WEST Feed the Future District Profile Series

DISTRICT PROFILE CONTENT Bawku West is one of the districts in Ghana’s Upper East 1. Cover Page Region. It is bordered to the north by the Republic of , to the east by district, to the west by 2. USAID Project Data district and district and to the south by 3-5. Agricultural Data East Mamprusi district. It covers a total land area of 1,070 square kilometers and has a total population of 6. Health, Nutrition and Sanitation 101,301 out of which 52,701 are females and 48,601 7. USAID Presence males. The average household size in the district is 5.8 persons. The boxes below contain relevant economic 8. Demographic and Weather Data indicators such as per capita expenditure and poverty 9. Discussion Questions prevalence for a better understanding of its development.

Poverty Prevalence 23.2 % Daily per capita expenditure 3.17 USD Households with moderate or severe hunger 57.3% Household Size 5.8 members Poverty Depth 6.1 % Total Population of the Poor 23,502

1 USAID PROJECT DATA

This section contains data and information related to USAID sponsored interventions in Bawku West

Table 1: USAID Projects Info, Bawku West, 2014-2016 Beneficiaries Data 2014 2015 2016 The number of direct USAID beneficiaries* steadily Direct Beneficiaries 2,294 3,455 5 ,286 and constantly increased during 2014 - 2016. Almost Male 1,052 1,896 2 ,991 half of the beneficiaries are females as can be Female 617 1,559 2 ,294 Undefined 625 observed in Figure 1. Eight(8) nucleus farmers are Nucleus Farmers 7 8 n/a currently operating in the district and 44 Male 7 8 demonstration plots have been established to Female Demoplots 13 3 1 support beneficiary training. See Infographic 1 for the Male 12 1 demonstration plot disaggregate. No agricultural loan Female 1 5 was facilitated by USAID intervention as shown in Unknown 2 5 Production Table 1. Direct beneficiaries yields and gross margins Maize Gross Margin USD/ha 720.3 for the district are also available in Table 1. Maize Yield MT/ha 3.61 Rice Gross Margin USD/ha 446.1 Rice Yield MT/ha 2.12 The presence of USAID development work is above Investment and Impact average, represented by a decent number of Ag. Rural loans USAID Projects Present 5 beneficiaries, in comparison to other districts and a Beneficiaries Score 3 4 3 large number of demo plots during 2014-2016. This Presence Score 2014-2016 2.8 resulted in a USAID presence score** of 2.8 out of District Flag 2014-2016 Green 4. Source: USAID Project Reporting, 2014-2015 In addition, the district is flagged GREEN*** indicating that while the project presence or intervention is The presence calculation above average the impact indicator values have includes the number of direct improved as compared to 2012. Find more details on beneficiaries and Agricultural USAID Presence vs. Impact scoring on page 7. Rural loans.

Infographic 1: Demo Plots in Bawku West, 2014-2015 37** 44*

Demo Plots

5(Soyabean) 3(Rice) 42 (Maize)

Crop Rotaton, Conservation Agriculture Crop Conservation Agriculture, Crop Genetics, Genetics, Obatanpa MAMABA, PAN12/53, Conservation Agriculture 30Y87, 30F32, Hybrid Maize Variety, DT Maize, Harrowing, Planting in Rows, Inoculation, Early Maturing, Plouging, Harrowing, Planting Fertilization, Pest control, Maize-Soybean in Rows, Fertilization, Pest control, integration in Managing Striga Maize-Soybean integration in Managing Striga Source: USAID Project Reporting, 2014, 2015

* Number of Demos by Commodity bigger than the total number because of the

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 2 AGRICULTURAL DATA

This section contains agricultural data for Bawku West, such as production by commodity, gross margins and yields.

