, in the language and alphabet state, international organization or of minorities and other minority ethnic European Union, regarding profes- communities; sional-technical assistance, or on • s/he is a professional athlete and sports the basis of ratified international worker working in Montenegro ac- agreements. cording to concluded labor contract, • founders, procurators, members of • s/he is a Montenegrin citizen family managing and governing bodies member (spouse and children up to and auditors of the business organi- 21 years old), zation who perform the activities • s/he is a family member of an foreigner within that business organization, if who is granted permanent residence performance of those activities does in Montenegro (spouse and children not have the character of employ- up to 21 years old) ment and does not last longer than • s/he is a refugee family member (spouse three months per year; and children up to 21 years old) • academic staff invited in the capacity • s/he is a representative of the company of professor or lecturer and scien- or entrepreneur, tific worker who participates in a • s/he is a foreigner sent to additional scientific-research project important training and development in Monte- for the Republic; negro, • members of the international mis- • s/he is a referred foreigner (managers, sions performing research activity specialists) in the Republic, which is approved • s/he is a provider of contractual services. by the Government; • foreign correspondents accredited in Foreigners who have a permit for tem- the Republic or reporters of foreign porary residence in the Republic shall media; not be obliged to obtain a work permit, • artists and technical staff for opera, in the following cases: ballet, theatre, concerts, fine arts and • a foreigner who is a member of other cultural performances, if they diplomatic or consular mission on do not stay in the Republic longer the territory of the Republic; than 30 days, or three months an- • a foreigner who has the immunity nually with interruptions; on the basis of the international • foreigners who come in the Republic agreement; to participate in sports events; • a foreigner who, in the Republic, • foreigners who perform activities performs activities on the basis of related to delivery, installation or international agreements that the service of machines or equipment, if Republic concludes with another their work does not last longer than 37

30 days with no interruptions, or the 2.10 Intellectual property total of three months annually with interruptions; rights • foreigners who participate in fairs and exhibitions where their em- After Montenegro declared its inde- ployer exhibits; pendence on 3 June 2006, the follow- ing IP laws of the former State Union of continued to Exception: The Law on Employ- be effective: ment and Work of Foreigners shall - Law on Copyright and Related Rights not apply to foreigners-academic (Official Gazette of SM, No.61/04): staff invited to Montenegro as pro- - Trademark Law (Official Gazette of SM, fessors or lecturers participating in No. 61/04, 71/05): scientific and research projects of importance to Montenegro. - Law on Legal Protection of Design (Of- ficial Gazette of SM, No. 61/04); - Law on Protection of Topography of • foreigners who participate in organ- ized professional gatherings and Integrated Circuits (Official Gazette of seminars; SM, No. 61/04). • foreigners employed in circuses or Montenegro has since adopted: entertainment parks, if the they do - the Law on Optical Discs (Official Ga- not stay in the Republic longer than zette RM, No. 2/07) three months with no interruptions. - the Law on Geographical Indications (Official Gazette of SM, No. 48/08); and Links: - the Law on Patents (Official Gazette of Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare SM, No. 66/08); http://www.minradiss.gov.me/en/ministry Employment Bureau of Montenegro On 4 December, 2006, the Government http://www.zzzcg.org/home/default.asp of the Republic of Montenegro depos- Law on Employment and Work of Foreign- ers http://www.gov.me/files/1175075336.pdf ited the following Declaration with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO):

“The Government of the Republic of Montenegro hereby declares that the Treaties listed below continue to be applicable, as of June 3, 2006, in re- spect of the territory of the Republic of Montenegro and that the Republic of 38

Montenegro accepts the obligations Designs; set forth in the said Treaties in respect - the Lisbon Agreement for the Protec- of its territory: tion of Appellations of Origin and their - the Convention Establishing the World International Registration; Intellectual Property Organization; - the Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of - the Convention for the Protection the Olympic Symbol; of Industrial Property; - the Trademark Law Treaty; - the Berne Convention for the Protection - the WIPO Copyright Treaty; of Literary and Artistic Works; - the WIPO Performances and Phono- - the Madrid Agreement for the Repres- grams Treaty; sion of False or Deceptive Indications - the Budapest Treaty on the Interna- of Source on Goods; tional Recognition of the Deposit of - the Madrid Agreement Concerning Microorganisms for the Purposes of the International Registration of Marks; Patent Procedure; - the Protocol Relating to the Madrid - the Patent Cooperation Treaty”. Agreement Concerning the Interna- tional Registration of Marks; - the Hague Agreement Concerning The Bureau for the Protection of Intel- the International Deposit of Industrial lectual Property Rights of Montene- Designs (the Hague Act (1960) and the gro started to operate on 28th May 2008. Stockholm Complementary Act (1967)); Links: - the Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods Bureau for the Protection of Intellec- and Services for the Purposes of the tual Property Rights of Montenegro Registration of Marks; www.ziscg.me - the Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial 39

