J. HYM. RES. Vol. 4, 1995, pp. 285-293

The Family-Group Names of the (: Ichneumionidae)

David B. Wahl and W.R.M. MASONt

(DBW) American Entomological Institute, 3005 SW 56th Ave., Gainesville, FL 32608, U.S.A.; (WRMM) Biological Resources Division, CLBRR, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0C6,Canada

Abstract.—The family-group names in the subfamily Ichneumoninae are listed. Valid names are in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and differences with the names used by Townes are discussed. The historical background to Townes' rejection of certain Opinions of the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature is examined; we conclude Townes was m error.

The subfamily Ichneumoninae consti- ture 1985; hereafter referred to as "the tutes an exceedingly large and diverse Code"), he sometimes used junior syn- group of parasitoid wasps, and is one of onyms of his ow^n authorship in prefer- the most taxonomically and nomenclatur- ence to older names of other authors or ally confusing groups of ichneumonids. failed to cite proper dates and authorship The genera w^ere never revised by for family-group names (cf. Protichneu- 1934 vs. Townes as part of his monographs of ich- monini Heinrich, Heresiarchini neumonid subfamilies. His taxonomic Ashmead, 1900, and Ichneumonini Ash- ideas on the subfamily were recorded in mead, 1895 instead of Ichneumonini La- 1802 1977: the regional catalogs put out by him and treille, (Heinrich 10, 57). his collaborators (Townes et al 1961; Townes et al 1965; Townes & Townes TOWNES AND OPINIION 159 1966; Townes & Townes 1973). These Townes (1957, 1969) wrote at length and are often groupings generic concepts about his reasons for considering certain at odds with those of other most authors, Opinions of the Commission invalid. The Heinrich, who mono- notably published following summarizes Townes' general on the ichneumonines of the Ne- graphs views: "There is, however, a spurious sub-Saharan and Southeast arctic, Africa, "Opinion of the International Commis- Asia. The situation is especially confusing sion" (no. 178) that was published under because Townes based family-group the personal responsibility of Francis names on the oldest included genus and Hemming, without the knowledge or refused to recognize the validity of cer- consent of the International Commission, tain Opinions issued by the International and without an official vote of the Com- Commission for Zoological Nomencla- mission on the matter. Citations of this ture (hereafter referred to as "the Com- "Opinion" have been misleading. mission") (Townes 1969). While Heinrich (Townes & Townes 1981). Most hymen- to use in ac- endeavored nomenclature opterists, outside of ichneumonid spe- cordance with the International Code of cialists, do not accept Townes' arguments Zoological Nomenclature (International (Day 1981 is an exception). Townes' ex- Commission for Zoological Nomencla- tensive ichneumonid work has lead many 286 Journal of Hymenoptera Research students of that group to follow his no- ieterus and Colpognathus, genera placed menclature. We do not, however, accept by others in Phaeogenini (Townes, pers. Townes' position or his supporting ver- comm. to DBW). Moreover, Townes sion of history; a detailed account of our placed the genera Heterischnus and Liisius view is given in Appendix I. Opinion 159, in a separate tribe, Heterischnini. Perkins, which deals with application of the ich- Diller, and Rasnitsyn & Siitan have all neumonid names Ichneumon, Pimpla, and maintained Heterischnus in the Phaeogen- Ephialtes, is considered by us to be a valid ini. Wahl is examining the relationships publication of the Commission. of these genera as part of a forthcoming revision; results indicate that TRIBAL CONCEPTS preliminary all the aforementioned genera constitute Correct nomenclature for family-group a monophyletic group, and they are here taxa in , excluding Ichneu- treated as one tribe. With the inclusion of moninae, has been published by Fitton & Alomya, the correct tribal name is Alo- Gauld (1976; 1978). We here present the myini; Townes & Townes (1951: 276) hav- results of our investigations of ichneu- ing made a first-revisor decision between monine family-group names, using the the Forster names Alomyoidae and Code to determine the validity of the 46 Phaeogenoidae (published simultaneous- names. ly in 1869). The subtribal divisions of As mentioned above, Townes and Hein- Diller (1981; 1994) are not used here, rich disagreed on the matter of tribal pending further study. boundaries and composition (Gauld 1984: 2. Platylabini-Eurylabini-ZimmeriinL 184-185). In the absence of a worldwide Townes (Townes et al 1961; Townes et al monographic treatment of the subfamily, 1965; Townes & Townes 1973) consistent- we have for the most part adopted the ly placed the genera Eurylabus and Cotih- tribal classification used by Gauld (1984). eresiarches (= Zimmeria) in the Platylabini. Townes had intended to treat the subfam- Other authors (Heinrich 1967, 1974; Per- ily as a fifth volume of his series of generic kins 1959; Rasnitsyn & Siitan 1981) put monographs but funding and health prob- them in the Eurylabini and Zimmeriini, lems interfered. Townes' thoughts on ich- respectively. When Heinrich (1934) first neumonine classification are reflected in