Security and Defence: Ethical and Legal Challenges in Front of Current Conflicts

J. Martín Ramírez Luis García Segura (Eds.)

Security and Defence: ethical and legal challenges in front of current conflicts

LIX CICA Security and Defence: ethical and legal challenges in front of current conflicts © cicainternational

Design and layout: Publications Service of the Nebrija University

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Editors.

ISBN: 978-84-122599-0-2 Depósito Legal: M-13273-2021

Printed in Spain: 2021

Contents

Contents. 3

Committees. 5

Scientific Committee . 7

Organising Committee . 9

Administrative Team. 9

Sponsors . 11

Scientific Program. 13

Introduction . 19

Abstracts. 23

List of Participants . 47

CICA Publications . 77

Notes. 83 LIX CICA

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Committees

Chairs of the LIX CICA Prof. Dr. Juan Cayón Full Professor, Nebrija University (Madrid) Rector, CICA International Centre for Research and Formation Former Rector, Nebrija University Vice President, CICA International Foundation Prof. Dr. J. Martín Ramírez Director, Nebrija-Santander Chair on Risks and Conflict Management Chair, Spanish National Pugwash Movement President, CICA International Foundation

Chair of the Scientifc Commitee Dr. Camilla Pagani Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, (Roma)

Chair of the Organizing Commitee Dr. Luis García-Segura Coordinator of the Nebrija-Santander Chair on Risk and Conflicts Management (Madrid)

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Scientific Committee

Chair Dr. Camilla Pagani Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italia

Members Prof. Dr. Gracia Abad Quintanal Lecturer at Nebrija University Army Brigadier General Dr. Miguel Ángel Ballesteros Director, National Security Office, Spanish Presidence of Government Rear Admiral (R) Bartolomé Bauzá Former Head of the Communications and Information Systems Division at Spanish Navy HQ & DCOM of EU “Operation Atlanta” Dr. Miguel Bettin President of the IEPSIV /Colombian Psicobiosocial and Violence Study Institute) and Chair of the Colombian CICA Prof. Dr. Juan Cayón Full Professor, Nebrija University Prof. Dr. Carlos Espaliú Berdud Head Researcher at SEGERICO Research Group, Nebrija University Dr. Marzanna Farnicka Director, Central Europe CICA Centre. Professor at the Zielona Góra University

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Main Commissioner Dr. José García Molina Deputy Director of Logistics and Innovation, Spanish National Police Justice Tania García Sedano Deputy Magistrate at the Provincial Court of Madrid Ambassador Javier Jiménez-Ugarte Former Secretary General for Defence Policy (SEGENPOL) Prof. Dr. María Caterina La Barbera Lecturer at Nebrija University Prof. Dr. Jana Müllelova Professor in Security Sciences, Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava Prof. Dr. Ester Mocholi Ferrandiz Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Nebrija University Prof. Dr. María del Pilar Otero González Full Professor of Criminal Law at the Department of Criminal Law at the Carlos III University in Madrid Prof. Dr. Juliusz Piwowarski Rector, Apeiron University, Cracow Prof. Dr. J. Martín Ramírez Director, Chair on Risks and Conflicts Management, Nebrija University President of CICA International; Chair of the Spanish Pugwash Movement Spanish Air Forces Leutenant General Eduardo Zamarripa Former chief of Staff of the NATO Joint Force Command for Southern Europe Spanish Air Forces General Dr. Federico Yániz Vice-President EuroDefense-Spain

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Organising Committee

Chair Dr. Luis A. García Segura Nebrija University

Members Dr. Damian I. Onyekwere ViceSecretary, CICA International Foundation Dr. Jordi Regí Rodríguez Nebrija University

Administrative Team

Chair Barbara Frade Nebrija University

Members Annita Onyekwere Fernando Fonseca Javier Badosa

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Sponsors

Academic Organizers

Special collaborations

Economic sponsors

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Scientific Program

24 May 2021 (Nebrija University, Madrid-Princesa Campus)

MORNING SESSION

11:00 h. Opening Ceremony Welcome Words Lieutenant General Francisco De Paula Bisbal. Director of the CESEDEN Presentation of the LIX CICA Prof. J. Martín Ramírez. President of CICA International Opening of the LIX CICA Prof. José Muñiz. Rector of Nebrija University

11:30 h. Inaugural session

CHAIR: Ambassador Javier Jiménez-Ugarte Former Secretary General for Spanish Defence Policy (SEGENPOL)

KEYNOTE SPEAKER: Ambassador Javier Rupérez Former Ambassador of the Kingdom of Spain to NATO and USA, and Assistant Secretary General of UN Viral Lessons

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12:15 h. 1st table Privatized space race and increasing militarization of Space CHAIR: Spanish Air Force Lieutenant General Eduardo Zamarripa Former chief of Staff of the NATO Joint Force Command for Southern Europe

SPEAKERS: Spanish Air Force General Federico Yaniz Vicepresident EuroDefense-Spain Privatized space race and militarization of Space Prof. Götz Neuneck Chair, German National Pugwash Arms control in Outer Space. New Challenges for Space security

13:30 - 16:00 h. Lunch break

AFTERNOON SESSION

16:00 h. 2nd table Restrictions on Rights and the rise of Populisms CHAIR: Joel Díaz Rodríguez Master in International Relations from the Spanish Diplomatic School

SPEAKERS: Bo Robertson & Dr. Tomasz Ochinowski Institute of the Heritage of National Thought, Warsaw & Warsaw University, Poland Imprisonment of parents suffered by the children of the condemned as violation of the declaration of the rights of a child Dr. Tomasz Ochinowski Institute of National Remembrance and University of Warsaw, Poland The forgotten roots of organisational aggression. Analysis of the status of Political Prisoners in Poland under stalinist regime (1944-1956) and the impact of their experiences on the life of their children

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Dr. Cristian Garay & Dr. Froilán Ramos Rodríguez Professor, Universidad de Santiago de Chile & Assistant Professor, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, chile Populism, Repression and Venezuela

17:00 h. 3rd table Sensitive growth of epidemiological Denialism, Conspiracy paranoia and Fake news CHAIR: Spanish Air Force Col. Ángel Gómez de Agreda Chief, Geopolitic Area, Department of Coordination and Studies, SEGENPOL Spanish Ministry of Defence

SPEAKERS: Dr. Sara Degli Esposti Centre for Business in Society (CBiS), Coventry University & Institute of Public Goods and Policies, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Hybrid threats and democracy: The role of fact checking and people’s worldview in misinformation spreading Dr. Sonia Boulos Department of International Relations, Nebrija University The impact of the COVID19 pandemic on Freedom of Speech in Spain Rogelio Castro PhD candidate in Security, Risk and Conflict Analysis, Nebrija University The role of conspiracy theories in the storming of the US Capitol Javier López Gutierrez Partner, Ecija Law Firm The impact of fake news on social networks during the pandemic

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25 May 2021 (Nebrija University, Madrid-Princesa Campus)

MORNING SESSION

10:00 h. 4th table Europe and the global competition with China, Russia and the United States of America CHAIR: Dr. Carlos Espaliú Main Researcher, SEGERICO Research Group, Nebrija University

SPEAKERS: LtCdr Juan Del Pozo Berenguer Spanish Navy LtCdr Europe and the global competition with China, Russia and the United States Dr. Juliusz Piwowarski & Dr. Agnieszka Pach-Gurgul Rector, Apeiron University Assistant Professor, Apeiron University The European Union’s energy dialogue with Russia – determinants of Polish national security culture Pablo Moral Martin PhD candidate in Political Science at Pablo de Olavide University, Seville Strategic narratives of China and Russia in times of COVID19: the battle for the story of the pandemic Dr. Jordi Regí Rodríguez Lecturer at Nebrija University The challenges facing the resolution of the pandemic and the global response capacity. EU/China/USA

11:00 h. 5th table Increased technological dependency and cyber attacks CHAIR: Dr. Adrián Nicolás Marchal Coordinator of the Department of Law, Nebrija University

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SPEAKERS: Dr. Mariano Bartolome Professor on Cybersecurity and Public Security at Inter American Defense College, Washington D.C., USA Cybersecurity in the second decade of the 21st century Dr. María del Pilar Otero González Full Professor of Criminal Law, Universidad Carlos III Criminal law in the face of Internet risks: cybercrime Bernardino Cortijo Police Commissioner & Director of the Master’s Degree in Cybercrime, Nebrija University Cybercompliance: a concept linked to disaster reduction in this second decade of the 21st century

11:40 -12:00 h. Break

12:00 h. 6th table Regional tensions in Africa and Migratory explosion CHAIR: Dr. Maria Caterina La Barbera Lecturer at Nebrija University

SPEAKERS: Augusto Delkáder-Palacios PhD candidate in Political Science at Universidad Complutense Madrid, and Lecturer, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya The African Agenda on Migration: new perspectives and old constraints Dr. Noémi Nagy Senior Lecturer, National University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary COVID-19 and the rights of minorities Alfredo Crespo Alcazar Associate Professor, Nebrija University Returned terrorist fighters: reference regions and implications for their security- stability Victor Moralo Partner, Ecija Law Firm Circular economy and climate change. Challenges and measures in Spanish legislation

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13:00 h. 7th table Conflict and Aggression CHAIR: Dr. Jordi Regí Rodríguez Lecturer, Nebrija University

SPEAKERS: Álvaro Cremades Guisado Associate Professor, Nebrija University Without principles? Just War Theory as Ethical Foundation in Intelligence Agencies José Manuel Moreno-Mercado PhD Candidate at University of Granada The use of Supervised Learning Algorithms in Media and Conflict Studies: Loca- ting Frames in the Spanish Press Headlines During Afghanistan War Dr. Juan Cayón Peña Full Professor, Nebrija University Conflict and territory; the case of Spain

13:30 Closing Conference

CHAIR: Dr. Juan Cayón Peña Rector, CICA International Centre for Research and Formation

KEYNOTE SPEAKER: Four Stars General Fernando Alejandre Martínez Former Chief of the Spanish Defence Staff (JEMAD), Spain The rule of Law. Looking for a warrior ethos

14:00 Concluding Remarks Dr. Juan Cayón Peña Vicepresident, CICA International Foundation

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Introduction

On behalf of CICA INTERNATIONAL, it is our great pleasure to annou- nce and invite you to participate to the 59th CICA International Confe- rence on Security, under the theme “Security and Defense: Ethical and Legal Challenges in Front of Current Conflicts”, taking place at Madrid, Spain (May 24-25, 2021).

Given that the present pandemic situation is not going to allow us to have a presential LV CICA, with simultaneous translation, as it has previously always been the case, we have to move towards a hybrid Con- ference, with a limited attendance in presential way, and an unlimited attendance in telematic way.

CICA conferences provide an interdisciplinary forum for world-class scientists, diplomats, militia, policy makers and people from many other fields to discuss and exchange ideas on the hottest topics and progress on the field of security and defense and, more broadly, conflict and aggression.

This third decade of the 21st century has begun with enormous challenges for the security and defense of the entire world, such as the consolidation of human rights or migration, besides the nuclear issues and the omnipresence of SARS-CoV2. Our LIX CICA intends to face these important systemic weaknesses highlighting, among other approaches, the ethical and legal principles that consolidated the West, in the belief that they are the only tie to the stability and wellbeing of all nations.

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Consequently, we have suggested the analysis of the following main topics, among others:

Restrictions on rights and the rise of Populisms Growing Social Inequalities and internal tensions in different countries Europe and the global competition with China, Russia and the Uni- ted States Regional tensions in Africa and Migratory explosion 2 Economic Instability; volatility of the Welfare state Increased technological dependency and cyber attacks Privatized space race and increasing militarization of Space Sensitive growth of epidemiological Denialism, Conspiracy paranoia and Fake news. Climate change and its unwanted effects Nuclear issue and Security and, following the tradition since the beginning of the CICAs, any topic related to Conflict and Aggression.

