6 X 10.5 Three Line Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-18110-5 - The Politics of Prisoner Abuse: The United States and Enemy Prisoners after 9/11 David P. Forsythe Index More information

Index

9/11 attacks, Bush reactions to, 1, 291 internal politics, 222 9/11 Commission, 10, 173 intolerance of dissent, 80, 81, 94 9/11 Public Discourse Project, 173 legal advice, 79, 84–85 official position, 231 Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, 211–212 prisoner policy, 47, 106 Abizaid, John, 130 unilateralism, 50 Abraham, Stephen, 171, 174 Yoo and, 77 Abu Ghraib Additional Protocol I (API) Amnesty International report (2006), fundamental guarantees, text, 247 265–268 chronology, 294–296 Hamdan case and, 184, 266 command responsibility, 117, Iraq and, 128–129 130–131, 132–133, 210 non-ratification by United States, controversy, 88 69–70 deaths, 217 POW status, 68–70 effect on national security, 90, 213, prisoner treatment, 3, 166, 261 215, 221 US position, 266 embarrassment, 95 Additional Protocol II (APII) Fay–Jones report (2004), 132, 237 text, 268–272 HRW reports, 252 US position, 269 lack of accountability, 132–133 Aden, 21 legacy, 96 admissibility of evidence, 180, 188 military practices, 121–123, 125–128 Afghanistan Obama Administration and, 179 Bagram, 98–101, 103, 116, public opinion and, 91 179, 217 Rice and, 208 CIA, 96–97, 144 Rumsfeld and, 55, 209, 210 classification of detainees, 170, 189 Schlesinger report (2004), 237 diversion of resources to Iraq, “Taguba” report (2004), 126, 130, 101–102, 135 236 Geneva Conventions and enemy Abu Sayyaf, 152 fighters, 67–72, 129, 291 Acheson, Dean, 8, 39 Geneva Conventions and Global War Addington, David on Terror (GWOT), 73–75 Beaver memo and, 293 ICRC and, 101, 103, 201 character, 53 Jacoby report (2004), 236 Cheney and, 47, 208 Kabul secret prison, 101 Guantánamo and, 85 medical operations, 118 IHL and, 93 military behavior, 25, 96–103 influence on Bush, 76 mismanagement of war, 54

299

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-18110-5 - The Politics of Prisoner Abuse: The United States and Enemy Prisoners after 9/11 David P. Forsythe Index More information

300 Index

Afghanistan (cont.) Beaver, Diane, 85–86, 108, 109, 115, NATO and, 102 228, 231, 293 Soviet invasion, 35 Begg, Moazzam, 113 US military force, 64, 291 Belgium, 223 aggression, 37, 57, 204 Belkacem, Bensayah, 178 Al-Qaeda Bellinger, III, John, 36, 80, 88, 222, 231 Bush and, 43 Benjamin, Daniel, 52 CIA and, 291 Bignone, Reynaldo Benito, 197 foreign policy pretext, 38, 41 bin Laden, Osama, 31, 60 IHL status, 73, 74–75, 188 Binalshibh, Ramzi, 189 Iraq and, 51, 158, 292 Black, Cofer, 63, 231 non-state actor, 176 Blair, Dennis, 205, 214 propaganda and torture, 215 Blair, Tony, 113, 141–142 provocation strategy, 49 Boeing, 139 Taliban and, 70 Boumediene case, 171, 174–175, 184, theocracy, 7 297 threat assessment, 49, 60, 227 bounty hunters, 137 treatment of prisoners, 214 Boykin, William, 125 unlawful enemy combatants, Bradbury, Steven, 88, 153, 154, 201, 176–177, 178 231, 296 Aldrich, George, 69, 71 Brandeis, Louis, 28 Algerian War, 21, 68, 204–205, 207, Brazil, 22 214, 266 Bremer, III, Paul (Jerry), 53, 56, 210, Alien Tort Claims Act, 139 231 Allende, Salvador, 227 Brinson, Christopher, 133 American Bar Association (ABA), Brown, Gordon, 113 71–72 Bryan, William Jennings, 49 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Buchanan, Pat, 30 139, 169, 188, 256 Buckley, William, 152 Amnesty International, 184, 188, Bush, George H., 32, 44 241–249 Bush, George W. anthrax scare, 63 CIA and, 45–46, 142, 143, 155, 243, apologies, 197–198 297 Arar, Maher, 157–158, 189, 198, 251, Detainee Treatment Act (DTA, 2005), 254 154, 296 Arbour, Louise, 221 exceptionalism, 42–43 Argentina, 62, 148, 196–197, Geneva Conventions and, 293 220, 278 on Guantánamo, 104 Army Surgeon General report (2005), ideology, 33–34, 38–47, 57 238 interrogation techniques and, 82 Ashcroft, John, 49, 76, 82, 187, 231 intolerance of dissent, 80 al-Assad, Bashar, 158 lack of remorse, 209 Atlantic Charter, 34, 195 medal policy, 56, 119, 133 Military Commissions, 179 Baccus, Rick, 108 moderating direction, 46, 209, 296 Bagram, 98–101, 103, 116, 179, 217 presidential powers, 162 Bahlul, Ali Hamza al, 181 realism, 32 Balkans, 2, 36, 194, 198 religiosity, 42 al-Bashir, Omar, 195 response to 9/11, 1, 291 Baxter, Richard, 69 Saddam threat and, 227