3.1 Montenegrin emphasis on PhD students. However, a lack of modern research infrastructure RTD sector (according to a recent survey conducted under the FP7 WBC-INCO.NET project, Politically speaking, European integration Montenegro has very few research in- is one of Montenegro’s strategic priorities stitutes and faculties that could qualify and this is also well reflected in the way as modern research infrastructures) and it intends to pursue Higher education the economic recession continue to as well as research cooperation. In that hamper the development of sufficient context a clear roadmap is set out with capital building in the country. the purpose of increasing spending on research to 1% of GDP by 2011. In terms of research areas, Montenegro identifies the same priority areas as those set under 3.2. Main stakeholders the Seventh Framework Programme involved in ST policy (FP7) but of course, given its size and limited budget, it will have to concen- making in Montenegro trate its efforts and focus on research areas of importance for the country The Ministry of Education and Sports and those which support its economic and the Ministry of Science are supreme development and competitiveness. As bodies in charge of Higher education one would expect of a small country, hu- and Science, Research and Techno- man research capacity is limited. In 2009 logical Development. They follow the Montenegro had 766 researchers with long-term Montenegrin requirements academic title, who together with part- for development, transfer and appli- time colleagues and external research cation of scientific and technological associates work in the country’s three achievements, especially from the point universities, several private higher educa- of view of greater valorization of natu- tion institutions, as well as Government ral and man-made resources. They are and private sectors. Researchers account also main funding bodies of Higher for 0.4 % of the employed population. education and Research in the country. In addition, as do other countries of the To be able to deal with the new chal- region, Montenegro suffers from brain lenges and internationalization as well drain following the political crisis in the as globalization of Higher Education, a past. Therefore, as a matter of priority, Council for Scientific-Research Activities the Government has adopted measures was established in 2006 as the national to support the career development of body consisting of several members, researchers and young researchers with from the Government and the research 40

community. The Council is an independ- 3.3 Research institutions ent body under the administrative man- agement of the Ministry. An additional in Montenegro relevant institution is the Agency for International Scientific, Educational, Universities Culture and Technological Coopera- University of Montenegro is a central- tion, founded in the 1970s, which plays ized, the only public, university with an important role in the conducting of about 22000 students out of which 82% research cooperation with third countries are undegraduates, 17,3% graduates in the domain of preparation, coordina- and less then 1% doctoral students. tion and implementation of programs The number of academic staff is 1273. and projects of scientific and technical It has 19 faculties and three scientific , initiation and co-ordination of the institutes. Almost six years ago it intro- establishment of collaboration between duced three-cycle system, along with the Montenegro and foreign institutions and ECTS and Diploma Supplement. It faced industrial organizations, professional the processes of internal and external training abroad as well as bilateral and evaluation of educational system with multilateral programs. the reacreditation purposes as well as internal and external evaluation of re- search capacities with the aim to prepare a strategic document of overall capaci- ties upgrading. There are two types of studies organized at the University of Montenegro: academic and applied studies which are vocationally oriented study programs run under the umbrella of the University. In total, the University offers 79 academic study programs and 15 applied programs.

Two private universities also perform their educational and scientific activities in Montenegro: University Mediterranean and University Donja Gorica All of the universities as well as several institutions of higher education are operating ac- cording to the Bologna principles, with the same rules for accreditation and 41 licensing. Together with several private cal Bureau, Centre for Eco-Toxicological institutions of higher education, about Investigations, Institute for Public Health, 5500 students are educated at private Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, Agency universities. for Environmental Protection, Agency for Protection of Monuments of Culture etc. Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts

Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (CANU) was established in 1978 and encompasses departments of natural sci- ences, social sciences and arts. It is inde- pendent in relation to the Government, industry or other professional organiza- tions and operates under a separate law. Its work program includes promotion of science, scientific-research and artistic work, organization, realization and co- ordination of scientific-research projects of particular importance for preservation and promotion of the natural and cultural heritage, advisory role based on scien- tific indicators and research, expertise, international cooperation, as well as enhancing international cooperation and publishing.

