Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(3): 802-814

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 3(2016) pp. 802-814 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.503.093

Aphrodisiac Properties of Hypocotyls Extracts of aethiopum Mart () Collected in Central of Benin Republic

Florence Gbesso1, Arlette Adjatin2*, Alexandre A. Dansi2 and Akpovi Akoegninou3

1Laboratory of Biogeography and Environmental Expertise (LaBEE), Faculty of Letter, Arts and Human Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), BP 677 Abomey-Calavi, Benin 2Laboratory of Biotechnology, Genetic Resources and and Animal Breeding (BIORAVE), Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Dassa, Polytechnic University of Abomey (UPA), 01 BP 14 Dassa-Zoumè 3National Herbarium, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin *Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Borassus aethiopum is a tropical plant with multiple uses and the hypocotyls are very appreciated by the populations in food and in traditional medicinal. In addition K eywo rd s all parts of this tree such as the wood or the stem, the roots, the petioles, the

hypocotyls, the , the final bud, the resin, the , the and the sap Borassus constitute richness for a rural population. Ethnobotanical survey revealed aethiopum, aphrodisiac properties of hypocotyls and contribute also to the treatment of the Medicinal disorders of men erection. It is necessary to document the medicinal importance of properties, the different parts of and to compare the chemical composition Aphrodisiac, of hypocotyls with its medicinal virtues or qualities. A total of 180 people were Phytochemical surveyed in nine villages in two districts Glazoué and Savé located in the central of screening, Benin.These two districts are recognized for their dynamism in Borassus Benin. aethiopum production and in marketing of hypocotyles. The chemical compositions

were evaluated through a phytochemical screening carried out on extracts of Article Info hypocotyls and based on colouring and precipitation reactions. At the total, five (5)

diseases are treated using different parts of Borassus aethiopum. Among which the

sexual weakness is the most disease cited for the most reason of hypocotyls used Accepted: 22 February 2016 (100% surveyed).The utilization modes vary from one village to another and from Available Online: one socio-ethnicl group to another.The analyses revealed the presence of tannins 10 March 2016 catechic, gallic, anthocyanes, leuco -anthocyanes, mucilages, saponosides,

heterosides and coumarins which could be at the base of the aphrodisiac activity of B. aethiopum hypocotyls. These results lead us to suggest that hypocotyls could be used for the manufacture of the drugs in order to fight against the sexual

weakness.However, biological studies like in vivo evaluation are necessary to

evaluate the effectiveness of hypocotyls.

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Introduction (Yaméogo, 2007).The powder combination of male inflorescences of Borassus The use of the medicinal in the aethiopum with shea butter is used like treatment of pathologies dated to several antifongic for the cutaneous lesion. The millions of years (Adjanohoun, 1995; WHO, male inflorescences have diuretic properties, 2002).The traditional medicinal always and are also used in the treatment of the constituted for the rural populations the sexually transmitted diseases and the viral principal sources for health. Across the infections. Former studies revealed the anti- world, more than 80% of the population inflammatory drug activity, antipyretic of used medicinal plants for primary health the extracts of this plant (Sakande et al., (Sandhya et al., 2006; Visweswari et al., 2004). Hypocotyls flour with high value 2013; Ahouansikpo et al., 2016).The plants contents of lipids, starch, minerals and fiber in general produce primary metabolites and also couscous have been developed in which are implied in the cellular metabolism Benin, (Azokpotaet al, 2012) and in but also secondary metabolites which are Cameroun (Ali et al, 2010);Also, The chemically activate compounds. The physicochemical properties of starch of B secondary compounds confer to the plants aethiopicum might be suitable for uses ace a many medicinal properties at the base of dilute, binder and disintegrant (Odeku and their use by the populations (Zwenger and Itiola, 2007; Adamu et al., 2012). In Basu, 2008; Visweswari et al., 2013; Northern Benin, the young germinating shot Adjatin et al., 2013). In Benin republic, of the seedling is consumed and play great Borassus aethiopum, is part of many plant role in food crisis and use it as aphrodisiac and under-utilized species which the purpose (Akinniyi et al., 2000). In a different part have many usage such as food, traditional way, the hypocotyls of this plant economic medicinal and pharmaceutic are used for the treatment of several diseases (Kansolé, 2010; Gbesso et al., 2013). included sexual weakness (Adjou, 2006; Gbesso et al., 2013) which is considered as The pulp, the seeds, the hypocotyls and the social handicap and a problem of public sap are used in various ways for human health (Bonetti, 2007;Békro et al., 2007). consumption. Several authors have been Moreover, this physiological issue is often reported and summarized the food and associated with some chronic pathologies medicinal utilization of Borassus aethiopum such as diabetes, neuropathy, depression, (Akinniyi et al., 2000; Gbesso et al., 2013). etc. (Boua, 2005). Borassus aethiopum The different parts of B. aethiopum such as could be a significant source for the research wood, the roots, the petioles, the leaves, the and for some firms to develop somebio final bud, the resin, the fruits, the seeds and actives molecules to solve this disease as the the sap constitute a richness for rural case of the example of others plants which population and also significant source of constitute resources for pharmaceutical income generation for the rural communities industry (Awono et al., 2009).Unfortunately, especially for women (Wasiri et al., 2010; in Benin there is no major work on B. Gbesso et al., 2013). B. aethiopum fruits are aethiopum to documentation aphrodisiac rich in glucides, calcium, proteins and property of the hypocotyls.This study was vitamins C, B1, B2, PP (Kodjo, 2005).In initiated to document the medicinal Côte d'Ivoire Borassus aethiopum is knowledge of the rural communities on the required for his sap which is used to hypocotyls and to identify the manufacture vinegar, sugar and drug phytochemical elements conferring on this

