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Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens and Disease Management, Volume Two Management of Crop Diseases P. Narayanasamy

Management of Soilborne Microbial Plan Pathogens

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9780429058189-3 P. Narayanasamy Published online on: 22 Oct 2019

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 entiate and quantify the BCAs in different substrates. These These BCAs substrates. different the in quantify and entiate have identify, to used more frequently techniques been differ molecular (PCR)-based reaction Polymerase chain media. growth using water appropriate bodies, and soils, plants from bioticThe biological control agents (BCAs) have isolated been 3.1 2013). (Narayanasamy characteristics genetic and biochemical cultural, on the isolates, based identity strains/ of precise the the establish to it is necessary pathogen(s). microbial toxicof metabolites target to Hence, of production quantum competence, locations, rhizosphere new to conditions, adapt to capacity tivity environmental to biocontrol efficiencysensi their their in BCAsdueto vary biotic pathogens. of The target mode action onon the the constitution or chemical their may classifiedon be based by activating host plant defenseindirectly systems. They pathogens or on the directly act may they also and sources or Abiotic organic nisms. inorganic derived BCAs from are suppress pathogen development one- or more mecha through able to are They environments. soil the vectors in living in or afree-state present in are that viruses and bacteria fungi, pathogens –oomycetes, microbial against potential nistic exhibit nonpathogenic, antago that organisms are living locations. Biotic geographical different conditions in BCAs host-pathogenon the environmental the combination and of depending biocontrol degrees potential, display varying major groups: (i) biotic (ii) agents and abiotic agents. They pathogens by two may into divided caused microbial be effectively of diseases spread crop and incidence reduce pathogen suppression. Biological control agents (BCAs) that effectiveness the improving synergism, agents in results of combinationhave of the biotic abiotic that and established and/intensity. incidence Several disease investigationsthe by activating host defenseor indirectly systems reduce to pathogen of directly the potential the reduce to mechanisms one or moreof biotic abiotic through and act agents that 1987). Biological management involves disease utilization favor development 1967; of (Beirner plant crop species Cook effects of toor pathogens gene the and reduce to product genes organisms, or modified of use natural the indicate to sense abroad in also and organisms byone organism another control of the indicate to sense anarrow in considered both Biological been control has or biocontrol of diseases crop 3 POTENTIAL OF BIOTICPOTENTIAL AGENTS OF ASSESSMENT OFBIOLOGICAL CONTROL Biological Management of Crop Diseases Crop of Management Biological Pathogens Plan Microbial Soilborne of Management - - - 3 f 3.1.1 ecosystems. different in cies/cultivar, conditions existing of or soil environmental type plant crop spe vary, may activity on the trol also depending biological biological addition, In their control potential. con widely may differ or bacteria in of fungus of one species the the strains/isolates since the tification BCAsof required, is iden Precise identified to up be strains. control agents can the biologicaland if necessary, may modified, be techniques primers in the PCR assay. The fingerprints permitted also permitted assay. PCR the in fingerprints The primers (UP) by universally-primed applyingerated appropriate of Trichoderma of strains ible fingerprints genome 1998). the et al. (Bulat in - reproduc and Distinct intergenic, areas more variable target primarily designed to primers by usingsemi-random duction fingerprints, of PCR employed Markovic (Markovic and 1998). have of been contamination monitoring permit and strains allow authentication DNA of that Predominantly, markers vivo. in and vitro BCA of in the both tency of performance consis- ensure to and strains fungal of authenticated source BCAs as have to used is essential be to areliable strains gal (Grondona controlled be to 1997). of et al. fun Maintenance pathogenselectiontarget mostthe of efficientfor the strains of importance the tions of biocontrol. highlighted results The num of T. harzia strains efficacy The of particular was inferred. (enzyme sequences) production) (ITS molecular criteria, and on acombination of based activity physiological, biochemical Trichoderma within group tional mycotoxin- (Gallo relationship func 2004). between et al. The the not did produce isolate that T. harzianum suitable select assay, PCR in a primers it possible tri5 was specific to the 1996). By (Sivasithamparam Ghisalberti usingconsumed and are grains contaminated when the animals, and humans in ailments class,serious induce which can tricothecene the to were mycotoxin able the T. produce to belonging harzianum 1999). et al. some isolates(Ospina-Giraldo of Furthermore, of mold mushroom of disease green incitant the be to known agement is also of But several diseases. T. crop harzianum biocontrol agent commercial for as man registered the been (Th) by example the harzianum of Trichoderma abiocontrol as agent used be to is underscored fungus the of identification ofthe precise strain of importance The The quality control for test Trichoderma quality The - func required the and target intended on the depended u ngal B iological C ontrol spp. and their biocontrol spp. their and A gents is based on pro is based spp. were gen were spp. , which has , which has 135 ------Biological Management of Crop Diseases Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 (L possible plants the BCA of spread indicating the untreated to Trichoderma presence the analysis.of a addition, UP-PCRIn by tified were iden also greenhouse different in applied products biocontrol commercial the isolates from The greenhouses. Trichoderma asemi-selective recover to was and used method ing medium analysis dilution was plat with spp. combined UP-PCR The of Trichoderma of acollectiondifferentiation strains of other 136 on the pathogenon development. the adverse or indirectly the BCAs effects of the directly mining for tests vivo deter various in and conditions by performing vitro in under isolates/strains their by screening is determined species fungal and fungus-like of the logical control potential plant bio pathogens. microbial The biocontrol the agents and provided by exploiting suitable between of forms interactions may plants to forism be by consumption. another Protection of one organ killing in resulting animals between interaction the in seen is generally Predation organism. another tion from nutri required of obtain to one organism ability the indicates that tissues hostfavor specific development. their Parasitism the to access out’ ‘starved or prevented gaining are from able outgrow to slow-growingare the plant pathogens, which competitor. poor of the Many BCAs or sporulation activity growth, Suchsurvival. competition may decreased to lead or occupy nutrients available for niche petition obtain to their exhibit com Organisms antagonism. is designated interaction adverse other, byin effects on exerted the the one organism results interaction the If commensalism. as is known harmed, benefited is neither nor the other and is benefited organism which one in association conditions. An environmental the on suppression depending host., of disease may Degree vary on any specific depends rarely survival since tive mutualists, faculta- considered as BCAsassociation. Many of be the can from such benefits deriving twobetween or more organisms refers association the to Mutualism predation. petition and com parasitism, antagonism, mutualism, into differentiated biological control agents (BCAs) may they be and may vary plant the pathogens and microbial between interactions The 3.1.1.1 2006a). (Nel et al. South Africa includedof nonpathogenic these F. oxysporum Hae tion enzymes isolate each to following allotted - code digestion restric with using identified a and six-letter distinguished could be types identity isolates. of the establish to the Twelve geno different FOR1, were used addition morphological to characteristics in FOF1and primers species-specific The pathogenic strains. non characterize to was operon used RNA ribosomal of the analysis of region spacer intergenic PCR-based RFLP The were plants identified to up level.zosphere ofspecies banana (Foc).cubense sive by caused wilt Fusarium oxysporum banana to diversity of Fusarium determine ü beck and Jensen 2002). and beck Investigation up to was taken Potential of Isolates Fungal of Biocontrol Assessment strain in the untreated bench was also detected, detected, bench was also untreated the in strain application commercial in after spp. strains, Fusarium strains ( strains Fusarium III, Hha I, I, Hinf strains from soils suppres soils - from strains I, I, > 100) rhi isolated from Msp I and Scrf I and Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  isolates from from isolates I. Eleven Eleven I. f.sp. ------

pathogen. Furthermore, addition of 6PAP to pathogen. at350 Furthermore, mg/kg acid production by the fusaric and sporulation germination, of 6PAP,inhibition in of spore growth, mycelial reflected as concentrations increasing with increased activity antifungal spectroscopy. resonance nuclear magnetic and The trometry - was identified spec mass by of T. filtrate culture harzianum investigated. of 6-pentyl- Presence (Foc SQR-T037, effective F. against oxysporum of activity T.2003). basis of harzianum antifungal The were antibiotics able the (see produce to 3.3) Figure (Howell parasitize (G6-2, G6-15 G6-57), and let light irradiation were unable to virens of T. strains mutant hyphae. The to parasitize ultimum virens T. antibiotic isolated from (see 3.1). solani Figure Rhizoctonia to inhibitory Another Gliocladium as virens earlier (known pathogens (antagonism). the to inhibitory Trichoderma virens metabolites (mycoparasitism) antibiotics produce to or other and Trichoderma 2006a). (Nel of et al. species Different banana infecting American Phytopathological Society, MN] Phytopathological American of the permission of kind Howell[Courtesy with and 2003 (B). medium developmentpathogen nonamended in (A) medium unrestricted and gliotoxin-amended in gen growth virens by Trichoderma produced by gliotoxin 3.1FIGURE ber (Benhamou et al. 2002) and F. 2002) and et al. oxysporum (Benhamou ber F. oxysporum of case the in as testing, tentativelyare for selected further induced abnormalities and sporulation and growth iting the isolates most the effectively and recorded opment are inhib adverseon isolates the test effects of on pathogen the devel grow they agar,with toward so that other. each Observations contact mycelia with direct petriplate in same the in other each from at4cmapart placed pathogens are fungal and lates mycelial The plugssuitable iso medium. test of the or disks a in maintained and grown are species/isolates fungal test the pathogen(s).microbial Various isolates pathogen of and the target the against activity antagonistic with select fungi is followed test, to apreliminary method, culture dual The 3.1.1.1.1 ), causal agent of cucumber Fusarium wilt disease, was disease, wilt ), agent causal of Fusarium cucumber aoaoy Tests Laboratory , but not but to , like the wild-type strain, although they they although strain, wild-type the like solani R.

by forming coils around the pathogen the around coils by forming solani R. possess the ability to parasitize fungal pathogens fungal parasitize to ability the possess Rhizoctonia solani of Rhizoctonia of growth mycelial Inhibition Pythium ultimum Pythium against (see 3.2) solani Figure R. Pythium Pythium to was inhibitory α -pyrone (6PAP) the in produced by ultravio by produced ) produced glitoxin, glitoxin, ) produced Restriction of patho Restriction infecting cucum . T. virens was able cucumeris cucumeris f.sp. f.sp . cubense ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 interactions between the BCA and the pathogen BCA light under the the between and interactions of wilt (Chen cucumber ment of 2012). et Fusarium al. of 6PAP potential the for manage indicated results the The by showed 60.0 92.6%. to increase of an seedlings cucumber bydence 78.1 weight 89.6% to dry The experiments. pot in indigenous of population cucumber-continuously decreased soil cropped virens of Trichoderma strain mutant 3.3 FIGURE virens 3.2 FIGURE Diseases of Crop Management Biological  American Phytopathological Society, MN] Phytopathological American of the permission of kind Howell[Courtesy with and 2003 hyphae. pathogen the penetrate or around coil (B) neither could mutant activity-deficient mycoparasitic whereas (A), pathogen of the hyphae around coils tight forms wild-strain Society, MN] Phytopathological American of the permission of kind Howell[Courtesy with and 2003 pathogen. of the growth mycelial inhibiting (B) in strain (A) the mutant than efficient was more Wild-strain Biocontrol efficiency may be assessed by examining the Biocontrol efficiency mayassessed beby examining Pythium ultimum (B) onPythium (A) strain mutant and of wild-strain F. oxysporum

Relative mycoparasitic activity of wild-strain and and ofRelative wild-strain activity mycoparasitic Trichoderma of Trichoderma activities biocontrol Differential by 41.2% inci disease reduced and Rhizoctonia solani. onRhizoctonia The The - -

amorphous amorphous by pathogen an was the mediated and antagonist the between sion observationscontact revealed microscopic electron that - transmis and procedure was Immunochemistry observed. R. spirale of C. Coiling microscopes. electron light and between between interaction The microscope. electron and/or microscope their efficacy in suppressing the developmentthe efficacyin suppressing their of Verticillium assess to petridishes in grown cabbage seedlings Chinese raised onto isolates axenically weresoils. These inoculated forest containing soil amixed bage in bait plants as grown cab segments ofroot melon, eggplant, Chinese barley and control agents. endophytes (349) Fungal were isolated from of biocontrol biological the were potential assess to used plants test 2001).et al. petridish-grown method, another In of forceps (Clarkson usinglapsed) by apair them squeezing for (soft degradation microscope the or col under examined 5 weeks at20 for plates were incubated The then drops. agar precolonized of each to the was added of fungus test each culture of the plug agar edges the (2 An diameter) from mm petridishes. in cepivorum Sclerotium (10macerate µ Mycelial (0.7 petridishes. the in were dispensed ml/petridish) ofnumber samples. Five (PDA) dextrose agar of potato drops of biologicalevaluate potential the control agents large from 2010). Hijri and biocontrol agents (Lahlali fungal by these produced enzymes chitinolytic extracellular lysismorphology and of possibly cells, due production to of cell pathogen abnormal but cells, induced notdid penetrate of cells. Phomopsis hyphal turgor viride ofhyphae tightly to encircle the appeared were coils and dense very The close pathogenestablish byhyphae the with contact coiling. Trichoderma and tubers viride solani R. between interaction the solani of R. growth the viride of T. filtrate Culture different to growth extent.the pathogen inhibited also filtrates sp., of Phomopsis that than atafaster rate solani of R. growth the Trichoderma was determined. fungi different viride by mycelial inhibition several crops. The growth and other development the ing solani of Rhizoctonia of Norwayinhibit efficacyin maples, for were their screened leaves endophytes, isolated from (Gao fungal 2005). The et al. ß effectively,overcome barrier production of this that indicating entry. antagonist of However, potential could antagonist the to ß specific appositionswall which were intensely labeled by antibodies solani R. time, same spirale ofwall C. phyte -1,3-glucanase might facilitate breaching of the host barrier -1,3-glucanase host of barrier the breaching facilitate might Agar drop test was performed as a preliminary screen to to screen apreliminary as was test performed drop Agar solani and Epicocum longipes and Alternaria nigrum could be seen at 7 days after contact, followed contact, at 7 days seen could be after by loss of Chaetomium spirale Chaetomium solani R. in growth its intracellular and hyphae and the mycoparasitic the and endo solani Rhizoctonia R. solani R. ß -1,3-glucan. appositions The were atsites formed -1,3-glucan-enriched matrix originated from cell cell from originated -1,3-glucan-enriched matrix ° l) 1-week-old of the pathogen, of the culture C. Sclerotia (100) were drop agar each from cell surface. At the At the surface. cell solani stick and R. to . Penetration of the pathogen of. Penetration byhyphae the cells reacted by forming hemispherical hemispherical by forming reacted cells was used to inoculate the agar drops drops agar the inoculate to was used . Confocal microscopic examination of examination microscopic . Confocal was the most was effective the inhibiting in ND35 was investigated under revealed that the BCA the revealed could that , causing black scurf of potato of, causing potato black scurf Epicoccum nigrum sp. Epicoccum and , infecting potatoes potatoes , infecting . The culture culture . The inhibited inhibited around around 137 T. T. - - - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 reduced germination, the percent reduction increasing with with reduction increasing percent the germination, reduced Microsphaeropsis and solani R. was employedtechnique between interactions study the to Transmission (TEM) tubers. microscopy electron potato production of and sclerotia on viability on both and vitro in of sclerotiawas viability produced investigated, on the based lum of P130A for development suppressing the inocu of tuberborne 2006). et al. sclerotia the (Sarrocco into etration sites of point without pen any preferred distributed randomly tiorum of sclerotia of rind both the beneath tiorum rolfsii (in S. medulla the in growth intracellular rolfsii (in S. cortex the in antagonist of the growth lular followed bymicroscopy fluorescent revealed intracel which sclerotia Colonization of pathogens of sclerotia tested. the was with minor S. sclerotiorum rolfsii, Sclerotinia Sclerotium virens ity of T. gfp with of transformation fluorescent protein The gene. effect green (GFP),reporter as a the 2016). 2016). solani rot incidence, but its effectiveness F. was against variable sp. (in formulation) effective was also charcoal reducing in up 81% to and field under conditions. Application of Bacillus solani F. fieldunder conditions. caused androot Likewise, by crown rot up conditions 65% to and chamber rot up 44% to growth under asperellum 36%. by more than was inhibited Preventive application of T. solani F. tation) and assay. of phaseolina M. growth Radial (confron strawberry, were byin culture using assessed dual solani Bacillus 2004). et al. (Narisawa produce quality marketable DSE with yieldedcabbage desirable level treated plants of bywere 84% reduced 88%, and respectively, by DSE. Chinese symptoms disease internal and by DSE. External hampered Development of yellows Verticillium was more effectively endophytes. the with preinoculated of cabbage seedlings cells root the host werecells. in Such responses seen marked adjacent pathogen the of in the ingress the limit to appeared layerscal showed which appositions thickenings, wall cell and corti and epidermal the in some walls cell roots, DSE-treated endophytes ofence were the V. with challenged longipes for grown - pres one week the barley in Seedlings from roots. obtained endophyte (DSE) fungus septate isolate was adark cabbage plants. Third of Chinese eggplant roots and the from fortinii isolates wereas Phialophora these identified development ofthe V. strain of longisporum virulent longisporum yellows cabbage by caused Verticillium of Chinese disease 138 The biocontrol potential of biocontrol Microsphaeropsis potential The Trichoderma asperellum effects of Trichoderma antagonistic The gfp gfp , depending on the growth conditions (Pastrana et al. et al. conditions (Pastrana growth on the , depending respectively rot diseases root rot and , causing charcoal ). of mycelium distribution virens Uniform of T. suggested that sclerotia became infected atseveral infected sclerotia suggested became that Trichoderma virens gene from the jelly victoria gene the fish from Aequorea Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia spp. on Macrophomina phaseolina gene did not alter the mycoparasitic gene the not did alter on activity the was reduced up to 100% under greenhouse conditions up 100% to was greenhouse reduced under T. virens of T. strains wild-type and by root-dipping reduced the incidence of charcoal of incidence charcoal the by reduced root-dipping . Three isolates almost completely isolates almost suppressed . Three was determined by inoculating sclerotia of by inoculating was determined , causing potato black scurf disease disease black, causing potato scurf strain 110 strain with was transformed gene mycoparasitic on the activ sp. BCA The significantly S. rolfsii S. and transformed transformed and Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  . Transformation Fusarium Fusarium and S. sclero S. and S. sclero S. and , coding for , coding sp. strain sp. strain obtained obtained . Two of ) and ) and and and just just . In . In ------