The scientific response has been quite encouraging: more than 40 active participants from 13 countries of five continents: from Australia to USA, Dominical Republic, Perú, Argentina and Chile, passing through Israel and Nigeria, besides from many European countries, such as Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia and, obviously, Spain, its host country.

This LIX CICA has been co-organized by the Nebrija-Santander Chair for Risks and Conflicts Management, the CICA International Founda- tion, and the Spanish Pugwash National Group, with the academic cooperation of:

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1. the Spanish Center of Studies on National Defence (CESEDEN), 2. the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 3. the European Institute of International Security, 4. the Spanish Caucus at the Harvard Kennedy School, 5. EURO-DEFENSE-Spain, dedicated to the study of the reality of European Defence, 6. University of Public and Individual Security “Apeiron” in Krakow 7. Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava, and 8. the two institutions which the Spanish citizens value the most: a) the National Police, through its Training and Improvement Division,and b) the Civil Guard, and specially HABeCu (Hermandad de Amigos del Benemérito Cuerpo de la Guardia Civil).

We also count with the continuous financial help by the Spanish Minis- try of Defence and, last but not least, by the Banco de Santander.

Finally, our heartfelt thanks to all of you who have been responsible for the scientific contributions and the practical and administrative organization of CICA, who have done a fantastic job!

We hope that this international conference may offer a new opportunity for contributing, even if modestly, to the development of some positive solutions our global society and, consequently, of all conflicts of the humanity… covid-19 included.

Enjoy the 59th CICA!

J. Martín Ramírez Madrid, 24th May 2021

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Abstracts

Viral Lessons Javier Ruperez

Are we in a new episode of the Thucydides´s Trap? The struggle between USA and China for supremacy as a global superpower in this Century is developing in all the different fields, like trade, economy, strategic positioning worldwide, foreign policy, defense and security… But the key role is technology: The fight for leadership in Artificial Intelligen- ce, 5G networks, Internet of Things, and so on, as a tool to base the real hegemony. And China is ready to win.

Privatized Space race and militarization of Space Federico Yaniz

Space has become an essential element for the development of Hu- manity. Indeed, the peaceful use of space provides new possibilities for human progress. Since the Sputnik, the first artificial satellite on our planet, was put into orbit on 14 October 1957, endless progress has been made in conquering Space. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) opened for business on October 1, 1958, and since them has been one of the main players in Space conquest. During many years it followed the same process for spacecraft development. That process proved successful during a long time, producing

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all the Apollo hardware, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station. Nevertheless, starting around 2005, the situation changed, and the Agency had to adapt to a new environment. As a matter of fact, in the late 1960 ‘s the U.S. Government invested over 4.5 percent of the Federal Budget in NASA. In recent years, the Government has cut funding for many of NASA’s projects to reduce the deficit and boost the economy. The privatization of outer space exploration is a matter that is heavily debated in the international community. In my paper I will consider the differences between the traditional NASA process and the more “open” model used for the Commercial Crew and Cargo programs.

Militarization of Space is today a hot issue specially after in the Brus- sels Summit, held in July 2018, NATO’s Heads of State and Govern- ment stated that: “Recognizing that space is a highly dynamic and ra- pidly evolving area, which is essential to a coherent Alliance deterrence and defence posture, we have agreed to develop an overarching NATO Space Policy.” Furthermore, there is a recent increased interest of many nations in the use of outer space for defensive purposes. Among them, USA has restored the Space Command as a unified combatant command on August 29, 2019. The announcement was made on at an event presided over by President Trump in the White House garden.

Arms Control in Outer Space – New Challenges for space security Götz Neuneck

The space domain is undergoing significant changes. More countries, commercial actors and space agencies are investing in the competition and congestion in the near earth orbit. Modern societies are increasingly dependent on space-enabled services, so that the preservation of the peaceful use of outer space and the human infrastructures is a major challenge for peace and security on earth. The power rivalry between the US, Russia and China are also fuelling an arms race of counter-

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space technologies by developing space weapons. These leading space powers are accusing each other to weaponize outer space and, at the same time, openly testing space warfare-relevant satellites and ground-based anti-satellite capabilities. Multilateral efforts to develop space norms of responsible behaviour of spare-fairing nations are over- due. The presentation describes the current state of the art of offensive space technologies and discusses options for space arms control and confidence building. Countries must become more vocal and active to preserve the “peaceful nature” of near earth orbit activities. It is a future task of the European Union to play a key role in this area.

Imprisonment of parents suffered by the children of the condemned as violation of the declaration of the rights of a child Bo Robertson & Tomasz Ochinowski

During covert military occupation of Poland under the imposed by The Soviet Union communist regime anticommunist opposition was ruthlessly persecuted. Hundreds of thousands of patriots were killed or imprisoned. Nearly nine thousand people were sentenced to death by the courts under the purposely designed extermination laws.

The children of the executed or imprisoned were left without any means to live, and their relatives were persecuted, suffering all manner of de- privations. Every right of a child was broken by the Polish People’s Re- public communist government during the years 1945–1956, and even until 1989. However, the rest of the “free” world does not seem to have more interest in upholding the rights of the child in spite of signing “The Declaration of the rights of the child”. Even today the judicial system is not obliged to take into consideration violation of the rights of the child automatically perpetrated by the courts when sentencing a parent to a prison term. The children of prisoners are not protected. The children of

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prisoners suffer hunger, homelessness, abuse, deprivation of access to education, health care, social facilities, and practically all areas of life. But most of all, they suffer trauma and emotional separation from the parent, deprivation of family care and denial of home upbringing. And the parent returning from prison after a few years is not the same parent that was yanked away. The family union is permanently destroyed.

The forgotten roots of organisational aggression. Analysis of the status of Political Prisoners in Poland under stalinist regime (1944-1956) and the impact of their experiences on the life of their children Tomasz Ochinowski

The presenter proposes a discussion on the phenomenon of unrelen- ting trauma and long-term psychological and social consequences of judicial crimes perpetrated against the children of political prisoners, as one of the unacknowledged and ignored crimes of Stalinist regime in Poland under Soviet Russia occupation.

The author will analyse institutionalised aggression involved in purpose- fully destructive systemic activities of government organisations, such as the intelligence and counter-espionage body of the Polish secret police Office for Public Security (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa or UB), directed at controlling, subduing or extermination of anticommunist opposition, which, he will argue, are still embedded in the culture but apparently not present in the memory, nonetheless continue to exert influence on subterranean level of organisational heritage.

These institutions, as strategic instruments of oppression, functioned with the purpose of destroying the anticommunist opposition by creating a judicial system which condemned, on the basis of deliberately created felonious laws such as the“Decree of 13 June 1946, about crimes

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particularly dangerous in the period of the reconstruction of the State”, those identified as “enemies of the state”. Based on this decree, usually cited in court sentences as “The Little Penal Codex” (Mały Kodeks Karny — MKK) at least nine thousand people were sentenced to death, and hundreds of thousands to prison terms in the years 1945—1956. The numbers of those killed outright is not known, but their children still mourn their loss.

Their children — as innocent victims, suffered crippling violence in every area of their life. Even now, decades later, the trauma of persecu- tions experienced in childhood continues to haunt their old age.

The author proposes a view that trauma suffered by the children of the executed or imprisoned “enemies of the state” was even greater than war trauma, because no protective mechanisms or self-defence strategies usually activated during wars were working. Not only there were no proper social or family trauma healing mechanisms, but wide-spread terror inflicted by the communist propaganda media and huge numbers of political prisoners executed, imprisoned or disappeared without a trace meant that the children were completely deprived of proper protection and guidance in their emotional and intellectual development.

Populism, Represion, and Venezuela Cristian Garay & Froilán Ramos Rodríguez

The Venezuelan regime has transitioned from popularity to a deterio- ration of its support base. The so-called XXI Century Socialism has gone from a semi-democratic regime to a non-competitive regime, where left-wing populism -more than leadership- has been the common spring between the experiences of Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro. Taking the concept of Spanish-American populism, this regime would represent the third wave (classical populism, neopopulism, left-wing populism) that constantly appeals to the dialogue between the leadership

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and the people and the exhaustion of the liberal, neoliberal and democratic experience. Under this premise, with Covid-19 the restrictive measures to human rights have been accentuated, which have allowed to dismantle the majority vocation of the Venezuelan people in the par- liamentarians, increasing state coercion.

Hybrid threats and democracy: The role of fact checking and people’s worldview in misinformation spreading Sara Degli Esposti

Since the Cambridge Analytica scandal, which left open questions on the role of digital platforms and voter microtargeting in influencing political elections, scholars in Western democracies have engaged in a discussion about the risks of hybrid threats, especially information operations, and the widespread proliferation of misinformation on digital platforms. Further- more, the pandemic, and the associated infodemic, have made evident the dangerous impact that digital mass media manipulation of scientific facts can have on individual and collective behaviour and, thus, on public health. Among the factors influencing people’s ability to distinguish accurate from inaccurate information there is a person’s worldview. We know that individuals are more likely to accept or reject misinformation based on whether it is consistent with their pre-existing partisan and ideological beliefs. Thus, people are more vulnerable to misinformation when it is consistent with their previous beliefs or overarching vision of the world. Based on the analysis of survey data collected as part of the activities of the H2020 TRESCA project I try to answer questions about the role that fact checking websites can play in debunking misinformation. Considerations on potential strategies to increase people’s awareness of their ideological biases and degree of vulnerability

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to misinformation are also explored. By drawing insight from previous studies in political psychology and computer science, this work hopes to contribute, both theoretically and empirically, to the interdisciplinary field of studies emerging around post-truth and fake news and their impact on democracy.

The impact of the COVID19 pandemic on Freedom of Speech in Spain Sonia Boulos

The COVID 19 pandemic proved to be detrimental to freedom of speech on a global scale. Two important aspects of the harm brought about by pandemic on freedom of speech are the following. First, un- prepared and overwhelmed by a deadly pandemic, many governments struggled with guarantying transparency in relation to information, data and statistics on the pandemic. In the Spanish context, at the early stages of the pandemic, during government press conferences, jour- nalists’ questions had to be sent through a WhatsApp chat, filtered by Spain’s secretary of state for communication.1 Second, the circulation of disinformation in relation to the pandemic, which had the potential to jeopardize the State’s efforts to contain the pandemic, was tackled with disproportionate measures that unduly limit freedom of speech. For example, members of “Unidas Podemos”, a political alliance containing leftist parties, filed a number of criminal complaints against people who had created and shared “bulos”, or hoaxes, criticizing the inadequacy of the responses of Spanish Government to pandemic.2

The aim of this presentation is to analyze the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on freedom of speech in Spain. The presentation inquires whether the Spanish government and regional authorities alike have met their obligation under international law to respect and ensure freedom of speech during the pandemic, and how the deficits in the legal

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protection of freedom of speech in Spain have contributed to limiting this basic right during the pandemic, and how these limitations could have broader implications for freedom of speech in the future.

The role of conspiracy theories in the storming of the US Capitol. Rogelio Castro

The United States has experienced a process of growth and empower- ment of the extreme right in the last decade, particularly since the attacks in Charlottesville (2017), Pittsburgh (2018), and El Paso (2019). At the same time, an integration of extremist views into conventional political discourse occurred. The events of January 6th are only the culmination of that process from the extreme right. With the growing number of activities by extremist groups and an executive that was reluctant to condemn far-right violence, the attacks and incidents are raising concerns for officials in the new administration. Particularly how this narrative and political rhetoric affected the 2020 elections, and how this led to the storming of the capitol by extremist groups. The press and some academics claimed that the events that occurred on Capitol Hill in the United States were domestic terrorism; others suggested that it was an attempted coup or an act of sedition; while more conservative media argued that it was just a demonstration. The purpose of this presentation is to expose the impact of these conspiracy theories on the events of that day and to clarify what exactly happened.

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The impact of fake news on social networks during the pandemic Javier López Gutierrez

Fake information has been an instrument of manipulation since the dawn of humanity. The good natured background of most people leads to a feeling of empathy for the misfortunes of others, which creates an emotional element that can be manipulated to guide public opinion and thus the public’s reaction to certain events.