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(3): 802-814 species the aphrodisiacs properties. study area (Table 1).

Materials and Methods Ethnobotanical Data Collecting and Data Analysis Presentation of the zone of study Data were collected during expeditions from The study was conducted in Central Benin the different sites through the application of precisely in two districts Savè and Glazoué participatory research appraisal tools and where the species is rather abundant and is techniques, such as direct observation, group important for income generating (Gbesso et discussions, individual interviews, and field al., 2012). These two districts are located visits using a questionnaire (Adjatin et al., between the parallels 730' and 830' of 2012). In each village, interviews were Northern latitude and between the meridian conducted with the help of a local translator. lines 205' and 246' of longitude(Figure Group discussions were held with both 1).Climate in this area is subequatorial with females, males of different ages. In each two rains seasons and two dry seasons site, local the forest keepers, agentsand the (Akoegninou et al., (2006). According to the chiefs of the village were involved in the national statistic, the population of these two study to facilitate the organization of the districts is estimated to 210.921 peoples and meetings and data collection.The medicinal in the majority inhabited by Tchabè, Idaasha importance of Borassus aethiopum was then and Mahi ethnic groups (RGPH4, 2013). given during ethnobotanical survey. The collected data were related to the knowledge In each district, the choice of the villages relating to the medicinal properties, the was done base on two fundamental criteria medico-magic usage, the different parts of such as the presence of high groups the tree used and the forms of usage. sociolinguistic and also the exploitation of the species.Considering these two different The different results were analysed through criteria, nine (9) villages were selected in the descriptive statistical as frequency compute, two districts (Table 1, Figure1) and in each mean and the results were presented as village, 20 households were surveyed make figures and tables. a total of 180 households surveyed in the

Table.1 List of the Different Surveyed Villages in the Two Districts in Central Benin

Serial number Villages Districts Socio-ethnic group Number of survey 1 Akon Savè Tchabè 20 2 Boubou Savè Tchabè 20 3 Diho Savè Tchabè/Idaatcha 20 4 Djabata Savè Tchabè 20 5 Hoco Glazoué Idaatcha 20 6 Longbondjin Glazoué Mahi 20 7 Montéwo Savè Tchabè 20 8 Ouoghi Savè Tchabè /Idaatcha 20 9 Thio Glazoué Mahi/ Idaatcha 20

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Figure.1 Map Showing Surveyed Villages in Central Benin