Index 301

subservient Congress, 184 intelligence from prisoner abuse, 93, TJ and, 195, 222 135, 149, 208–209 torture and, 57, 58, 94, 216, 297 internal politics, 222 Bybee, James interrogation techniques and, 88 approved interrogation techniques, intolerance of dissent, 80, 81 82, 145, 202, 293 lawyers and, 79 legal advice, 77–78 McCain and, 36 meaning of torture, 66 Powell and, 210 official position, 231 prisoner policy, 106 Rumsfeld and, 47 Project for a New American Century, testimony to Congress, 202 61 Yoo and, 76 regime change discourse, 63 Rice and, 79, 106, 154 Calley, William, 132 Saddam threat and, 227 Cambodia, 194, 198 TJ and, 222 Cambone, Stephen torture and, 57, 66, 161, 210–211, career, 231 213 Iraq and, 125 Yoo and, 77 prisoner policy, 105 child soldiers, 285 on regime change, 48 children, customary international law, Rumsfeld and, 55, 209, 210 285 Cameron, David, 113 Chile Camp 020, 12 enforced disappearances, 141, 278 Camp 1142, 12–13 national security state, 62 Camp Cropper, 123–124 Pinochet regime, 194, 195–196 Camus, Albert, 214 Reagan policy, 45 Canada, 157–158, 189, 198, 251 TJ and, 196 “Carlos the Jackal,” 137 US intervention in, 22, 31, 220, 227 Carter, Jimmy, 35, 44, 49, 69, 219–220 China, 62, 116, 198 Casey, Lee, 166 Christianity, 7, 8, 42, 62, 125, 211 Casey, William, 55 Church report (2005), 237–238 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 220 Churchill, Winston, 8, 11, 34, 195 Center for Constitutional Rights, 140, CIA 169, 254–256 Abu Ghraib and, 122, 128 Chalabi, Ahmed, 120 abuse of enemy prisoners, 2 Chechnya, 198–199 Afghanistan, 96–97, 144 Cheney, Dick Al-Qaeda and, 291 character, 37, 53 Black Sites, 93, 117, 142–157 CIA and, 56, 93, 149, 208–209 closure, 199 Congress and, 90 HRF report (2004), 253 “dark side” discourse, 51, 63, 104, ICRC report (2007), 257 208–209, 291 media disclosure, 296 on Executive powers, 29, 42, 50–51, Bush and, 45–46, 142, 143, 155, 297 163 classification of detainees, 172 foreign policy, 41 Cold War practices, 15–17 Global War on Terror (GWOT), 43 Congress and, 90–91 identity concept, 37 consequentialism, 148–153 ideology, 33, 34, 47–51 “dark side” discourse, 63 influence on Bush, 45, 46, 60, 76, 80, doctrine, 136 296 DOD and, 84

302 Index

CIA (cont.) command responsibility enforced disappearances, 250, 278 Abu Ghraib, 117, 130–131, UN report, 258–259 132–133, 210 extraordinary rendition, 137–142, Army field manual and, 134 246–247 HRF report (2006), 253 FBI and, 143, 147–148, 293 HRW report (2005), 251 Feinstein report, 207 prisoner abuse and, 38 health personnel and, 117–118, 148 Yamashita case, 210 Helgerson report (2004), 149–151, confessions, 15, 17, 159, 181, 188, 211 153, 236, 294 Congress see also Executive powers; HRW list of “ghost prisoners,” 250 War Crimes Act (WCA, 1996) illegal practices, 95 Abu Ghraib and, 222 interrogation techniques, 83, deference, 89–92, 174, 184, 211, 227 145–148, 295–296 definition of torture, 218 judicial decisions, 186 Detainee Treatment Act (DTA, 2005), key 2002 prisoner decisions, 90, 115, 154, 173, 296 82–83 Guantánamo and, 190–191 kidnapping, 137–142 Gulf of Tonkin resolution (1964), 89, Kubark manual, 21, 136, 161 227 mistaken identities, 155–156, Military Commissions and, 202, 296, 157–158, 161 297 Powell and, 49 Miranda rights, 212 practices, 25 TJ and, 201 promotion of torturers, 100 consequentialism, 9, 148–153 prosecution of operatives, 202, 203 constructivism, 35–37 rendition abroad, 157–159 cost-benefit analysis, 2 Tenet’s values, 55–57 Council of Europe (CoE), 140, 198, 199 torture and, 58, 66, 93, 108, counter-insurgency strategy, 200, 148–153, 216 214–215 Vietnam War, 21 Craddock, Bantz, 119 waterboarding, 57, 147 Crawford, Susan, 110, 180, 298 CID, 3, 4 see also torture crimes against humanity, 194 civil liberties panel, 10 cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment civil litigation, 139, 169–170, see also torture see CID 223, 224 crusaders, 30 Civil Rights Commission, 10 CSRT system, 171, 174, 189, 295 civilians, Geneva Convention IV (1949), Cuba 264–265 Guantánamo and, 75 Clarke, Jonathan, 32, 52 missile crisis (1962), 8, 39, 228 classification of detainees, 168–179, customary international law (CIL) 189, 199 see also unlawful Additional Protocols and, 70, enemy combatants 128–129, 166, 184, 266 clean torture, 14 Bush lawyers and, 50, 81 Clinton Administration, 137, 194 Common Article 3 and, 260 Coalition Provisional Authority, 54 displaced persons, 284–285 Cohen, Richard, 60 fundamental guarantees, 280–285 Cold War, 14–22, 23, 166 ICRC study, 280–285 Cole, David, 95, 215, 222 non-international conflicts, 283 Combatant Status Review Tribunals prisoner treatment, 283–284 (CSRT), 171 wounded, sick and shipwrecked, 282