described the Eurylabini, he recognized his regional catalogs and in the arrange- the Eurylabus group and the Goedartia ment of the American Entomological In- group. Townes (Townes et al 1961) broke stitute collection. up the tribe, placing Eurylabus in the Pla- Before proceeding with a listing of the tylabini and the Goedartia group in its family-group names, we give a brief con- own tribe, Goedartiini. Neither Eurylabus sideration of problems in certain tribes nor Cotiheresiarches exhibits the character- and subtribes. istic small convex clypeus of Platylabus 1. Alomyini-Phaeogenini-Heteris- and its relatives, and only Cotihersiarches chnini. Confusion reigns concerning the has a flattened petiole. Until detailed composition of the tribe. European au- studies are made on platylabine generic thors (Perkins 1959; Diller 1981; Rasnit- relationships, we believe it best for now syn & Siitan 1981) have traditionally to recognize Eurylabini and Zimmeriini placed Alomya in a tribe or subfamily of as separate tribes. its own. Townes consistently put it with 3. Goedartiini-Compsophorini. When the group of genera, centered about originally proposed by Townes et al Phaeogenes, that previously cited workers (1961), Goedartiini included Goedartia, referred to as Phaeogenini. Townes be- Maraces, Charitojoppa, and Habrojoppa. lieved Alomya to be closely related to Cen- Compsophorini was described by Hein- Volume 4, 1995 287 rich (1967) and included Compsophorus, son (1979) emended Amblytelina to Am- is in accordance Oxyjoppa, Eccoptosagelliis, Tosquinetia, Ep- blytelesina but this not are to be re- ijoppa, Charitojoppa, Hahrojoppa, and Pyr- with the Code, as such cases amidamhlys; Goedartia was explicitly ex- ferred to the Commission. A request to the cluded from the tribe. Townes (Townes & Commission is being prepared. Townes 1973) synonymized Heinrich's 6. Protichneumonini-Heresiarchini. Compsophorini under Goedartiini. Hein- Townes called this tribe Ichneumonini, rich (1975) placed only Goedartia, Maraces, due to his views on the validity of Opin- and Pseudomaraces in Goedartiini, retain- ion 159. Carlson (1979) and Gupta (1987) of two tribes. ing his original concept have used this interpretation as well, but Townes' concept of Goedartiini is based all other authors have used Protichneu- on: 1) a wide mandible that is not tapered monini. Depending upon the treatment of the carina that meets apically, 2) occipital Heresiarches and related genera, however, the hypostomal carina at the mandibular Protichneumonini may not be the correct and the cell l+2Rs of the base, 3) (areolet) name. Perkins (1959) and Rasnitsyn & Sii- fore that is above, not trun- wing pointed tan (1981) maintain Heresiarches in a sep- cate et al Heinrich (1967) (Townes 1961). arate tribe, Heresiarchini. Townes always out that Goedartia differs from pointed kept the genus in his Ichneumonini and and its relatives in de- Compsophoriis many Heinrich did likewise in the equivalent tails of the head and mesosoma, including Protichneumonini. Heinrich (Heinrich the male Until fundamental flagellum. 1960: 21) discussed the situation and he studies are made of the with- relationships later recognized the group as a subtribe of in the Ichneumoninae, it stenopneusticine Protichneumonini. This arrangement ne- seems best to maintain Heinrich's concept cessitates changing the tribal name to Her- of two tribes. esiarchini, as pointed out by Perkins (1959: 4. Ichneumonini. As mentioned previ- 28fn). ously, we accept that Opinion 159 of the 7. Trogini. Trogini based on Trogiis Pan- Commission was validly issued. Accord- zer is a junior homonym of Trogidae ingly, Ichneumonini is the correct name MacLeay, 1819 (MacLeay, 1819), based on for the tribe that Townes called Joppini. the coleopterous genus Trox Fabricius Gyrodontini was used by Carlson (1979) (Trogidae). Carlson (1979) emended Tro- due to Heinrich's belief that Joppini was gini to Trogusini but this is not in accor- strictly a Neotropical group (G. Heinrich, dance with the Code, as such cases are to pers. comm. to R.W. Carlson). If one be- be referred to the Commission. A request lieves the Townes position to be correct, it to the Commission is being prepared. should be noted that Joppini is the correct Heinrich placed Callajoppm and related tribal name. The Joppini of Townes and genera in the Trogini as a subtribe, Calla- Ichneumonini of Heinrich are essentially Townes instead put these genera the same except that Heinrich placed Pseii- joppina. in the Heresiarchini, restricting Trogini to doplatylabus, AcantJwjoppa, and related the of and other genera in the Joppocryptini (referred to as parasitoids Papilionidae This is fol- Acanthojoppini in Heinrich's publications) Papilionoidea. arrangement lowed here but it should be noted that the and placed Tetragonochora in a tribe of its is of a continuum own (Heinrich, 1934). Callajop^pa-group part certain Heresiarchini with the Tro- 5. Amblytelina. Amblytelina based on linking 1984: Heinrich 1968: Amblytelcs Wesmael is a junior homonym gini (Gauld 184-185; the of Amblytelides Blackburn, 1892 (Black- 82, 1977: 284), thus making placement in tribe or another a sub- burn, 1892) based on the coleopterous ge- of this group one nus Amblytelus Erichson (Carabidae). Carl- jective decision. 288 Journal of Hymenoptera Research