This situation has become particularly evident following the emergen- ce of the health crisis caused by COVID-19, which has raised public awareness and has become a breeding ground for the proliferation of fake news conveniently distributed through social networks, with the aim of conditioning decisions and provoking social movements, which merits an analysis of how they fit in with current legislation.

Europe and the Global Competition with China, Russia and the United States. LtCdr Juan Del Pozo Berenguer

The EU is currently at a crossroads, struggling between internal diffi- culties, and the challenges of engaging in world affairs. Coinciding with a new American administration, but arguably related with it, the EU is now in pursuit of a strategic autonomy that will enable her to determine her own agenda. But aligning an organization as large and complex of the EU is already a challenge by itself. Foreign policy is the one area where member states enjoy freedom of movement, and the interests of one may be a nuisance for another.

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The EU has chosen Defense as the one area where EU members may find more synergies, thus allowing for a united response to potential threats to the Union. But even this pilot program, in the form of the EU Defense Action Plan, is still in its infancy, not having completed its trial period, and will likely determine the EU’s will to coordinate a united response.

The challenges posed by today’s world order suggests the need for unified action. China’s ascent to the world stage, an ever demanding commercial scenario, and the struggle for world dominance, requires that the EU lays down the grounds for a united effort to meet the de- mands of its citizens.

The European Union’s energy dialogue with Russia – determinants of Polish national security culture Juliusz Piwowarski & Agnieszka Pach-Gurgul

The European Union’s energy dialogue with Russia is a difficult dialogue, but very important for security of both sides. Energy relations are one of the most important components of relations between the EU and Russia and determinants of security state connected with economic cooperation. For the European Union, supplies of energy resources (gas, oil, coal) from Russia are essential for balancing the energy balance. The European Union is the world’s largest importer of primary energy, as more than half of the energy consumed in the EU (53.6%) is imported. In turn, for Russia, the European Union is a stable market for energy resources and a reliable payer. In October 2001, at the EU-Russia summit in Brussels, the document entitled “The future direction of the energy dialogue between the European Union and the Russian Federation” was signed. It is the basis for the institutionalization of this form of cooperation. Until recently, it seemed that this dialogue would be more fruitful and more intense from year to year. However, the Russian-Ukrainian gas crises of January 2006, and especially of January 2009, showed the EU

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countries the enormous complexity, and not only economic, but also political determinants of this dialogue. As a result of the crisis in 2009, gas supplies of 300 million3 per day were cut off for 14 days, as a result of which, between 6 and 20 January 2009, EU countries were deprived of 20% of gas (30% of total imports), with serious economic consequences. Poland found itself in a particularly disadvantageous situation. Due to the heritage of the socialist system, it is characterized by a specific energy security culture, the so-called Eastern culture based primarily on conventional raw materials such as coal, gas or oil, which in the past were available at preferential prices. The dependence on their imports from Russia, amounting to 60-80% for individual energy resources, as well as the collapse of the idea of joint gas purchases for the entire EU in the Energy Union project, make the development of the EU-Russia dialogue for Poland particularly important.

Strategic narratives of China and Russia in times of covid-19: the battle for the story of the pandemic Pablo Moral Martin

Covid-19 pandemic has intensified the growing competition among great powers, and one of the dimensions in which the rivalry has been projected is the realm of information. The fight against the novel co- ronavirus, the race for a vaccine and the health diplomacy have been accompanied by communication strategies aiming at the persuasion of international audiences in not always legitimate ways. This has been particularly noticeable in the case of the revisionist powers, which have targeted the opportunity in a climate of informational confusion, unrest and polarization of Western democracies.

This article proposes a qualitative analysis of the strategic narratives that Chinese and Russian state-sponsored media and authorities have spread during the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on primary —a selection of tweets and news— and secondary sources from specialized insti-

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tutions, the research pays attention to the content of these narratives, as well as their adaptation to the circumstances of the pandemic and to the receiving audiences. It also focuses on how the narratives align with Beijing and Moscow’s interests and in what way they combine and differentiate from each other.

It can be concluded that both countries’ media and authorities, apart from projecting a benevolent image of their governments during the health crisis, have intended to undermine the responses from their ri- vals, erode their reputation and exacerbate their political and social grievances. It is argued that by contrasting the alleged success of

China and Russia’s management with the inefficacy of liberal democracy, they have portrayed their governance model as the most coherent and appropriate one. In line with their geopolitical aspirations both countries tried to foster the skepticism towards the Western liberal order. Therefore, their separate endeavors ended up converging and comple- menting each other

The challenges facing the resolution of the pandemic and the global response capacity. EU/China/USA Jordi Regí Rodríguez

The problems we are facing due to the global pandemic caused by the Virus SARS Cov2 and the following Covid 19, have not been equally trea- ted in countries like China, The United States, and the European Union and this has had clear consequences on the development of the illness.

Neither the lockdowns, or the quarantine periods have been similar in this country and this has caused serious problems and conflicts that will be difficult to solve. The fact that some countries have approached a global problem as an individual one and not a common one has been dramatically reflected on the infection and death rates.

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To conclude it has made clear that the non-global management of the vaccines has favour an enormous failure of the humanity regarding this severe pandemic.

Cybersecurity in the second decade of the 21st century Mariano Bartolomé

During the second decade of this century there was a sustained growth of digitization processes, which today reach and affect every aspect of our lives. The dependence on Information and Communications Tech- nologies increased, and cyberspace -understood in a simplified way as a (predominantly) virtual environment of information and interactions between people- acquired strategic importance. Thus, cybersecurity is today a priority issue in the field of International Security, whose object of study is about the threats and risks faced by the actors of the international board.

In cyberspace, state and non-state actors have the capacity to carry out offensive actions against a varied range of targets, using different -mo dalities. Generally speaking, these acts can be distinguished between “cyber incidents” and “cyberattacks”. Cyber incidents are basically security events that compromise the integrity, reliability, and availability of an information asset. Cyberattacks are malicious actions that aim to co- llect, interrupt, deny or destroy information system resources, or information itself. Because of their intensity, cyberattacks can cause injury or death to people, as well as severe damage or destruction of objects.

In this context, our intention is to identify ten major cyber incidents and cyberattacks, carried out by different types of actors, which took place in the second decade of the century. Through the description and explana- tion of these events, we will achieve the objective of highlighting the hete- rogeneity that characterized the field of cybersecurity during that period.

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Criminal Law in the Face of Internet Risks: Cybercrime María del Pilar Otero González

We are immersed in a dizzying technological society that has radically transformed our lives, invading almost all facets of human activity. This fact implies a risk society. The dark side of this technological development has, among others, the following manifestations: new forms of criminality such as hacking, phishing, child grooming, cracking or denial of service; or the use of computer networks to commit traditional crimes (fraud, harassment, insults, threats, industrial espionage, child pornography, etc.). Cyberspace thus becomes a haven for criminality and a platform for organized crime.

The peculiar characteristics of ICTs do not always allow the regulation of this new reality to be addressed with traditional criminal types and, therefore, require a new response.

This happened, for example, with the star modality of Internet frauds, phishing, where computer manipulation is used to obtain a non-con- sensual transfer of an asset. This modality did not fit in the conventional fraud characterized by deception, so it was necessary to introduce a criminal type of equivalence that replaces deception by manipulation. Moreover, these are cross-border conducts, so that an efficient response of the system requires strengthening international cooperation mechanisms, harmonizing criminal provisions and making proce- dural instruments effective, even if this may imply in certain respects a cession of sovereignty by the States. This is the main purpose of the supranational legislation in this area, represented mainly by the Coun- cil of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest, 23-11-2001) and Directive 2013/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on attacks against information systems. In conclusion, criminal law is making steady but slow progress in trying to contain the rampant phenomenon of cybercrime. Just when it has managed to offer a solution

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to one problem, another new type of crime is born. In times of crisis, such as the one generated by the Covid-19, new computer frauds have proliferated, using increasingly sophisticated social engineering, which represents a new challenge to be faced by the current legal criminal instruments.

CYBERCOMPLIANCE: a concept linked to disaster reduction in this second decade of the 21st century. Bernardino Cortijo

The increase in cyber-attacks, as well as the massive use of technology, such as the internet of things, the M2M connections, together with the millions and millions of data of people and organizations stored in the cloud, put structures in constant danger of the State, the organizations and the people themselves. That is why, given the enormous proliferation of regulations, as well as the inclusion of the responsibilities of legal entities with the intention of reducing risk by forcing the imposition of measures, in many cases, costly, it must imply attending to them especially in cyberspace, concept that we can call CYBERCOMPLIANCE. The ultimate goal should be to reduce the devastating consequences and, if necessary, to eliminate them.

The African Agenda on Migration: new perspectives and old constraints Augusto Delkáder-Palacios

In the late 90’s the political dialogue about international migrations emerged at the top level of the relations between Africa and Europe. Both in discourse and practical terms, the majority of the cooperation on migration has been carried out in the field of fighting against irre-

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gular migration through two lines of action: increasing the migration control though a better border management and the readmission of migrants in an irregular situation in Europe. This was the priority of the EU and its Member States since the creation of the external dimension of migration after Schengen Agreement. Other relevant topics in the discussion are legal migration, visa facilitation or the relation between migration and development. Depending on the topic and the actors there has been more consensus or dissensus. It is important to consider that the EU has been interested in developing the cooperation on migration with Africa in a bilateral scheme and it’s been working like that for the last 20 years. However, since 2018 we identify a possible change in trend with the proposal to develop an African Agenda on Migration, where Africa is proposing a common perspective on migration in the frame of the African Union. With this communication we analyze the concordances and differences between the European and the African approaches to migration.

COVID-19 and the rights of minorities Noémi Nagy

Since the beginning of 2020, many countries around the globe have declared a state of emergency and/or adopted restrictive measures in order to counter the COVID-19 epidemic. We have had first-hand experience how these measures affect the exercise of our fundamental rights, including the freedom of movement, freedom of assembly and of association, freedom of expression and information, freedom of religion, the right to family life, the right of asylum, the principle of equality and non-discrimination, the right to privacy and data protection, the right to education and the right to work. However, it is less known that COVID-19 has had a disproportionate impact on the rights of traditional minorities.

The global pandemic has exacerbated the vulnerability of certain minorities and deepened the already existing inequalities in many sta-

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tes. The reason is that several groups and politicians have exploited COVID-19-related fears to scapegoat minorities which led to an alar- ming growth in verbal and physical abuses against them, with some even being denied access to health care and information about the pandemic in their own languages. With respect to minorities in Europe, this problem has mainly affected the Roma communities. As regards indigenous peoples, an important lesson learned is that those communities have managed to best resist the pandemic which have achieved autonomy and self-government, allowing them to manage their lands, territories and resources.

Returned Terrorist Fighters: Reference regions and implications for their security-stability. Alfredo Crespo Alcazar

The phenomenon of Foreign Terrorist Combatants has acquired its own entity in the fight against terrorism that national governments and supranational organizations have been carrying out in recent years.

The attraction generated by DAESH caused an exodus of citizen who from different parts of the world traveled to Syria and Iraq in order to join the aforementioned terrorist organization.

This phenomenon, although it cannot be considered novel, acquired its own physiognomy during the 2014-2017 period. The action of the international community, particularly after the approval of Resolution 2178 of the United Nations Security Council, was able to partially limit these movements for terrorist purposes.

Closely related to the previous idea, the intervention of the international coalition and Russia led to the gradual expulsion of DAESH from Syria and Iraq. This last phenomenon should not be seen as the end of the aforementioned terrorist organization. On contrary, its members began

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a journey that has led them to settle, on the one hand, in failed regions and states (thus contributing to increasing local-regional-global instability) and, on the other hand, a desire to return to the state of which they are nationals.

In any case, the Returned Foreign Terrorist Fighters constitute a threat to security for different reasons (acquired military skills which would increase the lethality of possible attacks perpetrated by them, ability to become radicalizing agents among the new generations…). Howe- ver, despite the fact that the risk they pose is established, there are no common policy to face this threat. On the contrary, to date, individual initiatives have prevailed by the states that contain short-them measures that, on some occasions, instead the tackling the problem, increase its scope and magnitude.

