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Biomechanics of Sprint Running: a Methodological Contribution

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Biomechanics of Sprint Running: a Methodological Contribution Co-tutoring PhD program in Bioengineering XXIII Cycle – ING-INF/06 Administrative Universities: Università degli Studi di Bologna (Bologna) – Arts et Métiers ParisTech (Paris) Associate University: Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, ex Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie (Roma) Biomechanics of sprint running: a methodological contribution Elena Bergamini Supevisors: Prof. Aurelio Cappozzo Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico” Prof. Wafa Skalli Arts et Métiers ParisTech Dr. Valentina Camomilla Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico” Dr. Hélène Pillet Arts et Métiers ParisTech Coordinator: Prof. Angelo Cappello Università degli Studi di Bologna Co-examiner: Prof. Luca Cristofolini Università degli Studi di Bologna ii iii iv CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ xi ENGLISH VERSION...................................................................................................................xi ITALIAN VERSION.................................................................................................................. xii FRENCH VERSION.................................................................................................................xiii EXTENDED SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1 – THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ..................................................................- 1 - ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. - 2 - 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... - 4 - 1.2 SPRINT RUNNING BIOMECHANICS: PERFORMANCE AND INJURY- RELATED VARIABLES ....................................................................................................... - 6 - 1.2.1 Block start phase ............................................................................................. - 7 - 1.2.2 Acceleration or pick-up phase ..................................................................- 14 - 1.2.3 Maintenance phase ......................................................................................- 18 - 1.2.4 Deceleration phase .......................................................................................- 26 - 1.3 METHODS FOR SPRINT RUNNING ANALYSIS................................................- 27 - 1.3.1 Electromyography ........................................................................................- 28 - 1.3.2 Motion analysis (Stereophotogrammetry) ...........................................- 30 - 1.3.3 Force plates .....................................................................................................- 31 - 1.3.4 Pressure sensors ............................................................................................- 31 - 1.3.5 Accelerometers ..............................................................................................- 32 - 1.3.6 Gyroscopes .......................................................................................................- 34 - 1.3.7 Electrogoniometers ......................................................................................- 35 - 1.4 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: DISCUSSION..................................................- 36 - v CHAPTER 2 - AIM OF THE THESIS ..................................................................................... - 37 - CHAPTER 3 - LOW RESOLUTION APPROACH .............................................................. - 39 - ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................- 41 - 3.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................- 42 - 3.1.1 Sports biomechanics and in-field performance evaluation ............- 42 - 3.1.2 Wearable inertial sensors ..........................................................................- 45 - 3.2 STUDY 1: TRUNK INCLINATION DURING THE SPRINT START USING AN INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNIT ...............................................................................- 49 - Abstract ......................................................................................................................- 49 - 3.2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................- 50 - 3.2.2 Materials and methods ...............................................................................- 52 - 3.2.3 Results ...............................................................................................................- 58 - 3.2.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................- 60 - 3.3 STUDY 2: INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND CENTER OF MASS DISPLACEMENT OF IN-LAB SPRINT RUNNING USING AN INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNIT.....................................................................................................- 62 - Abstract ......................................................................................................................- 62 - 3.3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................- 63 - 3.3.2 Materials and methods ...............................................................................- 64 - 3.3.3 Results ...............................................................................................................- 65 - 3.3.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................- 66 - 3.4 STUDY 3: TEMPORAL PARAMETERS OF IN-FIELD SPRINT RUNNING USING AN INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNIT..........................................................- 68 - Abstract ......................................................................................................................- 68 - 3.4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................- 69 - 3.4.2 Materials and methods ...............................................................................- 71 - 3.4.3 Results ...............................................................................................................- 74 - 3.4.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................- 80 - 3.5 LOW RESOLUTION APPROACH: DISCUSSION................................................- 83 - CHAPTER 4 - HIGH RESOLUTION APPROACH .............................................................- 85 - ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................- 87 - vi 4.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................- 88 - 4.1.1 Sport biomechanics and injury prevention ..........................................- 88 - 4.1.2 Joint dynamics estimation..........................................................................- 92 - 4.2 STUDY 4: TIBIO-FEMORAL JOINT CONSTRAINTS FOR BONE POSE ESTIMATION DURING MOVEMENT USING MULTI-BODY OPTIMIZATION- 94 - Abstract ......................................................................................................................- 94 - 4.2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................- 95 - 4.2.2 Materials and methods ...............................................................................- 97 - 4.2.3 Results ............................................................................................................- 101 - 4.2.4 Discussion .....................................................................................................- 104 - 4.3 HIGH RESOLUTION APPROACH: DISCUSSION............................................- 107 - CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................................- 109 - AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................................................- 113 - REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................- 117 - vii viii PREFACE Sports biomechanics uses the scientific methods of mechanics to study the internal and external forces acting on a human body and the effects produced by these forces in sports activities. It is, therefore, concerned, with the ways in which sports movements are performed, often referred to as sports techniques. With this respect, sports biomechanics has an applicative nature and it has an ultimate objective: the achievement of an effective technique. Indeed, while it is often believed that the main goal of sports biomechanists and coaches is to obtain the best athlete’s performance, it must be kept in mind that performance enhancement and injury risk are strictly related. If improving the athlete’s performance would entail increasing the risk of injury, no actual effective improvement would be obtained. This is the reason
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