that that indicated results of breakdown The plasma membranes. and Microsphaeropsis of extract crude with treated solani of cells plasm. R. The development of antagonist time at the pathogen cyto the in which occurred alterations, pathogen with wall cell associated was Host not penetration penetration. antagonist of potential sites was deposited atthe matrix achitin-enriched that and pathogen of BCA-induced plasma the membrane the rupture observations showed TEM control that tubers. untreated in temperature range of range 16temperature 26 to a in sclerotia the mortality mycoparasitesof both increased pression of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum feasibility of the together sup using for them indicating their assays, culture dual not in did cea show antagonism any mutual 2001). antibiosis mycoparasitism and ment et al. through (Carisse of storage at 4 8 months during ofnumber sclerotia tubers present on the BCA, the addition reduction to the in with in treatment ing sclerotia, follow tuberborne in was seen germination rotial scle reduction in of incubation. period Similar increasing ment of seeds and/or soil to suppress the soilborne pathogens soilborne suppress to soil the and/or ment of seeds for applied BCAs conditions. treat The chamber are growth of BCAscontrol potential using live greenhouse/ under plants bio the determine to performed are ism. tests Hence, various agents mycoparasit (BCAs) than have other that mechanisms select to may biological useful tests not be control Laboratory 3.1.1.1.2 2015). et al. (Kotasthane activity growth-promoting siderophores showedand and activity and antagonistic high phosphate, of indole acid inorganic (IAA) est acetic amounts efficacy. However, viride one T. isolates of Trichoderma all rolfsii. S. against than solani R. against greater being antagonism of degree with identified rolfsii Sclerotium and solani Rhizoctonia ity against assays,tation Trichoderma 2015). et al. (Bitsadze other each to antagonism confron In efficiency BCAsboth which combining by show no mutual biocontrol the advantage of the enhancing indicated results degradative effects on sclerotia the were additive.growth, The minitans C. of inoculation Combined rind. sclerotial on the and medulla production ofby independent sclerotial pycnidia the the in pathogen sclerotia the colonize BCAs by both was revealed to ability single The of inoculation. days 25 a period after sclerotia the entirely in degrading ultimately medulla, and cortex pycnidia the in forming growth and sclerotia rind, were effectively able antagonists Both penetrate to the usingmicroscopy. fluorescent wastion visualized process - degrada the DsRed and and GFP genes, encoding reporter tumefaciens ochracea degeneration by minitans C. ochracea efficacy the of M. single BCA. temperature, With increasing Microsphaeropsis Coniothyrium minitans Coniothyrium

decreased, but of minitans not C. that decreased, Agrobacterium Agrobacterium via BCAs. The were transformed Greenhouse/Growth Chamber Assessments M. ochracea M. and -mediated transformation (ATMT), transformation employing-mediated ° C, whereas the number of sclerotia increased of number sclerotia the whereas increased C, sp. showed of cytoplasm disorganization sp. pathogen develop the suppressed did not correlate with biocontrol with not did correlate isolates with antagonistic activ isolates antagonistic with was slightly faster than by was slightly M. faster than , although had slightly had delayed, although ° and Microsphaeropsis ochra and C, compared to application to of compared C, Production of metabolites in in of Production metabolites isolate T14- high produced . Combined application. Combined . Sclerotia were were ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Diseases of Crop Management Biological  (Co F. against activity oxysporum antifungal high with compounds contained seeds treated from grown onion sets from of sets. Extracts bulb diameter the BCAthe enhanced with treatment fieldalso. the in Seed experiment obtained were results Similar prochloraz. and imidazole fungicides alevel to bywas T. reduced the with comparable harzianum harzianum rum a pathogenic with isolate wassoil of infested F.The oxyspo conditions. product) mercial culture pot under was assessed 1585 KUEN (a ofbiocontrol T. potential com harzianum The economical. it and is easy BCAs because is preferred, with treatment or soils. Seed seeds/propagules the present in ity. ity. roseus (brinjal). M. Both severity and incidence showed eggplant reduction in marked disease wilt Verticillium the was and silica applied, fumed of sucrose and oil, water-absorbent corn starch, a mixture ing Stabileze formulation contain formulations. The alginate and pasta ground strips, agar were colonized as applied migants mycofu severity The was disease reduced. while increased, roseus by mycofumigationreduced Muscodor with albus were cochlioides Aphanomyces ultimum, Pythium solani, Populations pathogens, ofassessed. Rhizoctonia soilborne Muscodor like volatiles fungi from ness of natural effective application, the chemical the to alternative an As countries. many in or restricted either banned which been has methyl of use the like bromide, chemicals with soils gating 2009). et al. pathogens (Cummings three by caused all of incidence able diseases the reduce to mefenoxam P against was effective product, as fungicide the as acommercial as ultimum ing-off pathogens, F. oxysporum by infection damp against seeds spinach byfungicide treating alongefficiency the was with T22 assessed of T. harzianum (Howell The 2000). solani et al. by caused Rhizoctonia eases - dis by damping-off affected of percentage seedlings on the based trays. Biocontrol efficacyseedling determined, was vermiculite sterile in TH-23 planted and strain T. harzianum Trichoderma virens AG2-2 solani Rhizoctonia and place ofin live BCA ultimum, for suppression the of Pythium by Muscodor produced gases microbial albus key anti of components mimicking organic mixture synthetic pathogens significantly al.2003). et (Stinson A biorational losses in pepper. The effectivenesslosses pepper. in The of Muscodor albus for heavy accounting diseases, is one important ofease, the incognita of Meloidogyne by nematode, tomato roots the the in induced of number galls the reduced also and causing damping-off development suppressingtion pathogens, in the three of all was effective formula - as live the as M. starch-based albus biorational mixture The diseases. seedling causing beet sugar Soilborne fungal pathogens have by fumi fungal managed Soilborne been Phytophthora capsici Phytophthora ş M. albus T. (Foc) T. were with cepae coated onion seeds and f.sp. kuntuna and Ö and kuntuna . Consequently, was establishment stand beet sugar Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia and (Grimme et al. 2007). 2007). et al. (Grimme at 10 g/kg seed. The basal rot disease incidence incidence rot disease basal The seed. at10 g/kg mycofungicide of populations the the reduced zer 2008). Cotton seeds were treated with with were 2008). treated zer seeds Cotton T. koningii T. G-6, strain . ultimum and M. albus and , incitant of Phytophthora blight- , incitant dis . None of the treatments was . None treatments of the Aphanomyces cochlioides Aphanomyces spinaciae, Pythium Pythium spinaciae, f.sp. . The BCA. The was applied reduced disease sever disease reduced strain TK-7 strain and was employed cepae f.sp. spp. was M. M. and as a as ------, the interaction between the BCA the between and interaction the of activity on Foc colonization and fumigation chemical BCA. effects of and The chemical effectgistic the between asyner indicating BCA the alone treatments, applied and (100%),trolled 88.1% with compared 69.8% and for dazomet con was fully of incidence disease fumigation, dazomet after compounds that can inhibit fungi and bacteria. The spent The bacteria. and fungi inhibit can that compounds umerinum F. fumigated oxysporum parasitize to its ability and rosea ofspores C. of following germination By contrast, fumigation. decreased, was incidence significantly disease greenhouse, the tion. In revealed- severe due microscope fumiga to electron damage by 94.4%. decreased sporulation scanning under Observations (100 exposed dazomet to When ppm),dazomet. pathogen the of Foc growth The (Foc)umerinum by caused disease wilt Fusarium ber effectivenesstheir development suppressing in the of cucum forevaluated combination dazomet either with aloneor in gus fun The nematodes. pathogens, particularly soilborne reduce thiad (3,5- dazomet and sulfur ropropene, organic é Jim and (Mercier mix of potting soilless that of M. than albus oractivity viability for biological was the environment soil better suggested that results The mix. potting in soil than more in several times were soil from acid released of isobutyric soil. Amounts 48 hin and mix potting hin at24 peaking for time, short only acid was produced reduction was Isobutyric observed. extent acid production and ofbetween of isobutyric disease relationship Asignificant substrates. treated from released showed 2-methyl-1-butanol acid and isobutyric that were analysis solid-phase with micro-extraction chromatographic albus of presence M. when the were they in were placed inhibited, PDA on plugs agar solani contrast, of R. In closed containers. ofence active M. albus - pres the were in placed solani R. with infested mix potting or soil soilless containing when pots seedlings, of broccoli volatiles damping-off The reduced was studied. mix potting from levels volatiles (Camp 200). role et al. of The antimicrobial most tolerant cultivar, acceptable was up commercially to severity by disease M.reduction albus in Revolution, extent control plants. with The of compared and Aristotle, Paladin but on significantly cvs.Alliance, severity slightly, disease reduced concentration highest the was M. albus observed. treatment soil cultivars and per pep between interaction Asignificant mix. potting the into cultivar squash were one butternut transplanted cultivars and (control). nowith treatment of five Seedlings sweetpepper albus tions. condi greenhouse under was biofumigant assessed potential Various mushroom species produce many antimicrobial Various antimicrobial many produce species mushroom such dichlo as fumigants using chemical Soil sterilization Clonostachys rosea Clonostachys ​iazin incorporated in garden soil or soilless potting mix. Gas Gas mix. potting or soil soilless garden in incorporated mefenoxam concentrations, and (Ridomil) atthree M. albus M. M. with was treated mix potting P. infested capsici ​e-2-t was also significantly enhanced (Tian et al.2014). et (Tian enhanced significantly was also in soil and and soil in solani Rhizoctonia suppressing in ​hione KW2-1. When decreased with increasing concentration of concentration increasing with decreased sixfold in fumigated soil soil by >sixfold fumigated in increased ) and biofumigants, has been shown been to has biofumigants, ​) and nez 2009). nez 67-1, mycoparasite apromising was culture without physical culture in contact C. rosea C. F. oxysporum Foc on cv. the Paladin, 67-1 was applied, were investigated. ​dimet f.sp. f.sp. f.sp. cuc f.sp. ​hyl-1 ​ ​,3,5- and and cuc 139 at at ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 by by of size lesions for100% and number 1week. RH induced The plants. The inoculated plants were ±2 plants at20 incubated inoculated plants. The and spores of PY-1 filtrate ture rape were sprayed on oilseed mycelial The homogenate, procedure. infection cul mediated was evaluated for hyphae- using its the biocontrol potential, napus tein-1), CaBGLU ( expressionassay, of CaBPR-1 transcriptional the pro (PR PCR quantitative real-time In mg/l. ofconcentration 200 mycelia ataminimum it and inhibited growth WESMS in compound organic principal the as oxalic acid was detected analysis, (HPLC) chromatography liquid performance high In by by 65% over plant growth promoted seedlings and 30%. development disease suppressed also and pepper in capsici edodes of L. (WESMS) Phytophthora blightWaterper disease. SMS from extract capsici Phytophthora against potential sawdustfrom bag cultivation was evaluated for its control (SMS) substrate mushroom of edodes Lentinula 140 2001). 2001). up 14 to (Clarkson et planting al. weekly intervals weeks after at were symptoms recorded of disease appearance age and emergence percent control. Seedling appropriate maintaining were atone seed/pot, planted seeds Onion pots. in soil the into WESMS- and DL- and WESMS- CaPR-10and protein-10) (PR on were enhanced significantly (Arjona-Girona and L and (Arjona-Girona for suppression the potential of avocado disease white root effective werethey the considered as biocontrol agents with (86%) of Entoleuca avocado Most roots. inoculated isolates recovered the be from when persistent up 2years, to it couldavocado remained and trees. escape cado isolates (21) avo bait twigs around by burying were obtained pathogen isolates (19) biocontrol the agent and Entoleuca by caused Rosellinia necatrix is primarily disease of defense gene(s) 2017). et al. (Kang Avocado rot white root activity, inductionpromotion and plant antifungal ing growth multiple effects includ through Phytophthora blight- disease edodes of L. WESMS suggested that leaves, results sample.per water-treated to leaf The compared or spore suspensionor spore (1 ×10 (1 BCA cultures the wheat g/100 bran as and g)were mixed sclerotia pathogen and of the vermiculite medium-grade with cepivorum by caused Sclerotium rot disease onion white the in as trial, pot in tested weredation further BCAs level The causing greater light microscope. of- degra forceps (as sclerotia) reflected collapsed by or soft the under with by them squeezing of sclerotiaradation was determined assay. by degradation sclerotial assessed of deg degree The biocontrol sieving of the activity and BCAs and may be by retrieved be of floatation samples soil pathogens can in soil. Sclerotia present in matter residueson crop organic and produced are they conditions, and adverseto environmental Sclerotium Fungal pathogensFungal belonging genera Rhizoctonia the to S. sclerotiorum S. PY-1 PY-1 oxalicum Penicillium ) causing stem rot disease. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produce sclerotia, as survival structures resistant resistant structures survival sclerotia, as produce Entoleuca ß were recorded for each treatment. Spore for were treatment. each recorded ß sp. reduced disease incidence and hence, and incidence sp. disease reduced -amino butyric acid (BABA)-treated pep butyric -amino -1,2-glucanase), protein-4) (PR CaPR-4 ó pez-Herrera 2018).pez-Herrera P. mycelial of P. growth inhibited 7 spores/100 g) was incorporated spores/100 g) was incorporated sp. was ableof roots colonize to infects oilseed rape ( rape oilseed infects might suppress pepper suppress pepper might , incitant of pep , incitant Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  . Soil amended . Soil amended . Both the the . Both derived derived Brassica Brassica ° C and C and and and sp. sp. ------(1.8 x10 BCA fungal biomass in suspension were plants dipped bean of roots conditions. The greenhouse were under assessed by solani caused Fusarium rot disease root opment of bean T. and asperellum effects of T.bined harzianum Inihab’s com Technical 2006a). (Nel et al. The Guidelines to according severity rating disease on the based a scalpel, development using open rhizome the was verified by cutting of by infection initiation Foc systemroot facilitate to the squeezing by were manually roots slightly bruised banana planting, to BCAs the with were Prior planted. treated plants which banana in pots to was soil transferred infested soil. The of ml of 15 rate seeds/500 atthe soil ml steam-sterilized to were transferred seeds millet Pathogen-colonized let seeds. mil were sterilized multiplied in cultures plugs from taken (Foc)cubense Pathogenic drench. isolates as applied of F. oxysporum suspension spore with plantlets BCA of the banana isolatesthe of Trichoderma strains two field and rhizosphere banana from genic isolates obtained sclerotiorum byinfection S. filtrate suspension(10-fold culture and dilution) suppressed Jaenaksorn 2017).Jaenaksorn and (Thongkamngam plant growth promoting also and ease of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum effectiveness the over indicated results control. healthy The weight fresh the by cultivars, increasing 2 folds lettuce three of growth the promoted also BCA control. to The strain pared severity and incidence by 89%, to about 60 disease the com F221-B hydroponics under grown system. strain The reduced on lettuce disease wilt rot and root serious which the causes effectively solani mycelial of Rhizoctonia the growth vitro in nonpathogenicThe isolate F. oxysporum 2009). et al. (Akrami rot disease root the against protection BCAsThe combination either provided alone or in significant sterilization. after waspathogen stem sections made from solani of for presence F. the were examined plants planting. Stem of sections bean weeks after up 6–8 to Development meal. corn was symptoms recorded of disease cepivorum of concentrations sclerotia in of S. increase with increased 3.1.1.11)The profiles. isozyme suppressionextent disease of 3.2.1.15) EC (PG, lacturonase EC (PE, pectinesterase and polygaand on morphologic identified based - characteristics Trichoderma density sclerotial on a appropriate with soil in growing plants gii koningii ofactivity T. sity antagonistic not did havethe in change any significant of sowing. time atthe of Pathogen added soil den sclerotial 10, 25, containing soil 50 or 100 cepivorum sclerotia of S. provided 63 79%to let in grain control of white rot disease BCA the with on grown autoclavedamendment white mil of rum was determined by incubating onion roots sampled from from sampled by onion roots incubating was determined The biocontrol efficacyThe of F. oxysporum Sclerotium cepivo density inoculum influence of of Sclerotium The Trichoderma koningii , causal agent of onion white rot disease on the efficiency agent on, causal the of onion white rot disease 7 CFU) and planted in pots containing wheat bran- containing pots in planted and CFU) T. koningii T. and T. koningii selective Isolates of T. medium. was PDA multiplied in strength). Mycelial (half T. konin colonization by T. . Rhizosphere T22 and T5 was assessed by treating T5 by was and treating assessed T22 strain Tr5, strain was investigated. Soil . Effect of colonized millet grain grain millet of. Effect colonized (Yang 2008). et al. F221-B- dis the reducing in F221-B inhibited F221-B inhibited Fo47, nonpatho . Isolation of the on the devel on the . Disease . Disease were were f.sp. f.sp. / g ------,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 with and without and with host, RSI were the 40 from 6and mm at40 With inoculum host. the mm) 30 60 to from (varying from distances certain to 32 to fieldfrom 2 soil 22 later. weeks ranging regimes Temperature pathogen-infested the in were transplanted seedlings and ing - of seed tomato time atthe mix were potting soilless to applied the three strains, CS-20 could effectively strains, Fusarium reduce three the 80%. to 66 being incidence Among disease reduction in race, to be relatively be to low (10 field soil. However, the BCAsof estimated abundance the was the Indigenouswerein species identified method. plating dard ofresults multiplex the stan assaysby PCR were confirmed plots. soil The untreated the in were they and soil not detected showed of populations Trichoderma that multiplexThe PCR- tivation. Populations BCAs of the were over monitored time. open-field in soil cul the in biopreparations lettuce as applied atroviride significantly. plantpromote to growth of Strains ability the possess also ofmultiple action, and mechanisms pathogens byopment caused through soilborne of diseases Trichoderma 2008). BCA without et al. the pots (Wilson the in than zianum har T. with treated pots in was reduced tuber green-colored and of number malformed the Furthermore, tubers. of small bywas BCA reduced application, proportion well as the as plant potato per of number progeny infected mean The tubers harzianum effecttic was overcome T. inoculation. atlonger after period ‘ as severity the of expressed symptoms, reduced T. harzianum was investigated. black and scurf stem canker ofant potato harzianum ofrotia of atany concentrations scle at>1,590was added kg/ha, koningii pression when T. seen, could be sup disease the in increase no further and was proportional days postinoculation ( days postinoculation conditions. Liquid suspensions spore (10 (CS-1) chamber growth and greenhouse under was assessed of F.genic strain oxysporum conditions cropping on nonpatho and ferent environmental agents (BCAs)dif influence additionof host to in plants. The development biological the pathogen and the of control both level even afer (Oskiera two 2017). years et al. biopreparations. Diseases of Crop Management Biological  sporum oxy pathogen wilt of development F. the races the three of all effectiveCS-1 were equally suppressing CS-20 in and strains (27 temperature optimum but were less effective temperatures athigh at greenhouse the in incidence CS-24 CS-1 and disease ment. reduced Strains reduction of 59disease 100%, to control to treat compared with tested regimes temperature atall incidence disease wilt physiology. Fusarium CS-20reduced significantly Strain Environmental conditionsthe have on influence Environmental marked Rhizoctonia ° C significantly affected disease development disease affected and C significantly plant f.sp S. cepivorum S. grown on organic materials were materials on grown organic T. and harzianum reduced black scurf severity black on progeny scurf reduced tubers. solani of Rhizoctonia dynamics on the . lycopersici . strains have shown devel been suppress to strains the stem lesion 7 first index’ the (RSI), during Trichoderma T. harzianum (Metcalf et al. 2004). The effect 2004). of et al. The (Metcalf dpi) Trichoderma 3 CFU/g dry soil), application CFU/g of after dry , as well, as multiple as isolates of each , when the inoculum was at placed inoculum , when the ° C) for disease development.C) for disease Both (CS-20 solani CS-24) and F. and spp. persisted at this population population spp. atthis persisted , respectively.- antagonis The -identification technique -identificationtechnique Tr5-colonized millet millet Tr5-colonized 6 spp. increased in the the in spp. increased /ml) of BCA isolates Trichoderma , incit , T. T. ------