With all this, with this communication we will seek to analyze, on the one hand, the main destinations chosen by Foreign Terrorist Comba- tants after being expelled from DAESH territory, what common featu- res these areas share and which ones differentiate them. On the other hand, we will determine what measured have been adopted governments and supranational organizations of those enclaves in which they have been established.

Circular economy and climate change. Challenges and measures in Spanish legislation Victor Moralo

Circular economy is critical to ensuring sustainable growth and is di- rectly linked to the Sustainable Development Goals (UN), in particular SDG2, 11, 12 and 13. Circular economy is essential for climate action. More efficient use of our resources will allow us to better face climate change. Circular economy pursues prevention and separation of waste at source and reuse of products and recycling of materials; reduces

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the waste generated and converts it into resources and secondary raw material; and decreases landfill disposal and emissions to the atmos- phere. We will analyze the most important measures adopted in recent Spanish legislation: targets, end of the waste condition and extended producer responsibility. We will also look into disruptive measures inspi- red by the European Union’s Circular Economy Package.

Without Principles? Just War Theory as Ethical Foun- dation in Intelligence Agencies. Alvaro Cremades

For many, intelligence services and ethics are two practically irreconci- lable concepts. Endowed with exceptional capabilities and positioned as the first line in the defense of the vital interests of the State, the intelligence services have been institutions characterized by carrying out their activities under the cloak of secrecy. Obtaining information by clandes- tine and / or compromising means, covert operations abroad, collaboration with non-democratic regimes or questionable practices, and many other actions traditionally linked to such institutions have led to succes- sive controversial episodes before public opinion. These situations have created the perception that intelligence services are articulated as ar- bitrary operating entities, exempted from all internal or external control, and refractory to all the ethical conventions that govern our societies.

However, in addition to the raison d’état or the simple absence of ethics, there are other approaches to understanding the problems inherent in the activities of intelligence services, having produced a growing interest in intelligence studies in recent years due to the ethical problems associated to the intelligence function. In this sense, various authors have promoted the precepts of the just war theory as an ethical framework of general application to intelligence services and the dilemmas that arise in the development of their activities, establishing as evaluation criteria to determine the ethical or unethical character of the actions: the just nature of

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the cause being pursued, the adequate intention, the proportionality, the correct authority, the reasonable probabilities of success, the discrimination of objectives, and the necessity. Nevertheless, the adaptation of this theory finds in its application some limitations that should be considered.

The Use of Supervised Learning Algorithms in Media and Conflict Studies: Locating Frames in the Spanish Press Headlines During Afghanistan War José Manuel Moreno-Mercado

The current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus appears to have relegated news of international crises and armed conflict to the background. Indeed, the health crisis has been identified as one of the important factors that have enabled the establishment of a lasting cea- sefire in Yemen. However, various organizations, such as the World Bank or SIPRI, have signaled a rise in violent conflicts since 2017. Important examples would be conflicts born from the Arab Spring (Syria, Libya, Yemen), the upsurge in violence in the fight against terrorism (Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria) or the unresolved historical conflicts (Colombia, Palestine-Israel, Kashmir), among others. In February 2020, the peace agreement between the U.S. government and the Taliban movement was sealed. The agreement aims to end decades of violence since the 2001 invasion. The conflict in Afghanistan has special characteristics for Spanish society and media. It is the international mission with the highest number of dead people in the Spanish army. This article studies the presence of two frames, security and human drama, in the Spanish press, specifically in 10 newspapers, during the development of the Re- solute Support Mission (2015-2020). This mission replaced International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The aim of RSM is to advise and train Afghan security services. Through original research techniques, Sup- port Vector Machines (SVM), 3,790 headlines have been analyzed. This supervised algorithm is a machine learning technique that separates

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attribute space with a hyperplane, thus maximizing the margin between instances of different classes or class values. The article concludes that the Spanish press has undergone a process of securitization strongly influenced by the national context of Afghanistan and internationally. In addition, the reliability of the use of supervised learning algorithms for framing studies with huge volumes of data is checked.

Conflict and territory; the case of Spain Juan Cayón Peña

The territorial configuration of the Spanish State in the 1978 Constitution was an original milestone in the history of constitutionalism at the international level. More than forty years have passed since the approval of the Constitution and there is growing separatist pressure that the State is confronting with sometimes necessarily exceptional legal means.

This communication will try to confront the separatist problem as a source of conflict through an in-depth analysis of the legal and ethical issues involved from a philosophical point of view.

Rule of Law for Armed Forces. Looking for a warrior ethos Fernando Alejandre

As a part of their ethical behavior, Armed Forces in western democracies must follow two different sets of rules, two “different” Laws.

Firstly they must follow their national Law because they are bestowed with the power of imposing coercion by means of exercising hard power thanks to their military capabilities and inventory of arms and weapons.

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Armed Forces may use hard power to oppose exterior and inner threats to the Nation in a monopolistic exercise of the force that makes so important to follow the rules established by this Law.

Armed Forces in western democracies are established and organized in such a way that not being democratic in their daily work, their chain of command keeps loyalty to the State and its three powers (Executive, Legislative and Judicial).

All in all, Armed Forces must guarantee they are able to use the power given to them in the best interest of the People of their country as subject of the National Sovereignty.

On the other hand they must follow the International Law of Armed Conflict also known as International humanitarian law. This is the law that regulates the conduct of war and seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities, and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to combatants.

Armed Forces in western democracies will always consider humanity and the mitigation of human suffering as an integral part of their ethical behavior by respecting the Geneva Conventions and customary international law.

Last but not least and referring mostly to the Spanish Armed Forces we need to keep an eye on our morale and ethical behavior.

This means recovering our traditional ethics of the combatant or “warrior ethos”. We cannot afford losing our internal ethics leaving apart the reality of the Mission given.

If military people start thinking that “it is not worth risking our lives”, it will be difficult to maintain that we are warriors that serve for war as the ultimate mean to fulfill such a Mission (independence, sovereignty, prosperity, peace).

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This means that military people should not consider part of their tasks cleaning of streets, clearing of debris, taking care of elder people. Mili- tary is not planned for handing out colored pencils. They are and must be warriors, technically, physically and psychologically trained for war.

Armed Forces can be used in those streets, debris, nursing homes or colored pencils but only when the Nation has no other instance to rely on. It is not their primary task, no matter how rewarding.

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46 List of Participants

List of Participants

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Prof. Dr. Gracia Abad Quintanal (Spain) Lecturer at Nebrija University

Gracia Abad Quintanal holds a PhD in International Relations (Honours), a M. Phil in International Relations and a B.A in Political Science from Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Dr. Gracia Abad is Lecturer in International Relations and Political Science at Universidad Nebrija. She has also taught undergraduate, graduate and specialisation courses at Comillas University, Saint Louis University, Complutense University of Madrid and University of Salamanca, among others.

Four Stars General Fernando Alejandre Martínez (Spain) Former Chief of the Spanish Defence Staff (JEMAD)

General Alejandre (R) is a Spanish Army officer. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, Corps of Engineers, in 1979. His first assignment was the PARA Brigade where he was Platoon Leader and Company Commander serving in the Engineer Airborne Battalion. In 1991, he was deployed to Zakho, Irak as part of the Command Element of the Spanish contingent deployed in northern Iraq at the end of the Gulf War.

On his return from Operation Provide Comfort, he joined the Army War School (at that time School of General Staff) first to graduate and then as Tactics instructor. Once graduated and back to the PARA Brigade he deployed, in 1994, as Chief Engineers of the Spanish Task Force sent to Bosnia and Herzegovina under UNPROFOR. fFom 1995 to 1998 he was Assistant Military Attaché in Washington DC.

After promotion to Lieutenant Colonel, he served as Chief of Staff of the Engineer Brigade before being sent to the Army General Staff in the Land Operations Center of the HQ´s Operations Division. In 2003, he was director of the KFOR Joint Operations Center at the Film City, Pristina. He later headed the Operations Section of the Rapid Action Division Headquarters. Promoted to full Colonel, he received the command of the Pontoneros (Bridging) 12th Regiment located in Zaragoza before being appointed Military Advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

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In 2010, Fernando Alejandre was promoted to Brigadier General, and was appointed as Chief Operations Division of the HQ of the Army. Two years later, with his second star, he was sent to the Supreme Allied Powers Europe HQ (SHAPE) as Deputy Chief of Staff for Resources. Promoted to Lieutenant General in October 2015, he was assigned to Brunssum, the Netherlands, as Deputy Commander of the Joint Forces Command located over there.

On 24th March 2017 General Alejandre was promoted to the fourth star as General of the Army and was appointed as the 22nd Chief of the Defence Staff, Spain until 15th January 2020.

Mariano Bartolomé, PhD (Argentina/USA) Permanent Professor on Cybersecurity and Public Security Inter American Defense College, Washington DC, United States of America

Mariano Bartolomé was born in Mar del Plata, Argentina. He is graduate and PhD in International Relations (Universidad del Salvador, USAL). He also holds a MA in Sociology, and a posdoctoral stay at the Complutense University of Madrid. His main research topics are International Security and Public Security, especially unconventional and transnational threats, public security in Latin America, and cybersecurity. For thirty years, he taught in different public and private universities, in his country Argentina. From July 2020, he is a professor of Cybersecurity and Public Security at the Inter American Defense College (Washington DC, USA). In addition, he conducts workshops on Transnational Organized Crime in that College.

Rear Admiral (R) Bartolomé Bauzá (Spain) Former Head of the Communications and Information Systems Division at Spanish Navy HQ & DCOM of EU “Operation Atlanta”

Rear Admiral Bartolomé Bauzá retired from the Navy in 2014, after a 40-year career, a good part of it on board surface ships. His last assignment was at Navy HQ, Madrid, where he was in charge of the Communications and Information Systems Division. Amongst other tasks, he was responsible for the initial setup of the Spanish Navy

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Cyberdefense capability. This was a challenge covering a myriad of aspects, one of them understanding the legal characterization of the cyberspace. After retiring, he founded Outrospection SL, a company dealing with Business Development Support, Leadership, Security and Transparency.

Dr. Miguel Bettin (Colombia) President of the IEPSIV /Colombian Psicobiosocial and Violence Study Institute) and Chair of the Colombian CICA

President of the Psicobiosocial and Violence Study Institute (IEPSIV) and a member of the Sociopsicobiological Academic Group of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. He holds a PhD from this same university in Psicobiology. He has a Masters Degree in Drugdependency from the Universidad de Barcelona. He is the President of the Colombian CICA and Director of the CICA Ibero American Centre for Research and Formation.

Lt. General Francisco De Paula Bisbal (Spain) Lt. General of the Spanish Marine Infantry Corps. Director of the CESEDEN

General Bisbal is the current Director of the CESEDEN (Superior School of National Defense Studies). Prior to this, he was the Director of the Superior School of the Spanish Armed Forces. He is Honorary Profesor of Nebrija University.

Dr. Sonia Boulos (Israel/USA) Lecturer at Department of International relations, Nebrija University

Sonia Boulos holds a Doctorate in Juridical Science (JSD) from the University of Notre Dame (USA). Currently, she works as a professor of law at the department of International Relations, Nebrija University. She is the recipient of a Fulbright scholarship for doctoral studies. Her teaching and research interests focus on the international protection of human rights, and she has published in high-impact journals such as The Journal of Business Ethics and Women & Criminal Justice.

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Rogelio Castro (Spain) PhD student on Security at Nebrija University, and Researcher at the International Observatory for Terrorism Studies on Far-Right Terrorism

PhD candidate in Security, Risk and Conflict Analysis, Master in Geopolitics and Strategic Studies and Bachelor of International Relations. His doctoral research deals with the radicalization process. Researcher at the International Observatory for Terrorism Studies on Far-Right Terrorism.