OF THE FAMILY-GROUP NAMES 6. Ctenocalini Heinrich, 1938. ICHNEUMONINAE Ctenocalini Heinrich, 1938: 25, 40-41. Type- 1802. ICHNEUMONINAE Latreille, genus: Ctenocalus Szepligeti.

7. Goedartiini Townes et al, 1961. 1. Alomyini Forster, 1869 (incl. Heterischnini of Townes) Goedartiini Townes et al, 1961: 399, 458. Alomyoidae Forster, 1869: 144, 194. Type- Type-genus: Goedartia Boie. Panzer. genus: Alomya 8. Compsophorini Heinrich, 1967. Phaeogenoidae Forster, 1869: 144, 191. [Compsophorina Heinrich, 1962: 688. Not Type-genus: Phaeogenes Wesmael. available under Article 13 of the Code.] Dicaelotina Holmgren, 1889: 343. Type-ge- Heinrich, 1967: 25. nus: Dicaelotus Wesmael. Compsophorini Type- genus: Compsophorus Saussure. Diadromina Holmgren, 1889: 345. Type-ge- nus: Diadromus Wesmael. 9. Ischnojoppini Heinrich, 1938. 1889: 347. Epitomina Holmgren, Type-ge- Ischnojoppini Heinrich, 1938: 25, 117. Type- nus: Forster. Epitomus genus: Ischnojoppa Kriechbaumer. Gnathoxina Holmgren, 1889: 344. Type-ge- 10. Listrodromini Forster, 1869. nus: Gnathoxys Wesmael. Herpestomina Holmgren, 1889: 344. Type- Listrodromoidae Forster, 1869: 144, 194. genus: Herpestonius Wesmael. Type-genus: Listrodromus Wesmael. Oronotina 1889: 343. Holmgren, Type-ge- 11. Oedicephalini Heinrich, 1934. (= Noto- nus: Oronotus Wesmael. semini of Townes) Stenodotina Schmiedeknecht, 1903: 262. Oedicephalini Heinrich, 1934: 67, 118-119. Type-genus: Stenodontus Berthoumieu. Oedicephalus Cresson. Heterischnini Townes et al, 1961: 337, 458. Type-genus: Notosemini Townes et al, 1961: 338, 459. Type-genus: Heterischnus Wesmael. Type-genus: Notosemus Forster. Chauviniina Diller, 1981: 95, 98. Type-ge- nus: Chauinnia Heinrich. 12. Ichneumonini Latreille, 1802. (= Joppini of Dicaelodontina Diller, 1994: 126. Type-ge- Townes in part) nus: Dicaelodontus Diller. (The following are incertae sedis within the 2. Platylabini Berthoumieu, 1904. (= Pristi- tribe, as the type genera were never for- cerotini of Townes) mally assigned to a subtribe by Heinrich: 1898: 2. Platylabini Berthoumieu, 1904: 4. Type-ge- Joppinen Kriechbaumer, Type-ge- nus: Fabricius. nus: Plati/labus Wesmael. joppa [Pristaceratini Townes & Townes, 1951: 280. Merolidini Brethes, 1909. Type-genus: Mer- Not available under Article 13 of the olides Brethes. (The type and sole speci- Merolides arechavaletai Brethes is Code. Incorrect spelling.] men of Pristicerotini Townes et al, 1961: 393, 458. lost; Townes (1966; pers. comm.) placed Type-genus: Pristiceros Gravenhorst. it in Joppini, near Limerodes.) Tetragonochorini Heinrich, 1934: 64, 67. 3. Eurylabini Heinrich, 1934. Type-genus: Tetragonochora Kriechbau- Eurylabini Heinrich, 1934: 64-67. Type-ge- mer. (Townes (Townes & Townes, 1966) nus: Eurylabus Wesmael. placed this genus in his Joppini.) 4. Zimmeriini Heinrich, 1934. a. Ichneumonina Latreille, 1802. [Zimmerini Heinrich, 1934: 67. Type-genus: Ichneumonides 1802: 318. {Zimmeria Heinrich) = Cotiheresiarches Te- Latreille, Type- Ichneumon Linnaeus. lenga. Incorrectly formed stem.] genus: Heinrich, 1949: 256. Not Zimmeriini Heinrich; Rasnitsyn & Siitan, [Pterocorminae available under Article 13 of the 1981: 510. Justified emendation. Code.] b. 1902. 5. Ceratojoppini Heinrich, 1938. Gyrodontina Schmiedeknecht, Ceratojoppini Heinrich, 1938: 25, 121. Type- Gyrodontini Schmiedeknecht, 1902: 9, 28. genus: Ceratojoppa Cameron. Type-genus: Gyrodonta Cameron. 289 Volume 4, 1995