under field conditions. None of the fungal and bacterial BCAs field under and bacterial conditions. fungal Nonethe of F. oxysporum nonpathogenic effective technique. tissue culture via generated plantlets banana in incidence ease pathogenic conditions, analysis. 10 Under greenhouse PCR-RFLP non cubense by caused F. of wilt banana (Panama) oxysporum Fusarium were against evaluated biocontrol for potential their F. oxysporum Nonpathogenic 2007). et al. (Horinouchi observed was also control plants of uninoculated stem extracts BCA-treated and of activity inhibitory Similar microconidia. oflength FORL tube germ and germination the lenged inhibited plants tomato F. from Stem extracts equisetti BCA by tion was rate this significant. consistently and high ment. F. equisetti develop evaluated efficacyin forsuppressingFCRR their pathogenic non (PGPF), Six fungi isolates promoting of plant growth hydroponicously production in rock wool impacts systems. solani against biocontrol for potential their screened binucleate efficiency the ing of Fo-B2 al.2005). Isolates et (Shishido of factor negatively were impact aprimary microorganisms soil indigenous suggested results that soil. The nonfumigated in grown plants in Fo-B2 reduced colonization was markedly intensively. tissues when itvascular colonized of degree The BCA The less was controlled. mostment effective, became environ experimental the as suppressiondisease decreased, severity significantly, disease reduced the butefficiency of field The plots.Fo-B2 nonfumigated soil and strain fumigated non and fumigated with greenhouse medium, soilless sterile with chamber viz., growth environments different three in development of F. oxysporum effectiveness of F. oxysporum Fravel and 2002). investigation, a later In tions (Larkin the condi environmental of different under tomato disease wilt caused bycaused F. oxysporum 2005). et al. (Khan plant crop species many soilborne of BNR isolates for potential the the against use indicated results control. with of The was tissues associated nization colo indicating roots, consistently and hypocotyls from controls. It was possible noninoculated with isolate to BNRs compared growth, plant increased alonesignificantly BNRs pressed AG2-2, severity. disease reduced BNRs effectively BNRs sup severity. with disease hand, reduced other and the tivars On of cul andemergence survival increased significantly BNRs BNR3) seven and soybean cultivars was evident. With AG-4, BNR isolates between No (BNR-4, BNR 8-2 interaction and pathogen with alone(AG-4 compared or AG2-2).disease, of cv.emergence survival and severity of reduced Ozzie and or AG2-2, AG-4 with bined seedling increased significantly Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) disease of tomato disease rot (FCRR) root crown and Fusarium AG-4 and AG2-2. and AG-4 Eight BNR isolates, when com . The identity isolates of using was . The the established in both potting soil mix and natural soil. natural and mix soil potting both in solani R. which has a whichwide host has range, including solani R. Rhizoctonia Pseudomonas fluorescens F. oxysporum F. oxysporum endophytes isolated from healthy banana roots roots banana healthy endophytes isolated from was the most- was reduc effective the disease and (BNR) obtained from soybean were from (BNR) obtained f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. isolates significantly reduced dis- reduced isolates significantly and five and isolates were of bacteria f.sp. lycopersici f.sp. Fo-B2 suppressing in the -treated and pathogen-chal and -treated WCS417 most the and isolate were tested was assessed was assessed (FORL) seri Rhizoctonia Rhizoctonia f.sp. f.sp. 141 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 high sporulation (1.6 sporulation high ×10 produced medium meal-perlite maize ground and perlite meal al.2014). et field in incidence wilt (Khastini plots Fusarium in showed valine with decrease amended soil in grown seedlings pathogen of adjacent into the ingress cells. Endophyte-treated the reduced and cortex of cells root the colonized and root of hyphae Cadophora The ITS1-5.8S and logical characteristics rDNA-ITS2 sequences. werephytes as Cadophora identified endo The petridishes. in melon seedlings raised axenically into when inoculated disease, wilt causing melon Fusarium soil incorporation of Conio at 10 soil incorporation raised in the glasshouse. dosages the Reduced (10 in raised crops lettuce of asequence three rot in Sclerotinia reduced of the second and third crops, application at full rate (10 rate application crops, atfull third and second of the effective development. suppressing in disease harvest After of 10 of by minitans infection C. BCAthe isolate not did haveinfluence on sclerotial significant or concentration sions 3weeks. Inoculum were within applied of sclerotiaInfection (90%), was high suspen when conidial applications. later than ofpercentage infection sclerotial higher in resulted white mold outbreak, crop, after soon bean tions,suspensions application of of minitans conidial C. sclerotiorum by S. infected stem pieces with were results obtained Similar conidia. up 1,000 to duced of infection sclerotia (c. maximum produced 90%) pro and conditions, of use Under 2conidia/sclerotium tia. optimal Evengated. pathogen sclero could infect asingle conidium minitans Coniothyrium developmentto of mycoparasitic epidemics. The of activity significantly soil, which contribute the in structures survival sclerotia produces as bean, ofwhite mold common disease 2002).(Jones Sclerotinia Whipps and sclerotiorum biologicalness of the management of rot of Sclerotinia lettuce tans mini density of of inoculum C. sclerotia. viability The and production, recovery apothecial decreased also treatment meal-perlite maize reduced addition, In house experiments. - glass suspension, spore the in the to as BCA,the compared of infection sclerotia by of sclerotia increased viability and minitans C. culture, pot the In inocula. meal-perlite of maize rate reduced pathogen by minitans C. of infection the increased and recoveredrotia on surface soil of scle viability and number BCA of the the reduced CFU) development of strain of virulent entirely suppressed almost endophyte strains, fungal borne field under plants (Belgroveconditions al.2011). et Two soil for investigating of banana protection to factors contributing development, disease need the the could reduce indicating 142 Coniothyrium minitans ofula Coniothyrium (Gerlagh 2003).lum et quality al. - of inoc Effects different of range abroad inocu within pathogen carryover, occurred sclerotiorum S. to led symptom appearance Coniothyrium minitans Coniothyrium appeared to be the keythe the effective factor be to influencing appeared 6 conidia/ml in 1,000 l/ha sprayed immediately after first first after sprayed immediately l/ha 1,000 in conidia/ml decreased carpogenic germination, recovery and recovery and germination, carpogenic decreased . Infection of sclerotia,. Infection capable of preventing . The results showed results . The asuspension that on pathogen sclerotia was investi , compared with spore suspension spore with or , compared 7 isolate Conio, grown on maize isolate Conio, on grown maize sp. grew along the surface of the of sp. the surface along grew the conidia/g inoculum). conidia/g Preplanting 90% infection of infection sclerotia> 90% of on carpogenic germination of germination on carpogenic F. oxysporum 11 sp., on morpho based CFU/m . Under fieldcondi Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  8 2 f.sp significantly significantly /m 2 ) were not . melonis . , causing to the the to 11 ------,

persistence for long periods in the absence of absence hosts for by crop the persistence in long periods conditions formental rapid buildup of BCA and populations cycle life the stages in pathogens, of favorable the environ incidence/severity. of availability suitable The ecological developmentthe plant disease pathogens of and microbial of capacity biocontrol and agentspetence (BCAs) inhibit to comthe combinations influence different Many factors in 3.1.1.1.3 2014). et al. consequently showed over control increase (Naraghi the weight root and treatment seed cystosoriing than population Soil application BCAs of the was more effective- reduc in treatments. with varied roots of the of one cystosori gram in number The combination were of and tested. both treatment seed ofods application viz., soil treatment, of antagonists - sowing, meth Different days light microscope. 60 under after (lactofuchsine) fuchsine acid lactic and with at roots seedling betae cystosorus of population P. conditions. The greenhouse under split in plotassessed trial the BCAsof potential antagonistic fields. was The infested and of spores resting eliminate to order soil. In sistent infested in viable is per for remain several BNYVV can years, spores BNYVV. with resting the As internalized spores resting the (sori) roots causing enlarged roots containing beet sugar the virus vein yellow by necrotic caused Beet rhizomania of beet sugar diseases 2007). Keane and pathogenon (Isnaini the suppressing effect its natural and soils resident the in natural minor of S. likelihood the indicating greenhouse, in conducted experiments the controlin plants untreated in minitans C. disease. oftoms the symp exhibiting initial plants when lettuce to applied rotia, of percentage viable the scle reduced and of sclerotia infected ineffective. mercial product of product Trichoderma mercial tively development the suppressed but drop, of acom lettuce accounts foraccounts appreciable losses. by caused Sclerotinia disease drop 2004).et minor al. Lettuce inoculum levelby influenced critically minitans of C. production is Apothecial temperatures. high could survive the ofinfection sclerotia by minitans C. inhibited says temperatures summer. High the were in made was delayed when bioasSclerotial- germination or inhibited, say. Spore suspensions were less effective inconsistent. and increasing bioassay second the in and viability recovery sclerotial and in glasshouse bioassays, of three decrease aseries with tion in - produc apothecial and germination sclerotial reduced soil were evaluated. Maize meal-perlite inoculum at10 inoculum meal-perlite were evaluated. Maize inoculum meal-perlite maize Contans)and astandard with of were year of investigated. the Five spore-suspension inocula sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum C. minitans C. Polymyxa betae P. betae P. were isolated from soil samples from wereTalaromyces samples soil from isolated from flavus il Trials Field C. minitans C. including T. fungi, antagonistic harzianum , the C. minitans C. , including three different isolates (Conio, different , including IVT1 three P. betae P. addition, In (BNYVV). is the vector is of the one destructive of the infection of sclerotia in the first bioas- of first infection sclerotia the in significantly increased the percentage percentage the increased significantly Coniothyrium minitans Coniothyrium or an isolate of or an was determined by staining by staining was determined could be detected always detected could be applied at different times times atdifferent applied also, although the BCA the although also, T. virens T. 7 CFU/cm , being a , being infects infects (Jones (Jones effec was was ------3

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Diseases of Crop Management Biological  by by rolfsii Sclerotium and solani Rhizoctonia Sclerotinia parasitize could also and sclerotiorum,(brinjal) eggplant of and tomato, of potato ant disease wilt Verticillium dangeardii BCA (anamorph– fungal TalaromycesThe flavus single via ofBCA pathogen. mode action on the functioning tive suppression of pathogen development, the with compared more effec- possibility of of obtaining the because preferred, putativeThe BCA may be two with or more mechanisms pathogen(s)target of activity. awide possess spectrum and putative BCAs should fast-growing be aggressive and against proliferation rapidly. and for growth the The tions required condi competitiveness of environmental unavailability and fieldassessments. Such a may situation probably be poor dueto and/or conditions, proved ineffective greenhouse be to the in laboratory under activity antagonistic ent exhibited substrates, 2013).powder/granular –formulations (Narayanasamy pellet or suspensions,– spore media, with mycelial cultures by of form BCA the agentstrol may affected preparations be efficacythe soils.biocon The of the for used amending are materials plant infected of quantities or large media artificial field the into using soil, on pathogenporated biomassraised Alternatively, incor pathogen of populations are target high levels athigh for selected disease ofdence testing. target are pathogens,of sites have soilborne of that inci history past case the In compared. and tested be to ofnumber treatments block design (RBD) or split-plot on the design, depending designs, such suitable randomized as in statistical arranged possible. locations many as atas seasons/years Treatments are out for two or more carried house Field tests. are experiments green found and/or effective vitro BCA be to in are the that in the of efficacy selected species/strains/isolates the the of mine deter to conducted for application. are scale large Field trials considered for development are they products of commercial of BCAs field under and conditions performance the affecting factors (resting) spores important resistant producing are 3.5 in the untreated control plots. The results indicated the the control plots. indicated results The untreated 3.5 the in index ofBCA-treated infection plots 0.15 an had against as index. infection Under fieldthe conditions, minimum with development, disease ing treatment when tuber as applied isolate Tf-Po-V52The most was effective the suppress- in complete in block design four with replications.randomized were treatments soil applicationthe and and treatment tuber flavus T. was of assessed. potato disease wilt flavus action by BCAs. of biocontrol Talaromyces the potential The pathogen is one of effective ofby fungal the the mechanisms control agent (BCA), unavailable them for infection making 1997).et al. Rapid colonization of plant by tissues bio the flavus glucose due of oxidase activity the to be to T. flavus of T. filtrate (CF) flavus by produced compounds by antifungal the retarded cantly of newlynization signifi sclerotia formed of V. were dahliae and A high percentage of microorganisms isolated from differ isolated from of percentage microorganisms A high T. flavus T. V. dahliae . Microsclerotia were killed, when treated with culture culture with when treated . Microsclerotia were killed, against Verticillium albo-atrum against ) was able suppress to Verticillium dahliae effectively arrested the development effectively the rolfsii of arrested S. . Spore germination, hyphal growth and mela and - growth hyphal . Spore germination, and toxicity was and CF considered of the , causing Verticillium . Chitinase produced produced . Chitinase was applied as was as applied Penicillium Penicillium (Madi (Madi , incit , T. T. ------