Phytochemical Analysis precipitation indicates the presence of alkaloids. The vegetable material consists of hypocotyls samplings collected from the Polyphenolic Compounds Determination: study area. These hypocotyls were In an erlenmeyer, 5g of powder to which pulverized and used for the preparation of 100 ml of boiled water was added.The the ether extracts, methanol and aqueous mixture was left for 15 minutes with obtained by successive extractions with continuous agitation, and then filtered. This solvents, according to the polarity level.The filtrate divided into many portions will be screening phytochemical is based on the used for research of the gallic and reactions of colouring and precipitation of catechictannins, the flavonoids, the the principal chemical compounds groups anthocyanins and leucoanthocyanes. contained in the different parts of the tree as described by Houghton and Raman (1998) Tannins: With a portion of the filtrate, a and used by Dougnon et al. (2012) and proportion of to 1 % ferric chloride was Adjatin et al. (2013). added. The presence of the tannins is related to the different colour observed which vary Alkaloids Determination: Alkaloids were from blue, green or black.For the research of identified through Mayer test which is an the catechics tannins, to 30 ml of the filtrate, aqueous double potassium and mercury 15 ml of Stiasny reagent was added. The iodine solution. In acid solution and in appearance of a pink precipitate indicates presence of Mayer reagent, a reddish brown the presence of the catechic tannins. Gallic

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(3): 802-814 tannins were assessed by recovery of the sulphuric. The appearance of a violet, blue filtrate with 1% of ferric chloride. or green color related the presence of steroids. Flavonoid: To 5 ml of the previous filtrate, 5 ml of hydrochloric alcohol and magnesium Cyanogenic Derivatives Determination powder were added. The appearance of yellow or orange colour indicates the The cyanogenic compounds were identified presence of flavonoids through picric test of acid.2g of the powder was added in 15 ml of distilled water Anthocyanins: To determine the presence contained in anerlenmeyer. The mixture was of anthocyanins, hydrochloric acid at 5% immediately covered with paper soaked with was added to 1 ml of the filtrate. The picric acid. The mixture was then heated and solution was then mixture and ammonia brown colour indicating the presence of the solution was added. The results were hydrocyanic acid. analyzed by the presence of red colouring which is accentuated and transferred with Mucilage Determination blue-purplish or greenish. 1 ml of the extract was added to 10 % is Leucoanthocyanes: 5 ml of hydrochloric introduced into a test tube on which 5 ml of alcohol was added to 5ml of the filtrate. The alcohol was then added.The appearance of a mixture is heated for 15 minutes at 90 C flocculent precipitate indicates the presence with the Marie bath. Red colouration cherry of mucilage after ten minutes. or purplish indicated the presence of leuco- anthocyanin. Coumarins Determination

Quinone Derivatives Determination: Coumarins were highlighted with ether and Quinone derivatives were assessed with ammonia.To 20 ml of ether 1g of crush Born-Trager reaction which is known as powder of the hypocotyls was added to 0.5 colouration reaction. A volume of 20 ml of ml of ammonia (25 %). Coumarins were chloroform was added to a mixture of 2 ml then read an intense fluorescence under UV of HCl and 2g of powder.After mixing, 5 ml at 365 Nm. of ammonia was then added to the previous mixture.Pink or red color indicates a Reducing Compound positive reaction. The reducing compounds were assessed Saponins Determination: The saponins with Fehling's solution. 5g powder was were highlighted by the foam index which is diluted in 50 ml of distilled water. Sharp red the extent of dilution of one aqueous of the precipitate indicates the presence of powder or drug.Indeed, the formation of a reducing compounds. foam height higher stable and persistent than1 cm indicates the presence of saponins. Anthracene Derivatives

Triterpenoids and Steroids They are two types of anthracene Determination: The triterpenoids were derivatives: Free anthracene and the identified by the test of the acetic acid with a anthracene compounds (Anthracene mixture of acetic anhydride and acid combined O-heterosides and combined to

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(3): 802-814 anthracniques C-heterosi des).These to another. Regarding the hypocotyls, to anthracene derivatives were identified with treat the sexual weakness it has been chloroform and ammonia solution. At the soaking only in the local alcohol call end, light red colour observed suggested the “sodabi” or with some other product. presence of anthracenes. Screening physicochemical will allow us to bring out chemical group responsible for Heterosides Cardiotonics medicinal properties.