Scientific-research institutes

Beside the aforementioned scientific- research institutes that perform their research within the UoM (Institute for Marine Biology, Institute for History and Institute of Foreign Languages), there are also institutes within business organiza- tions, as well as a number of agencies and centers dealing with extensive research activities: Bureau for Geological Research, Hydrometeorology Bureau, Seismologi- 42

3.4. IT support for 3.5. Academic network research

From the year 2000 a number of sig- Academic network is the base for the nificant steps were made in order to scientific-educational network in Mon- improve the library-information system. tenegro. It is a full member of the con- Automatization of libraries operation at sortium of European academic networks the universities and most of the scien- association (TERENA), linked with the pan tific-research institutes into a system of European academic network GEANT, full mutual catalogization COBISS.CG (Co- member of European GRID initiative. It is operative Online bibliographic system also registered as an autonomous system and Service) was started together with professional development of library (RIPE), focal point for the European IT re- staff, implementation of standards, sources of high performances (SEEGRID), modernization of services. This system as well as the technical administrator of encompasses also a mutual bibliographic national “me” domain. Academic network base. The library materials were partly is one of the biggest WAN networks in processed and available on-line in the Montenegro with more than 20.000 us- form of bibliographic entries. The Uni- ers. The network is dispersed in 6 towns versity of Montenegro is subscribed to (Podgorica, Niksic, Cetinje, Kotor, Herceg electronic databases THOMSON and Novi, Bijelo Polje). Links with this network EBSCO, which provide access to a num- are enabled for Montenegrin Academy of ber of articles in the fields of technology, Sciences and Arts, Ministry of Education medicine, economics. The universal ap- and Science, Central National Library plication platform E-CRISS was used for in Cetinje as well as all the students the development of register of scientific residences within the academic campus data. The government of Montenegro, owned by the University of Montenegro. together with former Ministry of Educa- Complete communication infrastructure tion and Science (now two ministries: of WAN network is owned by Montene- Ministry of Education and Sports and grin Telecom. And all the cities are linked Ministry for Science), has prepared the by MIPNET with the actual capacity of project of Electronic Information Sys- 10Mb/s. tem of Scientific-research activities in Montenegro (e NID) which is supposed to create a comprehensive data base in scientific-research activities which in some domains would rely on the avail- able applications of E-CRISS 43

3.6 RTD expenditure 3.7 National RTD strategic and legal framework

According to the existing official avail- A legal framework is indispensable in able data collected by the national the organization of research institutions, Agency for Statistics MONSTAT, the av- innovation infrastructure and programs erage funds allocated from the state that provide grants to these organiza- budget for RTD as % of GDP are within tions and innovative companies. The the range 0,03-0,05, while the total most often in Montenegro ST and Higher spending on RTD, as % of GDP has been Education laws are prepared separately. within the range of 0,14 to 0,3 in last five The current Law on Scientific-Research years. Montenegro cannot set to itself the Activities was adopted in November objective of following the EU allocation 2005 with the following goals: Integra- of 3% but it can make various hypotheti- tion into ERA and framework programs, cal projections in order to analyze the sustainable development of the country, problem and choose the variant which introduction of international quality is the most acceptable and realistic. The standards, more investment in scientific main problem is how to change the and research activities, connecting re- structure of funding and increase the searchers. Three years after the adoption private, business and industrial funding of the aforementioned Law, the Strat- vs. public funding. The National Strategy egy for Scientific- Research Activities in for Scientific-Research Activities (2008- Montenegro was adopted in June 2008. 2016) predicts that it should be 1% of Amendments to the Law on Scientific- total spending on RTD as % of GDP Research Activities were prepared this until 2012 with the ratio 0,8% of public spring, concerning the fact that the investment versus 0,2% of other sources’ research environment has changed investment. significantly and there is an utmost need for introducing and defining quality in research, parameters for funding on a competitive base, quality assurance well as all kinds of promotion and recogni- tion of quality in research. The other important strategic documents related to scientific research are: Development Directions of Montenegro as Ecological State, Strategy of Sustainable Develop- ment of Montenegro, Spatial Plan of 44