Trichoderma atroviride by seeds and development, pods of infection alfalfa facilitating pod during pods to attached remain usually of alfalfa petals 2005). Senescent et al. (Li plant of tissues other alfalfa infect elongation or mycelia sclerotiorum tubes of germ of S. and for germination ascospore required are pollen grains and or plantExogenous tissues senescent petals from nutrients 1996). et al. Laren (Mc plants on on sclerotia bean produced parasitism well soil, as increased in as sclerotiafrom buried Application of minitans C. byplants minitans applying Coniothyrium of stems sunflower and inside roots surface, on root killed sclerotiorum of S. Sclerotia production. inoculum biological the of establishing control source agents at the for by inoculum new produced is likely be to the infections have by biological managed atsites, be to where destruction nextor mycelium the nature Pathogens season. of this during apotheica soil, whereproduce they overwinter the and reach stem pith cavities. plant the tissues in Sclerotia infected from internally also and plant parts on affected sclerotia externally 2010). et al. (Naraghi potato in ity of disease wilt Verticillium effectiveness of T. S. minor ofresponses S. by C. minitans attack to most susceptible the culture stage in determine to gated minitans Coniothyrium and disease drop tuce 2005). et al. (Li fungicide used commonly of minitans C. potential the benomyl.effective fungicide the revealed results as as The Application field minitans trials. of C. all rot in seed atroviride T. whereas mentation, of years experi three all rot in seed Sclerotinia suppressed ment of lettuce drop disease, application of Contans to reduce application reduce to of disease, Contans ment drop of lettuce minor tion by S. prevention to - of attributed could be infec treatment, Endura level of inoculum presence despite drop, higher the tuce the in lowernificantly levels sclerotia.of the Butlower levels of let sig with were correlated treatment Contans in drop of lettuce plots >0.005). lower (P The low Endura-treated in levels as was incidence as unsprayed drop and controls, and Endura significantly lower had treatments sclerotiaof than numbers (commercial of product 2009. to minitans Contans C. 2006 were from conducted dynamics inoculum soil and incidence drop on lettuce relative Endura, fungicide, registered the to efficacy the minitans of C. variable. Field determine to tests However,total. of responses MCGs were the inconsistent and was mortality sclerotial and treatment sclerotia this from all mycelialat the stage; minitans C. fewest the formed received sclerotia plates that in minor S. suspension minitans. of aconidial with C. phases tial sclero mature fully and sclerotial mycelial, a few immature at purely culture in MCG4 one from were 3 and treated and minor isolatesFour of S. (MCGs) groups compatibility biocontrol the agent. to lial Sclerotinia sclerotiorum The interactions between Sclerotinia between interactions The minor S. sclerotiorum S. . It was for suggested that effective manage

flavus . Field minitans C. with experiments isolates belonging four to major myce and to determine the consistency the of determine to and showed that for reducing the incidence and sever and incidence for the reducing MCG1 MCGs 2 from 5each and to be used as an alternative to the the to alternative an as used be to with wide with host range, produces reduced apothecial production apothecial reduced was ineffective reducing in was recovered nearly from C. minitans C. (Huang 1977). (Huang were investi were , causing let C. minitans C. effectively effectively could be could be was as and and 143 to to ------) -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Treatments (Yang et al. 2014) Wild-Type fluorescens Strain of Pseudomonas and Mutants of by Wheat Different Rot Diseases of Take-All of Suppression Root Rhizoctonia Extent and 3.1 TABLE below population had 10 straw soil. +Tri-1 Only rapidly the very in declined treatment, straw. Populations of hygromycin-resistant Tri-1-like fungi Tri-1-like rice extent the same as not the to although fungi, of populations support to appeared rape Oilseed treatment. the that significantly + lowerstraw in was found than Tri-1 Tri-1-like but control straw treatment, the were in high fungi Populationshouse of experiment. pot hygromycin-resistant green the in straw of was presence determined rice the in of persistence Tri-1 and The rape cant. soil, on oilseed bare in signifi was not statistically treatments between difference 120 control at90, 150 and days, untreated but the the than by Tri-1 straw +formulated mination was greater treatment indigenous showed microflora inhibition sclerotial of that ger colonization ofsclerotia sclerotia the and by Tri-1 the and recovery mesh of bags, in soil to allowingboth applied tia Field spray sclero with + fungicide treatment. experiments suppression was provided more effective by that control than biological control pathogen of (see the Table 3.1). Disease with was associated yield seed was part rape atleast in oilseed in plots, increase the suggesting of that untreated that than Tri-1lated seedcake) was rape significantly lower (in oilseed rice + straw residual with formu field the trials in incidence fieldswith Sclerotinia infested the in sclerotiorum fungicide the with compared multicomponentthe treatment, yieldby increased seed was rape significantly Oilseed dazim. carben fungicide, with yield comparison in were assessed, developmentthe and rape oilseed of stem rot in Sclerotinia Trichodermacomponent with augmented (amendment) straw fertilizer rice and seedcake rape oilseed 2011). et al. (Chitrampalam adopted new by infection prevent to Endura fungicide and soil in inoculum sclerotial 144 comparison test. nificantly different atP=0.05accordingtotheKruskal-Wallis all-pairwise y- diseaseratingscale:0to8;means followed bythe sameletterarenotsig- x- nontreated;control+MC(seedtreated withmethyl cellulose). Control +MC+pathogen Control +pathogen HC1-07prtR2-1 HC1-07prtR2 HC1-07 viscB- HC1-07 viscB HC1-07 nf The effects consisting of of amulticomponent The treatment, x S. minor S. Pasteurized 2 4.1ab CFU/g 30 days. of The soil, after 3.0d 3.9b 3.1d 2.8d 4.4a 3.5c might be a practical strategy to be be to strategy a practical be might Take-all Disease severity rating Raw 3.7b 3.6b 4.1a 3.9a 3.3c 3.4c 3.2c sp. Tri-1 (Tri-1) on Pasteurized Rhizoctonia root rot Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  3.3b 4.1a 4.3a 2.6c 2.8c 2.6c 2.5c HC1-07 y . Disease . Disease 2.5bc 2.8bc Raw 2.9b 4.2a 4.3a 2.6c 2.4c ------States. States. United the in Oregon States and California the in trees oak (SOD) death oversudden oak which amillion killed disease, S17A (Coventry 2006). et al. prevented of by OWC, with soil amendment viride SMC or T. of sclerotia infection onionfrom plants could be that indicated onion bulb healthy yield. results the The increased and soil the solarized soil, compared to nonsolarized plots and the effect plots the and nonsolarized to soil, compared solarized ellum recovery. asper Population T. of densities introduced of the soil. BCA application pathogen not reduction did in result in T. Oregon asperellum trial. in cm but only at5 California, in conducted trial 15 another in cm at5and one trial, in depths atall buried inoculum the nated of 2012, summer for elimi or 4-weeks 2- during Solarization ramorum inoculum of P. the leaf field the trials, In weresoil assessed. of T. establishment effect on the asperellum cating effectiveness The for beds. eradi of solarization soil nursery of pathogen suppressing development the tial container the in various crops, T. crops, various asperellum the Among 2015). et al. (Hu yield crops rape seed of oilseed increase also of incidence stem rot and Sclerotinia the reduce to potential the had multicomponent the treatment that indicated results viride tively tebuconazole (Folicur). fungicide the as Addition of T. effec incidence, as - white rot disease reduced also and viability two field In trials, OWC disease. ofdence sclerotial the reduced inci the of sclerotia also viability and the reduced soil the into field glasshouse and under of conditions. Incorporation OWC cepivorum of sclerotiaon viability of Sclerotium compost (SMC)spent mushroom Trichoderma and viride effects of the combination of onion waste compost (OWC) and BCA application (Clarkson 2001). et al. investigation, alater In the limit might requirement this equipment and drilling special placement precise of of BCA the because preferred usingbe a symptoms. Application of phytotoxic tebuconazoletive which fungicide induced the as 2001. and BCA The effec application- 2000 wasin equally whenwhite rot symptoms, were they for treatment used seed viride of T. strains assessments. These greenhouse and laboratory the fieldefficacyin greater under shown the conditions, because of S17A and L4 strains The ondence onion seedlings. were tested inci white rot disease reduce to and soil in and medium agar system sclerotia pathogen of degrade to on the stage screening cepivorum by caused Sclerotium disease S17A, 99-27) development suppressing in the of onion white rot al.2017). et floweryield (Vinodkumar the increased ofNVAT2 and plants growth stimulated strain, by 11.8%, with treatment addition, control. to In compared by caused Sclerotiniastem rot disease sclerotiorum carnation reduced lation treatment soil for and dipping root Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora The efficacy of three strains of strains efficacythree The of at 5cm depth, often increased by fourfold to two- in increased often at5cm depth, S17A viride proliferation of SMC to T. facilitated by activity reducing antagonistic were consistent their in P. ramorum Trichoderma asperellum Trichoderma was buried at 5, 15 was 30 cmbelow buried and surface. soil the Trichoderma in the surface soil of nursery beds and its and beds soil of nursery surface the in spp. isolated from rhizosphere of spp. rhizosphere isolated from T. viride T. P. pini P. and (NVTA2) applied as talc formu talc (NVTA2) as applied was evaluated for its poten was applied in the solarized solarized the was in applied strains L4 and S17A and L4 strains could Trichoderma viride was assessed in athree- in was assessed cause the destructive destructive cause the in the solarized solarized the in were assessed incidence incidence S17A in in S17A S17A S17A (L4, (L4, ------

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Soil fungi were isolated from 2014).et al. prob is aserious Powdery of potato disease scab of rejection risk with of shipments (Doster associated costs valuable, value high of of the nuts the pistachio because and and of nuts was significant considered be to contamination extent The of aflatoxin orchards. reduction in treated in toxin centage- of afla with samples of nuts (20–45%) contaminated per the reduction in in Application resulted product of AF36 93% flavus A. of the it reached soil, until the YV36 in population increased ther subsequent fur the years, Application in product of AF36 flavus A. belonged, whichto within AF36 vegetative (VCG) group compatibility VCG YV36, the group of proportion the increased wheat-AF36 substantially product application of orchards, the pistachio all In wheat seed. ized steam-steril was hyphae-colonized as applied strain AF36 flavus adverse reducing in AF36 effects of A. efficiencythe strain of The contamination. aflatoxin Texas reduce to in Arizona and production cotton and corn aBCA as applied commercial in flavus of A. strains producing displacing or by excludingcontamination aflatoxin- aflatoxin could reduce Atoxigenic seeds. cotton strains and grains flavus, of A. toxigenic against strain tial aflatoxin, was produce evaluated for biocontrolits poten 2013). et al. (Diehl crops strawberry of V. biological as strains control agent the dahliae protect to effectivenessconsidered for enhancing of nonpathogenic have be to strawberry pathogens ofpresence infecting other and materials, plant factors such of use other as certified that loss. indicated results The total in resulting symptoms, ing negatively, wereplants impacted showed they as severe wilt But of 50 60% to unaffected. 30% ofwhereas remained plants positive had of nonpathogenic effect strains on of 20% plants, for two Application years. strains test with soil the by infesting was assessed of Verticilliumof dahliae nonpathogenic strains biocontrol potential The was realized. disease wilt restricting strategies for notalternate available, for out need finding the pathogen wilt were Verticilliium to able of resistance sources reli and was restricted of use several fumigants the crops. As includes awide host has that range disease, wilt Verticillium pressed powdery scab with a protection value powdery a protection of with scab pressed 54–70 (100 versicolor A. a3-year field In trial, tubers. potato by infection Sss root versicolor Aspergillus 6-50, fieldhouse and Im conditions.The isolate as identified (Sss) systemsubterranea hydroponic green in under culture 2016). Parke and conditions (Funhashi prevail environmental some locations, in where suitable nurseries container in soil employed be might layers upper solarization the disinfest to of soil suggested results that soil. The pathogen the recovery from BCAon was population reflected notof significantly enhanced  Diseases of Crop Management Biological An atoxigenic strain of flavus, Aspergillus atoxigenicAn strain Vertic in pistachio orchards were assessed during 2008–2011. were during assessed orchards pistachio in illium dahliae illium isolates in treated commercial orchards. orchards. commercial treated isolates in and development and of powdery on scab was the most was efficient the in suppressing , causal agent of strawberry agent, causal of strawberry Spongospora subterranea . The strain AF36 has been been has AF36 strain . The contaminating corn corn contaminating soil communities. communities. soil that did not did that Im 6-50 sup 6-50 Im f.sp. f.sp. ------subterranea S. against biocontrol the potential to contributing rhizosphere, the in and plants stolon on potato the establish to of inoculated versicolor of assay. A. ability PCR the indicated results The in employing wereprimers planted, tubers species-specific which Sss in soil the from and of tubers daughter surface the from value. BCAprotection The detected could be provided that 77–93 fluazinam fungicide the with compared = complete protection), tubers, on seed when directly applied efitting both partners. Severalhave species plant coevolved partners. both efitting ben common suchseveral are and associations plant species have fungi of symbiotic roots with Mycorrhizal associations m 3.1.2 have 2016). et (Erjavec al. not received of attention researchers effective which identifying biocontrol fungi, agents higher in (180proteins size). possibility of the kDa indicated results The and and suppression. from extracts disease The not did alwaysactivities extracts of vivo the in with correlate inhibitory vitro in plants. The potato and tomato inoculated severity artificially and in progress disease reduced extracts complete to Three inhibition inhibition. partial from nacearum effectivenesstheir development suppressing in the sola of R. in varied plate assays. extracts using mushroom microtiter The awide of range including plants, which several infects crops solanacearum Ralstonia against activity forated antibacterial mycete- ascomycete-wild and were species evalu mushroom (150) extracts Protein medicine. in basidio different 94 from used and Several have mushrooms proteins isolated from been pathogens. bacterial tive plant pathogens, particularly against effec- compounds plored of for presence antimicrobial the Ascomycetes Basidiomycetesfungi, and have underex been (Goates Mercier methods 2011). and nonchemical higher The for wheat production, where organic it is apply obligatory to of M. albus usefulness The date. seeding second the in 0.25% treatments in-furrow for and seed ond 8% year, from controls 0.5% to was in CB reduced and - sec the In date. seeding second the in treatments both 0% in respectively, treatments, in-furrow 6% controls from to in and controls 12% to and seed 9% in untreated and in spikes eased bunt common reduced (CB)date 44%from dis- seeding first the in treatments about 3weeks first later.year, then the In development for disease were optimal (5–10peratures when spring, early tem soil in beginning two dates planting Treatments and two seasons growing were evaluated during of row, planting. during seed along teliospores-infested with at48 mg/m furrow the in applied and particles ken small into caries T. with at125 infested wheat mg/gto treatment seed seed seed of M. albus culture grain rye Dry treatment. soil in-furrow or an treatment seed caries of by wheat caused Tilletia disease forgated, development suppressing the bunt of (CB) common Muscodor albus The biological control potential of the fungal BCA biological fungal ofThe the control potential Clitocybe geotropaClitocybe teliospores. For soil treatment, the culture was bro culture the teliospores. For treatment, soil ycorrhizal subsp. subterranea with biofumigation with was activity investi was ground into powder into was as applied ground and B showed active were the substances that iological (Nakayama 2017). (Nakayama application might be greater greater application be might C ontrol Amanita phalloides Amanita by applying a as A gents -inoculated -inoculated ° C) and C) and 145 ------,