Index 303

Dalton, Jane, 86 HRW report (2007), 249 Danner, Mark, 145, 151 ICRC and, 143 Darby, Joseph, 295 International Convention (2006), “dark side” discourse, 51, 63, 208–209, 278–280 244, 291 non-refoulement principle, 280 Davis, Morris, 181, 182 US policy, 141, 243 death penalty, 35, 73, 180, 243, 244 England, Gordon, 88, 180, 222, 232 Delahunty, Robert, 232, 292 ETA, 1 Dell’Orto, Daniel, 232 Ethiopia, 152 Denmark, Guantánamo and, 114 EU, 221 Dershowitz, Alan, torture warrants, 9, exceptionalism, 42–43 215 Executive powers Detainee Abuse and Accountability Amnesty International report (2005), Project, 250 248 Detainee Treatment Act (DTA, 2005), Bush’s position, 162, 167–168 90, 115, 154, 173, 296 Cheney on, 29, 42, 50–51, 163 Diamond, Larry, 54 detainee classification, 177 Diego Garcia, 140 detrimental to US interests, 167–168 diplomatic assurances, 250, 251 double standards, 50 disabled persons, 285 HRF report (2003), 253 disappearances see enforced judicial approaches, 174 disappearances scope of presidential authority, 8, 29 displaced persons, CIL, 284–285 extraordinary rendition Djibouti, 140 Amnesty International report (2006), Dostum, Abdul Rashid, 97 246–247 Dreyfus case, 229 Britain and, 140, 141–142, 192 Dubai, 140 CIA, 137–142 due process CoE report, 140 detention classification, 168–179, Obama Administration, 201 189 origins and destinations, 140 discrediting ICRC, 164–168 issues, 25–26 failed states, 72 Military Commissions and, 179–188 fascism, 40 unlawful enemy combatants and, Fast, Barbara, 122, 133 162, 176–177, 178 Fay, George, 232 Dulles, John Foster, 44 Fay–Jones report (2004), 99, 132, 237, Dunant, Henry, 3 296 Dunlavey, Michael, 85, 107, 108, 232 FBI Abu Ghraib and, 122 East Timor, 194, 198 Bagram, 98 Egypt, 25, 62, 144, 158–159, 292 CIA and, 143, 147–148, 293 Eichmann, Adolf, 137 Guantánamo and, 83, 85, 111–112 El Salvador, 197, 198, 220 Feinstein report, 207 elderly persons, 285 Feith, Douglas emergencies see national emergencies on Bush’s lack of attention to enforced disappearances detail, 47 Amnesty International report (2006), foreign policy, 37, 38 246–247 Israeli connections, 54, 69 CIA, 155–156 on liberals and Bush discourse, 53 definition, 279 neo-con, 33

304 Index

Feith, Douglas (cont.) Common Article 3, 1949 Geneva official position, 232 Conventions: applicability, on Powell, 49 268–269 prisoner policy, 105 civilians and, 73 Project for a New American Century, Hamdan case, 115, 184 61 prohibition of prisoner abuse, 3, 73 on regime change, 48 text, 260–261 Rumsfeld and, 54–55, 70, 209, 210 US breaches, 153 status of Taliban prisoners, 69–72 Vietnam War, 70, 264 Flanigan, Timothy, 76, 232, 291 enemy fighters and, 67–72 flood gates, 2 Geneva Convention (1864), 3, 18 Ford, Gerald, 205 Geneva Convention (1929), 3, 11, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 169 (FISA), 215 Global War on Terror (GWOT) and, foreign policy 73–75 actors, 38–47, 57 grave breaches, 201 Bush Administration, 24, 28–59 Guantánamo and, 75–76, 105, 115, congressional deference, 89–92 163, 178 theories, 29–37 ICRC and “lawfare,” 164–168 Formica report (2006), 239 Iraq and, 95–96, 121, 128–129, 170 Fort Hunt, 12–13 see also Camp 1142 non-international conflicts, 268–272 France politics of interpretation, 60–94 Algerian War, 21, 68, 204–205, 207, POW Convention, 1949 Geneva 214, 266 Convention III, text, 261–264 Dreyfus case, 229 prisoner treatment, 3–4 intelligence reports on Iraq, 51 scope, 266 International Convention on US policy, 17, 18, 21 Enforced Disappearance and, US ratification, 4 278 Vietnam War and, 70, 129, 264 seizure of “Carlos the Jackal,” 137 genocide, 167, 194 Franco, Francisco, 8, 40, 198 George III, 163 Franks, Tommy, 56, 97, 122, 232 Georgia, 199 Friedman, Thomas, 205 German-Americans, 228 Fukuyama, Francis, 33 Germany, 1, 12, 140, 170, 278 Gerson, Michael, 211 Gates, Robert, 180, 232 Ghailani, Ahmed Khalfan, 186, 228 Gaza, 199 Goldsmith, Jack Gearty, Conor, 229 on Bush’s change of direction, 46 Gelb, Leslie, 54 on Executive powers, 163, 167 Geneva Conventions see also Additional on international law, 74–75 Protocol I (API); Additional official position, 232 Protocol II (APII); ICRC; on Rumsfeld, 164 international humanitarian law “torture memos” and, 77, 154 (IHL) Goldwater, Barry, 221 Afghanistan and, 100, 129, 291 Gonzales, Alberto Bush Administration and, 134 Guantánamo and, 85, 163 CIA Black Sites and, 153 inner legal circle, 47, 51, 76 Civilian Convention, 1949 Geneva legal role, 79 Convention IV, text, 264–265 official position, 232 classification of detainees, 168–179 Rumsfeld and, 47