Montenegro, and Strategy of Informa- 3.8 Research tion Society (2004-2007), Strategy for Development of SMEs. Several rulebooks infrastructure in the domain of financing of research also set up the competitive criteria in this Besides a number of weaknesses, like a field such as: Rulebook on financing of large difference in the development of scientific-research activity, Rulebook on different research units or institutions evaluation process of scientific-research without setting and following the na- projects, Rulebook on issuing of the tional priorities, the lack of adequate working license for the scientific-research premises and updated large-scale equip- institutions in Montenegro, Rulebook on ment, scientific-research institutions in register content, procedure of register- Montenegro still have some competitive ing as well as deletion from the register research infrastructure in the fields of : for the scientific-research institutions in - Biomedical and life sciences, which Montenegro. involves infrastructure in the field of agriculture, public health, facilities for Hydrograph examination, chemistry and microbiology of waters and marine waters, as well as the infrastructure for marine biology research.

- Computation and data processing, which involves laboratories in the field of power engineering, telecommuni- cations, electronic devices, computer engineering and technologies.

- Materials science which involves re- search laboratories and site testing, materials testing (metallic, non metallic, construction), microscopy. 45

3.9. Business, innovation tory (participates in FP7 `Environment` research project, NATO SPS program), and technology in Hydrological and Meteorological Ser- Montenegro vice (participate in FP7 e-infrastructure project), Centre for Eco-Toxicological What is of vital importance at this stage Research, Agency for Environmental of innovation “culture” in Montenegro is Protection. Montenegro has established to comprehend the current state of re- a well-structured and well-funded SME search in the country as a whole, and act agency (Directorate for Development accordingly, setting the goals as realistic of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises as possible. First of all, it is evident that - SMEDA), but lags behind on improving the academic community is currently the regulatory environment, particularly lacking good research groups, not to in relation to the role of local administra- mention interdisciplinary ones. Also, tions and human resource development the connections with industry have de- dimensions as well intellectual property creased over years, and the joint activities rights. that exist are more focused on provision of different types of services than on 3.9.2 Foreign organizations operating `real` research. It is a consequence of the in Montenegro in charge of fund- general situation in the region over the ing innovation: past two decades (conflicts, transition, privatization). As for the international Concerning the innovation issue, co- scientific cooperation, its intensity was operation with representatives of some also reduced due to isolation of the international institutions is intensified country in the past. accordingly: Organization for European Security and Cooperation (OEBS), World Bank, Foundation Institute for Open Soci- 3.9.1 Governmental institutions in ety (Office in Podgorica), United Nations charge for innovation: Development Program (UNDP), Konrad- Ministry of Information Society (in charge Adenauer Stiftung, the Embassy of the of implementation of the National IT Republic of , Ecole Nationale strategy – research included), Directorate d’Administration (ENA), USAID/CHECCHI for Development of SMEs (in charge of Company Consulting Inc. CIP on the national level; proposed by the Government to be the contact in- 3.9.3 Strategic documents for inno- stitution for EUREKA), Institute for Public vation and existing innovation Health (participates in an FP7 project infrastructure on food safety), Seismological Observa- Strategic documents reflecting future 46

national strategy for innovation have 3.10 Possibilities of been highlighted here. external funding Generally, the documents and strategies of research and supporting the development of small innovation and medium sized enterprises are: - Economic Reform Agenda for Monte- There is a number of international donor negro 2002 – 2007, initiatives: IPA, European Bank for Recon- - Strategy of development of small and struction and Development, USAID (Firm medium sized enterprises 2007 – 2010, Level Assistance Group), World Bank, - Multi-annual Indicative Planning Docu- and the Centre for Entrepreneurship ment (MIPD) 2007 - 2009 for Montenegro, and Economic Development. Significant The output of the existing efforts in financial support is also coming from developing the “innovation” culture in Federal Ministry for Economic Coopera- Montenegro are some start-ups which tion and Development, Germany (BMZ), try to manifest their work through new Government of the Netherlands (Ministry knowledge or new products such as: of foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Business Start-up Centre Bar Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), and Switzerland, Business incubator Podgorica Austria. Network of Regional and Local Business Centres (BSCs) Links Ministry of Education and Sports www.mps. gov.me Ministry of Science www.mna.gov.me Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts www.canu.org.me University of Montenegro www.ucg.ac.me Mediterranean Universitywww.unimedit- eran.net University Donja Gorica www.udgedu.me Agency for International Scientific, Educa- tional, Cultural and Technical Co-operation Montenegro www.zamtes.gov.me Directorate for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises www.nasme.co.me Business start-up centre Bar www.bscbar.org 47

