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Status of Trace & Toxic Metals in Indian Rivers

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Status of Trace & Toxic Metals in Indian Rivers STATUS OF TRACE & TOXIC METALS IN INDIAN RIVERS Ministry of Jal Shakti Dept. of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Central Water Commission August, 2019 RSVP TO ADELINE (123) 456 7890 STATUS OF TRACE & TOXIC METALS IN INDIAN RIVERS River Data Compilation-2 Directorate Central Water Commission Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation MINISTRY OF JAL SHAKTI Shri. A. K. Sinha Chairman, Central Water Commission & Ex-Officio Secretary to the GoI Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation FOREWORD Water is the most essential element for life existence on earth. The quantity and quality of the world’s water has been deterioting with exponential growth in human population and its needs for industrial and agricultural activities. Metal contamination in river water is increasingly becoming common in India. Toxicity caused by metals posing problem for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional and environmental areas. Presence of metals in river water in excesses may cause a significant threat to human health and ecological systems. Central Water Commission under Department of Water Resources, RD & GR, Ministry of Jal Shakti has been playing a vital role in water quality monitoring of river water over the past years and at present, is observing water quality at 531 key locations covering all major river basins of India. The present report attempts to provide the water quality scenario of Indian rivers in respect of trace & toxic metals. Based on the analysis results of various metal elements, first and second editions of the Status of Trace & Toxic Metals in Indian rivers were published by River Data Compilation Directorate, CWC in May 2014 and April 2018, respectively. The revised and comprehensive edition of this report comprising the data of eight elements viz; Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Nickel and Zinc for the period from May 2014 to April 2018 has been prepared. I would like to place on record my appreciation of Shri R.K. Sinha, Member (River Management), CWC, Shri Ravi Shankar, Chief Engineer (P&D), CWC and his team for excellently bringing out third edition of this publication. I also appreciate the sampling, testing and compilation work done by scientific officers of CWC. I hope this publication would prove to be useful to all the stakeholders and agencies that are responsible for taking necessary remedial measures for conservation of river water quality. New Delhi August, 2019 (A. K. Sinha) Page | I Shri. R.K. Sinha Member (River Management), Central Water Commission & Ex-Officio Additional Secretary to the GoI, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation. PREFACE Pollution of river waters are gaining increasing attention worldwide because of its impacts on social, economic, health and others. Anthropogenic activities and natural processes have led to serious decline in river/surface waters quality. The extent of influence of the human activities in the river waters of the developing countries has increased dramatically during the past decades. Metals play great role in the function of living organisms; they constitute a nutritional requirement and fulfill a physiological role. But, its concentration beyond certain quantities in the environmental is one of the persistent global environmental problems. This contamination is caused by continuous growth of different industries such as mining, fertilizer, tannery, paper, batteries, electroplating etc. Heavy metals such as Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic released from there industries tend to accumulate in organisms, which may lead to a reduction in species diversity. I appreciate the commendable efforts put by Shri. Ravi Shankar (Chief Engineer, P & D) for bringing out 3rd edition of this book. Efforts put in by the officers of River Data Compilation- 2 Directorate, Shri. Pankaj Kumar Sharma, Director, Shri. Rakesh Kumar Gupta, Dy. Director, Dr. Jakir Hussain, Research Officer, Dr. N. Prabhakar Rao and Dr. Sakshi Sharma, Senior Research Assistant in the preparation of the report are also appreciated. I also express sincere thanks to all field Chief Engineers of CWC for making arrangements for collection and submission of river water samples to the National River Water Quality Laboratory, CWC, New Delhi I hope this publication will provide a vision of state of Trace & Toxic Metals in Indian rivers to all stake holders and then ponder to search for remedial measures to check the pollution. New Delhi August, 2019. (R.K.Sinha) Page | II CONTRIBUTIONS GUIDANCE Shri A. K. Sinha, Chairman, CWC, New Delhi Shri R. K. Sinha, Member (River Management), CWC, New Delhi Shri Ravi Shankar, Chief Engineer (Planning & Development), CWC, New Delhi Shri Pankaj Kumar Sharma, Director (RDC -2 Directorate), CWC, New Delhi Shri Rakesh Kumar Gupta, Deputy Director (RDC -2 Directorate), CWC, New Delhi PRINCIPLE CONTRIBUTION Dr. Jakir Hussain, Research Officer, RDC-2 Dte, CWC, New Delhi Dr. N. Prabhakarrao, Senior Research Assistant, RDC-2 Directorate, CWC, New Delhi Dr. Sakshi Sharma, Senior Research Assistant, RDC-2 Directorate, CWC, New Delhi INVESTIGATORS Dr. Jakir Hussain, Research Officer, RDC-2 Dte, CWC, New Delhi Shri. Rajesh Kumar, Assistant Research Officer, NRWQL, YBO, CWC, New Delhi Shri. Nitish Kumar, Senior Research Assistant, NRWQL, YBO, CWC, New Delhi Page | III ABBREVIATIONS µg/dL Microgram/ desci litre AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer APHA American Public Health Association As Arsenic BCM Billion Cubic meter BIS Bureau of Indian Standards Cd Cadmium Cr Chromium Cu Copper Fe Iron Hg Mercury ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry kms kilo meters M. ha Million hectres MCL Maximum Contaminant Level mm milli meter MSL Mean Sea Level Ni Nickel NRWQL National River Water Quality Laboratory Pb Lead ppb Parts Per Billion ppm Parts Per Million TEL Tetra Ethyl Lead USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WHO World Health Organisation WQ Water Quality Zn Zinc Page | IV TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ A to E CHAPTER 1........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Sources of Metal Pollution ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1 Metal Pollution from Mining and Processing Ores .................................................................. 2 1.1.2 Other Sources of Metal Pollution .............................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2........................................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 Indian Water Resources Scenario ............................................................................................. 5 2.1 India-Physiography.................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Climate ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Rainfall ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 River Basin of India.................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 3........................................................................................................................................... 7 3.0 Indian River System ................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Indus Basin (Within India) ......................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin ......................................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Ganga Basin .................................................................................................................................. 9 3.2.2 Brahmaputra Basin ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.3 Barak & others Basin .................................................................................................................. 11 3.3 Godavari Basin ........................................................................................................................ 12 3.4 Krishna Basin ........................................................................................................................... 13 3.5 Cauvery Basin .......................................................................................................................... 14 3.6 Subernarekha Basin ................................................................................................................ 15 3.7 Brahmani-Baitarani Basin ....................................................................................................... 15 3.8 Mahanadi Basin ......................................................................................................................
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