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Increased tolerance in dental patients by Yoga with special reference to Pranayama and Bhakti Yoga

Article in International Journal of Research · November 2018

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International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 05 Issue 22 November 2018

Increased pain tolerance in dental patients by Yoga with special reference to Pranayama and Bhakti Yoga Acharya Balkrishna1, Kuldeep Singh2*, Kirti Maurya3, Paran Gowda4 1 Secretary General, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Contact no: +01334-240008; Email: [email protected]

2 Head, Dental Clinic & Research Centre, Patanjali Ayurved Hospital, Patanjali Yogpeeth Haridwar, India.

Contact no: +91 9760095217; Email- [email protected]

3 Research Scholar, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Contact no: +91 7417214765 ; E-mail: [email protected]

4 Professor, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Contact no: +91 8755366622; Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Yoga practices to assess the pain tolerance to be both positive and negative effects on especially in dental pain when compared to oral health. Based on these results, it can be control group. The bhakti yoga methods said that Yoga is a non drug, non invasive such as AUM chanting, Mantra Japa, and cost effective method which has Prayer and Meditation have increased the therapeutic intervention and protective pain tolerance level of the patients. Based effects on pain tolerance levels. The on Cohen’s formula, the selected clinical beneficial effects of Yoga as seen in this sample size is 32 with and without bhakti study may be assumed that adoption of Yoga yoga practitioners. The statistical ‘t’ test is on long term basis. However, considering applied to analyze the data by using SPSS. the small sample size, limited methodology, Significant changes in pain tolerance values and the potential heterogeneity, further are found at p<0.001.The findings are extensive, large- scale, and long term discussed and compared with the findings of studies are necessary to support our other researchers on pain. The OHQoL –UK findings. is compared with our percentage of oral health changes. The percentages are found

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Key words: Dental pain, Bhakti yoga, However, yoga also involves focused Pranayam, Pain tolerance. attention and has been shown to improve 1. Introduction mood and depression (Woolery et al. The practice of yoga in India was 2004; Lavey et al. 2005; Shapiro et al. documented as early as 3000 BC. The term 2007). Both attentional and emotional 'yoga' is obtained from Sanskrit word ‘yuz’ factors influence pain (Wiech et or in other words as signifying 'union'. al. 2008). Furthermore, yoga practitioners Yoga is said to be for motivation behind are encouraged to adopt an emotionally joining the brain, body and soul. Yoga detached observation of the present moment focuses on body, breathing and mind and, accordingly, yoga has been shown to (Kumar et al. 2013) this is accomplished by improve mindfulness scores (Brisbon and Asanas (exercise postures), pranayama Lowery 2011), which are also associated (breathing techniques) and meditation with improved pain tolerance (Kingston et (Cramer et al. 2013). al. 2007). Several studies have directly examined yoga Oral maladies keep on being a noteworthy as a potential treatment for pain and found medical issue around the world (Petersen et evidence for the beneficial and safe use of al., 2005). Dental caries and periodontal yoga to alleviate different painful conditions diseases are among the most important (Wren et al. 2011; Posadzki et al. 2011; global oral health problems, although other Nambi et al. 2014). These studies have often conditions like oral and pharyngeal cancers assumed that the benefits of yoga stem from and oral tissue lesions are also of significant its effect on the musculoskeletal system (e.g. concern. Oral health is integral to general increase in strength and flexibility).

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International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 05 Issue 22 November 2018 well-being and relates to the quality-of-life procedure, experienced less pain during

.Dental caries, gingivitis & periodontal drilling and extraction type procedures while disease are the three most common chronic patients with low-anxiety predicted actual human diseases, which finally results in level of pain which they experienced during painful dental conditions (Petersen et al., the procedures. Patients of anxiety expected

2003).. more pain in treatment, than they experience

less pain during treatment, while they Most of the physicians say cause of pain is experienced more anxiety and than triggering stimulus, if it is removed then the fearless samples (Arntz et al. 1990). As per pain will also reduce (Gulati, & Loh, 2011). studies carried out by Liddell & Locker In it is difficult to bite, chew, (2006), indicates that female patients report concentrate in the day time and sleep in the more levels of dental anxiety than males. night, there for many patients are worried Further, the same authors indicate that the about their dental pain and treatment. A non- younger patients show more dental anxiety clinical study (Vassend, 1993) based on than older people. Pain tolerance defer with anxiety, pain and discomfort associated with age, gender and race results show in a dental treatment, shows result of two research (Woodrow et al. 1972) conducted samples, by using Corah’s Dental Anxiety on 41,119 subjects for a year by determining Scale. A significant correlation of 0.32 - the mechanical pressure on the Achilles 0.48 range founded between dental anxiety tendon. From this studies there were three and dental pain. Another study (Kent, 1984) findings 1.women pain tolerance level is also concluded the same findings that those lesser than men, 2. Pain tolerance level patients expected more anxiety in dental