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(Campbell gens of patho root aphysical preventingforms entry the barrier, mycelium transfer. nutrient ECM The bidirectional the in is involved and fungus ECM plant and the between interface the net forms Hartig cap cells. The root the net behind Hartig the form mantle of Hyphae the rhizomorphs. called structure arootlike forming get hyphae aggregated, extraradical The soil. the from absorbs nutrients also and soils on the spreads mantle mycelium the from produced plant cells. Extraradical into hyphae,network which do not of penetrate intercellular a form and cells root between penetrate can hyphae The which covers mantle, as known rootlets. sheath the fungal a form plant roots, colonizing while fungi, These cultures. pure in grown be can fungi ECM The root. ECM grow from that extensive, an form network of structures hyphal fanlike develop herbs sometimes often symbiosis. ECM fungi ECM and shrubs trees, Large Angiosperms. and Gymnosperms Ascomycetes of belonging taxons and plants the to and symbiosis belonging Basidiomycetes to fungi is between (ECM) host of plants. the Ectomycorrhizal for survival the fungi of contribution these important plant pathogens is an microbial against plants the to providing protection in fungi exchange. in carbohydrates role of The obtain AM and plants water to and nutrients organic transfer fungi AM 2000). et al. physiology morphology and their in differ distinctly (Dodd and environments different very two grow in phases These root. inside the proliferates that phase intraradical an and soil grows that out phase the into have extraradical fungi an AM forplant species completion cycle. life of their mycelia The of suitable colonize to host ability on their depend biotrophs that obligate are fungi AM belonging Glomales. order the to The zygomycete and plants higher of the roots the between fungi symbiosis symbiosis. AM is formed The (ECM) mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis (ii) mycorrhizal and ecto (i)ated: arbuscular have associations differenti of mycorrhizal been major types 2003). or even Two (Klironomos plants alistic the to parasitic less be mutu might association mycorrhizal the some cases, pathogens.fungal However, the by inflicted damages the to in expense of atthe hosterate which plants succumb ultimately prolif pathogenic fungi contrast, In fungi. mycorrhizal from nutrients mineral obtain they, and photosynthates turn, in with provide fungi Plants the mycorrhizae. with association on the dependence symbionts, their these with indicating 146 Assessment of Biological Potential Control Assessment Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  ------P. parasitica P. parasitica P. but Gi- not roots, tomato in Gm from extracts in wereacidic forms detected Two roots. mycorrhizal in was activity higher their additional ß two plants acidic non-mycorrhizal In species. either AMF for four weeks precolonized with plants tomato mycorrhizal ease (Cordier 1998). et al. role of The hydrogen peroxide (H host showed cells necrosis. These autofluorescence only weak by intercellular surrounded cells by pathogen, arbuscule-containing the infected tissues systems. mycorrhizal root In mycorrhizal in reduced greatly of number Pnp The tissues. root same the in sometimes regions root and different of hyphae Gm The showedthe pathogen. strong autofluorescenceto reaction in contents the and of walls necrosis cell hostinduced cells. The presence their and cortex the developedhyphae in mainly showed roots tomato inter-of that or infected intracellular of Immunogold labeling Pnp roots. rhizal by pathogen intensity was the Infection lower mycor in on whole technique segments. root labeling immuno-enzyme nicotianae (Gm) mosseae 1999). (Pozo tomato et al. in ease parasitica P. following plants non-mycorrhizal and by infection colonized expression the in of isoforms of ß differences that indicated results The easily recognized. be parasitica by Gm colonized plants tomato In nization. larger accumulation of accumulation H larger with coincided plants T3 in observed damage greater the and treatment. Leaf necrosis correlated with H with correlated necrosis Leaf treatment. 25% lesionsoped T4 more necrotic leaves in on plants the than tion P. with capsici (T4),- inocula visible attwo days were after detected disorders (without BCA) BCA mycorrhizal mycorrhizal with and T3 effect on hypersensitive study the to control the response. In was investigated capsici Phytophthora with challenged plants chilli in inoculation role plant. The of mycorrhizal intact in against against (Gm) mosseae effects of Glomus (PAGE) was employed technique protective the assess to Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gen were determined. (AMFs) patho fungi fungal mycorrhizal and arbuscular Biochemical changes, following colonization by of roots 3.1.2.1.1 the mechanism of H mechanism the development disease in to Itstudy was is difficult studied. plants exhibited an earlier accumulation of accumulation H earlier an exhibited plants (SOD)dismutase activity. mycorrhizal T4-infected and The superoxide (POX) and peroxidase in increase by an panied -1,3-glucanase isoforms were constitutively expressed and The molecular basis bioprotective of molecular the The effect of Glomus was inoculated on non-mycorrhizal and and on non-mycorrhizal was. P. inoculated parasitica Phytophthora parasitica aoaoy Tests Laboratory induced two additional basic two could isoforms additional induced that var. var. might have might arole development in - of rot dis root did not induce the isoforms to related not did the induce exhibited greater enzyme activities. However, enzyme greater exhibited on tomato root infection by infection Phytophthora on root tomato parasitica (Pnp) , but in the following, but the in days, devel plants T3 and Pnp and hyphae, growing in the root cortex, was cortex, root the hyphae, in growing 2 O 2 2 generation and relieving generation its and stress O colonized roots. Roots infected by Roots infected roots. colonized 2 , at 12 h after inoculation, accom inoculation, , at12 hafter Pnp were present in most cases in were most in present cases in - rot dis , causing root tomato hyphae did not did hyphae show any G. intraradices (Gi intraradices G. and was investigated, using -1,3-glucanases AMF- in 2 in cross-section cross-section in O P. by, infection P. 2 accumulation accumulation 2 O -colonized -colonized 2 Gm starting starting colo 2 O 2 - - - ) - ) - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Diseases of Crop Management Biological  eae (Gm) eae moss Glomus fungus, system AM intercropping due the to of exudation root any of dynamics in tomato The disease. wilt sporum developmentsuppress the pathogens of like soilborne 2008). et al. (Alejo-Iturvide oxidative of during stress redox balance, maintenance the to significantly contribute to colonization appeared Mycorrhizal pathogen. of advance slightly the the and reducing observed tive oxygen wounds the (ROS), in species decrease to leading - of accumulation reac suggested results asmaller plants. The lower with inoculation at 6hafter levels, T3 to compared arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and fungal pathogens fungal and (AMF) fungus mycorrhizal arbuscular JAand (Mart signaling intraradices action of G. melon of mode in wilt the whereas plants, control Fusarium might by which T. mechanisms both could harzianum be by caused F. disruption ofattenuation hormonal oxysporum inductionsuggested defense of that plant basal and response results by pathogen, was induced The the observed. disruption hormone modulation of effect asynergistic on the the AMF), (pathogen-antagonist- three-way interaction the response. In tion. ET, ABAby hormones and the elicited by- pathogen infec and . by one induced T.the harzianum by to melon SA,in JA, mediated plants, ABA, similar ETand by F. Infection ied. oxysporum intraradices Glomus AMF the and T. harzianum F. plant, the between interaction oxysporum melon of in plant aconsequence of hormones as shoots, the reactive oxygen (ROS). species concentration the in Changes jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic ethylene and acid (ABA) (ET) or such salicylic acid compounds (SA), as production of signaling include constitutiveThey responses. passing induced both and set of acomplex via defenses,innately integrated encom and lycopersici F. to exudates were root inhibitory the oxysporum in rally natu concentration atthe occurring compounds these since +Fol AMF combined the in rate germination spore exudates were root responsible likely the be to in for reduced chlorogenic assays vitro and acid In citrate rate. revealed that Fol and AMF with of Fol rate germination spore ulated stim roots tomato tomato. Root exudates of AMF-colonized Fol Fol and of AMF treatment chlorogenic combined in the acid was in observed increase an analyses, (HPLC) chromatography liquid high-performance In malate. glucose and acids, mainly organic in decrease and sugars in increase MS) showed analyses AMF-dependent an (GC- investigated. chromatography-mass Gas spectrometry root the exudates in were effects of identified and compounds Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have to (AMF) ability the fungi mycorrhizal Arbuscular Systems for plants, among investigating interactions the T. pathogen, both the with harzianum inoculated When Following by infection to induce changes in the composition the changes induce in to of exudates of root G. intraradices G. was also able to attenuate the SA mediated SA the able wasmediated also attenuate to T. harzianum f.sp and/ or Fol and/ , infecting tomato plants (Hage-Ahmed et al. 2013). et al. (Hage-Ahmed plants tomato , infecting . lycopersici (Fol) resulted in reduction in spore germination germination spore reduction in in resulted attenuated the plant response mediated mediated plant response the attenuated , its effect on Fol í nez-Medina et al. 2010). et al. nez-Medina appeared to be independent of independent SA be to appeared , indicating the ability of AMF and and of AMF ability the , indicating F. oxysporum, , incitant of tomato Fusarium of Fusarium tomato , incitant activated adefense response , whereas coinoculation coinoculation , whereas development vitro in , the antagonistic antagonistic , the plants respond plants were stud were treatment, treatment, F. oxy F. f.sp. f.sp. ------

Frontiers in Plant Science Open Access Journal] Access Open Science Plant Frontiers in of 2017 of Giachero et al. [Courtesy permission kind with and plants. soybean nonmycorrhizal D: uninoculated and plants soybean premycorrhized symptoms); necrotic C:showing root uninoculated (inset pathogen the with inoculated plantlets soybean mycorrhized symptoms); necrotic B: showing root (inset non pathogen the with inoculated plantlets soybean A: premycorrhized plantlets soybean against 3.4 FIGURE of of (method 2). surface medium 1,on the method hyphae In the 1) suspension pathogen of applied the or using macroconidial usingeither aplug locally (method of medium gel supporting irregularis R. with zed irregularis Rhizophagus ofence AMF of step early F.the virguliforme (SDS) syndrome sudden death for soybean and monitoring in virguliforme by soybean plantlets Fusarium rhized systemvitro was developed for of infection premycor relating in advantages. An main the are interactions observations on the nondestructive dynamic and possibility controlled of highly the Avoidance and experiments. of unwanted contaminants conditions vitro offer in under advantages over culture pot gen, regardless of the method of inoculation. Small necrotic necrotic of Small inoculation. method gen, of regardless the by patho system root the was The infected inoculum. as used suspension development whenhyphal was conidial occurred, (see 3.4). light microscope Figure the under denser Faster and aswollen with visualized could be cell pigmented tures and - struc zone also. tip root Fungal werethe hyphae in observed Many roots. the within inter- intracellularly both grew and following the network of 48 h. during hyphae F. virguliforme pathogen developed the roots, adense profusely formed and with contact soybean plantlets. with After associated of AMF (dai), inoculation after presence/absence of independently the F. virguliforme Fusarium virguliforme Fusarium

of Rhizophagus irregularis Rhizophagus of Biocontrol activity reached the surface of the roots at2days roots of the surface the reached were inoculated with F. with were inoculated virguliforme determined using premycorrhized premycorrhized using determined - pres the in process infection . Plantlets premycorrhi Plantlets . , causing 147 - - - -

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Glomus and fasciculatum Glomus margarita, Gigaspora fungi, AM any of with association the contents of phosphorus due plants in to detected could be differences No significant disease. wilt Fusarium to erance of tol enhancement indicating plants, asparagus colonized oxysporum by caused F. disease wilt conditions. of Incidence Fusarium glasshouse were under species assessed fungal AM three with effects of of(Vigo association The 2000). asparagus al. ete association AMF advantage through additional the indicating system root in by 50%, increase with plants mycorrhizal in 61%reaching 31% to was limited infection whereas infection, showed control plants the At harvest, extensive necrosis, root parasitica seae investigation,later by Glomus colonized plants tomato mos 1996). et al. (Trotta plants non-mycorrhizal with a In pared com plants, tomato AMF-colonized 89%to in was recorded ofReduction 63 necrosis adventitious from in ranging roots, parameters. showed growth reduction in and less infection mosseae Glomus contrast, In eters. parasitica by induced Phytophthora necrosis root spread nicotianae investigation, showed plants tomato non-mycorrhizal wide 1996).cv. et al. another was In (Norman observed Rhapsody fragariae P. infection in by plants.reduction No significant mycorrhizal by 30%, and about 60% respectively, non- with compared plants mycorrhizal Favourite in Cambridge Elsanta and cv. by pathogen in Root was induced the necrosis reduced by infection Phytophthoraroot fragariae nicatum eutu G. and fasciculatum Glomus fungi effects of AM The 3.1.2.1.2 (Giachero 2017). et al. involvinginteractions AMF, system plant pathogen root and cultivationvitro system showed for investigating potential the tion level in control. The the with less, was compared also - infec root and of intensity AMF, was symptoms the reduced of showedpresence results by pathogen. the the The in that of of point penetration 1–3 the areas near were produced mm 148 Glomus intraradices Biological of Glomus control potential Fusarium solani Fusarium were inoculated with zoospores of P. zoospores with were nicotianae inoculated on the growth of three strawberry cultivars and cultivars and strawberry of three growth on the rehue Tests Greenhouse with nonmycorrhizal inoculated control plants. inoculated nonmycorrhizal with , as well as significant reduction in growth param growth in reduction well , as significant as f.sp in mycorrhizal plants of the least of susceptible plants the mycorrhizal in . asparagi . phaseoli (Fsp) phaseoli f.sp. was reduced significantly in AMF AMF in significantly was reduced sp. R10 (Matsubra tested -colonized tomato plants plants tomato -colonized appeared normal. The The normal. appeared in bean plants and and plants bean in were investigated. Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  exhibited exhibited in sup in var. var. var. var. ------tested, fungi AM plants. the Among of pepper growth the promote to and capsici by caused Phytophthora seedlings, pepper in development suppress to the ability of Phytophthora blight AMF species (Thygesen species 2004). et al. AMF on the depending of inductiondegree of varied, tolerance plants. severity, The disease nonmycorrhizal to compared and of shoot growth terms less in suffered plants mycorrhizal The not did show oospores treatments. with between variation clarioideum G. providedbeing more effectively intraradices by G. beneficial effect the plants, AMF-colonized in was reduced of rot Incidence disease root inoculum. the as using oospores harvests, conditions, over culture pot of duration three the were investigated euteiches greenhouse under Aphanomyces ces intraradi Glomus 2003). et al. effects of(Filion AMF The aresult of as G. colonization with intraradices rhizosphere, due biotic to be abioticthe and/or modification of mycor might reflected by root the symptom as DNAand contents pathogen. ofpresence the Reduction pathogen in population, the in colonization was of slightly roots increased rhizal the although mycor zosphere was notmodified, significantly of G. intraradices Presence compartment. monosporum mosseae G. conditions. (Fol)sici greenhouse under effects of pathogen wilt tomato F. oxysporum adverseciesthe were reducing evaluated efficacyin for their spe unidentified two other and intraradices G. deserticola, 2012). et al. (Larsen plants tomato advantage of foran employing protecting fungi AM may as consideredbe AMF beneficial effect the of known, adverse Although was effect on fungi. plant growth of AM intraradices zation by G. byinfection P. aphanidermatum isolated bybe Likewise, root selective time. at harvest media tion by P. capsici intraradices plants. tomato G. tion in PR-1not affect gene expression- concentra phosphorus or the suppression,growth did but significant caused species AMF were P. with roots challenged fungi, aphanidermatum Two AM with of seedlings inoculation tomato weeks after aphanidermatum by rot caused root Pythium of Pythium to plants tomato ance deum claroi G. and mosseae G. intraradices, Glomus fungi AM plant-AMF combinations. The certain in is known fungi depression +AM tomato in growth Plant 2007). Erkilic and (Ozgonen plants sion pepper in of Phytophthora blight disease addition suppres to - in could improve plant growth, the fungus P. with showed results AM preinoculated The the that capsici. plants pepper in capsidolalexin, was concentration increased field and conditions, respectively. greenhouse pot, The phyto severityease due P. to by 91.7, capsici 43.0 57.2% and under ciculatum Glomus mosseae, G. eutunicatum, G. fas G. eutunicatum, G. mosseae, Glomus fungi AM The Glomus mosseae, G. monosporum, G. G. monosporum, G. mosseae, Glomus fungi AM The G. claroideum G. and were evaluated for their efficiency in enhancing toler were evaluated efficiency forin enhancing their G. mosseae G. Gigaspora margarita Gigaspora and improved the plant growth parameters such as parameters improved plant growth the . At the final harvest, percentage of root length percentage root of length harvest, final . At the by employing fully factorial experiment. by experiment. employing factorial fully , measured by pathogen ELISA could and , measured was the most- was effective dis the the reducing in on the pea root rot disease, caused by caused rot disease, root pea on the , but two not species by other the reduced levels reduced of coloni were evaluated for their - infec root only reduced in the mycorrhi the in f.sp. lycoper f.sp. than by than G. G. and . All . All ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 post (CDC) reduced the disease incidence by incidence 81% disease post (CDC) the reduced 74% and in BCAs cowdung with three combinations com of all Further, yield by the also 20%. increased combination treatments The by 74% 67% and respectively field and pots in experiments. severity and incidence werecontrol plants. reduced Disease more effectively, plants the tected unprotected to compared Pseudomonas, T. harzianum effective application of single than BCA. Combination of andcombinations of BCAs field and trials pot were more in 22 48%. to of incidence disease wilt BCAs the reduced All num F. oxysporum developmentpressing the by caused of disease wilt tomato spp. were for evaluated biocontrol for sup potential their 2010). Isolates of et al. (Mohandas disease wilt Panama the to tion of resistance - induc through promotion and growth wall, cell the tion in by BCAs due physical to be the might banana to - modifica protection the suggested results that control plants. The in level the to compared of 1.90 treatments, T. OD harzianum 0.58 to were seven reduced OD in mosseae G. in months by ELISA tests, Pathogen determined disease. as populations the to succumbed controls finally alone.inoculation These tively 75% and bunch weight in over pathogen with plants 61%- respec 70% and improvement plant height girth in and Diseases of Crop Management Biological  seae Foc of populations the determine to ELISA were tests performed with with inoculated plants nonmycorrhizal with compared reduced, with challenged plants yield. mycorrhizal In plant height fruit and 10 pathogendays (1.5 the with challenge to inoculation prior × BCAs at0, plants 45 were 90 allowed and banana colonize to combinations. The tripartite single, and in dual inoculating bycaused F. oxysporum development disease wilt the (Fusarium) Panama of banana Pseudomonas and fluorescensT. harzianum 2005). et al. (Berta plants tomato of of tips number root inoculated and length root in increase pathogen, of along the with growth epiphytic parasitic and developmentthe of decrease a significant with was associated by caused tomato rescens growth). (parasitic infection G. mosseae (epiphytic cells mal intraradical growth) with of roots and to epider with appressed roots hyphae of quantification the BCAs, of absence the and allowing presence the in studied pathogen of was the tion of growth epiphytic parasitic and - or not by BCAs. examina the when protected Microscopical by of infected plants tomato growth shoot and root conditions. The greenhouse under assessed 1556 solani by of were caused tomato Rhizoctonia rot disease Pseudomonas fluorescens mosseae 6 Glomus mosseae, mosseae, of comparative biocontrol Glomus The potential CFU/g). Appropriate control treatments were maintained. CFU/g). were maintained. control treatments Appropriate G. mos G. with preinoculated plants every month. Banana and Pseudomonas and and challenged with Foc with challenged and +T. harzianum Fol Fol A6r1 overcome depression could fully of growth the BEG12 biological control bacterial agent the and (Utkhade 2006). The combined effects of combined The 2006). (Utkhade , root infection by pathogen infection was, root the significantly f.sp. lycopersici. f.sp. and fluorescent and T. harzianum 1556. solani suppressionR. The of disease sp. increased seed germination by germination seed sp. increased cubense (Foc cubense f.sp. A6R1 development on the of root Glomus intraradices Glomus and Application of T. harzia were compared, were compared, solani R. BEG12 fluo P. and ) was assessed by) was assessed in suppressing suppressing in could sustain could sustain Pseudomonas Glomus Glomus pro + ------