Cratichneumonina Heinrich, 1967: 27. ed the type species of Tragus Panzer in treatment of the and had the Type-genus: Cratichneumon Thomson. his genus same generic concept] [c. Amblytelina Viereck, 1918.] [Trogusina Carlson, 1979: 538. Illegal emen- Viereck, 1918: 74. [Amblytelinae Type-ge- dation. Article 55(b) of the Code.] nus: Amblyteles Wesmael. Amblytelina based on Amhlyidcs Wesmael is a junior ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS homonym of Amblytelides Blackburn, Robert Carlson's generosity in sharing his list of 1892 (Blackburn, 1892: 85), based on the ichneumonid family-group names is gratefully ac- coleopterous genus Ambh/telus Erichson knowledged. We wish to thank the following for their (Carabidae)] advice and comments: John Barron, Yves Bosquet, Carlson, 1979: 507. Illegal [Amblytelesina Terry Erwin, Ian Gauld, Henri Goulet, CD. Michener, Article of the emendation. 55(b) Code.] Charles Porter, Alexandr Rasnitsyn, Michael Sharkey, G. Stuart and Robert Wharton. d. Hoplismenina Heinrich, 1967. Walley, Hoplismenina Heinrich, 1967: 26. Type-ge- LITERATURE CITED nus: Hoplismenus Gravenhorst. Anonymous, 1943. The official record of the approv- e. Aethioplitina Heinrich, 1967. al by the Twelfth International Congress of Zo- 1967: 27. Aethioplitina Heinrich, Type-ge- ology of the report submitted by the Internation- and nus: Acthioplites Heinrich. al Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of the adoption by the Congress of the resolu- 13. Joppocryptini Viereck, 1918. tions submitted by the International Commis- 1918: 73. Joppocryptinae Viereck, Type-ge- sion. Bulletin of Zoological Nonieiiclaturc 1: 63. nus: foppociyptus Viereck. Ashmead, W.H. 1900. Order Hymenoptera. In Smith, 138. a list the Acanthojoppini Heinrich, 1934: 65, 67, J.B. 1900. of New Jersey; of species = in New ivith notes on those eco- Type-genus: {Acauthojoppa Cameron) occurring Jersey, of nomic MacCrellish & Tren- EccopHosage Kriechbaumer. Townes (1966) importance. Quigley, ton. 755 placed this genus in his Joppini. pp. Berthomieu, V. 1904. Fam. Ichneumonidae, subfam. 14. Heresiarchini Ashmead, 1900 (= Ichneu- Ichneumoninae. Genera Insectonim 18: 1-87. monini of Townes; includes part of Trogini Blackburn, T. 1892. Notes on Australian Coleoptera, X-XII. of Heinrich). with descriptions of new species. Parts. Neiv South Proceedings of the Linnean Society of a. Protichneumonina Heinrich, 1934. Wales (2) 7: 65-151. Protichneumonini Heinrich, 1934: 66, 84. nuevos de las Brethes, J. 1909. Himenopteros Repub- Type-genus: Thomson. licas del Plata y del Brasil. Anales del Museo na- cional de historia natural de Buenos Aires 19: 49-69. b. Heresiarchina Ashmead, 1900. Carlson, R.W. 1979. Family Ichneumonidae. In: K.V. 1900: 567. Heresiarchini Ashmead, Type-ge- Krombein, P.D. Hurd, D.R. Smith, and B.D. nus: Heresiarches Wesmael. in American Burke (eds.). Catalog of Hymenoptera North of Mexico, vol. 1, Smithsonian Institution c. Apatetorina Heinrich, 1967. Press, Washington, D.C. 1198 pp. Heinrich, 1967: 26, 50. Type-ge- Fabricius Apatetorina Day, M.C. 1981. A revision of Pompilus nus: Saussure. Apatetor (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) with further nomen- clatural and considerations. Bulletin of d. Callajoppina Heinrich, 1962. biological the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Callajoppina Heinrich, 1962: 809-810. Type- 42(1): 1-42. Cameron. der genus: Callajoppa Diller, E. 1981. Bermerkungen zur Systematik mit einem vorlaufigen Katalog [15. Trogini Forster, 1869.] Phaeogenini der Gattungen (Hymenoptera, Ichneumoni- [Trogoidae Forster, 1869: 144, 188. Type-ge- dae). Entomofauna 2: 93-111. nus: Panzer. based on Tra- Tragus Trogini Diller, E. 1994. Beschreibungen einer neuen Subtri- Panzer is a of Tro- gus junior homonym bus, neuer Gattungen und Arten der Tribus 1819 1819: gidae MacLeay, (MacLeay, Phaeogenini (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumon- 136), based on the coleopterous genus idae: Phaeogenini). Annelen des Naturhistorischen Trox Fabricius. Although Forster cites Museums in \Nien 96B: 125-136. M.G. & l.D. 1976. The Tragus Gravenhorst, Gravenhorst includ- Fitton, Gauld, family-group 290 Journal of Hymenoptera Research