Index 305

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 37, 51 Schmidt report (2005), 109–110, Graham, Lindsey, 90–91, 175–176, 119, 132, 238–239 179, 203, 207, 232 suicides, 114, 247 Granger, Charles, 133 teenagers, 249 Gross, Porter, 143 United Nations and, 221, 258 Guantánamo US image and, 215 Amnesty International on, 245–246, wrongfully detained prisoners, 190, 247 198, 255 British complicity, 113 Guatemala, 17, 22, 197, 198, 220 Center for Constitutional Rights on, guerrilla fighters, 266 254–256 Gulf of Tonkin resolution (1964), 89, classification of detainees, 170, 174 227 closure decision, 199, 212, 242 Gulf War (1991), 121 Combatant Status Review Tribunals gun laws, 6 (CSRT), 171 commanders, 84 Haass, Richard, 48 Congress and, 190–191 habeas corpus, 162, 171, 173, 174–175, detainee accounts, 251 179, 189 early reason for transfers to, 97 Haditha, 215 evaluation, 84, 152 Hague regulations, 3 federal jurisdiction and, 292 Halper, Stefan, 32, 52 Geneva Conventions and, 75–76, Hamdan, Sali, 181, 182, 297 104–106, 115, 163 Hamdan case, 115, 171, 173, 174, 184, habeas corpus and, 174 228, 244–245, 260, 266, 269, iconic status, 116–117 297 ICRC and, 75–76, 83, 104, 165, 166, Hamdi, Yaser Esam, 189 171, 172, 293, 295, 297 Hamdi case, 171, 176, 295 international attention, 170 Hartmann, Thomas, 181 interrogation techniques, 84–86, Hayden, Michael, 57, 141, 143, 232 111–112, 251 Haynes, II, William J. judicial review of detainees, 226 Abu Ghraib and, 222 lack of accountability, 119–120 Admiral Mora and, 86–87 lawyers and, 85–88, 94 Afghanistan, 97 legacy, 96, 118–119, 214 Beaver memo and, 293 legal black hole, 171 Bush and, 47 medical personnel, 117–118 Guantánamo, 104 mental health, 114, 165, 171, 247, interrogation program, 84–85, 292, 249 294 military behavior, 25, 103–120 intolerance of dissent, 94 Military Commissions see Military JPRA and, 81 Commissions legal advice, 55, 79, 93 Obama Administration and, Military Commissions, 180–181, 291 107–108, 116, 178–179 official position, 76, 232 opening, 292 Rumsfeld and, 87–88, 210 prisoner abuse, 103–120 health personnel, 117–118, 148 prisoners’ intelligence value, 106–108 hearsay, 180 returnees to Russia, 249–250 Heilbrunn, Jacob, 32 Rumsfeld and, 55, 84, 104–106, Heine, Jorge, 192 108–109, 119–120, 228, 292 Helgerson, John, 232

306 Index

Helgerson report (2004), 149–151, 153, US funding, 165 236, 294 US military and, 64 Heritage Foundation, 211 Vietnam War, 18 Hicks, David, 98, 181, 189, 297 ICTY, 193, 195 Hill, James, 85, 108, 232 Ignatieff, Michael, 36, 95 Hitler, Adolf, 31 India, 1 Hixon, Walter, 43 Indonesia, 140 Ho Chi Minh, 31 internal conflicts see non-international Hochschild, Adam, 57 conflicts Holder, Eric, 176, 185, 201–202, 232, International Commission of Jurists 241 (ICJ), 256 Holocaust, 148 International Committee of the Red Horton, Scott, 116–117, 150 Cross (ICRC) see ICRC Human Rights First (HRF), 188, International Convention on Enforced 252–253 Disappearances (2006), Human Rights Watch (HRW), 137, 278–280 164, 184, 188, 215, 230, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 169 249–252 International Covenant on Civil and hunger strikes, 111, 114, 155, 247, 255 Political Rights (ICCPR) Amnesty International report, 245 ICRC prohibition of torture, 4, 64, 278 access to detainees, 165 public emergencies, 277–278 Afghanistan, 101, 103, 201 text, 276–278 API as customary law, 266 US ratification, 4 Camp 1142 and, 12 US reservations, 276, 278 CIA and, 136, 145–148, 150, 257 International Criminal Court (ICC), control of reports, 88 169, 194, 195 on customary international law, International Criminal Tribunal for the 280–285 former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 193, discrediting, 164–168 195 on forced disappearances, 46, 138, international humanitarian law (IHL) 143, 278 see also Geneva Conventions Guantánamo and, 75–76, 83, 104, Afghanistan and, 100 109, 114–115, 117, 127, 165, CIA Black Sites and, 153 166, 172, 178, 293, 295, 297 classification of detainees, 168–179 impact on US policy, 221 Global War on Terror (GWOT) and, Iraq and, 123, 126–127, 129, 133, 73–75 257, 295 Guantánamo and, 75–76, 178 Israel and, 103, 128 ICRC and “lawfare,” 164–168 “lawfare,” 164–168 Iraq and, 95–96, 121, 128–129, 170 on legality of detention, 173 politics of interpretation, 60–94 “London Cage” and, 12 scope, 266 neutrality, 165, 166 international law see also customary officials’ opinions, 229 international law (CIL) popular opinion and, 5 neo-cons and, 53, 164 POW rights, 73 politics of interpretation, 60–94 registration of detainees, 137 US and other state hypocrisy, 22 restructuring, 165–166 International Tribunal for Rwanda, 193 on scope of IHL, 266 interrogation techniques, 82, 145, 202, Taliban relations, 214 251, 293