The reagents of Baljet, Kedde and Concerning medico-magic usage, the Raymond-Marthoud were used to determine utilization and the perception vary from one the heterosides. The presence of the socio ethnic group to another and from one heterosides was assessed base on the survey to another. (Figure 2) Individual different colour observed (orange, red- surveyed revealed the B. aethiopum is purplished or violet). considered as tree totem (57% of responses) or fetish tree (25% of responses). According Results and Discussion to 11% of responses, B. aethiopum tree is used for poison purpose and only 7% of the Medicinal and Medico-magic Usages of survey revealed that B. aethiopum is used Borassus aethiopum for food purpose and any totem were not in relation with it. In general in Savé, B The principal usages of B. aethiopium were aethiopum is used for poison purpose and is medicinal and for food purpose. All the considered as blasted tree. In this ethnic different organs of this tree such as the group, B aethiopum is considered as totem nucleus, the root and the hypocotyls were tree and is considered as fetish of the used in the treatment of some diseases village. The populations surround the tree (Table 1). In a total, the study revealed that with stones animals were sacrificed to B. aethiopum treat five (5) different diseases dismiss the bad sprits after consultation of and the indigenous knowledge relative to the an oracle. For that, population are avoiding uses of the organs vary from one village to bringing any parts of tree in the village. But another. Concerning the nucleus, 48% of the in Glazoué district inhabited by Mahi and surveyed use it to fortify the new born, Idaatcha, the tree does not have any totem regarding the root of B. aethiopum were it significance but considered as "tree fetish" was cited by only 10% of responses whose because it is a perennial woody species used it to treat malaria, 30% of the surveyed having a late flowering and consequently highlighted the it can be used to fortify the produced fruits after several years. pregnant lady. Also, 60% of the surveyed use the root to attenuate or to minimize the Phytochemical Screening menstrual pain with the young lady and to treat sexual weakness. Relatives to the The results of the screening phytochimic hypocotyls, 100% of the surveyed apart for carried out on the extracts of hypocotyles of the food matter it used to treat sexual B aethiopum revealed the presence of weakness. Sexual weakness is the like catechicand gallictannins, anthocyanins, disease treated by many organ of the plant leuco-anthocyanes, mucilage, saponins, includes the root and hypocotyls. In general, combined anthracene O-heterosides, infusion and the soaking were identified as combined anthracene C-heterosides, steroids the most method and differ from one organ and coumarins (Table 3).However, the test

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(3): 802-814 revealed the absence of many compound (Table 2). Consequently the medicinal such as alkaloids, flavonoids, cyanogenic properties allotted to this species are due to derivatives, reducing compounds, free the presence of the identified phytochimic anthracene derivates, heterosides groups. cardiotonics, triterpenoids, quinone derivate

Table.2 Diseases Treated by the Root and Hypocotyls of B. aethiopum in SavèetGlazoué District

Organs Domain of uses Frequency (%) Usage mode Nucleus Strength the new born 48 Infusion Roots Malaria 10 Infusion of the roots in water Strength pregnant lady 30 Painful menstrual 60 Sexual weakness 60 Grind the root of B. aethiopum in the water only or associated with others plants Hypocotyls Sexual weakness 100 Grind the hypocotyls of B. aethiopum in the local alcohol only or associated with others plants

Table.3 Screening Phytochemical of the Hypocotyls

Chemicals compounds Results Alkaloids - CathechicTannins + Gallictannins ++ Flavonoids - Anthocyanins + Leucoanthocyanes + Mucilage ++ Saponins + Cyanogenic derivatives - Reducing compounds - Free anthracenicderivates - CombinedAnthracenics O-heterosides + Combined Anthracenics C-heterosides ++ Heterosidescardiotonics - Triterpenoids - Steroids + Coumarins + Quinone derivatives - NB: (++) = Much; (+) = Presence; (-) = Absent; + /- = traces

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Figure.2 Perception of the B. aethiopum usage in the Study Area