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International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 05 Issue 22 November 2018 decreases with the age and 3. white people theory of yoga. In our studies, we have can tolerate more pain than Orientals. In all covered the dental pain tolerance levels, these studies, the impact of yoga was not while most of the studies mentioned above, considered in pain tolerance. A study (Tul et doesn’t reflect the dental pain tolerance al. 2010), conducted on seven adult patients levels, but they do cover the anxiety and after 8 week yoga program, based on depression levels before and after the observation and in-depth interview, they procedures. So we made an attempt in this concluded that pain’s sensory aspects did paper to incorporate bhakti yoga techniques not change through yoga but it is helpful to of increasing the pain tolerance levels. control the pain. ISKON movement on 2. Materials & Methods Krishna consciousness, (Dines, 2015) speaks The required sample size was obtained bhakti concept in the form of Nada - Brahma using Cohen’s formula (Kenny,1986) for an or the sacrilege of sound for Krishna effect size of 0.46 and with an alpha value of devotees. Bhakti yoga methods are most 0.05, powered at 0.90 using G power enjoyable and helpful methods for reducing program (Telles, et al. 2008). A sample size anxiety (Telles et al. 2009). Krishnamurthy of 32 is decided which is considerably more & Telles (2007) defines Bhakti as than 21 required. A comparative study has “surrendering to a Supreme or Higher been made on 32 patients (M-23, F-9) aged Power” and it’s an important part of Yoga 32.696 ± 9.732, selected out of 40 patients philosophy. However, they have considered from Dental Clinic and Research Center, it as a philosophical statement indicator for Haridwar, through random sampling. The reducing the anxiety levels along with the participants were divided into two groups,

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International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 05 Issue 22 November 2018 each group having 16 patients. Group 1 patients for rate their pain as 0 for none pain, participants were practicing yoga and bhakti 1,2,3 combined for mild pain,4,5,6 for yoga on daily basis for about 10 minutes on moderate, 7,8,9 for severe and 10 number meditation, mantra japa, Aum chanting and intolerable pain. prayer for a month’s time. Subjects who are Assessment of Bhakti practices practicing yoga for more than one year are Assessment of dental pain patients is done only selected for the study. The feedback by using four practices; was also received even after a month’s time of bhakti practices. Group 2 participants  Aum Chanting were those who were not involved practicing In ancient India, it was believed that Yoga. In both groups, there are 3 types of universe has been derived from the sound pain levels – gum, teeth and root canal vibrations of the word AUM and it is a treatment measured in the visual analog symbol of super power. A study on Aum scale of none (0), mild (1,2.3), moderate (Telles et al, 2009) conducted on 300 (4,5,6), severe (7,8,9) and 10 (unconscious). participants, shows significant reduction of They were requested to fill a questionnaire 14.7% in anxiety levels after Yoga practice developed by dentist and Yoga expert, for including AUM chanting, Asana and the assessment of dental pain tolerance by Pranayama. Another study (Dhanya, 2015) yoga and bhakti yoga. Six questions were conducted on 60 older adults selected from framed for Yoga and pain assessment old age home in Tamilnadu India shows separately, 3 of them were based on visual significance of p≤0.05 and found that AUM analog scale, which was described to meditation was effective on improving

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International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 05 Issue 22 November 2018 subjective well being among older adults.

Based on these findings, we have assessed  Meditation the dental pain tolerance levels using the Meditation is the concentration on any visual analog scale (from 0 to 10) and facial object or thought (Kirkwood et al. 2005). (0- No hurt, 1-2, Hurts little bit, 3-4 The practice of breathing techniques such as hurts little more, 6-7, hurts even more, 8-9 meditation on breath will reduced breathing hurts whole lot, 10- hurts worst). rates, the tolerance level is found to be on

raise. A statistical analysis (Kabat-Jinn et al.