Index 307

Iqbal, Muhammad Saad, 159 ICRC and, 103, 128 IRA, 1 Landau report, 217, 225 Iran, 22, 31, 199, 222 necessity defense, 9–10, 217 Iraq see also Abu Ghraib neo-cons and, 32, 33, 52, 54, 69 Al-Qaeda and, 51, 158, 292 torture and, 217–218, 224, 225, 226 Amnesty International report (2006), war crimes allegations, 199 247–248 Italy, 159 command responsibility, 117, 130–131, 132–133, 210 Jacksonian nationalism, 30 effect of Abu Ghraib, 213 Jacoby report (2004), 236 HRW reports, 250–251 Japan, 1, 13–14, 278 ICRC on, 123, 126–127, 129, 133, Japanese-Americans detained in Second 257 World War, 13–14, 34, 198 IHL and, 95–96, 121, 128–129, 170 Jarreau, Patrick, 162 medical operations, 118 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 196 Mikolashek report (2004), 236–237 Jawad, Mohammed, 183 military practices, 25, 120–135 Jeppesen Dataplan case, 139–140, 228 Miller report (2003), 235 Jessen, Bruce, 233 post-invasion chaos, 120 Johnson, Lyndon, 89 prisoner treatment, 171 Jones, Anthony, 232 Russia and, 199 Jordan, rendition to, 249 Ryder report (2003), 235, 295 Jordan, Steven, 131, 132 Schlesinger report (2004),127, 128, Justice Department (DOJ) Inspector 129-130, 237, 296 General report (2008), 83, 150, switch of resources to, 101–102, 135 240 “Taguba” report (2004), 126, 130, 236, 295 Kahn, Paul, 40, 192, 219, 220 US invasion see Iraq invasion Kandahar prison, 98–101 WMD and, 52, 120 Karpinski, Janis, 121–122, 130, 233 Iraq invasion Kashmir, 1 Blair partnership, 142 Kenya, 21, 177 Bush policy, 41 Ker doctrine, 137 civilian ﬁghters, 73 Khadr, Omar, 183, 249 congressional approval, 89 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (KSM) consequences, 52 capture, 294 continuity of US foreign decision to try, 185 interventions, 22 future, 187 decision making process, 51–52 intelligence from, 151–153 Democrats and, 53 prosecuting, 176 discourse, 120 torture, 216 justiﬁcation, 154 waterboarding, 150, 153, 216 number of troops, 51 Zubaydan interrogation and, 147–148 public opinion, 204 kidnapping, CIA, 137–142 threat assessment, 49 Kissinger, Henry, 7, 31, 32, 34, 37, 226, Ireland, 140 227 Islam, 193 Koh, Harold, 175 Israel Korean War, 12, 14–15, 61, 166, 219, API and, 266 227 CIA and, 144 Kosovo, 194 Eichmann kidnapping, 137 Kouchner, Bernard, 219

308 Index

Krongard, A. B., 144 McCarthyism, 228 Kubark manual, 21, 136, 161 McCloy, John, 39 Kuebler, William, 183 Macedonia, 2, 155 Kuwait, 121 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 31 Kyl, Jon, 164, 166 McNamara, Robert, 53 Maguire, Peter, 13 Lacey, Sgt., 112 Maldonado, Daniel, 177–178 “Lackawanna Six,” 189 Malmédy massacre, 13 Landau report, 217, 225 Mann, James, 33 language manipulation, 57–58, 63 Mao Zedong, 31 Latvia, 140 Marcos, Ferdinand, 45 “lawfare,” 164–168 Margolis memo (2010), 241 lawyers al-Marri, Ali Saleh Kahlah, 146, 176, breach of professional conduct, 201, 177, 187 224 Marshall, George, 49 early decisions, 63–81 al-Masri, Khalied, 155–156 inner legal circle, 76–81 medals, 56, 119, 133 Iraq, 123 media key 2002 developments, 81–88 Guantánamo and, 75–76, 103, 109, politics of interpretation, 24–25, 116, 117 60–94 improvement in prisoner treatment Rice and, 154 and, 102 role of regulatory bodies, 224 liberal democracies, 160 word games, 155 prisoner abuse and, 91, 100, 215 Laxalt, Paul, 51 TJ and, 207 Leahy, Patrick, 206, 233 United Nations and, 221 Lebanon, 45, 152, 199 medical personnel, 117–118, 148, 238 Lehnert, Michael, 104, 105, 108 mental health, 114, 165, 171, 247, 249 Levin report (2008), 207, 210, 240 Miers, Harriet, 47, 51 Libby, Scooter, 47 Mikolashek report (2004), 236–237 liberalism military meaning, 34–35 Afghanistan, 25, 96–103 right-wing discourse, 29 ﬁeld manual, 90, 134, 200–201 terrorists and, 193 Guantánamo, 25, 84–88, 103–120 Liberia, 198 IHL and, 63 Libi, Ibn al-Shaik al-, 158–159, 292 Iraq, 25, 120–135 Libya, rendition to, 159 Military Commissions Lieber Code, 11, 18 Amnesty International on, 244 Lieberman, Joe, 207 assessment, 188–189, 190 Lincoln, Abraham, 10, 39 chronology, 291–292 Lindh, John Walker, 76, 97–98, 189, 292 Congress and, 202, 296, 297 Lithuania, 140 control of Executive role, 228–229 Lobel, Jules, 215 convictions, 297 LSD, 15 death penalty, 180 Lucenti, Martin, 106 debate, 176, 179–188 lustration, 197 defense counsel, 182–183 delays, 181 McCaffrey report (2006), 239 HRW report, 252 McCain, John, 36, 90, 135, 203, legislation, 202 207, 233 Obama Administration, 201, 213