Agricultural production in Bawku West involves several Figure 1: Share of agricultural production by commodity in Bawku West, 2010-2015 Sweet Potato Cowpea commodities, which all contributed decent shares to the Soybean 5.4% 4.6% 6.1% Groundnut 12.0% total agricultural production during the period between

Sorghum 2010-2015 as can observed in Figure 1. Bawku West 17.2% Maize contributed one of the largest shares to the regional 14.0% agricultural production in 2015, accounting for 19.5% of

the total production. Millet Rice 15.2% 25.4%

Figure 2 contains gross margins for two commodities Source: Agriculture Production Reports 2011- 2015, MOFA supported by USAID intervention in 2015. Beneficiaries Figure 2: Gross Margins of USG Beneficareis and district's maize gross margin is higher than the APS value for the average, USD/ha, 2015 800.0 720.3 district for the same commodity. In the case of rice, 700.0 beneficiaries gross margin is lower than the district aver- 600.0 474.2 500.0 446.1 463.8 age captured in 2013. 400.0 300.0 247.4

200.0

100.0 Yield data, presented in Figure 3, contain values of yields - Maize Rice Soybean Maize Rice Soybean of these three commodities in 2015, 2014 and 2013 from 2015 2013 USG Beneficiareis District General_APS three sources: USAID beneficiaries, APS and MOFA. The Source: Agriculture Project Reporting 2015, Agriculture Production Survey, 2013, Kansas State University figure captures better yields of the direct beneficiaries in

2015 compared to the district average yields captured Figure 3: Income Source in Bawku West, in %, 2015 by the other sources for maize but not for rice. shea picking 18.20

remittance 1.66

Figure 4 shows that a chunk of the income in Bawku petty trading 20.30

West comes from the agricultural sector: sales of crop sale of livestock 40.64 produce, poultry and livestock. sale of poultry 41.72

sale of crop produce 62.75

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percent Source: Agriculture Project Reporting 2015, Agriculture Report 2014, MOFA Agriculture Production Survey, 2013, Kansas State University

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 3 AGRICULTURAL DATA

This section contains agricultural data for Bawku West, such as production by commodity, gross margins and yields.

Table 2: Agricultural Production and Yields by commodity, in MT and MT/ha, 2010-2015, Bawku West

Commodity 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Total Cowpea 2,209 2,250 2,408 2,848 4,580 5,828 20,123 Groundnut 7,024 7,802 9,408 12,300 8,514 7,227 52,275 Maize 10,043 9,860 11,840 11,696 8,905 8,596 60,941 Millet 10,594 10,573 11,140 13,464 7,668 12,789 66,228 Rice 21,311 19,255 18,972 18,592 16,848 15,724 110,702 Sorghum 10,487 11,556 11,882 13,975 11,388 15,372 74,660 Soybean 4,365 4,662 4,224 4,536 1,744 7,110 26,641 Sweet Potato 5,967 7,262 7,182 3,224 23,635 Yields in MT/Ha 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Cowpea 0.74 0.75 0.70 0.80 1.00 0.94 Groundnut 0.74 0.83 0.98 1.20 0.90 0.97 Maize 1.43 1.40 1.60 1.70 1.30 1.40 Millet 0.97 0.97 1.00 1.20 0.90 1.26 Rice 2.95 2.78 2.79 2.80 2.60 2.80 Sorghum 0.97 1.08 1.10 1.30 0.98 1.40 Soybean 1.05 1.11 1.10 1.20 0.54 0.90 Sweet Potato 9.00 10.20 11.40 6.20 7.40 Source: Agriculture Report 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, MOFA

Table 2 above provides detailed information on specific commodities in respect of overall annual production in Bawku West as well as average yields for the years 2010-2015. The infographic below shows a summary of agricultural statistics for Bawku West, as captured in the Agriculture Production Survey, 2013.

Infographic 2: Average Land size, Yields, Sales and other Farm indicators in Bawku West, 2013

$ - $ 247.4 0.71 1.33 24% 82.50 171.0

$ - $ 0.21 1.19 17% 472.2 18.40 144.7 TOTAL TOTAL 0.17 463.8 100.90 315.7 0.48 11% Average Land Size, ha Yield, MT/ha Sales, % Gross Margin*, USD/ha Variable Costs*, USD/farm Revenue in USD/farm

Source: Agriculture Production Survey, Kansas State University, 2013 *Gross margin, variable cost and farm revenue captured from the APS in infographic 2 have been converted to USD using 2012 exchange rates (1.88 GHC to $1 USD) to align with the ‘farmer recall’ survey methodology deployed.