Borassus aethiopum is a tropical plant used aethiopumin Benin also in Burkina-Faso. as well for food purpose and also used in According to Akinniyietal, (2000), the traditional medicinal (Adjou, 2006; Kansolé, young germinating shot of the seedling 2009;Gbesso et al., 2013).This species also called Muruchi in Hausa is only known in has medico-magicaluses that have been Northern of Nigeria and peoples consume it reported in the cultural area Tchabè. The as food and also for aphrodisiac matter or medico-magical use of Cleome gynandra purposes. Another ethnobotanical study and Cleome viscosa was reported by showed that certain part of the plant as the Ahouansikpo et al. (2016) who showed that roots of Carica papaya are used out of herb sauce of C.gynandra or C. viscosa eaten tea because of their properties aphrodisiacs regularly would give longevity while their (Grenand et al., 2004). In the same way, leaves harvested, dried and burned as different part Manniophyton fulvum and incense move away evil spirits.This study Flacourtia flavescens are used to treat the showed the different part (cores, roots and sexual weaknesses (Agbaire et al., 2012; hypocotyles) of B. aethiopum have been Agassounon et al., 2012).Thus the extracts used in treatment of many diseases where of the vegetable bodies are used in the eight were recorded in the study area among traditional pharmacopeia to prevent or to sexual weakness treated as well with the treat the sexual dysfunction which was roots as with hypocotyles Moreover, among regarded as a psychological evil (Mormont, the different parts of B aethiopum, the 1983) is currently perceived as a disease hypocotyles constitute the most significant having an organic cause, mainly vascular part which is consumed by the populations (Garden, 2001). Several work showed that (95% of responses) followed by the fruits the presence of the chemical compounds in (5% of responses) (Gbesso et al., 2012).This the vegetable confer pharmacological high level of the consumption explains the properties to them which would prove the interest of hypocotyles in the food but use of these plants for various ends especially in the traditional medicine. These therapeutic (Agassounon et al., 2012; results are similar to those reported by Dougnon et al., 2012; Adjatin et al., 2013). Hessou, (2011) and Yaméogo, (2007) who highlighted the multiple usages of the of B Phytochemical screening conducted on the

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(3): 802-814 hypocotyles extracts revealed the presence aethiopum hypocotyls contain saponins. of high chemical groups such as of catechic Saponins or saponosides are compounds and gallic tannins, anthocyanins, leuco- produced naturally by some plants. anthocyanes, mucilage, saponins, combined According to Bruneton, (1999) and Békro anthracene O-heterosides, combined (2007), saponins produce high spermicidal anthracene C-heterosides, steroids and and are used for the manufacture creams for coumarins. These different compounds the vaginal application.S teroidal found in the plant have different compounds are used to reduce cholesterol pharmacological properties which vary for levels in human body, activate immune one group chemical to another. Tannins are system, enhance memory and involved in known to have astringent properties; the tumour treatment (Sing et al, 2010; Veena et presence of tannins in the hypocotyls of B al., 2011). Steroids compounds found in aethiopum edge supports its usage to treat hypocotyls is likely responsible for the and heal haemorrhoids which constitute the aphrodisiac properties (Visweswari et al., principal cause of sexual dysfunction 2013). Due to the different compounds (Andzouana and Mombouli, 2012).Tannins found in B aethiopum, this plantcould be are phenolic compounds consider as free used as raw materials for pharmaceutical antioxidants radical scavengers (Adedapo et industries as it is the case of Garcinia cola al., 2013).In general, plants with phenols are (Okwu, 2005).These results are similar to medicinal plants with majority of secondary those obtained by Bourobou et al. (2014) on metabolites include the phenolic acids, Tabernanthe iboga which is largely used by coumarins, flavonoids, anthocyanins and the populations for its medico-magic and tannins responsible for medicinal properties medicinal properties like aphrodisiac. such as disinfectant, analgesics, anti- inflammatory, antidiuretic, immuno-tensor, In conclusion, the ethnobotanical study antioxidant, analgesic, and antimalarial carries out in Savè and in Glazoué disctricts properties (Lay et al.,2010; MpondoMpondo showed that B aethiopum is used as well as et al., 2012). Anthocyanins are natural for food and also to treat sexual weakness. pigments usually in plant leaves, petals and The phytochemical screening on the fruits and generally have antioxidant hypocotyls extracts of B aethiopum proved activities and play a beneficial role in human in addition compounds which could be health, in particular in the field of the probably responsible for aphrodisiac cardiovascular risks and attacks (Oszmianski activity. These results lead us to suggest that et al., 2007; Muanda, 2011).In general, B aethiopum hypocotyls could be used to mucilage, are known for their analgesics and manufacture some drugs to treat the sexual disinfectants properties it also used weakness. However, more studies like in dermatological. Coumarins are antibacterial, vivo evaluation are necessary to evaluate the fungicides, laxatives, antitumor, urinary effectiveness of hypocotyls as well as the disinfectants, etc. The anthracene derivatives toxicity test on larvae shrimp to evaluate and saponosides have a large role in possible toxicity of the different part of spectrum (Authors).The presence of all these Borassus aethiopum especially the chemical groups could explain well the hypocotyls the most part consume. aphrodisiac activity of B. aethiopum hypocotyles. Acknowledgment