Index 309

Pentagon control, 180–181 effectiveness of torture, 93, 108, Second World War, 177 134–135, 148–153, 208–209 traditional international conﬂicts, 174 exaggeration of threats, 227–228 unlawful enemy combatants, 179 half-way position, 9–11, 23 US history, 180 national security states, 62 Miller, Geoffrey state secrets doctrine, 139–140 al-Qahtani and, 298 trumping IHL, 6–9 Bush and, 46 National Security Strategy (2002), career, 133, 233 220–221 Guantánamo agenda, 84 nationalism, 220–221, 229 Guantánamo interrogation, 109 NATO, 53, 102, 221 Iraq prisoners and, 209 Nazis, 35, 60, 148, 177 Presidential Service Medal, 119 necessity defense, 9–10 recommended sanction, 130 neo-conservatives Rumsfeld and, 294 Bush and, 32, 33, 37, 42, 309 transfer to Iraq, 125–126, 294 Cheney and, 33, 37, 42, 52 Miller report (2003), 235 crusaders, 30 Miloševic´, Slobodan, 50, 195 Feith and, 33, 37, 54 Miranda rights, 212 ideology, 30 mistaken detention, 190, 198, 255 international law and, 53, 164 Mitchell, James, 233 Rumsfeld and, 52–55 Mladic´, Ratko, 196 Wolfowitz and, 33, 37, 54 Mobutu Sese Seko, 220 Niebuhr, Rheinhold, 7 Mohamed, Binyam, 113, 139, 224 Niger, 56 Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh see Khalid Nixon, Richard, 31, 32, 37, 44, 80, Sheikh Mohammed 206, 227 Mora, Alberto, 86–87, 228, 233 no touch torture, 14 morality see political morality non-international conﬂicts Morgenthau, Hans, 31 APII, 268–272 Moussaoui, Zacarias, 188, 189 Common Article 3, 268–269 Mukasey, Michael, 57, 216, 233 customary international law, Murad, Abdul Hakim, 152 283, 284 Murray, Craig, 142 non-refoulement principle, My Lai, 129, 132 137, 280 Myers, Richard, 48, 72, 86, 105, 120, North Korea, 222 233 Northern Alliance, 73, 96–97, 144 Northern Ireland, 21, 142, 168 Al-Nashiri, abd al-Rahim, 82 Nuremberg trials, 62, 194 national emergencies 9/11, 291 Obama, Barack see also Obama Executive powers and, 29 Administration human rights and, 193 CIA and, 157 ICCPR, 64, 277–278 election victory, 102 international law, 162 Guantánamo closure and, 199, 212, liberal democracies and, 218 242 rule of law and, 8, 60 Military Commissions and, 181, 188, Torture Convention and, 4, 64 213 national security priorities, 193, 202 absolute prohibition of torture and, 5 truth commissions and, 206 debate, 218–224 on Second World War, 11

310 Index

Obama Administration political morality Abdulmutallab prosecution, 211–212 Bush Administration, 24, 28–59 assertion of Executive power, 168 Cold War, 14–22, 23 ban on major abuse, 199–201 debate, 218–224 Binyam Mohamed and, 113 half-way position, 9–11, 23 extraordinary rendition and, 139, human rights priority, 3–6 201 national security priority, 6–9 Guantánamo and, 107–108, 116, Obama Administration, 200 178–179 prisoner treatment and, 2–11 Helgerson report (2004), 149–151, Second World War, 11–14, 22 153, 236, 294 TJ and, 194–195 investigation of lawyers, 77 Portugal, 198 legal approach to detainees, 175–176 POW status 68, 69, 75, 170 Military Commissions and, 183, Powell, Colin 184–186, 190, 201 9/11 threat assessment, 60 protection of Afghan combatants, 67 Abu Ghraib and, 210 state secrets doctrine and, 139 approach, 49 TJ and, 192, 201–208 foreign policy, 38 Office of Legal Counsel Geneva Conventions and, 293 OPR report (2009), 241 influence on Bush, 45 role, 76–77, 79 interrogation techniques and, 82 OIG report (2006), 240 lawyers and, 79 Omar, Abu (Hassan Mustafa Osama marginalization, 41, 47, 51, 210 Nasr), 159 official position, 233 opinio juris, 280 UN speech (2003), 56 OPR report (2009), 241 views on prisoner abuse, 209, 215 pragmatists, 30 Padilla, José, 176–177, 178, 187, 189, presidential powers see Executive 224 powers Pakistan, torture, 62 press see media Panetta, Leon, 145, 157, 206, 233 preventive self-defense, 1, 48 Pappas, Thomas, 122, 126, 233 Priest, Dana, 142 Parry, John T., 40, 218 prisoner classification, 168–179, 189, Parwan, 178–179 199 Passaro, David, 156 prisoner of war see POW status Paust, Jordan, 60, 74 prisoner treatment Pavitt, James, 233 Afghanistan and Geneva Pearl Harbor, 1 Conventions, 67–72 Pelosi, Nancy, 90, 206 arguments against abuse, 213–215 Perle, Richard, 33, 37 classification of detainees, 168–179, Perry, David, 1 189, 199 Petraeus, David, 128, 135, 200, 201 Geneva Convention III (1949), 262 Philbin, Patrick, 292 Geneva Conventions and Philippines, 45, 152, 216 Afghanistan, 67–72 Phoenix Program, 17, 20–22 customary international law (CIL), Physicians for Human Rights, 117 283–284 Pinochet, Augusto, 8, 31, 40, 45, 62, Geneva Convention III (1949), text, 141, 194, 195–196, 223–224, 261–264 226, 227 IHL supremacy, 3–6 Poland, 140, 196 key 2002 developments, 81–88