Dr. Juan Cayón Peña (Spain) Full Professor, Nebrija University (Madrid). Rector, CICA International Centre for Research and Formation. Former Rector, Nebrija University. Vice President, CICA International Foundation

French Language an Civilization (Sorbonne, Paris, 1988), Law Degree (UPCO, Madrid 1991), Diploma in Legal Practice (UPCO, Madrid) 1992, Law Ph.D Law Philosophy, morals and politics (UPCO, Madrid 1998) and Rector of Nebrija University from 2014 to 2020. His university administrative career includes from Department Director, to one-person positions of the university government, such as Secretary General, Vice-Rector for Institutional Relations and Vice- Rector for International Relations in two different Universities.

Throughout his teaching career, which began in 1993, he has taught in a panoply of subjects and courses that cover all of his specialty areas. He has been appointed visiting professor at different foreign universities. During this time he has been a Collaborating Professor in the Management of the Ministry of Justice and of the Training and Improvement Division of the National Police, as well as a lecturer at other prestigious Universities such as the Sorbonne University in Paris, the University of Buenos Aires, the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, and the Higher Center for National Defense Studies (CESEDEN)

He has directed several doctoral works and published 16 book chapters in indexed publishers such as Aranzadi Thompson-Reuters, Cambridge Scholar Publishing or Springer, and seven research

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articles in indexed journals such as Revista General de Derecho Administrativo, Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado or Northern Kentucky Law Review.

Corresponding academic at the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation (Spain), where he is a member of the Ibero-American Law Section and of the permanent seminar on Natural Law; He is also a corresponding academic at the Academy of Arts and Sciences of Puerto Rico and a Fellow at the World Academy of Arts and Sciences. He belongs to the Spanish National Group of the Pugwash Movement (Nobel Peace Prize 1995). Dr. Cayón is also full member of the Bolzano-based Institute for European Studies Antonio Rosmini. He he has been awarded the First Class Cross of San Raimundo de Peñafort by de Spanish Ministry of Justice, the Grand Cross of Naval Merit by the Spanish Ministry of Defense, and in the international arena, among others, he was recognized with the Medal of the Colombian War School and the academic distinction of the General Directorate of Schools of the National Police of Colombia.

Bernardino Cortijo (Spain) Spanish Police Commissioner

Bernardino Cortijo Fernández is Director of the Master’s Degree in Cybercrime at the University of Nebrija and CEO of the Gesterec Group and Dacor Intelligence. Mathematician specialized in Operations Research and Statistics, Civil Engineer specialized in Communications and Jurist specialized in Cybercrime and Compliance.

Cortijo is a Police Commissioner on leave, founder of the Technological Crime Unit, has been Director of Security and Fraud at Telefónica and Vice President of Security at Terra Lycos.

Author of books and articles on security, Compliance and cyber intelligence, professor of the Master of Geostrategy and Defense of the international institute for global security and professor at the universities of Salamanca and Cádiz, he has dedicated his professional life to security and cybersecurity, and currently to Cyber Intelligence and Corporate Compliance, with international mention. Awarded by various civil and military institutions and defense and security scientific committee member.

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Álvaro Cremades Guisado (Spain) Associate Professor at Nebrija University

PhD student in Political Science and Administration and International Relations at the Complutense University of Madrid. Guest lecturer at several Spanish and Latin American academic institutions (Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala).

Dr. Alfredo Crespo Alcazar (Spain) Universidad Internacional de Valencia

Bachelor´s Degree (BA), in Journalism/Information Sciences by The University Complutense of Madrid (UCM-1997); and Advanced University Degree in Political Sciences by The National Distance Education University (UNED-2000). PhD by the Department of Public Law I and Political Science.

Social and Legal Sciences Faculty. King Juan Carlos University, (2016) and Official Master’s Degree in Terrorism Analysis and Prevention, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid (2017).

Professor at the Master Degree on International Relations, Antonio de Nebrija University (from 2017), as well as at the Master Degree on Foreign Policy (Universidad Internacional de Valencia).

Dr. Sara Degli Esposti (Italy) Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Centre for Business in Society (CBiS), Coventry University (UK)

Sara is Research Fellow in the Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), part if the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC); she is also Honorary Research Fellow in the Centre for Business in Society (CBiS) at Coventry University and adjunct professor at Nebrija University (Spain), where she teaches Applied Statistics. From January 2020 until April 2022, Sara is the Scientific Director

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and CSIC Principal Investigator (PI) of the H2020 project ‘TRESCA -Trustworthy, Reliable and Engaging Scientific Communication Approaches’ (Total cost: 1,199,601.25 €. CSIC budget: €253,218.75). She is also part of the research team of the project “Cybersecurity, Network Analysis and Monitoring for the Next Generation Internet – CYNAMON” funded by Madrid Region. She has a PhD in Information Management from the Open University (UK, date: 01/06/2016), a MSc in Business Administration and Quantitative Methods (Carlos III University, Spain), and a BA in Sociology (Hons., University of Trento, Italy). Sara has both academic and professional experience in the domain of information privacy and security. Sara’s research explores institutional trust, privacy harms and corporate compliance with data protection law in the context of surveillance capitalism. Currently her work focuses on misinformation, AI and algorithmic accountability.

Lt Cdr Juan Del Pozo Berenguer (Spain) Official,Spanish Navy

Lt Cdr Juan Del Pozo Berenguer was born in Madrid on November 2nd 1976. He entered the Naval Academy in 1997 and was promoted to Lt JG in 2002. He was promoted to Lt Cdr on July 1st 2015. During his career he has been posted on: SPS Andalucia (Type 70 frigate) from 2002-2004; SPS Reina Sofía (Type 80 frigate) from 2004 to 2006; 5th Squadron-Navy Air Arm in two different periods (2006- 2010 and 2013-2015) where he has logged over 1000hrs flight time on board the SeaKing SEARCHWATER aircraft; SPS Blas de Lezo (Type 100 AEGIS frigate) from 2012 to 2013; European Union Operations Centre from 2015 to 2016; Executive Commanding Officer of SPS Infanta Elena (Descubierta class corvette) from 2016 to 2018; and Commanding Officer of SPS Sella, during which he has deployed as part of NATO’s SNMCMG-2 Force in the Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean. He´s been involved in operations in both EU and NATO environment, including Operation Libre Hidalgo, during the first EU deployment in Lebannon; Operation ALTHEA in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Gulf of Guinea; Active Endeavor STROG as a response to the activation of NATO´s Article 5,; as well as other EU and NATO operations.

Lt Cdr Del Pozo Berenguer is an Airborne AEW Tactical Director having been briefly an exchange officer as a Tactical Director

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in 854 AEW Sqdrn, Royal Navy. He is the author of a number of articles and academic studies which have been published in Revista General de Marina, Revista de Publicaciones Navales (Argentinian Navy), Insituto Español de Estududios Estretégicos (IEEE), being a partner at the Francisco de Vitoria University in the Department of International Relations where he contributes with studies in the field of international relations. He is an English native speaker having been raised in Bethesda, Maryland (United States of America) and is married to Rocio with whom he has three children (Charlotte, Victoria Eugenia and John), and is currently attending the CESEDEN as a student in the Spanish Armed Forces War College.

Augusto Delkáder-Palacios (Spain) PhD candidate at the Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM). & Lecturer of International Relations at the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya

Political scientist, PhD candidate at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Lecturer of International Relations at the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. Most recently, Delkáder-Palacios was a visiting researcher at Sciences-Po Rabat. His work focuses on the intersection of migration, security and development. His work addresses the securitization of the European Union Migration Policy in North Africa and the migration-related conditionality of the Official Development Assistance, from an interdisciplinary approach. He has different publications in scientific journals. In addition, he is an International Electoral Observer of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Spain, having participated in Electoral Observation Missions with the OSCE.

Joel Díaz Rodriguez (Perú/Spain) Master in International Relations from the Spanish Diplomatic School

Peruvian-Spanish international lawyer. Graduated from Complutense University and Master in International Relations from the Diplomatic School. Consultant in the Office of the Secretary General of the Organization of American States. Young professional in the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations in Geneva.

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Legal Fellow in the Directorate for External Relations of the Council of the European Union.

Researcher in the Global Studies Institute of the University of Geneva. Graduated in National Defense from the High Centre for National Defense of Spain. Fellow of the Graduate Study Program of the UN.

Participant of the international law seminar of the OAS, selected between best 40 young lawyers of the Americas. Graduated from The Hague Academy of International Law. External analyst of the Strategic Spanish Institute. He has published articles in different media in Think tanks about Latin America and European foreign policy and security issues.

Dr. Carlos Espaliu Berdud (Spain) Principal Investigator, Research Group on Security, Risks Management and Conflict (SEGERICO) Nebrija University

Professor Espaliú studied Law in the Universities of Sevilla and Córdoba (1988-1993); he got a scholarship from the Spanish Ministry of Education (1995-1998) for completing his doctorate thesis about the competence of the International Court of Justice. He has been Lecturer in the University of Navarre (Spain) (1998-2000), Legal Officer of the International Court of Justice (2000-2006), Ramón y Cajal Researcher in the University of Córdoba (Spain) (2007-2012), Associate Professor in Public International Law and European Union Law at the International University of Catalonia and Director of the Charlemagne Institute of European Studies (UIC, Barcelona) (Spain) (2012-2018); Vice-Dean for Academic Affairs at the Faculty of Law (UIC, Barcelona) (2017-2018).

He coordinated a research group recognized by the Government of Catalonia and obtained the accreditation as Associate Professor (ANECA) in 2011 and as Full Professor (AQU) in 2015.

At present, he is the Main Researcher of the Research Group on Security, Risks Management and Conflicts at the University. of Nebrija, Madrid (Spain). Furthermore, he has been awarded two six-years research periods (CNAI) and two six-years research periods (AQU).

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Dr. Marzanna Farnicka (Poland) Director, Central Europe CICA Centre Professor at the Zielona Góra University

Marzanna Farnicka is psychologist. She has a master’s degree (1998) and PhD in Psychology (2009).

She combines clinical and scientific work. She was a Psychologist in Children Mental Health Center, in Zabor, Poland, and now she is Adjunct Professor, Head of Family Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Zielona Gora University, Zielona Gora. Among other Awards received: The Meritorious for Polish Psychological Association (2015), UZ Rectors Scientific Awards (2014,2016), DAAD Award to Research Stay in Germany (2015). She is a member of CICA (Custodian, member of Scientific board and country representative), Polish Psychological Association (PTP, member of Developmental and Trainee Sections, 2010 – 2015 vice President of Local Board, 2015- 2017, 2017-2021 President of Local Board, and Member of Executive Board of PTP), Lubusz Scientific Society (LTN, member and Head of court of association). Dr. Frarnicka is also Director of the CICA Central European Centre for Research and Formation.

Dr. Cristian Garay (Chile) Professor, Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Cristian Garay Vera is an historian and international analyst. Professor at the Institute for Advanced Studies of the Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH).

Doctor in American Studies from USACH and Doctor in Geography and History from UNED. Undergraduate study of history at the University of Chile. CHDS alumni, National Defense University (Washington D.C) in counterterrorism and defense policy. He has written on International Relations, Security and Defense, and History.

He was a member of the Chilean Committee of Historians before the International Court of Justice between Chile and Bolivia.

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Justice Dr. Tania García Sedano (Spain) Deputy Magistrate at the Provincial Court of Madrid

Tania García Sedano is Deputy Magistrate at the Provincial Court of Madrid, Associate Professor at the Carlos III University of Madrid and Associate Professor at the Universidad Pontificia de Comillas. Her research work focuses mainly on the study of the human rights of people who are particularly vulnerable, immigrants and victims of trafficking in human beings.