4.1 About EURAXESS - Experience of the International Rela- tions Office in mobility issues Montenegro - Capacity and facilities for the establish- ment of new administrative services According to the Decision No 05-1/12- - The only public University and employer th 456 from 20 April 2009, made by the of 55% of PhDs and MSc s/ MAs in Ministry of Education and Science of Montenegro the Republic of Montenegro, the Uni- - Experience with EU education and versity of Montenegro is designated research programmes as the Bridgehead Organization in the - Direct beneficiary of the largest part of realization of the EURAXESS initiative in incoming mobility Montenegro. Given the size of the country it is decided The University of Monte- that one Bridgehead organization that negro was designated by will at the same time function as the the Ministry of Education EURAXESS Service Center, will be suf- and Science as the most ficient to run the national researchers’ appropriate institution in mobility network and offer information Montenegro for the establishment of and proximity assistance for researchers the EURAXESS Service Center. The advan- in the whole country. tages of the University in this respect are:

EURAXESS, Steering group BHO EUropean Commision

EURAXESS Service center

Executive Group for Mobility Mobility Mobility officers officers at related to facultics Mobility enterprise of UoM officers sector at private faculties 48

EURAXESS MONTENEGRO STEERING GROUP MEMBERS

Prof. Dr Mira Vukčević, BHO Coordinator Igor Radusinović, Ministry of Education and Science Abdulah Abdić, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Public Administration Nikola Dedeić, Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare Jelena Ognjenovic, Montenegrin Employers’ Federation Prof. dr Sreten Savićević, University of Montenegro Prof. dr Vesna Karadžić, University of Montenegro Prof. dr Vladimir Komnenić, University of Montenegro Prof. dr Sonja Tomović-Šundić, University of Montenegro Doc. dr Ramo Šendelj, 49

EURAXESS MONTENEGRO LOCAL CONTACT POINTS

UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGRO

Aleksandra Banjević, Humanities Irena Orović Faculty of Philosophy Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of e-mail: [email protected] Civil Engineering, Faculty of Architecture +382 69 022 200 e-mail: [email protected] +382 67 516 795 Igor Vušanović, Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Metallurgy and Technology e-mail: [email protected] +382 67 224 404

Olivera Komar, Social sciences UNIVERSITY Faculty of Political Sciences, Faculty of Law DONJA GORICA e-mail: [email protected] +382 67 277 651 Biljana Stamatović e-mail: [email protected] Andrej Perović, Natural sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, +382 69 676 257 Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Biotechnol- ogy e-mail: [email protected] +382 69 072 082

Marija Ivanović Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Institute for MEDITERRANEAN Maritime Biology UNIVERSITY e-mail: [email protected] +382 67 201 604 Ramo Šendelj Milijana Novović e-mail: [email protected] Faculty of Economics +382 67 226 333 e-mail: [email protected] +382 20 409 211 +382 69 339 033 50

Intersectoral group that has contributed to the collection of information published in the Guide:

Abdulah Abdić, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Public Administration Ivana Šućur, Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare Ana Stijepović, Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare Vanja Drljević, Ministry of Education and Sports Nada Kovač, Ministry of Education and Sports Ljubinka Vujisić, Department of Public Revenues

Bridgehead Organization University of Montenegro Address: Cetinjska 2, 81000 Podgorica Montenegro e-mail: [email protected] Phone +382 20 414 209 Fax +382 20 414 230

EURAXESS Services Centre Address: Cetinjska 2 81000 Podgorica Montenegro Phone +382 20 414 250 Fax +382 20 414 253 e-mail: [email protected] web: www.euraxess.me

Links: EURAXESS Portal of the European Commission www.euraxess.eu EURAXESS Montenegro www.euraxess.me Ministry of Education and Sports www.mps.gov.me Ministry of Science www.mna.gov.me University of Montenegro www.ucg.ac.me International Relations Office of Montenegro www.ir.ac.me FP7 Montenegro www.mneresearch.ac.me EURAXESS Montenegro project team:

Prof. dr Mira Vukčević, Vice- for International Cooperation, Project Coordinator Slobodanka Koprivica, Project Manager Jelena Pajković, Legal expert Dijana Jovanović, Help-desk Officer Luka Filipović, Portal engineer Lidija Milosavljević, Portal administrator Mirjana Mićković, Project assistant

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Rights Researcher’s Guide to Montenegro