Index 311

national security trumping IHL, 6–9 reparations, 197 Second World War, 11–14, 261 Rhodesia, 31 Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Rice, Condoleezza Board, 10 Abu Ghraib and, 208 Project for a New American Century, 61 career, 233 prosecutions see also TJ Cheney and, 79, 106, 154 Abdulmutallab, 211–212 foreign policy, 38 Al-Qaeda operatives, 176 inﬂuence on Bush, 45, 46, 296, 297 CIA operatives, 202, 203 international pressure, 222 counter-terrorism, 252–253 interrogation techniques and, 82, extradition or prosecution, 201 149, 154, 296 HRF reports, 252–253 legal advisors, 79–80 Prugh, George, 69 loyalty, 51 public emergencies see national marginalization, 47 emergencies on regime change, 48 public opinion, 44, 77, 91, 113, 207, relations with Bush, 47 225 Scowcroft and, 34 Rivkin, Jr., David, 166 al-Qahtani, Mohammed: Geoffrey Rizzo, John, 85, 233 Miller and, 119, 128, 294, 298 Robinson, Mary, 221 Military Commission dismissed Rockefeller IV, John, 59 charges, 187, 189, 298 Rodin, David, 6 Rumsfeld and, 93, 209, 293, 298 Rogers, Mike, 133 Schmidt report (2005) and, 119 Romania, 140, 220 supervision of treatment, 119 Roosevelt, Franklin, 11, 13, 34–35, 39, treatment, 86, 87, 109–110, 128 193, 195 Qala-i-Jangi, 144 Roosevelt, Teddy, 216 al-Qosi, Ibrahim, 181 Roth, Kenneth, 188, 215, 230 Rove, Karl, 91 Rahman, Gul, 156–157 Rumsfeld, Donald 33 Rasul case, 171 Abu Ghraib and, 55, 209, 210, 222, Reagan, Ronald, 29, 37, 45, 51, 69–70, 294 220, 221 Afghanistan, 97 realism al-Qahtani and, 93, 209, 298 Christian realism, 7 assessment, 37, 209–210 see also Reinhold Niebuhr CIA and, 143 foreign policy, 31–32 cover up, 46 see also George H. W. Bush; Fay–Jones report and, 99 Henry Kissinger; Richard Feith and, 70 Nixon foreign policy, 41, 48 Pinochet regime and, 226 Geneva Conventions and, 292 power and, 199 Global War on Terror (GWOT), 43 political morality and, 31 Guantánamo and, 55, 84, 104–106, pragmatists, 30 108–109, 119–120, 228, 292 Red Army Faction, 1 ideology, 33, 38 Red Cross see ICRC IHL and, 164 Reed, Walter, 69 inﬂuence on Bush, 45 regulatory bodies, 201, 224 interrogation techniques and, 82, 86, Reid, Richard, 188 87–88, 93, 293–294 Rejali, Darius, 229 intolerance of dissent, 80

312 Index

Rumsfeld, Donald (cont.) Shultz, George, 51 Iraq and, 51, 120, 122, 128, sick see wounded and sick 129–131, 132, 227 Sierra Leone, 194, 197 meaning of torture, 66, 216 Somalia, 140, 177, 195 Military Commissions and, 180 Soufan, Ali H., 151 Project for a New American Century, South Africa, 197 61 Soviet Union, 15, 35, 228 removal, 46 Spain room to maneuver, 47 Civil War, 268 Tenet and, 84, 108 Convention on Enforced TJ and, 195, 222 Disappearance and, 278 values, 52–55 detainees’ rights and, 170 Russia, 198–199, 249–250 see also ETA terrorism, 1 Soviet Union Pinochet case, 223–224 Rwanda, 193, 198 response to terrorism, 60 Ryder report (2003), 235, 295 TJ and, 198 speed laws, 6 Saddam Hussein spies, 12, 266 Abu Ghraib, 294 Sri Lanka, 43 Al-Qaeda and, 51, 158, 292 S. S. Cole, 82 Bush I and, 44 Stalin, Joseph, 31, 35 capture, 135 “Stanford prison experiment,” 131, CIA reports, 56 132, 216 Executive powers, 50 state secrets doctrine, 139–140, 156 neo-con policy, 38 state sovereignty, 8, 22 US discourse, 120 Sudan, 195 WMD and, 52 Supervielle, Manuel, 104, 105 Salt Pit, 156–157 Suskind, Ron, 48 Sanchez, Ricardo, 122, 126, 128, 130, Sweden, 292 133, 233 Switzerland, 165 Sands, Philippe, 72, 223–224 Syria, 25, 62, 157–158, 254 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 219 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 204 Taft, IV, William, 79, 80, 233, 293 Saudi Arabia, 116, 144 Taguba, Antonio, 233 Savage, Charlie, 50 “Taguba” report (2004), 126, 130, 236, Schlesinger, James, 166 295 Schlesinger report (2004), 127, 128, Taliban see also Afghanistan 129, 130, 153, 237, 296 Afghan rule, 7 Schmidt, Randall, 233 classiﬁcation of detainees, 67–72, Schmidt report (2005), 109–110, 119, 163, 189 132, 238–239 ICRC and, 214 School of the Americas, 16 war with Northern Alliance, 73 Scowcroft, Brent, 34 Tamil Tigers, 43 self-defense, 1, 48, 219 Taylor, Charles, 195, 198 Serbia, 195, 196 Tenet, George SERE, 16, 80, 81, 84, 85, 145, 149 career, 233 Shelton, Hugh, 48 CIA Black Sites and, 143 Sherman, William, 36 intelligence from prisoner abuse, 135 Shinsheki, Eric, 51 interrogation techniques and, 82, 93, shipwrecked, 282 149, 153