Dr. Luis A. García Segura (Dominican Republic/Spain) Coordinator of the Nebrija-Santander Chair on Risks and Conflicts Management

ANECA certified Law Professor and Lawyer in Madrid, Spain. Earned his Master’s Degree in Business Law in 2010 and his PhD in Law in 2015, both from Nebrija University. Currently is the Coordinator of the Nebrija-Santander Chair on Risk and Conflict Management and Director of the Master’s Degree in Data Protection and Security at Nebrija University. He is a member of the SEGERICO (Security, Risks and Conflicts) Research Group and his main areas of research are Data protection, Cybersecurity, Human rights and Intellectual Property. He is also an active lawyer admitted to the Madrid Bar Association; a Certified Data Privacy Professional (CDPP); academic member of the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP); member of the Spanish Association of Entertainment Law (DENAE), and the American Bar Association (ABA). Some of his most recent publications are “The necessary link between security culture and data protection in the European Union” in Ramírez, J.M. & Biziewski, J. (Eds.). (2020). A shift in the Security Paradigm. London: Springer; “European Cybersecurity: Future Challenges from a Human Rights Perspective” in Ramírez, J.M. & Biziewski, J. (Eds.). (2019). Security and Defence in Europe. London: Springer.

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Spanish Air Force Colonel Ángel Gómez-de-Ágreda (Spain) Chief of the Geopolitical Analysis Area at the Spanish Ministry of Defence

Col. Gómez-de-Ágreda, Former Chief of Cooperation at the Spanish Joint Cyber Command, has been a transport pilot (4000+ flight hours) and paratrooper (600+ jumps) in the Spanish Air Force. He has taken part in four international missions. He has a MD in Terrorism, and is PhD Candidate at Madrid´s Polytechnic University. He has lectured in over 40 Universities and Business Schools, and published over 100 articles and book chapters. Recently he has released a new book: “A brave new Orwell´s world” (in Spanish).

Ambassador Javier Jiménez-Ugarte (Spain) Former Secretary General for Spanish Defence Policy (SEGENPOL)

Amb. Jiménez-Ugarte studied Law, being Assistant Professor of International Law (University of Madrid). He joined the Diplomatic Service in 1972, being posted to the Spanish Embassies in Cairo and in Rome, Consul General of Spain in Houston, Edinburgh, Nador, Tetuan and Larache, at the Spanish Representation to NATO (defense and nuclear issues) in Brussels, as well as Ambassador of Spain to Algeria, Greece and Sweden. Amb. JiménezUgarte has also been Chief of Cabinet of the Secretary of State and Technical Secretary General at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Madrid, Director General for the Institute for Iberoamerican Cooperation (ICI) and Secretary General for Defense Policy at the Spanish Ministry of Defense. In April 2017 he has been posted to “Marca España” (Spanish Brand) Office, at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After his retirement, he is interested in Security and Defence issues and on Arbitration and Mediation legal aspects, together with different voluntary jobs. Currently he works as a counceller at the López Rodó & Cruz Ferrer. Ambassador Jiménez-Ugarte is author of two books, “Royal Trip to Greece” (2003), and “Immigration and Consular Practice”, (2008), and translator from Greek into Spanish of “The Lawyer” by Tryfon Koutalidis (2006).

He is a member of the Board of Trusties of CICA International Foundation.

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Dr. MariaCaterina La Barbera (Italy) Lecturer at Nebrija University

I am PhD in Human Rights from the University of Palermo, Italy (2008). I am Professor and “Ramón y Cajal” research fellow (a research program funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities) at the Department of Law of Nebrija University in Madrid.

I have teaching and research experience in Spanish and foreign institutions, including the University of Palermo, University of California-Berkeley, Center for Human and Social Sciences of CSIC, Center for Political and Constitutional Studies of Madrid, UNED, Complutense University and University Carlos III of Madrid.

My field of research lies in between Gender Studies, Critical Theory, and International Migration Studies. In my publications I adopt an interdisciplinary approach to address issues related to human rights, social change, equality and non-discrimination policies, policy implementation, migration and integration policies, citizenship and belonging, identity formation, diversity among women, autonomy vs cultural practices. I am the author of the monograph “Multicentered Feminism” (Compostampa 2009) and edited the volumes “Identity and Migration in Europe” (Springer 2015), “Igualdad de género y no discriminación en España” (CEPC 2016), “Challenging the Borders of Justice in the Age of Migrations” (Springer 2019).

I am also author of numerous publications in indexed journals and chapters of books (in English, Spanish and Italian) such as Law & society Review, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Policy and Society, among others.

I have been PI of 6 competitive research projects on gender, migration and human rights, and participated in numerous national and international R&D as a team member. I am currently member of the Berkeley Center on Comparative Equality and Anti-Discrimination Law and Gender Equality Policy in Practice. I regularly serve as a peer reviewer for research agencies and indexed journals.

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Javier López Gutierrez (Spain) Partner at Ecija Law Firm

In 2007 Javier joined the firm Ecija Law, ECIJA Litigation, Real Estate and Media practice areas, as Partner. Previously he worked in a Spanish litigation boutique, leading with steady success numerous high profile cases related to national and international clients, such as film and TV producers, telecoms operators, construction and logistic companies, in commercial litigation matters, including breach of contract, business torts, employment, unfair competition and real estate-related disputes and white-collar crimes. Additionally, Javier López has a deep and wide experience in all type of transactions regarding the Spanish real estate market. Regular lecturer at leading Business Schools and specialized forums (IE Law School, FIDE, etc.). LLM Universidad Complutense, Madrid. Spain.

Dr. Adrian Marchal Gonzalez (Spain) Coordinator of the Department of Law, Nebrija University

Coordinator of the Law Department and Director of the Master’s in Intelligence Analysis and Cyber intelligence of the university of Nebrija. Attorney at the Illustrious Bar Association of Madrid and professor of subjects related to criminal law, criminology and security. PhD in Law. Master’s in fundamental rights. Graduated in law. Graduated in criminology.

Dr. Ester Mocholi Ferrandiz (Spain) Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Nebrija University

Lecturer of Law, her research topics include Civil Law, Real State, Civil Responsibility, and Family Law (Gender violence and Immigration). She is currently the Dean of Social Sciences at Nebrija University, as well as the President of the Urbanism Section at the Madrid Bar Association.

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Pablo Moral Martin (Spain) PhD candidate in Political Science at Pablo de Olavide University, Seville.

Pablo Moral is a PhD candidate in Political Science at Pablo de Olavide University, Seville. He is also a Predoc Researcher in the project ‘Disinformation and agressiveness in Social Media: bias, controversy and veracity’ at the National Distance Educaton University. His main research areas are International Relations, Strategic Narratives, Disinformation, Propaganda and Social Media. He combines qualitative and quantitative approaches based on big data, text mining and natural language processing to study how Government authorities and official media try to influence perceptions in Social Media. In addition, he is a regular contributor to the international affairs magazine El Orden Mundial.

Victor Moralo (Spain) Partner at Ecija Law Firm

Víctor has a Law degree from the Complutense University of Madrid. Urban Technician by INAP, and completed a doctorate and is a graduate in advanced studies with research proficiency from the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid. Hehas more than 19 years of experience in the sector having advised on urban planning to the main public entities, private developers and banks of the national scene, highlighting his intervention in the most emblematic urban development in Madrid. He advises various national and multinational companies with implantation in Spain regarding the environment, waste, ecological transition and circular economy. He also highlights his role as advisor to various regional governments in the field of waste and environmental legislation. Prior to ECIJA, he was a partner of the Peñarrubia Law Firm and the Jiménez de Parga Office. Víctor is Professor of the Master in Urban Planning and Territorial Studies of the National Institute of Public Administration and the Menéndez Pelayo International University, and of the Master of Access to the Law of CES Cardenal Cisneros, as well as Member of the Madrid Bar Association. Partner of the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation, Victor has been a member of the Planning and Infrastructure Commission of CEIM-CEOE.

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José Manuel Moreno-Mercado (Spain) PhD Candidate at University of Granada (Spain).

José Manuel is graduate in Political Science and Administration by University of Granada and Mph on Peace Culture, Conflicts, Education and Human Rights by the same university and Institute of Peace and Conflicts (IPAZ). Now he is a PhD Candidate at Department of Political Science and member of Political Science and Administration Research Group (SEJ-113). José Manuel is author of several articles and collaborations on books about Media and Conflict Studies and has participated in numerous conferences.

Dr. Jana Müllerova (Slovakia) Professor in Security Engineering, University of Zilina

Prof. Müllerová is a head of Department of Public Administration and Crisis Management, Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava, Slovakia, since 2019. She was an invited professor at University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain. She cooperates with CICA in the function of the Ambassador for Slovak Republic and Czech Republic.

Prof. Müllerová deals with matters of security, safety and crisis management. Her professional career is dedicated to the questions of emergency management in various situations. She has been concerned to connection of machinery and environmental risk during doctoral studies at Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zilina. She obtained title of Assistant professor in VSB-University Ostrava in Security and Fire Safety. She became a professor in Security Sciences in 2015.

Her focus on risk and safety was later transferred to Department of Fire Engineering, to modelling of fires with focus on prevention of fire fatalities. She is an author of original method of Risk Assessment called RM/RA CRAMM in cooperation with Academy of Police Force in Bratislava. It focus on quantitative risk assessment of wide range of risk categories incl. technic, natural, environmental and social risks (criminality, terrorism etc.).Her professional scientific focus remains on the Risk assessment and modelling in various parts of human life, various fields of study and various applications related to human

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safety and security. She was an advisor of Deputy of Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic, Deputy for Education of Security forces of Ministry of the Interior, deputy for social, health, education and project management. She was honoured by Silver Medal for International Appreciation by International Science Community Association, India, 2018 (ISCA member since 2014).

She obtained medal for Scientific Contribution to Transport from Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague, Medal for Scientific Contribution for Fire & Rescue Services of Czech Republic, Head of Aviation Department, Faculty of Transportation, University of Pardubice and Medal for Development of Fire & Rescue Service from President of Fire & Rescue Services of Slovak Republic.

Dr. José Muñiz (Spain) Rector, Nebrija University

José Muñiz was born in Sograndio, in the Oviedo province, Spain. Currently he is the Rector of the Nebrija University. He earned this degree in Psychology at Universidad Complutense de Madrid, as well as his PhD. He was Assistant and Associate Professor at Universidad Complutense until 1984, when he obtained the Chair of Psychological Mathematics at Universidad Islas Baleares. In 1987 he obtained the Chair in Psychometry at Universidad de Oviedo. He was a Fullbright Scholar at the University of Massachusetts and since then has participated in a variety of joint research projects.

Dr. Noémi Nagy (Hungary) Senior Lecturer, National University of Public Service, Department of International Law (Budapest, Hungary)

Dr. Noémi Nagy holds a PhD in law as well as university degrees in law and psychology, and is Senior Lecturer at the Department of International Law, National University of Public Service (Budapest, Hungary), guest lecturer at the Faculty of Law, University of Pécs

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(Hungary), and research fellow at the ELKH-ELTE Research Group on Legal History (Budapest, Hungary). From 2010 to 2014 she was research fellow at the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and she spent the 2014/2015 academic year at the Wirth Institute for Austrian and Central-European Studies, University of Alberta (Edmonton, Canada). Her research focuses on language rights, minority rights and the international protection of human rights. She is author of more than 50 publications including a Hungarian-language monograph (Language of Power – Power of Language: Language Legislation and Language Policy in the History of Europe).

Dr. Götz Neuneck (Germany) President of the German National Pugwash Group

Dr. Götz Neuneck is Senior Research Fellow of the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy IFSH at the University of Hamburg. Until 2019, he was deputy director and Head of the Interdisciplinary Research Group Arms Control and Disarmament at IFSH.

He is trained as a physicists at the University Düsseldorf, he was from 1984 to 1987 fellow at the Working Group Afheldt in the Max- Planck-Society“, in Starnberg near Munich.

In 1995 he received his PhD. in mathematics at the University of Hamburg and is since 2007 a Professor at the Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences at the University of Hamburg, directing the Masterprogram “Peace and Security Studies” (MPS) for ten years. Since 2001, he is speaker of the Working Group “Physics and Disarmament“ of the German Physical Society and member of the Council of the “Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs as well as Representative of the Union of German Academies of Sciences with the Amaldi Conferences as well as Coordinator for the Deep Cuts Commission until 2019.