Spectrophotometric showed that B. We thank CUD (Commission Universitaire

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(3): 802-814 pour le Dévelopement) from Belgium for its Adjou, E. 2006. Caractérisation physico- financial contribution for this work. Also chimique et microbiologique du jus ours grateful to the local population of these de la pulpe du de rônier two districts who provided useful (Borassus aethiopumMart.), information for us during ours survey. Mémoire de Maîtrise. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université References d’Abomey-Calavi, 76 p. Agbaire, P.O., Emudainohwo, J.O.T., Adamu, B., Isah, Emmanuel, O., Peretiemo-Clarke, B.O. 2013. Olorunsola, Yohanna, E., Zaman. Phytochemical screening and 2012. Physicochemical properties of toxicity studies on the leaves Borassus aethiopum. Starch Asian J. ofManniophytonfulvum. Int. J. Pl. Pharm. Clin. Res., 4(3): 132–134. Ani. Environ. Sci., 3(1): 1–6. Adedapo, A., Adewuyi, T., Sofidiya, M. AgassounonDjikpoTchibozo, M., Savadogo, 2013. Phytochemistry, anti- A.D.S., Karou, F., Toukourou, C., inflammatory and analgesic activities Souza. 2012. Connaissances of the aqueous extract of endogènes et études phytochimiques Lagenariabreviflora (Cucurbitaceae) de Flacourtiaflavescens Wild. in laboratory animals. Int. J. Trop. (Flacourtiaindica Burn F. Merr.) Biol., 61(1): 281–290. Tropicultura, 30(1): 3–8. Adjanohoun, E.J. 1995. La biodiversité Ahouansinkpo, E., Atanasso, J., Dansi, A., tropicale face au développement des Adjatin, A., OrobiyiAzize, Sanni, A. industries pharmaceutiques. Med. 2016. Ethnobotany, Phytochemical Trad. Afr., 5: 3–18. Screening and Toxicity Risk of Adjatin, A., Dansi, A., Eze, C.S., Assogba, Cleome gynandra and Cleome P., Dossou-Aminon, I., Akpagana, viscosa, two traditional leafy K., Akoègninou, A., Sanni, A. 2012. vegetables vonsumed in Benin. Int. Ethnobotanical investigation and J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 5(2): diversity of Gbolo [Crassocephalum 813–829. rubens (Juss. ex Jacq.) S. Moore and Akinniyi, J.A., Waziri, M., Usman, H.S. C. crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore, a 2000. Study of the Androgen traditional leafy vegetable under contents ofBorassus aethiopum mart. domestication in Benin. Genetic Res. Unimaid Res. Report, pp. 20–28. Crop Evolution, 59(8): 1867–1881. Akoègninou, A., Adjakidje, V., Essou, J.P., Adjatin, A., Dansi, A., Badoussi, E., Loko, Sinsin, B., Yedomonhan, H., Van Y.L., Dansi, M., Azokpota, P., Der Brug, W.J., et, Van Der Maesen, Gbaguidi, F., Ahissou, H., L.J.G. 2006. Flore analytique du Akoègninou, A., Akpagana, K., Bénin. Universitéd’Abomey-Calavi, Sanni, A. 2013b. Phytochemical Cotonou, Bénin, 1034 p. screening and toxicity studies of Ali, A., Alhadji, D., Tchiegang, C.. Saïdou, Crassocephalum rubens(Juss. ex C. 2010. Physico-chemical Jacq.) S. Moore and Crassocephalum properties of palmyra palm crepidioides (Benth.) S. (Borassus aethiopum Mart.) fruits Mooreconsumed as vegetable in from Northern. Afri. J. Food Sci., Benin. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. 4(3): 115–119. Sci., 2(8): 1–13. Andzouana, M., Mombouli, J.B. 2012.

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How to cite this article:

Florence Gbesso, Arlette Adjatin, Alexandre A. Dansi and Akpovi Akoegninou. 2016. Aphrodisiac Properties of Hypocotyls Extracts of Borassus aethiopum Mart (Arecaceae) Collected in Central of Benin Republic. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 5(3): 802-814. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.503.093

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