Index 313

lack of remorse, 209 Torture Convention meaning of torture, 66 absolute prohibition, 4 on torture, 57 applicability, 64, 74 resignation, 295 entry into force, 273 Rumsfeld and, 84, 108 non-refoulement principle, 137 TJ and, 222 prosecution or extradition values, 55–57 obligations, 201 terrorism see also War on Terror text, 273–276 categories of responses, 60 UN supervision, 124 lack of definition, 2 US ratification, 4, 218 questioning liberalism, 193 US reservations, 273, 275–276 Thailand, 140, 293 torture lite, 14 Thakur, Ramesh, 230 torture warrants, 9, 215 Thiessen, Marc, 211 Truman, Harry, 11, 39 Thucydides, 199 truth commissions, 197, 206, 212–213 Tiananmen Square massacre (1989), 198 ultra-nationalism, 220–221 see also Timerman, Jacobo, 148 neo-conservatives Tipton Three, 112, 255–256 unilateralism, 28, 33 TJ United Kingdom apologies, 197–198 Afghanistan, 102 debate, 218–224 Camp 020, 12 double standards, 198–199 CoE and, 199 growth industry, 192 Cold War practices, 15 national proceedings, 196–197 colonial conflicts, 21 Obama Administration, 201–208 counter-terrorism, 229–230 overview, 193–199 extraordinary rendition and, 140, prosecutions, 26, 196, 201 141–142, 192 Tokyo trials, 62, 194 Guantánamo and, 113, 142 torture see also CID international damage to human absolute prohibition, 4, 5–6, rights, 229–230 224–225, 227 IRA and, 1 ACLU report (2009), 256 Iraq and, 51 arguments against, 213–215 “London Cage,” 12 CIA Black Sites, 145–148 Northern Ireland and, 21, 142, 168 CID and, 200 Pinochet case, 194 coerced confessions, 188 prisoner abuse and national security, counter-productive approach, 218 213–215 Second World War spies, 12 definition, 66–67, 149, 154–155, 218 universal jurisdiction and, 194 democracies and, 229 United Nations diplomatic assurances, 250, 251 Gorbachev and, 37 early decisions, 65–67 Guantánamo report (2006), 258 effectiveness, 93, 108, 134–135, human rights role, 230 148–153, 208–209 origins, 34 legal politics, 24–25, 60–94 on secret detention, 62, 258–259 national security and, 6–9 Torture Convention and, 124 official denials, 154–155 US prisoner abuse and, 221 public opinion, 225 United Nations Security Council universal jurisdiction, 167 Balkans and, 194

314 Index

United Nations Security Council (cont.) global war, 60, 73–75 TJ and, 195, 198 judicial approaches, 176–179 US vetoes, 199 paradigm, 256 universal jurisdiction, 167, 222–224 prosecutions, 252–253 unlawful enemy combatants, x, 10, 62, secret detention, 62 67, 72, 162, 170, 171, 176–177, war without end, 171 178, 199, 226 Warner, John, 90, 234 Uruguay, 278 Warren, Marc, 123, 133 Uzbekistan, 25, 62, 142, 158 Washington, George, 10 waterboarding Vance, Cyrus, 49 Cheney endorsement, 50, 210–211 Vandeveld, Darrel, 181, 183 CIA operations, 57, 143, 147, 150 Vietnam War euphemisms, 63 Common Article 3 and, 70, 71, 264 meaning, 58 Congress powers and, 163, 227 torture and, 216 Gulf of Tonkin resolution (1964), 89 Watergate, 80, 163 historical comparisons, 12 Waxman, Matthew, 88, 222, 234 ICRC and, 18 weapons of mass destruction (WMD), IHL and, 18–22, 266 23, 52, 120, 192 irregular ﬁghters, 70–71, 73, 264 Weisberg, Jacob, 28, 45, 52 My Lai massacre, 129, 132 Wells, David, 152 neo-con analysis, 33 Western Hemispheric Institute for Phoenix Program, 17, 20–22 Security Cooperation, 16 POW status, 68, 69, 75, 170 Wilson, Woodrow, 34–35, 39, 49 Wittes. Benjamin, 16, 38, 162, 174, Walker, Mary, 234 188–189 Walker report, 87, 93, 112, 294 Wodjakowski, Walter, 133 Waltz, Kenneth, 31 Wolfowitz, Paul Walzer, Michael, 36, 39, 225–226 career, 234 war crimes see also War Crimes Act decision to invade Iraq, 51 (WCA 1996) foreign policy, 37, 38, 41 Bush Administration concerns, 163 neo-con, 33 international crimes, 194 number of troops in Iraq, 51 neo-con ideology and, 164 prisoner policy, 105 War Crimes Act (WCA, 1996) Project for a New American Century, amendment, 245 61 humiliating treatment, 153, 286 on regime change, 48 politics, 285 Rumsfeld adviser, 54–55 prisoner treatment, 4 Wood, Carolyn, 98, 99–100, 125–126, severe mental pain and suffering, 286, 130, 133, 209, 294 288–290 World War text, 285–290 First, 228 torture, 65, 286, 289 Second, 2, 8, 11–14, 22, 34, Torture Convention and, 273 177, 261 War on Terror wounded and sick, 3, 18, 96, 261, 270, Amnesty International reports, 282 248–249 wrongful detention, 190, 198, 255 concept, 43–44 detainee classiﬁcation and, 168–179 Yamashita case, 210 Geneva Conventions and, 73–75 Yemenis, 190, 297

Index 315

Yoo, John on presidency, 39, 40, 163 advice to CIA, 83 professional breaches, 201, 224 Geneva Conventions and, 292 role, 79, 294 Guantánamo and, 292 “torture memos,” 7, 76–78, 93, 154 international law and, 291 Yousef, Ramzi, 188 on interrogation techniques, 87, 94, 293 Zaire, 22, 220 meaning of torture, 66, 149 Zakaria, Fareed, 215 motivation, 74–75 Zelikow, Philip, 12, 88, 91, 222, 234 on national security, 62 Zimbabwe, 31 ofﬁcial position, 234 Zubaydah, Abu, 82, 83, 147–148, 150, Padilla litigation, 224 151, 152–153, 216, 293