 Mantra Japa 1985) find significant reduction of chronic

pain observed as negative body image, Mantra Japa is a repetition of positive words present moment pain, inhibition of activity silently which produces harmonious and by pain, symptoms, mood disturbance and resonant waves, which first affects our psychological symptomatology including emotions and then behavior. A significance anxiety and depression after practicing level (Pradhan, B., & Derle, S.G., 2012) of mindfulness meditation for ten week. The p≤0.001 found between Gaytri Mantra Japa result was also compared with a control and poem learning among 60 school group in this study. The control group students (boys 30 and girls 30) for the age patients did not get significant improvement. group of 12-15 years. We have used this The assessment is done based on daily Bhakti technique in assessing the pain meditation for 10 minutes for the tolerance. tolerance levels. As mentioned above, we have used the analog and facial pains for  Prayer assessing the dental pain

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Prayer is worship to the almighty. The non Yoga groups and their pain tolerance, participants were given universal prayer, the degrees of freedom is 15 and the such as – “Om, Sarve bhavantu sukhinah, standard deviation to the variance mean is

Sarve santu niramayah, Sarve bhadrani ±6.28 and the non Yoga group it is ±5.57. pasyantu, Ma kashchit dukha bhagbhavet, The data obtained from the SPSS analysis is

Om Shantih, Shantih, Shantih”,it is shown in the bar diagram (Figure 1) where it translated as- May all be prosperous and is explicitly clear that with practice of Yoga happy, May all be free from illness, May all the pain tolerance is higher than the non see what is spiritually uplifting, May no one practice group. Difference of 1.73% in pain suffer. Om Peace, Peace, Peace. This prayer tolerance level found between Bhakti Yoga is repeated both in the morning and evening Group and Control Group. in a group for about 10 minutes. The 4. Discussion feedback received very increasing. A Regular and long-term practice of yoga may correlation study (Dezutter, & Corveleyn, improve pain tolerance, according to a 2011) done on 202 patients with chronic recent study. Findings from the study also pain fund that prayer is significantly related show that yoga practitioners have more gray with pain tolerance but not with pain matter in multiple brain regions compared severity. with individually matched people who did 3. Result not practice yoga. There are many types of

The data presented in Table 1, shows pains in the physical body level. Dental pain significant difference (2 - tailed) at p<0.001. is very much a different pain like Achilles

While comparing groups- Yoga group and pain in the literature (Woodrow et al.1972).

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Achilles pain was measured by Automated from none to extreme in the scale Each item

Multiphase Screening Examination unlike in thus could be scored on a scale from 1 to 9. the dental pain where it is measured using a Summing up the individual item responses psychological questionnaire scale. Dental would generate an overall OHQoL – UK pain is measured in the term of score with possible scores ranging from 16 psychological scale Visual Analog Scale to 144 (McGrath, and Bedi, a 2001, b 2002).

(VAS), none-0, mild-1, 2,3, modrate-4,5,6, The post yogic study respondents perceived severe-7,8,9 and 10 for unconscious. This their oral health has changed their quality of scale is little modified at the level 10 as life. This supports earlier findings of the unconscious or maximum limit of pain studies done in Britain using the same items leading to unconscious state. The dental pain of OHQoL measure. Though the clinical relief through yoga and bhakti yoga method, sample size is small, the validation requires we have used the Oral health related quality repeated trials to prove the reliability of the of life – UK items which includes the data. However, the findings by Pradeep, and physical, social and psychological domains. Pushpanjali, (2014) support our study. As

Each of these oral health questions was reported by Pradeep and Pushpanjali (2014) scored first on effect with response ranging some other studies claimed that with oral from good to bad effect on the quality of health did not bring the desired effect life. The respondents were asked to rate the (Murariu et al. 2014; Caglayan et al., 2009). impact of each effect on the scale ranging In their individual or with social from none to extreme impact by the way of interactions, perhaps, the OHQoL has the incorporating an individual weighing factor dimensions of both positive and negative

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International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 05 Issue 22 November 2018 effects on oral health. Further, our findings tools to tolerate more pain, and this may be related to the model proposed by increased pain tolerance could be mediated

Melzack (1999), Rome and Rome, (2000) through autonomic activation of the insular disused about neuro matrix model. As per cortex. The strategies used by yogis, the model, the brain is a dynamic entity including breathing techniques, focusing on involved in the processing of pain. The sensations without reacting, relaxing the processing includes inhibition, modulation, mind or body, and accepting pain, are all and excitation through sensory, thalamic, part of yoga training and are similar to limbic, hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) mindfulness practice that has been shown to and cortical pathways. This model also improve pain tolerance (Kingston et al. discusses about Oral Health Quality of Life 2007). Yoga practitioners are encouraged to in term of bio psychosocial paradigm which adopt an emotionally detached observation includes psychological, somatic and social of the present moment and, accordingly, aspect of life. These three aspects are also yoga has been shown to improve scores on discussed in the form of 16 questions of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory

OHQoL-UK. In our findings also the same (Brisbon and Lowery 2011). oral health questionnaire Table 2 was used Yoga practitioners tolerate more pain and compared with the findings of Pradeep and have more brain GM in multiple cortical and Pushpanjali (2014). regions related to affective pain processing,

The strategies used by yoga practitioners to pain regulation and attention than do tolerate pain, it appears that it is the yoga individually matched controls. Nevertheless, training itself that equips individuals with only the increased GM in the insular cortex

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International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 05 Issue 22 November 2018 correlated with the higher pain tolerance insula, from nociceptive input in the across groups. Further, the results of our posterior insula to autonomic integration in exploratory whole-brain regression analysis the midinsula to subjective feelings in the indicate that the duration of yoga practice anterior insula (Craig 2011)., The results of positively correlated with GM volume in the post operated patient’s shows the pain left insular cortex, suggesting that yoga decrease from 60 to 30 percentages while practice contributed to the anatomical the pain tolerance level increased when differences, rather than the yoga compared to control groups. The study practitioners having fundamentally different carried out by Villemure et al. (2014) shows brains before beginning to practice yoga. In that insulator gray matter untimely addition to GM differences, the WM tract correlated with pain tolerance and it is running along the posterior/anterior length positively correlated with Yoga experiences. of the left insular GM showed signs of The experimented study improves the pain higher integrity, indicating an increased tolerance level in Yoga practitioner. intrainsular connectivity. We also observed 5. Conclusions that yoga practitioners, but not control This study confirms the useful role of Yoga subjects, used cognitive strategies involving in managing the dental pain. Significant parasympathetic activation and interoceptive changes in pain tolerance values are found at awareness to tolerate pain. These types of p<0.001. Based on these results, it can be strategies constitute an integral part of yoga conclude that Yoga is a nondrug, non practice. Since other studies show a invasive and cost effective method which sequential processing of pain in the human has therapeutic intervention and protective

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International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 05 Issue 22 November 2018 effects on pain tolerance levels. The There are declaring that there are no relevant beneficial effects of Yoga as seen in this conflicts of interest. study may be assumed that adoption of Funding Yoga on long term basis. However, No external source of Funding considering the small sample size, limited References methodology, and the potential [1]. Arntz, A., Van Eck, M., & Heijmans, heterogeneity, further extensive, large- M. (1990). Predictions of dental pain: the scale, and long term studies are necessary to fear of any expected evil, is worse than the support our findings. evil itself. Behaviour Research and

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Table 1: Pair Sample Statistics

Group Mean N Std. T Df Sig. (2- Deviation tailed)

Yoga Group 29.4375 16 6.28192 4.155 15

0.001

Control 19.5000 16 5.57375 Group

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Table 2: Comparative studies of OHQoL of the present study with Pradeep Y. & Pushpanjali (2014) study.

Aspect of Oral Impact on Quality of Life (%) Health None Little Moderate Great Extreme S.No. Items Pradeep’s Present Pradeep’s Present Pradeep’s Present Pradeep’s Present Pradeep’s Present study Study study Study study Study study Study study Study data data data data data 1. Eating 21.8 10 24.6 23 32.9 32 19.3 24 1.4 11 2. Appearance 14.7 18 22.2 20 37.2 35 22.0 20 3.9 7 3. Speech 24.5 8 22.0 35 31.3 30 20.3 24 1.9 6 4. General 61.6 40 10.1 20 18.5 25 9.0 13 0.8 2 Health 5. Comfort 36.1 20 20.4 22 30.1 38 10.2 17 3.1 3 6. Breath 32.2 42 22.2 19 30.2 28 15.1 9 0.4 2 Odor 7. Social Life 55.6 25 14.2 10 18.6 40 11.1 20 0.5 5 8. Romantic 57.4 20 11.8 22 20.9 29 9.3 21 0.7 8 Life 9. Smile 20.2 18 26.8 21 29.3 37 21.0 16 2.7 7 10. Usual 67.7 32 10.5 37 12.0 25 9.1 5 0.7 1 Work 11. Finance 58.6 30 15.6 18 20.6 37 4.1 12 1.1 3 12. Confidence 32.2 25 23.5 31 28.2 30 15.1 9 1.0 5 13. Lack of 58.8 23 13.9 18 17.8 36 8.9 14 0.6 9 Worry 14. Sleep 29.8 21 18.9 23 27.7 33 22.5 13 1.1 10 15. Mood 68.8 16 9.0 19 15.9 34 6.2 30 0.1 1 16. Personality 66.2 13 10.4 32 15.0 29 8.2 24 0.2 2

Fig 1: Pain tolerance level of Yoga and Control group

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