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 4 AGRICULTURAL DATA

This section contains information on domains of empower- ment of Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index for Bawku West

What is the Women Empowerment Bawku West Results in Agriculture Index? Women play a prominent role in agriculture. Yet they The results of both male and female respondents on the face persistent economic and social constraints. Wom- four domains are displayed in Figure 4. en’s empowerment is a main focus of Feed the Future in order to achieve its objectives of inclusive agriculture Production Domain: women feel comfortable with sector growth and improved nutritional status. The providing input related to production decisions as indicated by 91.5% of the women of the survey sample. WEAI is comprised of two weighted sub-indexes: However, they have much less control over the use of Domains Empowerment Index (5DE) and Gender Parity household income than men– 59.3% of women vs 83.3% Index (GPI). The 5DE examines the five domains of of the male respondents. Bawku West has the highest empowerment: production, resources, income, leader- percentage of women providing input into production in ship and time. The GPI compares the empowerment of the . women to the empowerment of their male counterpart Resource Domain: a majority of the women have a in the household. This section presents the results from right to asset ownership and the right to purchase and move assets– 72.6% and 78.9% respectively. These these empowerment indicators of the 5DE for Bawku figures are lower than the figures for the male respon- West, part of a bigger survey conducted by Kansas State dents. 39.4% of the women have the right to decide or University. have access to credit, compared to 45.2% of the male respondents. This is the highest value recorded in the The Domains: What Do They Represent? Upper East Region and in the entire Savannah Ecological The Production domain assesses the ability of individuals Zone. to provide input and autonomously make decisions Leadership Domain: 73.3% and 86.3% of the women interviewed have the right to group membership and about agricultural production. The Resources domain public speaking respectively. reflects individuals’ control over and access to produc- Time Domain: A good majority of women in Bawku tive resources. The Income domain monitors individuals’ West are satisfied with the workload in their everyday ability to direct the financial resources derived from life; 72.6% of women as compared to 72.7% of men. The agricultural production or other sources. The Leadership values remain more or less the same with respect to domain reflects individuals’ social capital and comfort satisfaction with leisure time; only 71.8% of women and speaking in public within their community. The Time 66.7% of men are satisfied with the amount of leisure domain reflects individuals’ workload and satisfaction time at their disposal. with leisure time.

Figure 4: Results of Domains of Empowerment of WEAI Index for Bawku West, 2015, in percent Adequacy & 120 Differences

97.4 100 92.2 92.1 91.5 88.9 83.3 86.3 Highest differences between male and female respon- 78.9 80 72.6 73.3 72.1 71.6 72.7 71.8 66.7 dents are observed within production domain: the 59.3 60 control over use of household income and resources 45.2 39.4 domain: asset ownership. 40 Adequacy: Together, men and women achieve adequacy 20 in all indicators but access to and decision on credit, 0 group membership and satisfaction with workload and Input in Control Over Asset Right to Access to and Group Public Satisfaction Satisfaction Production Use of Ownership Purchase Sell Decission on Membership Speaking with with Leisure leisure time. In addition men achieve adequacy in Decission Household and Transfer Credit Workload Time Income Assets control over use of income, asset ownership and right Production and Income Resources Domain Leadership Domain Time Domain Domain to purchase and sell assets, while women do not.

Women Man All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 5 HEALTH, NUTRITION AND SANITATION

This section contains facts and figures related to Health, Nutrition and Sanitation in Bawku West

Infograph 3: Health and Nutrition Figures, Bawku West, 2015 Infograph 3 focuses on the health and nutrition of women and children in the district. Percentages and

absolute numbers are revealed in the respective circles Children Stunting, 17.7%, 2659 Intro of for stunting, wasting, children and women underweight appropriate Children complementary Underweight, feeding, 6 -8m) 17.7%, 2659 67.6% as well as Women Dietary Diversity: The WDDS is