names of the Ichneumonidae (excluding Ichneu- clature to the Twelfth International Congress of moninae) (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology Zoology, Lisbon, September 1935. Bulletin of Zoo- 1: 247-258. logical Nomenclature 1: 53-69. Fitton, M.G. & Gauld, I.D. 1978. Further notes on Hemming, M.F. 1945a. Opinion 159. Opinions and family-group names of Ichneumonidae (Hyme- declarations rendered by the Interyiational Commis- noptera). Systematic Entomology 3: 245-247. sion on Zoological Nomenclature 2: 275-290. Forster, A. 1869. Synopsis der Familien und Gattun- Hemming, M.F. 1945b. Plenary conference between gen der Ichneumoniden. Verhandlungen des Na- the President of the International Commission on turhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande Zoological Nomenclature and the Secretary to und Westfalens 25: 135-221. the International Commission. Bulletin of Zoolog- Gauld, I.D. 1984. An introduction to the Ichneumonidae ical Nomenclature 1: 70-86. of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), Holmgren, A.E. 1889. Ichneumonides pneustici. Ich- London. 413 pp. neumonologia Suecica 3: 343-466. Gupta, V.K. 1987. The Ichneumonidae of the Indo- International Commission for Zoological Nomencla- Australian Area (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the ture. 1985. International Code of Zoological Nomen- American Entomological Institute 41: 1-1210. clature, Third Edition, Adopted by the XX General Heinrich, G. 1934. Die Ichneumoninae von Celebes: Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sci- bearbeitet auf Grund der Ausbeute der Celebes- ences. International Trust for Zoological Nomen- expedition G. Heinrich 1930-1932. Mitteilungen clature/University of California Press, London. aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 20: 1-263. 338 pp.

Heinrich, G. 1938. Les Ichneumonides de Madagas- Kriechbaumer, J. 1898. Beitrag zu einer Monographie car. 3. Ichneumonidae-Ichneumoninae. Memoires der Joppinen, einer Unterfamilie der Ichneumon- de VAcademic Malgache 25: 1-138. iden. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift 43: 1-166. Heinrich, G. 1949. (Hym. Ichneum.) Die Pterocor- Latreille, P.A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Generate et par- minae der Hahnheide. Bombus 60: 257-258. ticuliere, des Crustaces et des Insectes, Tome troisie- Heinrich, G. 1960. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumon- me. Paris, 468 pp. inae Stenopneusticae with particular reference to MacLeay, W.S. 1819. Horae entomologicae: or essays on the northeastern region (Hymenoptera). I. Cana- the annulose 1(1): 1-524. dian Entomologist Supplement 15: 1-87. Perkins, J.F. 1959. Ichneumonidae, key to subfamilies Heinrich, G. 1962. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumon- and Ichneumoninae 1. Handbook for the Identifi- inae Stenopneusticae with particular reference to cation of British Insects 7(2ai): 1-116. the northeastern region (Hymenoptera). VI. Ca- Rasnitsyn, A. P. & Siitan, U.V. 1981. Ichneumoninae nadian Entomologist Supplement 27: 677-802. [in Russian]. In D.R. Kasparyan (ed.), [A guide Heinrich, G. 1967. Synopsis and reclassification of the to the identification of insects of the European Iclmeumoninae Stenopneusticae of Africa south of the part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Hymenoptera]. Opre- Sahara (Hymenoptera). 1: 1-250. Farmington State deliteli faune SSSR, no. 129: 1-688. Nauka Press, College Press, Maine. Moscow. 688 pp. Heinrich, G. 1968. Burmesische Ichneumoninae IV. Schmiedeknecht, O. 1902. Opuscula Ichneumonologia