Williams and Pedersen 2008). Pedersen and Williams field under (Murillo- conditions obtained could be fungicide with treatment colonization due of seed to soybean roots no 2005, evidence in soil ofgated mycorrhizal reduction in exception soil. With the offumigated mefenoxam fumi in and nonfumigated or between fungicides seed-treated among composition grain recognized or were stand yield, final grain locations. in colonization across No differences mycorrhizal reduce not did plants. significantly Fumigation nil-treated fludioxo control and lower the had colonization than AM mefenoxamwith combination fludioxonil alone, with or in treated soil, plants mefenoxam. with fumigated the In treated in plants than fivecolonization controlroot and the times in fludioxonil-treateddoubleas had colonization, root the plants soil, where colonization on nonfumigated AM supported nil fludioxo with treatment 2005. Seed in action was indicated inter treatment seed x fumigation Asignificant parameters. yield and on effect plant growth fungicide of the direct the determine to abase as was used chloropicrin and propene of 1,3-dichoro amixture with Soil fumigation treatment. controlwithout seed fludioxonil,maintaining assessed, were mefenoxam, with soybean seeds fludioxonil, mefenoxam + of effects of treatment 2005). The (Jaime et al. rot disease suppressing colonization in developmentroot of onion white effectiveness the indicating of AM was recorded, onization col root AM and incidence tive disease between correlation 10 in white rot disease to of 13 nega A - significant fieldtrials. cultivar HooplaOnion cv. was more susceptible than Fortress Folicur 3.6F. fungicide reduction was the to comparable ease extent the of- control and dis untreated with 50%, compared of incidence white rot by the about onions reduced planted MIKRO-VAM product AM - 2000-2001. The trans in used F (430 tebuconazole) ga.i./l, field under conditions during Folicur 3.6 fungicide the with comparison in soils organic in effectiveness (onion) suppressing in Allium white rot (WR) intraradices (VAM)mycorrhiza Glomus vesicular arbuscular formulations containing Commercial 3.1.2.1.3 by 33% (Srivastava 2010). et al. yieldthe field respectively and pot increased and experiments terial species/strain to secrete enzymes, toxic or metabolites enzymes, secrete to species/strain terial - bac of the ability the demonstrate to useful assessments are vitro in soil. The and plant surface present on the organisms micro other with compete to conditions and environmental putativethe biocontrol agents have in variations to adapt to conditions, where by fieldunder natural/inoculated testing chamber, followed greenhouse/growth the in testing further effective more efficientto advanced the are ones and isolates less eliminate to vitro in screened are species bacterial The suppressionpathogens, in development. resulting of disease plant microbial soilborne against properties sess antagonistic water have and soil plants, propagules, shown- been pos to such seeds, substrates as various in existing species Bacterial b 3.1.3 il Tests Field acterial B iological C ontrol were for assessed its A gents 149 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 and and spp. Cylindrocarpon V. and albo-atrum, Verticillium dahliae capsici spp. Phytophthora and Rhizoctonia mum, ulti Pythium mycelial of sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia growth the entirely inhibited species four other and flavus M. cens, myxobacteriaof Myxococcus the coralloides, M. flaves- effectiveness The of is calculated. percentage inhibition The properties. isolate antagonistic has bacterial the if fungus, the and bacteria the between zone is formed inhibition gen. An patho fungal of of the growth rate days, on the depending for 5–7 temperature atroom incubated plate of and ter the of one rate plug/plate cen atthe placed atthe pathogens are mycelium the fungal of the plate. platesthe containing Agar of periphery the from at2cm medium on the streaked are isolates bacterial isolates. The bacterial test the pathogen and development favoring differential media, the or other of the (PDA) dextrose agar potato containing petriplates in formed assay is per or confrontation conventionalThe culture dual determined. BCAs are by bacterial the pathogens affected as colony the whereas development/morphology of bacterial pathogens, mycelial of fungal and growth germination spore extent the of of inhibition by measuring demonstrated are pathogens control agents (BCAs) fungal/bacterial against (antagonistic) inhibitory bioThe activities bacterial of the 3.1.3.1.1 pathogens. microbial isolates against species/ biocontrol the activities bacterial of the determine ofVarious have assessment methods to applied kinds been 3.1.3.1 defense systems innate host of plant. bythe rectly stimulating pathogen(s). target the to Such may species/isolates indi act directly not inhibitory are that species/isolates the eliminating promotion. exercisedplant Caution be to growth not has in siderophores, involved hormones pathogen in suppression and 150 eter) mycelium of the of a7-day were old at placed culture Discs diam mm (5 streak. first the to angles at right made was streak second the and center at the petriplates the across isolates were streaked bacterial The chickpea. infecting effectivelates F. against oxysporum was select to applied method Rhizobioum culture dual of 2004). hosts et (Tjamos of al. wilt Avariant solanaceous development the suppressed successfully and of Verticillium growth of V. efficient very mycelialinhibiting and in dahliae K-165 designated lates 5-127 and colonizers were rhizosphere as Bacillus tified efficient antagonistic isolates were iden Three cultures. dual pathogens in several V. soilborne to nistic and other dahliae isolates (53 bacterial Selected disease. of 435) were antago against activity antagonistic for oftips were tomato their screened root from obtained bacteria agents. endorhizosphere trol The biocon of bacterial properties antagonistic the assess to oped 2002). et al. myxobacteria (Bull the Different variants of dual culture method have method devel culture been of dual variants Different F. oxysporum Verticillium dahliae aoaoy Methods Laboratory Potential of Bacterial Isolates Bacterial of Potential of Biological Control Assessment sp. Two most of iso effective the bacterial f.sp . apii . were less sensitive by inhibition to , causal agent, causal wilt of Verticilliuim race O, ciceris f.sp. Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  , whereas , whereas iso ------Zoospore inocula (10 inocula Zoospore isolates. bacterial of antagonistic screening throughput high and inocula zoospore for initial of quantification petriplates in say. assay involved The grown of use seedlings tobacco the Phytophthora parasitica cus endophyti B. and pumilus B. subtilis, B. atrophaeus, B. pabuli, Paenibacillus licheniformis, B. loliquefaciens, 2009). amy Knudsen Isolates of and Bacillus control (Kim development severity and by untreated with 30%, compared polymyxa P. evenwere inhibited at lower density. inoculum Application of formation zoospore and sporangium nuclei, the that indicating no with or fewscopic sporangia observations showed aberrant micro electron density. light and inoculum Furthermore, the lower at releaseinhibited were zoospore significantly and of of maize, rye, carrot, garden soil and compost by were and soil tested garden rye, carrot, of maize, isolates rhizospheres (294) and soils LAB from The obtained ultimum Pythium efficacyfor against their 2009). (LAB) were Isolates of acid evaluated lactic bacteria mycocidal production by BCA et al. substance the (Timmusk byinfection P. aphanidermatum polymyxa assays. P. with Most treated plants polymyxa P. tum against (Wang 2012). et al. petridishes hydroponic under conditions in seedlings tobacco protect to potential isolates their for the efficientbacterial forscreening microbioassay The was rapid, reproducible petridishes. and in four as 100% of exhibited them planta, protective in activity isolates above of the and spores. were Fifteen species tested was 10,000 for of inoculum seedlings mum infection tobacco 14 opti for The test. days susceptibility old seedlings tobacco gen, atlower when tested density of inoculum 10 patho of the germination zoospore on mycelial and growth density. inoculum was activity tial observed No inhibitory ini the was activity by influenced pathogen. Antimicrobial mostwas efficient the developmentthe in suppressing the of against activity antifungal for were their roots screened ginseng ten umerinum F. against antagonism oxysporum than other be to BO68150 of action strain of the mechanism the was likely biocontrol efficiency 50.68%.was that indicated results The stage, the conditions. At seedling greenhouse and laboratory most effective pathogen suppressing development in the under BO68150 strain The causing disease. wilt cucumber was the fields F. against assessed was oxysporum and greenhouses the of in grown plants cucumber roots from of biocontrol Bacillus potential The of 7days incubation 2006). period et al. an (Arfaoui after Percent was calculated inhibition reactants. the between cm of 2.5 adistance maintaining streak sideeach bacterial of the The antagonistic activity of activity Paenibacillus antagonistic The polymyxa Paenibacillus polymyxa P. polymyxa P. were evaluated for their antagonistic activities against activities were against evaluated antagonistic for their was observed, using agar plates, liquid media and soil. and plates, media liquid using was agar observed, Phytophthora palmivora Phytophthora in vitro. The strain GBR-462 strain vitro. in The capsici Phytophthora (Li et al. 2012). et al. (Li GBR-462 into potted soil suppressed the disease disease GBR-462 the soil suppressed potted into reduced colonization of liquid pathogens reduced in GBR-462. However, formation sporangium 2 –10 var. nicotianae var. 4 spores/petri dish) were on applied spores/petri strains (25) rot isolated from strains Pythium aphaniderma Pythium and was well correlated with with was well correlated strains (400) isolated strains f.sp. cucumerinum f.sp. , using microbioas using , infecting tomato. infecting survived and and survived f.sp. cuc f.sp. 6 CFU/ml CFU/ml strains strains ------, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 of Y1 strain in the rhizospheric soils of soils Y1-treated rhizospheric plants the of in Y1 strain Presence duration. most experimental of the during treatment leaves and roots activities in Y1 of in plants tomato culture ß and was for observed trend chitinase similar either BW Y1in in were or BW than greater A +Ftreatments. weight shoots and roots of dry both and fresh and shoot length the in BW.than incidence disease in reduction The nificant tions. Application of BW Y1 and sig in +Fresulted culture condi greenhouse BW the and in alonewere tested medium (BW fungicide +F) acommercial with BW amended medium developed (Y1), culture (BW) Black medium The in White of absence tryptophan. and presence the in acid (IAA), both of Fol growth the inhibiting Y1was strain conditions. The greenhouse effectiveand in bycaused F. oxysporum tomato of disease wilt itsthe Fusarium efficacyin suppressing 2012).et al. Y1 was evaluated for amyloliquefaciens Bacillus consequentlypathogen disease(s) of incidence and the (Zeng for application effectively to development suppress the of the for suitable need selecting the BCA BCAs,of the indicating biocontrol the potential showed results in The variations the BCAs. other tive the production sclerotial as reducing in effec- production, but equally BCAs, apothecia reducing in by 29.6% only completelytion of apothecia (100%), but production sclerotial 81.2% 50%, and respectively. lydicus S. sclerotia and by production of apothecia reduced subtilis B. was positively of application rate of the with BCAs. correlated efficacy the conditions. general, In chamber growth the under duction of Sclerotinia of apothecia sclerotiorum harzianum fungal BCAs fungal subtilis (Nguyen 2015). disease wilt et al. biological tomato against control applied agent could be that by of concentration B2,3DB same at the produced inhibited also 32 32 any visibleited of F. growth oxysporum of concentration B2,3DB inhib at 0.6 that mg. minimum The by pathogen 83.2%, growth inhibited and erties when applied (B2,3DB). prop displayed compound antifungal potent This it and niques wasas butyl-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate identified - tech chromatographic using different extract, crude terial from- bac wasby compound purified 72.5%. antifungal An was extract able pathogen growth inhibit to crude bacterial mycelial 86.1%) (by the ing growth at50% The concentration. highly effective filtrate inhibit was (CF) in culture bacterial oxysporum 16Sthe elgii gene rRNA sequence. P. on its based identity samples soil and wasfrom established, 2012). et al. (Lutz elgii Paenibacillus ultimum for P. application potential against their indicating also, culture pot the in plants tomato ising isolates protected ultimum effect on mycelial oftory P. growth assay.confrontation About 75% isolates of showed the inhibi Diseases of Crop Management Biological  Bacillus BCAs Bacillus comparative efficacythe bacterial The of µ P. elgii P. g/ml, and the conidial germination of the pathogen of was the germination conidial the and g/ml, QST713 Streptomyces and lydicus P. elgii showed of results P. . The potential the T-22 of sclerotia pro survival and the reducing in f.sp. lycopersici f.sp. Coniothyrium minitans Coniothyrium was less effective other . T. than harzianum lycopersici (Fol) lycopersici f.sp. and it also produced indole acetic it produced and also and other plant pathogens. other The and CON/M/91-08 and F. F. to was antagonistic HOA73 was isolated - produc could inhibit f.sp . The most prom . The WYEC108 and . lycopersici . , under in vitro vitro in , under -1,3-glucanase was assessed was assessed , as a , as was was T. T. ------

uefaciens amyloliq of B. usefulness the indicated results The bacteria. populations the of other in reduction significant in resulted The keyThe role of fluorescent Pseudomonas regions. geographical different in siveness of occurring soils suppres- (TAD)decline of natural of resultant wheat is the disease(s). target to of resistance enhancement in ing Take-all pathogen bythe activating host plant defense systems, result on pathogen proliferation or by indirectly inhibiting directly BCAs the which may identifying function in says useful are bioas conditions.- These chamber greenhouse/growth under development disease efficacyin suppressing in whole plants their next the to stage of advanced determining conditions are pathogen(s) microbial soilborne to antagonistic vitro in under isolates ofThe putative biological highly controlare agents that 3.1.3.1.2 restris of potential the indicated results The terminations. globule-like and granules with hyphae fungal coiled tortuous, thickened, BSS and revealed terrestris of S. ofmicroscopy cocultures ofshowed inhibition Foc growth high and onion pathogens other F. to inhibitory oxysporum butgrowth, pathogen affecting it not was specifically capacity against was onion plants evaluatedfrom for activity its antagonistic tilis foring considerable sub yield Bacillus losses Argentina. in by (Sabate 2017). et al. loliquefaciens caused disease root Pink B14 strain generRNA sequence, the wasas B. identified amy on 16S Based plant which growth. promoted auxins, also and B14 strain the addition, In was able siderophores produce to seolina Macrophomina pha and solani Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia sclerotiorum rolfsii, Sclerotinia pathogens, Sclerotium the B14 strain pathogens. The borne most effectively inhibited soil activities against antagonistic forwere their screened ofinvestigation, Bacillus strains 2016). et al. conditions vitro another (Rahman in In under up 98% to against seedlings mustard the to Bap. of potential antagonistic the indicating microscopes, electron Bacillus following of ascospores, tion of with germination interaction lysiswall inhibi and of of mycelia, apothecia abnormalities of formation cell sclerotia vitro.pressed and in Deformities sup mycelial and A (gyrA). growth isolates inhibited These of analyses 16S molecular and subunit cal rDNA gyrase and faciens amylolique isolates wereas Bacillus identified All assessed. sclerotiorum Sclerotinia samples soil against rhizosphere from obtained 2017). et al. (Maung tomato motion in ssp. subtilis ssp. subtilis B. The biocontrol potential of biocontrol eight potential The isolates of Bacillus Setophoma terrestris Setophoma subsp . The cell-free culture filtrate of filtrate (CF) BSS culture F. cell-free . The proliferatum Seed bacterization with with bacterization Seed (Orio 2016). et al. The BSS strain showed BSS strong inhibitory The strain terrestris. S. plantarum (Bap), subsp. plantarum , with percentages of inhibition varying from 60 to 80. to 60 from of varying percentages inhibition , with isolates were observed under light and scanning scanning isolates were light and under observed rehue Tests Greenhouse Y1 strains for disease suppression and growth pro suppression for Y1 growth disease and strains (BSS) isolated from the rhizosphere soil soil (BSS) rhizosphere the isolated from . subtilis , incitant of was of white mold, incitant mustard disease is a major disease of is amajor onion, account disease S. ter abiocontrol as agent S. against Bap based on cultural, biochemi on cultural, based spp. (105) soils isolated from isolates provided protection in petriplates. Electron Electron petriplates. in spp., producing S. sclerotiorum S. cepae f.sp. 151 ------,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 YUPP-2. The control plants showed control plants YUPP-2. of The 80%. rate infection 6.7 13.3%, and YUPP-1 respectively YUPP-8, and for strains stage were 6.7, at seedling asingle with strain treated cotton of rates stage, infection whereas before squaring infected BCA combined the application in plants wereCotton not development disease wilt experiments. pot were in assessed on Verticillium species application bacterial ofbined these effects of stages. com The boll-setting and squaring seedling, subtilis xylanilyticus investigation (Chandel 2010). et al. Paenibacillus Antagonistic biocontrol considered agent for could be potential that further brevis of B. usefulness the BCA,pathogen and indicating the with coinoculated plants in observed was also growth tion Fol with symptom development, in - inocula with decrease compared house. of Coinoculation Fol green the in pots in and microcosms petridish in raised oxysporum suppressing development by caused F. of disease wilt tomato brevis efficiency 2004).al. Antagonistic of Brevibacillus et (Tjamos isolate 5-127 amyloliquefaciens Bacillus be might isolate K-165the alvei Paenibacillus could be that acid analysis indicated fatty eggplants. The and tomatoes of endorhizosphere isolates the preferentially colonized rial bacte control plots. antagonistic The untreated with parison by yield 25% the was and com plants increased in potato symptom development, of percentage expressed diseased as bacterial suspensions (10 suspensions bacterial of with ments. eggplants Root or drenching soil dipping Verticillium dahliae 5-127, which most effectively development the suppressed of (dequantitatively 2003a). were et al. Souza similar both TAD Washington the from soils although State, and soils producing genotypic composition the that of 2,4-DAPG- indicated results 2,4-DAPG-producing development, key the role take-all of indicating suppress the SSB-17, deficient2,4-DAPGproduction in notable was to of amutant strain TAD the soil. Furthermore, in observed conducive development soil suppressed level the to of take-all SSB-17 strain tion of 2,4-DAPG-producing take-all the into spp. were- below introduc level. threshold the Furthermore, Pseudomonas densitypopulation of 2,4-DAPG-producing conducive (Ggt) soil, take-all tritici acomplementary in and . var graminis of by wheat caused Gaeumannomyces take-all suppress to sities ator above density required threshold the TAD the atden soils of both present on wheat roots in plants Pseudomonas fluorescent 2,4-DAPG-producing two to The TAD Dutch was soils tributing demonstrated. (2,4-DAPG), antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol the con 152 tion (10 tion V. dahliae microsclerotia/g of soil). fieldswith potato heavilyinfested In level pathogen high inoculum controls, under (40untreated byity of induced V. symptoms wilt dahliae Two K-165 bacteria isolates of endorhizospheric and YUPP-2 respectively were cotton isolated from at 8 CFU/g formulation) showedin reduction significant , seed tuber treatment with a bacterial talc formula - talc abacterial with treatment tuber , seed Pseudomonas lycopersici (Fol) lycopersici f.sp. YUPP-1 alone. In addition, beneficial beneficial addition, alone.effect tomato on In , were tested in the glasshouse experi the in , were tested Bacillus Bacillus and , P. YUPP-8 polymyxa Pseudomonas spp. varied between the Dutch TAD Dutch the between spp. varied 7 CFU/ml) resulted in reduced sever reduced in resulted CFU/ml) B. brevis B. and was assessed, using plants was assessed, spp. TAD in soils. The resulted in marked marked in resulted Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  , compared with with , compared , whereas the the , whereas spp. were were spp. as a as in in ------