Exclusively Wasting in Bresfead Children, based on nine food groups. A woman’s score is based Children (0-5m), 13.9%, 2088 30.2% on the sum of different food groups consumed in the

Only 20%, Women 4,514, women Underweight, reach minimum 13%, 2934 dietary diversity 24 hours prior to the interview. Women Minimum Women Dietary Diversity Score, 2.6 Dietary Diversity (MDD-W) represents the propor-

Sources: PBS 2015, Kansas State University, 2015 tion of women consuming a minimum of five food groups out of the possible ten food groups based on

their dietary intake. The Dietary diversity score of

women in Bawku West is 2.6, which means that women

Figure 5: Household Dwelling Characteristics, Bawku consume on average 2 to 3 types of food out of 10. West, 2015 Only one fifth of the women (20%) reach the minimum

Access to Electricity 28.2 dietary diversity of 5 food groups. The Dietary Diversi-

ty Score in the district is the lowest in the Upper East Access to Solid Fuel 98.1 Region.

Persons Per Sleep Room 1.8 Figure 5 displays specifics of household dwelling, evalu-

ated based on sources of water, energy, waste disposal, Improved Sanitation 19.4 cooking fuel source, and the number of people per

Access to Improved Water Source 95.5 sleep room as measured from the PBS Survey, 2015.

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Figure 7 and 8 display types of water source and sanita-

Sources: PBS 2015, Kansas State University, 2015 tion deployed in the district.

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 6 PRESENCE VS. IMPACT MATRIX

This section provides an analysis of USAID presence vis-a-vis impact indicators in Bawku West

Presence vs. Impact reveals in more detail the presence of the Feed the Future Implementing Partners in the field, in combination with impact indicators measured by the Population Based Survey in 2012 and 2015: per capita expenditure & prevalence of poverty. This combination aims to show relevance of the presence of key indicators measuring progress/regress in the area. The following graphs are a print screen of the Presence vs. Impact Dashboard focusing on Bawku West.

One of the key impact indicators, ‘prevalence of poverty’ has stagnated and ‘per capita expenditure’, has improved in the district. See Figure 13 and 15. In 2015, poverty increased only by 2.2 percentage points to 23.2% compared to 2012. This is an insignificant increase (below 5), leaving the population of the poor at 23,502 persons. In addition, the 2015 per capita expenditure increased by 11.6 percent to 3.17 USD. This is accompanied by an above average USAID presence score of 2.8 out of 4. Therefore, the district is flagged light GREEN (good project presence and intervention combined with improving impact indicators, light green because one of the indicators has stagnated). Bawku West is a district that has received a lot of intervention and things have improved compared to 2012. However, the pace of improvement is slow. Customized intervention tailored to the needs of the district could therefore boost the development pace and contribute to the further improvement of impact indicators.

Figure 6: Poverty in % and Poverty Change in percentage points, USAID District Presence Score 2012,2015, Bawku West s 40.0% 40.0% t 22.70% n 23.20% i o

20.0% p

e g

NO USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE t 0.0% a n t e BAWKU WEST n c e r -20.0% c e r e LOW USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE P n -40.0% P i

n i y

t e r -60.0% g e n v a o

BELOW AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE -80.0% h P

Poverty Change C

2012 - 2015 y

-100.0% t

2.2% r e

-120.0% 0.0% v

AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE o

Poverty/ 2012 Poverty/2015 Poverty Change 2012-2015 P

ABOVE AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE Figure 7: Population of Poor, Non - Poor Bawku West, 2015

120000 HIGH USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE s 100000 r e

m b 80000 u n

n

i 60000 77,799 n o USAID District Presence Vs. Impact Flag i t a l 40000 u p o P 20000 BELOW AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND 23,502 CONTRADICTING IMPACT INDICATORS 0 BAWKU WEST Population Poor 2015 Population of NonPoor 2015 ABOVE AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND CONTRADICTING IMPACT INDICATORS Figure 8: Per Capita Expenditure in 2012 and 2015, in USD/day; Per Capita