Current working areas are: Nuclear Arms Control and Disarmament, Ballistic Missile Defense, Space/Cyber Security, Nonproliferation of Military Technology.

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Dr. Tomasz Ochinowski (Poland) Institute of National Remembrance and University of Warsaw, Poland

Ph.D. in psychology, Associate Professor in Management. A recipient of the Central European University Research Support Scheme award for the study combining psychology and history in an organizational past issue. Among others, he has been researching the historical and psychological problems of Stalinism in the organizational perspective for over 30 years. Former EC expert in local development. He was Visiting Professor in Slovakia and in Taiwan having also guest presentations at the university level in USA and in Belgium. 2015- 2021 he was a Head of Academic Subunit for Organizational Sociology and Business History, Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Poland, which was organized by him, as a first academic centre devoted to business and organizational history in Central and East European countries. The subunit has been destroyed by a new academic low in Poland, so he is organizing a Centre for Organizational History now, an international research unit rooted in Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw. Initiator and leading person of Warsaw Group for Organizational Historiography, a independent, cross- disciplinary international think thank associated with Polish Branch of Humanistic Management Network. Public Administration Adviser in Poland, former civil advisor to General Director of Prison Service, currently HR and Compliance Partner in Institute of National Remembrance. He lives in Warsaw with wife and three teenager children.

Dr. Damian I. Onyekwere (Nigeria) Vice-Secretary of the CICA International Foundation

Damian Ikechi was born in Nigeria. He did his Licenciatura degree in Psychology at Seville University and his Ph.D. degree in Psychobiology at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He has been a collaborator of CICA since its first meeting in Seville, the Seville Statement of Violence (1986). He held the post of Head of Security - combined Operation for Security and self- Protection during the EXPO´92 Seville, Embassy of Nigeria. Currently he works ad technician of professional guidance, for the Municipality of Seville.

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Dr. María del Pilar Otero González (Spain) Full Professor of Criminal Law at the Department of Criminal Law at the Carlos III University in Madrid

Pilar Otero, Full Professor of Criminal Law at the Department of Criminal Law at the Carlos III University in Madrid, has worked on the criminal protection of different types of secrets and professional confidentiality and cultural property and also on corruption. Another of her fields of research is gender and criminal law, specifically sexual harassment and domestic violence.

She is currently working on different types of sentences in the field of prison law, such as home confinement or electronic methods of control and their efficacy regarding the control of aggression and of social rehabilitation of the offender. Additionally, she has been named Expert Technical Consultant in Criminal Law by the European Union, supporting legal modernization in Paraguay and Dominican Republic. Dr. Otero is the author of seven books and more than fifty academic articles and book chapters. She is deputy director of the Master in Advanced Studies of Public Law and director of the Research Institute for Cultural Communication of the Carlos III University of Madrid.

Principal Researcher: R&D “The culture of legality, transparency, trust and responsibility” and R&D “Prevention and punitive treatment of corruption in public and private contracting”.

Dr. Agnieszka Pach-Gurgul (Poland) Assistant Professor at University of Public and Individual Security “Apeiron” in Krakow, Poland

Assistant Professor at University of Public and Individual Security “Apeiron” in Krakow, Poland, the author of the book The single electricity market in the EU and Poland’s energy security, as well as many scientific articles on EU energy policy and energy security, the concept of the Energy Union, politics climate change in the EU and the transformation of the economy towards a low-carbon economy.

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Dr. Camilla Pagani (Italy) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italia

Camilla Pagani, chair of the CICA Scientific Committee, is a researcher at the Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (ISTC) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR). She has a degree in Modern Languages and Literature, a PhD in Anglo-American Literature, and a degree in Psychology. As the Head of the Project “The sense of diversity and its psychological implications”, she has mostly been involved in the following research areas: youth’s attitudes toward multiculturalism; the perception of threat in cross-cultural relations; the role of knowledge, fear, hate, anger, resentment, and envy in youths’ racist attitudes; empathy in cross-cultural relations; childanimal relationships with special reference to empathy and violence; the relation between animal abuse and interhuman violence in both their socially acceptable and unacceptable forms.

She is Head of the “Migrations and Education” Unit of the “Migration Project” of the “Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Sociali, Patrimonio Culturale” of the National Research Council. She is a Fellow of the University of Denver. She published papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals and chapters in national and international books, and co- authored a book with Francesco Robustelli on teachers’ attitudes toward immigrant pupils’ attending Italian schools in mainstream classes.

She is “Expert Evaluator” of European projects for the European Commission. She is a member of IAIE (International Association for Intercultural Education) and of ISAZ (International Society of Anthrozoology).

For some years she participated in the ISTC research project on education against violence (“Project for the Dissemination of the Seville Statement on Violence” - Head: F. Robustelli) in collaboration with the Ministry of Education and the Municipality of Rome. She organized international and national conferences and seminars on the themes of violence, cross-cultural relations, and child-animal relations and organized and held courses and seminars for principals, teachers, university and secondary school students, parents, and convicts.

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Juan José Pérez Altozano (Spain) Head of the Legal Area, Subdirectorate General for Legislation, Spanish Ministry of Development

Besides of being Aeronautic Engineer., Juan José is has alsoDegrees in Economics and Business Administration, and in Law, as well as a Master in Administration in Society. Presently he is Head of the Legal Area at the Subdirectorate General for Legislation, in the Spanish Ministry of Development. Previously Juan José was working at the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, in the same Ministry as Senior Inspector, and Head of the Airport Strategy Area, and of the Market Analysyis and Special Studies Area. He has also work experience in project and management consultant in airport and transport infrastructure matters. Juan José counts with two important publications: Airport Systems. Administrative framework of acoustic easements (Ministry of Development, 2004) and Calculation of the Modulus of Stiffness of Bituminous Mixtures (Aepo, 1997).convicts.

Dr. Juliusz Piwowarski (Poland) Rector of University of Public and Individual Security “Apeiron” in Krakow, Poland

Founder of Research and Publishing Institute for Security and Defence Studies at the University of Public and Individual Security “Apeiron” in Cracow. He is member of such scientific associations as International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society, European Association for Security, Polish Union of Uniformed Services Instructors and the co-founder of Polish Kickboxing Union. Participant in multiple World and European Championships in All Style Karate, he won the title of World All Style Karate Champion in 2006. Juliusz Piwowarski has got master’s degrees of 9 DAN in karate, 8 DAN in kickboxing and 5 DAN in ju-jitsu. He was an infighting instructor of special police units (civil expert), including Anti-terrorist Campaign in Cracow. So far Juliusz is the author of two monographs published abroad, nearly twenty monographs published at Polish publishers and nearly a hundred scientific articles published at Polish and foreign scientific magazines. His main interests are security sciences, philosophy of security, social psychology, sociology, pedagogy, praxeology and science of morality conceived as a constituent of the first pillar of security culture.

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Dr. J. Martín Ramírez (Spain) Head, Chair Nebrija-Santander on Risks and Conflicts Management, Universidad Nebrija, and President CICA International

Chair of the Center for Conflict Studies at Nebrija University, he is also Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science and President of CICA International and chair of the Spanish Pugwash Movement (Peace Nobel Price 1995). He studied Medicine, Humanities, and Law, obtaining a PhD degree in Medicine and Surgery (Neurosciences) and in Philosophy (Education) as well as three Diplomas and a Master in National Defense at the Spanish CESEDEN. Research Fellow of International Security Program of the Harvard University and Visiting Fellow of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University. Several times official of the Boarding Conseil of the International Society for Research on Aggression (ISRA), he is on the Advisory Board of the Society for Terrorism Research and of the Professors World Peace Academy. He has also been head of the Complutense Research Group on Sociopsychobiology of Aggression and of the Departments of Psychobiology at the Seville and Complutense Universities, as well as Director of the Rector Office at the Universidad Autónoma Madrid. Dr. Martín Ramírez was Humboldt & Fullbright Fellow, in Ruhr Universität and Stanford, respectively, and is author of around 500 scientific publications, among books and articles. He is Honorary Profesor of Nebrija University.

Dr. Froilán Ramos Rodríguez (Chile) Assistant Professor, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Concepción, Chile.

Froilán Ramos Rodríguez, PhD in History (University of los Andes, Chile). Assistant Professor at Department of History and Geography, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Chile. Perry Center Alumni, National Defense University (Washington D.C.) in Strategy and Defense Policy. His areas of interest are Contemporary History, Latin American Studies, Comparative Studies.

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Dr. Jordi Regí (Spain) Lecturer at Nebrija University

Jordi Regí has a PhD in Law (ANECA Accredited) from Nebrija University, a Law degree from the University of Barcelona. He is a Corresponding Academician of the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation. He has worked for 15 years as European Affairs Adviser for the Presidency of Madrid’s Autonomous Community delivering reports on the compatibility of state subsidies with European Law, monitoring and coordinating EU infringement procedures, as well as being in charge of coordination and protocol for his area of responsibility. He has published on various EU related topics, attended conferences and congresses on that same subject both at a national and international level. as well as on the University’s eLearning teaching model. He has been a Lecturer at both University Carlos III and Autonomous University of Madrid, where he also was named honorary professor. He has been Constitutional Rights internships’ adviser at University of Barcelona and Lecturer on the module dedicated to the Autonomous Community of Madrid’s legal system. He is currently Director of Nebrija University’s Bar Access Master, Coordinator of the International and EU Law area, as well as being Coordinator of the Cybercrime Master.

Bo Robertson (Australia/Poland) Ph.D. candidate in Philosophy

Bio has a Master Degree in Library and Information Service”, University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Philology, Institute of Information & Library Service, as well as in Manuscripts, Rare and Old Books (1974), Recognised by Australian academic authorities by examination on 29.10.88. She also did a Doctorate of Philosophy (1977—1980), with a research on “Leadership Performance According to Determined Dynamic Archetypes”, Polish Academy of Science, Institute of Policies of Science and Higher Education, Section: Psychocybernetics, even if it is undefended due to Professor Marian Mazur’s tragic passing during Marshall Law in Poland (currently in manuscript).

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Ambassador Javier Ruperez (Spain) Former Ambassador of the Kingdom of Spain to NATO and USA, and Assistant Secretary General of UN

With degrees in Law and Journalism by the Universidad Complutense in Madrid, Javier Rupérez joined the Spanish Diplomatic Service in 1967. He was posted in Addis Ababa, Warsaw, Helsinki, and Geneva. He was the chef de cabinet of the Spanish Foreign Minister before being appointed as Ambassador to the CSCE session in Madrid and later to NATO in Brussels between 1980 and 1983. He was the Spanish Ambassador to the USA in Washington DC between 2000 and 2004 and Executive Director of the Counter Terrorism Committee of the UN in New York, with the rank of Assistant Secretary General, between 2004 and 2007.

Active in the political arena as a member of various Christian Democratic formations since his university years, and a visible actor of the Spanish Transition to democracy after Franco’s death in 1975, he was a member of Parliament, as a senator or as a deputy, between 1979 and 2000. He was president of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee of the House, president of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, president of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, and president of the Christian Democratic International. At present, Ambassador Rupérez is a member of several foundations and think tanks -Fundación para los Análisis y Estudios Sociales, Círculo Cívico de Opinión, Hispanic Council- and teaches International Relations and Security at the Madrid universities CEU San Pablo, Villanueva and Francisco de Vitoria. He is the founder and president of the consulting firm Ruperez International. And a corresponding member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences.

He is a regular contributor to several Spanish newspapers and media outlets and has published several books on international affairs, as well as a novel and a volume of short stories. Last year his Las crónicas de la pandemia (“The pandemia chronicles”), a diary on his experiences during the beginning of the COVID 19 plague, reached the bookshelves.

He is married to Rakela Cerovic and both have a daughter, Laura. From his previous marriage with the deceased Geraldine Molenveld, he has

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another daughter, Marta. He shares his time between Washington and Madrid and is a frequent visitor of the village of his maternal ancestors, Puebla de Almenara, in the province of Cuenca, in the Spanish autonomous region Castilla la Mancha.