aphanidermatum of lesion Pythium with soybean challenged production in was by suppressed isolates of Mitsuaria seedlings bioassays.using of seedling Formation lesions on developing pathogens was assessed, fungal soilborne against tomato and Burkholderia abundant of most genotype the characterize directly and abundance the was employed procedure gene quantify to sequences. This Pseudomonas (2,4-DAPG)-producing 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol acterizing select was by applied novel char strains biocontrol bacterial PCR-based of approachto interest. strains of bacterial strains employed of genes analyses Sequence those are the identify to primers. using of gene-specific population interest, bacterial forcontrol provides activity basic targeting the information 2009). knowledge of The bio genetic of mechanisms the (15%) (20%) tomato and Mc Spadden Gardener and (Benitez soybean isolates in lesion suppressed solani production by R. by Mitsuaria reduced was also isolates of all matum severity check (Yang under 2013). et al. and incidence BCAs disease the keep to application of three 32.8%.and showed results The effectiveness the of combined 47% had for control group application, the combined whereas were 9.4% period boll-setting at the 6.5%, and respectively, index of cotton disease and rate mortality wilt Verticillium BCAs strains. was individual more effective the three than Field evaluations showed also application combined of that the developmentthe by caused Ralstonia of disease wilt ginger maltophila Stenotrophomonas and 5YN8 amyloliquefaciens Bacillus Myroides JN2, strain odorantimimus subtilis Bacillus tested, investigation, alater strains In 420 of the bacterial P. and syringae putida, P.poae, P.P. marginalis, P. P. chlororaphis, fluorescens, borealis, wereas Pseudomonas identified strains ing, the suppression. 16S disease with on Based the lated rDNA typ of wheat which plants, growth corre promoted four strains development oryzae of R. the suppressed two strains latter conditions. The greenhouse ultimum AG-8 P. and solani by induced R. symptoms 39G2R,29G9R, Wood 48G9R and severity the 3R of reduced spp., 14B2r, agents of causal rot of root wheat. Strains 15G2R, Rhizoctonia activities against antagonistic soils, weresoils, river evaluated for siltrhizosphere and their of Pseudomonassion. Strains extent suppres- the of disease determine to treatment root or treatment isolates application, soil test as seed the ing 2005). et al. Gardener levels for situ pathogen in suppression required (McSpadden exceeded strains native soybean, and of populations bacterial biocontrol agents. ecology corn of onmation the On bacterial revealed infor markers of use functional crops. The various The biocontrol potential of biocontrol isolates of potential The The biological by mayThe apply assessed be control potential was significantly reduced by reduced was significantly solani Rhizoctonia and phlD 2JW6 were more efficient ( obtained from rhizospheric ofsoils soybean rhizospheric from obtained populations, based on amplification onof phlD amplification based populations, + Mitsuaria populations inhabiting the rhizosphere of rhizosphere the inhabiting populations and tomatoes challenged with P. with challenged tomatoes and aphanider P. vranovensis . Infection by. Infection and P. irregulare and spp. isolated from agricultural spp. agricultural isolated from . By contrast, Burkholderia. By contrast, (Mavrodi et al. 2012). et al. (Mavrodi > 50%) suppressing in sojae Phytophthora spp. Pythium and also. In addition, addition, also. In Mitsuaria . Severity 3YW8, , under , under and and ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 threshold valuethreshold of 10 sity of Pf4 showed on root adensity of that BCA above the den population assessment and of The survival rot infection. root in hydroponicsreduction significant with small-scale in lamb’sing solani Rhizoctonia against lettuce AG1-IB. for Pf4 was tested its effectiveness Strains protect in fluorescens closely P. to related protegens (earlier Pseudomonas as known of system strain One was assessed. Pythium 2012). isolates of against biocontrol 12 potential The bacterial solanacearum gens of those to P. prote similar very metabolites of secondary fit-rzx and ofa gene phl, clusters plt, of Pseudomonas Pf4 strain the ofence loci in known effective- pres suppression. the assays disease PCR detected followed was more effective by aBNR isolate attransplanting cepacia application of the B. rot than suppressing root in stem and one application oftia, either BNR isolate was more effective poinset rooted transplanting development. after contrast, In cation of either disease isolate of the BNR not did affect propagation, appli whereas during stem infection pressed sup Application was cepacia of assessed. B. of poinsettia solani Rhizoctonia (BNR) isolates (BNR621 P9023) against was and assessed 5-5B Pesta formulations of and binulcleate Rhizoctonia (Soltanzadeh 2016). et al. solani by caused tion F. on severity disease of the isolate S12 rot symptoms. The root - provided reduc highest isolates effectivelythese development the suppressed of black peruviensis S. to similar very Streptomyces to lar antibioticus rDNA isolates S3 S12 sequences. The and were most simi on 16S identity isolates based of wasThe these established isolates S3, S12 tests. were for S40 selected and greenhouse most effective vitro, three assessments test in culture dual solani Fusarium against activity nistic samples soil were from evaluated antago for their obtained solani Fusarium by by caused is seriously black attacked rot disease root isolates of Streptomyces isolate J-2 the most other effectiveseeds, the the being than fromgrown BCA-treated seedlings in reduced significantly extent the to of 88 93%. to mination severity was disease The isolate J-2 most was ger sclerotial effective the inhibiting in The filtrates. culture the than germination sclerotial inhibiting rolfsii. viz., J-2, B-11, Sclerotium against was assessed B-5 B-40 and of four isolates Streptomyces potential oftrol soilborne biocon The management. have plant disease in that used been 2017).et al. pathogensroot P. aphanidermatum for management of the strain of the potential the revealing Diseases of Crop Management Biological  strain strain cepacia of biocontrol Burkholderia potential The antibiotics produce to known actinomycetesSoilborne are Pf5 were identified in Pf4 strain of PseudomonasPf4 werein Pf5 identified strain Culture inoculum of isolates inoculum was more effective Culture in atpropagation application cepacia of. Sequential B. sp. Rhizoctonia and ) was highly antagonistic against two strains of two strains against antagonistic ) was highly under greenhouse conditions (Yang greenhouse under et al. f.sp , causing Rhizoctonia stem and root rot root stem and , causing Rhizoctonia 5 . pisi CFU/g of root tissues was required for CFU/g of was tissues root required spp. (Errakhi et al. 2007). Chickpea Chickpea 2007). et al. spp. (Errakhi . Isolates of actinomycetes (100) spp. infecting plants in soilless soilless in plants spp. infecting . Under greenhouse conditions, . Under greenhouse , whereas the isolate S40 was isolate S40 the , whereas required for biosynthesis required (Moruzzi (Moruzzi solani R. and Pseudomonas f.sp , causing rot root . pisi . Based on . Based f.sp. pisi f.sp. sp. Pf4 sp. The spp. spp. sp., sp., B ------

ing soybean stem rot disease. Cell suspension Cell soybean steming rot disease. (5 x10 Sclerotinia conditions against greenhouse sclerotiorum subtilis field(Yang tests application scale after al.2012). et Bacillus BCAs considered for could be large bacterial the that indicated Chrysobacterium cereus (B1301), isolates wereas Bacillus these identified 83.5%, and 92.3 respectively. on 16S Based rDNA sequences, severity up 83.5, to disease reduction to in leading potential, isolates, B1301, PX35, R98 and biocontrol showing maximum siveness 0.7 from isolates of ranged the 92.3%, to three with pathogen suppres - The test. were for advanced greenhouse isolates 40 tests, vitro in on the Based tested. wasase also siderophores, prote and chitinase, cellulase produce to lates assay. culture byblight iso of dual disease, the ability The capsici Phytophthora were against activity per evaluated antagonistic for their phyllosphere, endosphere of and field-grown endorhiza pep (D’aes rot of root bean biocontrol 2011). et of al. Rhizoctonia Pseudomonas during CLPs and azines involvement the indicated results The growth. hyphal of phen influenced and phenazines CLPs deficient both mutants in However,treatment. CLP-deficientthe neither the nor mutant mycelium formutant observed was also phenazine-deficient solani of R. strains of of tips both hyphal branching pronounced observations, revealed plate. microscopic addition, on the In growth during produced thereby removing metabolites the before application and soil to bacteria, the washing after activity. Disease-suppressive of capacity CMR12a decreased, biocontrol production lost entire CLP the and phenazine both Two strain. wild-type deficient the to mutants in compared but plants, less efficiently, bean of protect CMR12a could also solani R. of aggressive AG2-2 aggressive highly the AG4HG1 and strains severity by intermediately caused the disease reduced cantly CMR12a signifi strain wild-type conditions. The chamber BCA of activity nistic the was investigated growth under cyclic and (CLPs)of lipopeptides phenazines antago the in involvementdevelopment The rot of root bean. of Rhizoctonia was evaluated for suppress to the CMR12a its potential strain controlfor (Hwang Benson 2002). and disease Pseudomonas was effective of production phases poinsettia different the showed application of biocontrol that different agents during most provided effective the results that control. The disease application sequential BNR isolates the wasthe in observed colonization by root highest application. combined The the in biocontrol colonization byleast root agents both occurred by The application was method. affected poinsettias rooted BCAs. transplanting Root BCAs colonization by both after BCAs applicationof or combined of both individually both over production cycle crop multiple the the applications than 2010). 2010). Xue and severity (Zhang by 90% to the of 60 disease reduced development preparations the three pathogen. of the All effectively culture and broth suppressed filtrate ml), culture Bacterial isolates (1,487) Bacterial rhizosphere, from obtained in the presence of CMR12a. More branched and denser denser and of presence CMR12a. More branched the in (W-67) cereus (SC-1Bacillus P-1) and (W-67) subtilis B. and SB24 for was under tested its biocontrol potential . A CLP-deficient and phenazine-deficient mutant mutant . ACLP-deficientand phenazine-deficient sp. cereus (PX35). (R98) B. results and The , causal agent Phytophthora , causal of pepper CMR12a-mediated CMR12a-mediated 8 , caus- CFU/ 153 ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 243, 243, ofties of species Streptomyces 2009). investigation, alater et al. activi In antagonistic the rolfsii agement by rot caused root S. of beet sugar for for use man its scale large potential the indicating beet, J-2late weight fresh was more effective of sugar increased and incidence.The iso rot root the reduced isolates significantly the of mixture application filtrate (CF) of biomass culture and Soil seedlings. beet sugar protect to conditions ability for their B-11and of Streptomyces (Sadeghi 2017). et al. (POX) enzymes dase Two isolates J-2 of activity polyphenoloxidaseby increased (PPO) peroxi and (ISR) Streptomyces in respectively. monomycini S. Induction of systemic resistance closethe relationship of C201 C801 and rimosus S. to up 21%. to lings of Analyses 16S revealed sequences rRNA weight- of dry seed the C201 increased soils. Strain infested by incidence 77%disease 80%, and respectively, artificially in damping-off C201 C801 and seedling strains reduced The ofabsence glasshouse NaCl, conditions. under were tested ( pathogen Streptomyces, of cucumber.off disease Two isolates, C201 C801 and of Phytophthora drechsleri ity against of activ were cucumber evaluated antagonistic for their and crude extracts to determine the extracellular antifungal antifungal extracellular the determine to extracts crude and filtrates culture conditions, using their greenhouse under ated (peanut) effective The stem rot disease. isolates were evalu rolfsii Sclerotium against activity nistic antago for their technique culture by weresoils dual screened Actinomycetes (peanut) groundnut isolated from rhizospheric 2011). et al. (Boukaew or streptomycin treatment carboxin efficacythe soil. The BCAequivalenceof infested in to was of 58.75% survival the in the in growing plants chilli of the S. mycarofaciensthan agasintplants philanthi out. S. was carried Under field pathogens both with conditions, inoculation soil antibiotic of streptomycin the that to sulfate. was similar gen patho wilt bacterial pepper the against activity antagonistic mycarofaciens BCA fungal efficiently stemSclerotium rot as the rot and root as philanthi S. conditions. greenhouse under wilt), (chilli) pepper were investigated(bacterial infecting rolfsiiSclerotium fungicide Prosaro W-67. However, were less BCA effective the the strains than the strain more incidence efficiently than disease the reduced SC-1,strains field the when in applied at 10% floweringstage, incidence. The disease reduced application BCA of the strains Spray greenhouse. the in of experiments sclerotia pot bility in via- the reduced significantly strains These stem rot disease. of Sclerotinia germination tial sclerotiorum andweresclero able reduce growth mycelial significantly to 154 Streptomyces and the degree of disease suppression of disease degree the and solanacearum R. S. philanthi S. NR-1-52T. harzianum S. carboxin. fungicide the and > 70%) and presence the in activity cellulase and showing high inhibitory activity against the the against activity showing inhibitory high S. rolfsii S. S. philanthi S. and SS-2-243 isolates (717) rhizosphere the from obtained RL-1-178 and RL-1-178 ® (stem solanacearum rot) Ralstonia and 420SC (Kamal et al. 2015). et al. 420SC (Kamal -treated cucumber plants was inferred was plants cucumber inferred -treated and and SS-2-243 or T. harzianum or SS-2-243 sp. were tested under greenhouse sp. greenhouse under were tested more effectively solanacearum R. RL-1-178 chilli the protected S. philanthi S. , viz. SS-2- mycarofaciens , S. , incitant of damping- , incitant , incitant of groundnut of groundnut , incitant RL-178 suppressed RL-178 suppressed RL-1-178 showed showed RL-1-178 RM-1-138 against Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  , causing canola , resulting , resulting (Errakhi (Errakhi and and ------be a good root colonizer. root agood be of population (ca. High PG4 10 development the pressed it and was found disease of to the effectively PG4 strain conditions. sup The greenhouse under F. oxysporum by caused disease wilt suppressing Fusarium in tomato PG4 efficacy strain The capsici of Lysobacter 2007). Erickson and (Huang disease damping-off against lentil tive protecting in 12 was more effec - strain whereas pea, affecting damping-off R21 more was effectivethe strain as against strain-specific, suppression shoot biomass. disease was and nodule mass The root plant growth, 12 enhanced also strain The cide thiram. was effective as fungi treatment the as the and damping-off 12 against most plants was lentil effective the protecting in viciae 2016). flocculus ity. RP-1A-12 wasas identified closely to Streptomyces related of RP1A-12,extracts reduction of in stem rot sever resulting rolfsii apathogenicityacid, factor of S. of acid indole-acetic (IAA). Production oxalicerophores and RP1A-12 hydrogen produced sid lipase, (HCN), cyanide - rolfsii level high ited S. against of antagonism most effective The traits. isolatepromoting RP1A-12 exhib biocontrol plant growth- and their characterize and activity to that of the fungicide Thiram fungicide of the that to Rlv R21 of most was effective the strain strains the the among with treatment Seed nodule mass. root R21and increased Rlv evaluated. with Treatment seeds of pea by caused Pythium disease the strain VAR03-1 strain the awide to of provided range protection earlier. K84 used Furthermore, by strain that than was greater provided of by protection degree tomato. VAR03-1and The rose severity grapevine, in disease decreased and tumors with VAR03-1 strain the the of number plants reduced significantly plants. Treatmentgens, root-treated before with the planting patho these with was soil infested crops. The these infecting against protect to tomato and rose of grapevine, roots the by soaking was evaluated for crown itsthe efficacyin suppressinggall, 2012). et al. (Baz tubers potato pathogens rot soft in inducing symptom severityease by 65 94% to bacterial by caused both isolateas Streptomyces identified the BCAof The filtrates isolates tuber slices. onapplied were culture and biomassGold, Russet Norland. inoculum The and slices of cvs. potato in soft rot symptoms ing Bintje, Yokon were they and evaluated efficacyin for- suppress vitro in their pathogens, rot soft potato activities against strong antagonistic exhibited 2010). et al. (Puopolo PG4 isolates Four of Streptomyces capsici effect of L. growth-promoting weight, the indicating plant fresh enhanced PG4-treatment Further, FORL. with inoculated plants wasplants 24%, 86% untreated against in as treated in incidence Disease seeds. PG4-coated from growing CFU/g of roots) of plants roots recovered the could be from Rhizobium leguminosarum of biocontrol Rhizobium potential The VA R03-1 R03-1 VA vitis of Agrobacterium nonpathogenicThe strain in providing disease suppression providing disease in a to level equivalence in ( Rlv respectively respectively tumefaciens A. rhizogenes and A. vitis, A. , based on 16S, based rRNAgene (Jacob sequencing et al. ), applied as seed treatment, against damping-off damping-off against treatment, ), seed as applied Pectobacterium carotovorum Pectobacterium f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. spp. affecting pea and lentil was lentil and pea spp. affecting TM - dis sp. the OET reduced . By contrast, the strain strain the . By contrast, , was inhibited by crude by crude , was inhibited (FORL) was assessed and P. and atroseptica strains R12, R20 strains . The isolate . The sp. sp. bv. bv. - - - - - 5