Expenditure Change in percent, Bawku West Per Capita Exp. t e n c y

BELOW AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND a Change

3.2 3.17 USD 40% e r d / 11.6% P 20% D n

REGRESSING IMPACT INDICATORS i S 3.1 0% U g e

n -20% i a n s ABOVE AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND 3 -40% h e C r

-60% s t u e i

IMPROVING IMPACT INDICATORS r d 2.9 -80%

2.84 USD t u i e n -100% d p

x 2.8 -120% e n BELOW AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND E p

-140% x t a i E

IMPROVING IMPACT INDICATORS p 2.7 -160% a t a i C

-180% p a

e r 2.6 -200% C P ABOVE AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND BAWKU WEST e r P REGRESSING IMPACT INDICATORS PC Exp. 2012 PC Exp. 2015 PC/Change

Source: Figure 9,10,11 Population based Survey, 2012,2015, Kansas State University, METSS, USAID Project Reporting 2014,2015

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 7 DEMOGRAPHICS & WEATHER

This section contains facts and figures related to Bawku West demographics, religious affiliation, literacy and weather indicators

Figure 9: Household Compositon by groupage, Bawku West has a total land area of 1,070 square kilome- Bawku West, 2015, in % ters with a total population of 101,301 out of which Children 0 to 4 Adult Males 13.8% 22.4% 52,701 are females and 48,601 males. The average house- hold size in the district is 5.8 persons.

The District lies in the tropical continental climacteric zone. Average precipitation and temperature are similar Children 5 to 17 Adult Females 39.7% 24.1% to the other districts in the Upper East Region. Figure 12 shows the average maximal and minimal temperatures as Source: PBS 2015, Kansas State University well as yearly average precipitation. Bawku West, like many other districts in the Upper East Figure 10: Religious Affiliation, in Bawku West, Region has a relatively young population as shown in 2010 Figure 6, with more than half of the population falling in No Religion 1.9% Catholic Others 5.0% the age range: 0 to 17 years old. For more details refer 0.6% Protestants 6.2% to Figure 9.

Traditionalists Penecostal/Chari 43.9% smatic In terms of religious affiliation, the majority of the popu- 22.5% lation are Traditionalists (43.6%) followed by Christians, who account for 35.2% of the population and Muslims Other Christians 1.5% (18.4%). For more details refer to Figure 10. Islam 18.4% The district accounts for an adult illiteracy rate of 84.8%. Source: Bawku West District Analytical Report, GSS, 2014 5.8% of adults went through primary school only while 9.4% made it further to secondary school.

Figure 11: Education Attainment in Bawku West, 2015, in %

Secondary Level FIgure 12: Average Precipitation in mm and Average Temperatures in Bawku Education, 9.40% West, 2008 - 2015 900 40

800 35

700 Primary Level 30 s u Education, 5.8% i c

600 l e m 25 n C i

n

n 500 i o i e

t 20 r a u t t i 400 a p i r c 15 e r , 300 m e e P 10 T 200

100 5

No Educaton 0 0 84.8% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Accumulated Percipitation, in mm Average Max. Temperature Average Min. Temperature

Source: PBS 2015, Kansas State University Source: awhere Weather Platform, AWhere, 2016

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 8 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

This section contains discussion questions and potential research topics as a result of the data and analysis presented on Bawku West

QUESTION I QUESTION 2

Why are the yields and gross margin of rice of What can be done to decrease stagnating pover- beneficiaries in Bawku West lower than the ty in Bawku West ? district average ?

QUESTION 3 QUESTION 4

Given Bawku West’s agricultural production, What other agricultural or nutrition focused health and sanitation figures, as well as results development partner or GoG interventions have from the presence vs impact matrix, where previously been implemented, are ongoing, should USAID development work focus on in the and/or are in the pipeline that may impact Bawku next two years? What future development assis- West’s development? tance would be helpful for Bawku West to keep the district flag green?

The Feed the Future Ghana District Profile Series is produced for the USAID Office of Economic Growth in Ghana by the Monitoring, Evaluation and Technical Support Services (METSS) Project. The METSS Project is implemented through:

The information provided is not official U.S. government information and does not represent the views or positions of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the U.S. Government.

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 9