He has been distinguished with several national and international decorations, among which the Grand Cross of the Order of the Queen Elisabeth the Catholic.

Jan Šinovský, Ph.D. (Slovakia) Assistant Professor, Police Academy of Bratislava

Dr. Šinovský is an assistant at Department of Public Administration and Crisis Management, Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava, Slovakia, since 2020. He cooperates with CICA since 2018. He obtained title of Doctor, in the field of Crisis management at Faculty of Security Engineering, University of Zilina, 2012. He is a member of International Science Community Association, India, since 2015. Since 1997 – 2005 he was active member of AIESEC, the international student NGO focused on intercultural understanding. He was responsible for the International Exchange programme, core activity, later he was a president of the Local committee, after that he became a member of National Trainers Team. He deals with the processes of risk assessment, the questions of its quantification and adjustment for various systems included human factor. His scientific orientation is related to the matters of human security, crisis management incl. civil protection issues. He actively cooperates in organisation of international scientific conferences related to CICA issues.

Spanish Air Force General Dr. Federico Yaniz (Spain) Vice-President EURODEFENSE-ESPAÑA Spanish Air Force General

Federico Yaniz joined the Air Force Academy and, after several operational and logistical assignments, in 1986 he graduated as Staff Officer, being assigned to the Air Force Staff. In 1991, after receiving his diploma as Joint Staff officer, he got a planning position at the

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Joint Staff of Armed Forces. In the summer of 1993, he joined the International Military Staff at NATO Headquarters.

After being promoted to General in 1997, general Yaniz was appointed Chief of the Second Division of the Joint Staff of the Armed Forces. In June 2001 he joined the International Military Staff as Assistant Director for Cooperation and Regional Security. During those four years he was highly active in implementing NATO initiatives Partnership for Peace and the NATO’s Mediterranean Dialog. In 2006, he was appointed Director of the Museo de Aeronáutica y Astronáutica. General Yaniz has a Doctor degree in Ciencias de la Empresa, a Master in Statistics plus many other diplomas and qualifications. He obtained a degree in journalism in 1973 and is an experienced journalist.

He is the author of five books, has collaborated in many others and has written more than 300 articles mainly related with Strategy, Aeronautics, Economics and History. Doctor Yaniz belongs to several nonprofit associations and he is vice-president of EURODEFENSE- ESPAÑA and member of the Board of the Atlantic Council of Spain. He has monthly section on the Air Force magazine on NATO affairs and on the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Unión. Dr. Yaniz is active on strategic issues and he has made many presentations and has given many lectures on NATO affairs, European defense issues and Aviation history. He is a member of the Scientific Committee of CICA.

Since May 2019, general Yaniz is a member of the Academy of Military Arts and Sciences (ACAMI).

Spanish Air Force Lt. General Eduardo Zamarripa (Spain) Former Chief of Staff of the NATO Joint Force Command for Southern Europe (Naples), and former Director General of Infrastructure of the Spanish Ministry of Defence

Lieutenant General Zamarripa graduated in the Spanish Air Force Academy in 1969, and has been serving as fighter pilot in different Units, flying 4500 hours. He also graduated in the Air Staff Course in Madrid, the NATO Defence College Course in Rome, and the

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National Defence Course in the High Centre for Spanish Defence (CESEDEN), and in Economics at the University of Zaragoza and in Modern and Contemporary History at the Complutense University of Madrid. His last management and Staff assignments have been: Spanish Delegation in NATO Headquarters in Brussels as Air Defence Representative from 1986 to 1991 and as Defence Councellor from 1997 to 2000; Deputy Director General of the National Spanish Institute of Aerospace Technologies (INTA) from 2000 to 2003; Deputy Director General for Cooperation and Civilian Defence in the General Direction of Defence Policy from 2003 to 2004; Director Manager of the Air Mobility of the Air Combat Command from 2004 to 2006; Deputy Commander of the NATO Air Component Command in Izmir (Turkey) from 2006 to 2007; Chief of the Command Element of the European Union Althea Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2007 al 2010; Chief of Staff of the NATO Joint Force Command () from 2007 to 2010; and Director General of Infrastructure of the Spanish Ministry of Defence from 2012 to 2018. During his two assignments at NATO Headquarters he has been instrumental in the integration of the Spanish Airforce in NATO’s Integrated Air Defence through the NATO Air Defence Committee structure. He has also been deeply involved in assuring Spain’s full participation in various NATO programmes, such as the “NATO Air Command and Control System” (ACCS) programme, “the NATO Airborne Early Warning Programme, and “the Alliance Ground Surveillance Programme” (AGS). He has also been Spanish representative on the “International High Level Group” that developed and elaborated the Strategic Concept of the Alliance, which was approved at the Washington Summit in 1999. Under his responsibility as Deputy Director General for Cooperation and Civilian Defence in the General Direction of Defence Policy of the Spanish MOD, he was in charge of the management of the Spanish participation in United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian operations.

He is a member of the Board of Trusties of CICA International Foundation.

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76 CICA Publications

CICA Publications

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Aggression: Functions and Causes (1985) J. Martin Ramirez & Paul F. Brain (eds.)

Cross-disciplinary Studies on Aggression (1986) Paul F. Brain & J. Martin Ramirez (eds.)

Essays on Violence (1987) J. Martin Ramirez, Robert A. Hinde & Jo Groebel (eds.)

Research on Aggression (1987) J. Martin Ramirez (ed.)

International Journal of Neuroscience, 1988 Vol 41 (3 & 4) J. Martin Ramirez & David Benton (eds.)

Terrorism: Psychological Perspectives (1989) Jo Groebel & Jeffrey Goldstein (eds.)

Terrorismo (1989) Francisco Gómez-Antón & Carlos Soria (eds.)

Aggression in Children (1989) Lea Pulkkinen & J. Martin Ramirez (eds.)

Comparative Psychobiology of Aggression (1990) Orlaldo Gutierrez (ed.)

Violence. Some Alternatives (1994) J. Martin Ramirez (ed.)

Neuropsiquiatría de la Conducta Agresiva (1995) J. Martin Ramirez & Hector Peñaloza (eds.)

Cross-cultural Approaches to Aggression and Reconciliation (2001) J. Martin Ramirez & Deborah Richardson (eds.)

Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews (2006) J. Martin Ramirez (ed.)

Aggression and Terrorism (2007) J. Martin Ramirez (ed.)

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Aggression, Terrorism, and Human Rights (2008) Tali Walters, J. Martin Ramírez & Malgorzata Kossouska (eds.) Krakaw: Javelonian University

Aggression and Terrorism (2009) J. Martin Ramirez (ed.)

Journal of Organisational Transformation and Social Change. Vol 6 (2) Political Violence and Collective Aggression: Considering the Past, Imagining the Future (2009) Rachel Monaghan, J. Martin Ramirez, Tali K. Walters (eds). Jordanstown: University of Ulster

Attitudes towards Conflict and Aggression: A cross-cultural Approach (2009) J. Martin Ramirez & Simha F. Landau (eds.) Bodrum, Turkey

An interdisciplinary analyses of terrorism (2010) Daniel Antonius, Adam D. Brown, Tali K. Walters, J. Martin Ramirez, Samuel Justin Sinclair (eds.) Cambridge Scholars Publihshers

Conflict and Aggression in a Society in Transition (2010) Borisz A. Szegál (ed.), Leányfalu: Willa Székely

Aggression, Political Violence, and Terrorism (2010) Miguel Bettin, J. Martin Ramírez & T. Walters (eds.) Cartagena de Indias: IEPSIV

The Brain and Aggression (2010) J. Martin Ramirez (ed.)

International Social Science Journal, 200/201 Contemporary Issues on Aggression, Violence, Terrorism: Global to Local Perspectives (2011) Stephen N. Thom, Tali K. Walters, J. Martín Ramirez (eds.) University of California, Irvine

Violence is not Biologically Determined (2011) The Seville Statement on Violence twenty-five years later Camilla Pagani, J. Martin Ramirez (eds.), Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

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Defining `Terrorism’: Moving towards a more integrated and interdisciplinary understanding of political violence (2011) Rachel Monaghan, Daniel Antonius, Samuel Justin Sinclair (eds.)

Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression Volume 3, Issue 2 Cultural Issues in Research of Aggression. An Introduction to A Hot Topic. (2011) Martin Ramirez (ed.).

The Open Psychology Journal CONFLIGO Conflict in a Society in Transition (2011) Borisz A. Szegál, István András (eds.) Dunaújvaros, Hungary

Aggression and Crime. A Hot-Topic, (2011) J. Martin Ramirez (ed.).

The Open Criminology Journal

Terrorism and Aggression: Towards Uncreased Freedom and Security (2012) Tali K. Walters, J. Martin Ramirez, Tatyaba Dronzina & Lindsey Harris (eds.) Burgas: Burgas Munincipality

Towards Understanding Conflicts, Aggression, Violence and Peace (2013) J. Martin Ramirez, Camilla Pagani (eds.) Héviz

Radicalization, Terrorism, and Conflict (2013) Tali Walters, Rachel Monagan, J. Martin Ramirez (eds.) Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Conflict, Violence, Terrorism, and their Prevention (2014) J. Martin Ramirez, Chas Morrison, Arthur J. Kendall (eds.)

Cambridge Scholars Publishing Conflict and Aggression: Developmental and Social Conditions (2014) Camilla Pagani, Marzanna Farnicka, Hanna Liberska, J. Martin Ramirez (eds.)

Difin Towards a better understanding of Aggression and other related Concepts (2015) J. Martin Ramirez, Camilla Pagani (eds.)

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The Open Psychology Journal A Central European Face of Criminology and Rehabilitation (2015) Martin Ramirez, Marzanna Farnicka (eds.)

The Open Criminology Journa Análisis de Riesgos y Amenazas a Infraestructuras Críticas (2015) J.C. Fernández-Rodríguez, Claudio Payá, Martin Ramirez (eds.) Centreur, Madrid

Security in Infrastructures (2016) Martin Ramirez, J.C. Fernández-Rodríguez (eds.)

Cambridge Scholars Publishing Retos Actuales de la Seguridad (2016) J, C, Fernández-Rodríguez, Claudio Payá, Martin Ramirez (eds.) Thompson Reuters- Aranzadi

Cyberspace: Risks and Benefits for Society, Security and Development (2017) J. Martin Ramírez & Luis A. García-Segura (eds.)

Springer Understanding Consciousness: Wellbeing, Emotions and Conflict (2018) International Journal of Social Work and Human Services Practice Tina Lindhard and Venkat Pulla (eds.) Horizon Research Publishing, Vol.6. No.3 July 2018, pp. 65-105 ISSN 2332-6832

Cross-Cultural Dialogue as a Conflict Management Strategy (2018) J. Martin Ramirez & Gracia Abad-Quintanal (eds.) Cham (Switzerland): Springer International

The Future of Security and Defence of Europe (2018) J. Martín Ramírez, Luis A. García-Segura Nebrija, Madrid

Security and Defence in Europe (2019) J. Martin Ramirez & Jerzy Biziewski (eds.) Springer International

Towards a Paradigm shift in Security (2019) J. Martin Ramirez & Luis A. García-Segura (eds.) Madrid: Universidad Antonio de Nebrija

Consciousness, the corporate world and conflict (2020) Tina Lindhard a& Meera Raghu (eds.) Aotearoa (New Zealand): CCA Global

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Violencia y Salud Publica (2020) V. Martinez-Otero & J. Martin Ramirez (eds.) Madrid: Universidad Antonio de Nebrija

A Shift in the Security Paradigm (2020) J. Martin Ramirez & Jerzy Biziewski (eds.), Springer International

Crisis Management Analysis on Criminality (2020) Lucia KURILOVSKÁ & Jana MÜLLEROVÁ (eds.), CICA

Security in the Global Commons and Beyond (2021). J. Martin Ramirez & Bartolome Bauza (eds.) Springer International

Notes

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