Entomologisk tidskrift 89: 77-106. 1(1): 1-80. Blankenburg i Thiiringen. Heinrich, G. 1974. Burmesische Ichneumoninae VIII. Schmiedeknecht, O. 1903. Opuscula Ichneumonologia Annates Zoologici 31: 407^57. 1(4): 241-320. Blankenburg i Thiiringen. Heinrich, G. 1975. Burmesische Ichneumoninae X. Stiles, C.W. 1936. Notice of possible suspension of Annates Zoologici 32: 441-514. rules of nomenclature in certain cases. Science 83: Heinrich, G. 1977. Ichneumoninae of Florida and 552-553. neighboring states (Hymenoptera: Ichneumoni- Townes, H. 1944-1945. A catalogue and reclassifi- dae, subfamily Ichneumoninae). Arthropwds of cation of the Nearctic Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of Florida and neigliboring land areas 9: 1-350. the American Entomological Society 11(1-2): 1-925. Hemming, M.F. 1943a. On the Lisbon decisions of Townes, H. 1957. The name Psammochares versus the International Commission on Zoological No- Pompilus. Systematic Zoology 6: 151-156. menclature. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 1: Townes, H. 1969. The genera of Ichneumonidae, vol. 1-4. 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Hemming, M.F. 1943b. The official record of pro- 11: 1-300. ceedings of the International Commission on Townes, H., Momoi, S. & Townes, M. 1965. A cata- Zoological Nomenclature at their session held at logue and reclassification of the Eastern Palearc- Lisbon in September 1935. Bulletin of Zoological tic Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American En- Nomenclature 1: 5^9. tomological Institute 5: 1-661. Hemming, M.F. 1943c. The report submitted by the Townes, H. & Townes, M. 1951. Family Ichneumon- International Commission on Zoological Nomen- idae. /;;: C.F.W. Muesebeck, K.V. Krombein & Volume 4, 1995 291

H.K. Townes. Hymenoptera of America North of 1936—When it was pointed out that the required ad- Mexico—synoptic catalog. Agriculture Monograph vance notice had not been published regarding the 2: 1-1420. proposed changes, the Commission published no- Townes, H. & Townes, M. 1966. A catalogue and tices in 1936 that it would officially consider Brad- reclassification of the Ichneumonidae. list at some future time. Neotropic ley's— Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 8: 1939 Karl Jordan and Francis Hemming met and 1-367. made a decision between themselves. The au- Townes, H. & Townes, M. 1973. A catalogue and thority for their action was that upon adjournment reclasssification of the Ethiopian Ichneumonidae. of the Lisbon sessions, they were to "take such Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 19: other action as might appear to them necessary or 1-416. expedient ... to give effect to the decisions reached

Townes, H. & Townes, M. 1981. A revision of the by the Commission at the Lisbon Session . . ." Serphidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the Ameri- (Hemming 1945a). "The direction upon adjourn- can Entomological Institute 32: 1-541. ment of the Lisbon meeting of the Commissioners Townes, H., Townes, M. & Gupta, V.K. 1961. A cat- to Jordan and Hemming to put into effect the de- alogue and reclassification of the Indo-Australian cisions of the meeting did not give Jordan and " Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Ento- Hemming power to make the decisions ... mological Institute 1: 1-522. (Townes 1957). Viereck, H.L. 1918. A list of families and subfamilies 1943—Following this, Bradley's proposals never of Ichneumon-flies or the superfamily Ichneu- came up again for decision. Townes contacted monoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Bio- James L. Peters, the acting secretary at Lisbon and logical Society of Washington 31: 69-74. asked whether any further action had been taken on the Bradley names. Peters replied that the ques- APPENDIX 1 tion of the ichneumonid names had never been cir- culated. Furthermore, he stated that "no vote had the of Townes' arguments regarding invalidity been taken on the subject of these three names .. ." Opinion 159 were put forth in Townes (1957, 1969); (Townes 1969). his version of the relevant events may be summarized Townes thus concluded that the Commission never as follows from these two references except where otherwise noted: took action. According to Townes, Hemming argued the requirements for suspending the Rules had been 1913—At the Monaco International of Zo- Congress met by: 1) a vote in 1935 before publication of the the Commission was to ology, delegated authority cases, 2) publication in 1936 that the cases would be the Rules and declare on various on suspend cases, considered, 3) the fact that no Commissioner wrote the of the authority Congress. him after 1936 with objections. Townes rejects these could be made under the follow- Suspensions only arguments because: 1) the vote must be taken after ing procedures: publication, 2) only 12 Commissioners were in Lisbon and only ten in the actual meeting, while the require- a. Not less than one year's notice that such a sus- ment is for a unanimous vote by all 18 Commission- pension is under consideration in two or more ers, 3) awaiting unsolicited letters is not the same as of five specified publications. an actual for a vote. Finally, Townes noted b. The votes of the Commission is unanimous in request that the Bradley petition, signed by 59 hymenopter- favor of suspension. ists, was circulated in 1928 and is not the same as c. If the vote is a % majority of the full Commis- that presented in 1935, except in the case of Cri/ptus. sion, but not unanimous, in favor of suspension, The type-species for Icluwinnon, Ephialtes, and Pimpla the Commission must report the facts to the next are the as same recognized by Townes. Congress (where specified arbitration would be This recounting, however, omits crucial informa- made.) tion. While the Monaco Congress listed the condi- 1935—J.C. Bradley presented a list of generic names tions under which the Rules could ordinarily be sus- at the Commission meeting in Lisbon, requesting pended. Secretary C.W. Stiles {Compte Rendu 1913: suspension of the Rules in these cases. Bradley re- 892-893) pointed out the following: "Upon a unani- quested new type-species designations for Ichneu- mous vote, "By-Laws" may be temporarily is set aside mon, Pimpla, and Ephialtes. Six out of 18 Commis- "suspended", that to say, they may be sioners attended the Lisbon meeting and six tem- and the bodv takes action on the matter under con- porary Commissioners were appointed. Ten out of sideration unrestricted by the provisions of the By- 12 were present when the Bradley proposal was Laws; and such action, if taken under a "Special presented and approved. No notice of intention to Rule" framed for the case at hand or without refer- consider these names had been published in ad- ence to any rules, except the "Constitution" and rec- vance of the Lisbon meeting. ognized "Parliamentary Rules", has all the validity 292 Journal of Hymenoptera Research of an action taken under the "By-Laws". Thus, if the mention that the Commission suspended its By-laws, Congress confers upon the Commission the plenary as provided by parliamentary procedures. power to suspend the Regies in any given case, it At the Commission's third session, it agreed "un- practically says to the Commission: "If you carry out der suspension of the Rules" to set aside current type the precautions provided for in the Supplemental Re- designations for the names on the Bradley list and port, you may decide any given case arbitrarily with- declare new ones. For ichneumonids,the Commission out reference to the Regies or you may make a "Spe- agreed to reject EpMaltes Schrank 1802 and to desig- cial Rule" to govern that particular case, and this nate the following type species: Congress will accept your decision as being just as Ichneumon L.: Iclmeumon extensorius L. authoritative as if you had made this ruling strictly Pimpla Fabricius: Ichneumon instigator Fabricius in accord with the Code." A plan of this kind is thor- Epiiialtes Gravenhorst: Ichneumon manifestor L. oughly in accord with recognized parliamentary cus- The Commission "came to the conclusion that the toms and it has the great advantage of avoiding the more radical of the proposals submitted by the necessity of introducing "ExcepHons" to the Rules." [ICEN] provided the most satisfactory solution of the This is the background against which the events of difficulties presented by the present case." (Hemming 1935 occurred. 1945a: 282). Townes neglected to mention the ICEN Contrary to Townes' statement, Bradley's petition involvement and chose to portray the Commission of 1935 was the same as that circulated in 1928. It decisions as part of an illegal and arbitrary process. was presented to the International Committee of En- The Commission's fifth meeting on 18 Sept. 1935 tomological Nomenclature (ICEN) in Madrid in the saw 11 of the 12 Commissioners present; it was week preceding the opening of the Twelfth Interna- agreed that President Jordan "and the new Secretary, tional Congress of Zoology in Lisbon (Hemming when elected, should be authorized to make such ar- 1943a). The petition was considered and a number of rangements, and to take such actions, as might ap- proposals were made by the ICEN concerning reso- pear to them necessary or expedient .. ." and "to se- lution of the problems (Hemming 1945a: 282). cure the due publication of the Opinions agreed upon The ICEN's recommendations for this and other from time to time by the Commission at their Lisbon cases were laid before the Commission at its second Session." (Hemming 1943b: 48). The Commission also meeting on 16 Sept. 1935. Because it had not been unanimously agreed to adopt as their report to the possible for the Commission to meet prior to the Con- Congress the draft prepared by Hemming (ibid., p. gress, there were only 7}/i days to discuss the cases 47). This report (Hemming 1943c), which duly noted and prepare a report to the Congress. President Jor- the suspension of the By-laws, was approved by the dan felt it best to take the pending cases into imme- Congress (Anonymous, 1943). diate consideration and "for this purpose suspend the Notice of the possible suspension of the Rules was By-laws of the Commission to such extent as might published in May 1936 (Stiles 1936). Except for be necessary for the period of the present Congress." Townes' allegation, there is no evidence that the ad- (Hemming 1943b: 10-11). At that meeting, 10 out of vertisement was published at the urging of scientists 11 Commissioners present in Lisbon were in atten- concerned that no published notices had been made dance; Walter Arndt, an alternate, did not attend the prior to the Lisbon sessions. It was done on the au- five Commission meetings and Teiso Esaki was elect- thority of the Commission operating under the sus- ed to the Commission at this particular session. The pension of the By-laws. attending Commissioners passed the usual parlia- After the 1936 advertisement, one communication mentary unanimous consent to suspend the By-laws was received regarding the ichneumonid names. It (note this was not an emendaiion of the By-Laws, bore the signature of S.A. Rohwer in the name of the which would have required an affirmative vote of 12 Committee on Nomenclature of the Entomological Article Sect. It of letter members (ICZN By-laws, VIII, I)). was Society Washington (Hemming 1945a). The agreed to give immediate consideration to all sub- was against the proposed new type-species; append- mitted cases that it was felt had reached the stage at ed to the letter was a note of dissent, in favor of the which a decision could be made. To give effect to this, proposed nomina conservanda, by R.A. Cushman, one use would be made of the By-law suspension that of the prominent ichneumonologists of the day. had just been agreed upon. Since this involved vio- Copies of the letter were immediately sent to the lating the normal procedures for "suspension of the other Commissioners but no member expressed him- Regies" in that the prescribed advertisement had not self as agreeing with the Rohwer point of view (ibid., been published one year previously, the various cases p. 286). Jordan and Hemming met on 19 June 1939 and the Commission's decisions would be advertised under the authority of the Resolution adopted by the as soon as possible after the conclusion of the Lisbon Commission on 18 Sept. 1935 (Hemming 1945b). meetings and no Opinions would be published until They took note that no Commissioner had responded after one year from the date of the advertisement's to the Rohwer communication. In their opinion, no dispatch. Nowhere does Townes, in his recounting. new facts had been brought forth that were not before Volume 4, 1995 293 the Commission in 1935. Given this, they "decided Pimplini (= Ephialtini of Townes) the proper course .. . was to give effect to the deci- ICZN name Townes name sions in this matter reached by the International Apcchthis Forster, Ephmltes Schrank, 1802 Commission at the Lisbon Session ... and therefore 1869 that Opinions should be issued as soon as possible." (type-species: Ich- (type-species: Ichneumon (Hemming 1945a: 287). The resulting Opinion 159 neumon rufatus compunctor L.) was published in 1945 (ibid.). L.) Townes was preparing to publish a catalog of Ne- arctic Ichneumonidae (Townes 1944-1945) when he Piitipla Fabricius, Coccygominnis Saussure, wrote to Peters in 1943. He took Peters' advice and 1804 1892 used names based on priority; they both apparently (type-species: Ich- (type-species: Coccygomi- expected the matter to be voted on by the Commis- neumon instiga- mus madecassus Saus- sion, with the outcome uncertain. Jordan and Hem- tor L.) sure) ming, however, were given the authority to make de- Ichneumoninae cisions by virtue of the Commission acting under the Ichneumonini (= Joppini of Townes) valid of the Townes' suspension By-laws. objections ICZN name Townes name to Hemming's listing of the usual procedures for sus- of Icluu'uinoti L., 1758 Pterocormus Forster, pending the Rules (i.e., one year's notice suspen- 1850 sion in two or more of five journals, etc) are irrele- vant. Hemming apparently used these stock phrases (type-species: Ich- (type-species: Ichneumon as boilerplate. neumon extenso- latrator Fabricius) At this point, the reader might wonder why such rius L.) effort an arcane issue. our has been spent on From Heresiarchini (= Ichneumonini of Townes, Proti- as it is that viewpoints ichneumonologists, important chneumonini of Heinrich) Townes' arguments be put to rest in order to attain ICZN name Townes name a stable ichneumonid nomenclature. Outside Ichneu- Ichneumon L., 1758 monidae, there always remains the possibility that Thomson, 1893 someone will read Townes' version of events and Ich- Ichneumon raise havoc in groups that heretofore have attained (type-species: (type-species: neumon comita- comitator L.) relative nomenclatural stability. tor In summary, rejection of Townes' arguments gives L.) the following generic names:

Pimplinae

Ephialtini (= Pimplini of Townes) ICZN name Townes name

Epliialtes Graven- Piuipla Fabricius, 1804 horst, 1829

(type-species: Ich- (type-species: Ichneumon neumon manifes- manifestor L.) tor L.)