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 capsici suspension zoospore with ofwere Phytophthora inoculated assay. by seedling screened Two-week old seedlings pepper locations were different from plants tomato and ber, pepper (231) strains bacterial of cucum roots soils and isolated from 2003). et al. ofpathogens biocontrol (Ahmed potential The some fungal against increase to appeared activity antagonistic ineffective P. against capsici solani R. against was significant ity of LS674 and of alone. biocontrol Likewise, enhancement activ bacteria the than infection solani more effective R. P. and against capsici suspension with of drenching HS93root 0.5% with was chitin ( rot pressing Phytophthora blight ( licheniformis 2013). et (Kawaguchi al. vitis ARK-1 of Agrobacterium strain with nonpathogenictreatment by reduced significantly be ARK-1, could incidence disease crow gall the that indicating with treatment 0.20 after for and crown gall crown peach gall was 0.38 forIRR, apple 0.16 crown gall, for Japanese pear 2010-2013, during conducted peach with trials showed that Agrobacterium against treatment effectiveness the for indicating of ARK-1 crown tomato gall, ARK-1 with treatment was 0.29 0.16 for and crown rose gall after (IRR) ratio risk showed integrated experiments the that BCA. the with Analysis of of treatment results to greenhouse of developingber plants due was reduced tumor crown gall Agrobacterium tumorigenic with infested soil suspension acell in ofsoaked ARK-1 before the into planting were plants of these roots The was tomato assessed. and rose apple, peach, Japanese pear, affecting disease crown gall the of biocontrol ARK-1 earlier. reduce to potential The strain VAR03-1more effectively nonpathogenic the strain than used crown gall grapevine grapevine-controlled endophyte in an ARK-1 strain vitis nonpathogeniction, the Agrobacterium effectively 2012). Inoue and (Kawaguchi investiga alater In - grapevine have in for disease suppressing potential crown gall of VAR03-1 that from ARK-1 to strain appeared The strain. different development amechanism through grapevines in suppress tumor might nonpathogenic the strains that gested development. not did suppress tumor also sug results The ARK-1 of filtrate culture the and medium pathogen YMA in ARK-1, forroots one year. strains The -2 -3 and not did inhibit on persisted and rootstock tree tions well of on grapevine roots vitis bymation A. ARK-1 for most tumor strain effective the being inhibiting in ARK-1, ARK-2 ARK-3 and incidence, the tumor reduced vitis bymation A. assay suppression to competitors as the for of tumor strains, vitis of A. suspensions cell with of were strains lings inoculated vitis as Agrobacterium identified ARK-1, ARK-2 were unions ARK-3 and graft isolated from 2008b). nonpathogenic 2008a, et(Kawaguchi al. The strains Agrobacterium tumorigenic three host against plants Diseases of Crop Management Biological  B. B. HS93, subtilis of biocontrol Bacillus potential The Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia (Ti), strain VAR03-1 (Ti), strain nonpathogenic one three of and the , causing Phytophthora blight disease. Four strains, , causing strains, Phytophthora Four blight disease. LS674 for was assessed sup T. and harzianum by combining with 0.5% with by combining T. chitin harzianum . The strain ARK-1 its- strain popula established . The . The ratio 1:1 ratio . The of of cells pathogen/strains ) affecting pepper. Seed treatment and and treatment pepper. Seed ) affecting . In the presence of chitin, the the of presence chitin, the . In Phytophthora capsici Phytophthora spp. of results field six The - seed of. Stems grapevine , but this combination was , but this spp. num The ) and root root ) and spp. spp. ------The pathogen was mixed with soil (at soil with pathogen wasThe mixed 5x10 phis Pseudomonas pots. for in ml) planted chlorora 10 and min concentration ofconcentration 5×10 control atapathogen78 94%, to untreated to comparison in ing radish scab. Increasing the frequency of BCA frequency the scab. application radish Increasing ing was concentration effective or higher - reduc in mix potting ease of tomato caused by of caused tomato ease F. oxysporum dis- wilt evaluated efficacyin forsuppressing Fusarium their FC-8B, rockwool were used substrates, soilless isolated from Pseudomonas of Pseudomonas 2008). et al. Strains putida (Kim field under plants also conditions pepper could protect strains P. against plants pepper tive protecting in capsici KJ1R5, KJ2C12, 11S16, and KJ9C8 were consistently effec- (6.2 A10% experiments. pot in (v/v)disease of WoRs-501 mix WoRs-501 most was effective the scab suppressing in potato turgidiscabies WsRs-501late of of stronger S. exhibited inhibition growth isolates wereas StreptomycesThese identified were stolons effective tubers potato to ing and antagonists. fields potato adher or soil in earlier ofsoil grown oats wild fivelates, of actinomycetesfrom rhizosphere either isolated by caused severity disease scab the of reducing potato in lates suppressive disease The effect 2007). al. of putative BCA iso et (Errakhi BCA-treated seeds the from growing seedlings in severity Disease filtrate reduced applied. were (CF) was 88%,and respectively, when culture mycelial and inoculum by 93% most effective,the germination sclerotial inhibiting isolate control. to J-2 The soil, compared was infested tion in spp. J-2, B-11,- germina sclerotial inhibited B-5 B-40 and isolates Four of was assessed. Streptomycesof beet, sugar against (Chandel 2010). control et treatment al. inoculated and untreated with compared significantly incidence disease brevis BCA, Brevibacillus bacterial 2009). (Srinivasan et al. also Another plant growth moted pro strain this and incidence effective disease reducing in dipped in 100 ml of bacterial suspension (10 of 100 bacterial in ml dipped were Roots of pots. seedlings in tomato distributed and ml) application and planting. The strain BAC03 strain planting.application The and at10 between BCA interval time the itsto efficiencyproportion in ment. But delaying BCA the application adversely affected completely and developpopulation disease scab suppressed scabiesat 5days S. beforereduced significantly planting scabies bycaused Streptomyces tively development the suppressed of radish of disease scab tion (Kobayashi 2012). et al. velezensis Bacillus effective suitablean for field candidate a large-scale applica- conditions, be might environmental soil different to adapt to isolate ability with this that soil, indicating of the peratures WsoRs-501 could tolerate awide of range pH levels tem and Pseudomonas by incidence 55% to 20 disease wilt reduced ping treatment The biocontrol potential of soilborne Streptomyces of biocontrol soilborne potential The Streptomyces turgidiscabies MA342 strain applied at7.5 applied strain MA342 x10 × 10 Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotium 8 CFU/g dry mass) reduced the disease severity by mass) disease CFU/g the reduced dry sp. FC-7B, Pseudomonas sp. (at FC-9B strain 10 , compared to other isolates. Furthermore, isolates. other to Furthermore, , compared 4 to 5×10 to incitant of damping-off disease disease of damping-off incitant was assessed. Of the 26 iso 26 the Of was assessed. . The strain BAC03 strain . The applied 6 CFU/g dry soil. The isolate soil. The CFU/g dry suppressed tomato wilt wilt tomato suppressed 9 CFU/ml) was the most was CFU/ml) the 6 f.sp. lycopersici f.sp. CFU/ml, as root dip root as CFU/ml, sp. FC-24B, putida P. 4 chlamydospores/ 8 and 10 and BAC03 effec BAC03 spp. iso The . These BCA. These 5 CFU/cm FC-6B, FC-6B, 9 CFU/ ( spp. spp. Fol 155 3 ). ). ------/ .

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 and and SB6, 2106 2201), and cereus PS1, Bacillus Pseudomonas to fluorescens belonging spp. assessments, 12 vitro on in Based were strains assessed. safflower caused pea canola, by and beet, sugar on development strains of disease ofbacterial damping-off pathogens. levels population required suppress to microbial the to ate prolifer niche, where can they appropriate for and nutrients microorganisms numerous with compete also and soils the conditions in existing environmental various the to adapt to BCAs selected conditions. have The environmental natural prevailing under tion biocontrol for potential assessing their field to advanced conditions, are chamber evalua- growth greenhouse/ effectiveness and on their laboratory based under biological putativeThe control bacterial agents selected 3.1.3.1.3 2006). et al. (Eastwell was seen of grapevines surface BCA external of the the in BCA of point Occasionally, inoculation. atthe persistence xylem xylem the pith and in tissues. the Both vessels the had BCA of presence revealed the the predominantly microscope, tissues, using epifluorescence onObservations inoculated vine. inoculated an cohabited with that plants from extracts the of of soil revealed concentrations detectable Extracts soil line. up 6 abovecm to able cut vines stem sections from in the But gfp- line. soil the the tions near either not did have strain or showedtagged - popula detectable of with planting. Roots time of inoculated plants atthe strain gfp the of amplification by 6months PCR was after evaluated, 1100-6- disposition strain The of genetically tagged mix. potting pasteurized to transferred then and perlite in rooted 6- P. 1100- mutant (GFP).protein fluorescens transformed The gfp with was transformed vitis Agrobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens more effective single application 2004). et al. (Amith than controls. to Twocompared applications BCAs of the were ilus moist soil. Treatment of B.containing with plants tomato pum pots into challenge inoculation at3days after transplanted solanacearum with suspensionsdrenched the soil on flats, was of seeds cv. seeds tomato sowing BCA-treated the Set. Solar After solanacearum by caused Ralstonia disease wilt the evaluated efficacyin bacterial forsuppressing their pumilus 2017). Hao (Meng soil and the present or not in pathogen was the whether BAC03 plant growth, the increased suppression. of strain disease The terms no advantagehad in 156 gfp The effects of treatment of seed with strains of rhizosphere of rhizosphere strains with of effectsseed of treatment The Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) Bacillus rhizobacteria growth-promoting Plant gene in extracts from grapevine inoculated with tagged tagged with inoculated grapevine from gene extracts in P. putida P. and gfp A123 were rhapontici found effective be to Erwinia in was injected into 3-year-old potted grapevine cuttings, cuttings, 3-year-old into was injected grapevine potted Arthrobacter -gene (3/5) in sequence stem well as the as containers, SE34 and Pseudomonas SE34 and putida il Tests Field (5 at6x10 ml reduced wilt disease incidence significantly, incidence disease wilt reduced sp. 2101, Pantoea agglomerans , causing crown gall disease in grapevine grapevine in disease , causing crown gall strain 1100-6 effective strain against gene encoding green fluorescent green gene encoding 7 CFU/ml). Tomato were plants gene was sequence detect (708, 1-2, 1105, 1809, megaterium Bacillus SE89B61 were SE89B61 were Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  , by treating the the , by treating (909, 2-2) Pythium gfp R. R. - - -

dence of seedling blight. The difference between these two these between difference blight. The ofdence seedling µ thermoglucosidasis lets B. of with lily showed of bulb scale treatment greenhouse that commercial environment-controlled and automated an in trial large-scale Sporgon fungicide the (50%with complex). procloraz-Mn A rot of lily, basal blight and comparison in seedling Fusarium F. against biocontrol potential oxysporum and PMS101, 2007). al. by SS 101 strain infection root that assays not did indicated limit of Pseudomonasstrains fluorescens soil, following mutant and untreated application of wild-type 11%to 15%, and respectively, 60–70% in and 34 against as was reduced roots apple Gala seedlings apple and Gala roots of and wheat Infection roots strain. respectivewith bacterial of wheat system or root treated soil of on grown the plants by infection Pythium the reduced development. SS101 Strain 10.24 mutant or the significantly suppressing in disease role study the to resistance of induced SS101 using strain ducted, soil 10.24 or mutant orchard the in investigated.plants split-root The plant assays were con pressed sup ultimately or of absence and presence plant roots the in residentpressed Pythium effectively mutant (wild-type)the and parent Both sup strain by Pythium of apple wheat seedlings and 10.24 massA A)-deficient massetolide surfactant mutant lipopeptides of (Steddom season Merge and of 1999). irrigation efficacy The over of single that yearly commencement applications atthe parasitica welltion, as its biocontrol as P. efficacy against BCA the - popula water increased Application irrigation with developmentthe of Phytophthora parasitica water for suppressing irrigation was in applied 06909-rif/nal afield.gen-infested present patches in Pseudomonas putida expensivecoverage achieveto difficult uniform and of patho soil application general, of In BCAsconcentrations. is both atrequired soil on the products or formulated cultures liquid clearly revealed field under al.2006). conditions et (Arfaoui isolates of activity was the also growth-promoting addition, 48.7% against as 8% chickpea, in control plots. in infection In were most effective the less to incidence wilt than reducing in rum by caused F. disease wilt oxyspo Fusarium chickpea against (14) of Rhizobium 2003). et al. Isolates (Bardin treatment when seed as applied with Pythium infested fields in naturally beet sugar and developmentpressing the pea of dry of canola, damping-off A123 Pantoea agglomerans and P. 708, 1-2, fluorescens 2202, of damping-off. Strains of incidence beet sugar the reducing g/ml) and Sm resulted in a significant reduction in the inci the in reduction asignificant Sm in and resulted g/ml) Pseudomonas fluorescens The actinomycete misionensis Streptomyces The biologicalThe control agents (BCAs) have as applied been Pythium f.sp. ciceris f.sp. S. sioyaensis S. Pythium Bacillus thermoglucosidasis Bacillus spp. via induced systemic resistance (Mazzola et (Mazzola spp. systemic resistance induced via to suppress the population and root infection infection root and population suppress to the . The isolates Pch43. The of Rhizobium Rh4 and infection to the same degree on all host on all degree same the to infection (Ss) PMS502 were evaluated strain for their were evaluated biocontrol for efficacy their populations to an equivalent an level to populations SS101 (cyclic its surfactant and PS1, cereus PS1, B. 2-2 were efficientin sup spp. component on the . The results of results split-root. The (Bt) strain PMB207 (Bt) strain (Bt) or Sporgon (100 causing causing lilli, f.sp. sp. was assessed. , infecting citrus. citrus. , infecting rhapontici E. (Sm) strain spp. spp. ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 cv. 2008). et al. (Uppal Russet Burbank by incidence wilt 29 43% to yield the by 24% increase and on yield (18%) cv. in isolate DF37 The could reduce Kennebec. 19 (ranging from 31%) to parameters wilt all the increased and reduced treatments DF37 M1 MVE and and second-year trial, 55% and the control. to In application, compared for MVE DFto 37 application were respectively 26% 67%, and 45% and discoloration, due vascular and cent infection per reduction in respectively. Kennebec, and on Russet Burbank extent The of effectively disease DF37 plant MVE extract the and reduced of first fieldyear the testing, isolate In Kennebec. and Burbank fieldevaluated under conditions, cultivars usingpotato Russet plant were isolate extract and bacterial The Kennebec. and oration), cvs. (moderately both Russet in Burbank susceptible) (disease discol incidence, severity vascular and parameters isolatewhereas DF37 effectively wilt Verticillium reduced on incidence cv. susceptible), disease the (highly Kennebec M1 was able pumulis reduce to Bacillus conditions. room growth and vitro in under disease wilt Verticillium of potato effectiveness on their development suppressingbased in the were selected, vetch (MVE) extract milk Canada the and 2007). al. fieldet under (Fernando canolaconditions stem rot disease and P. suggested results that chlororaphis The of BCA strains. single receiving plants with sprays compared canola plants, BS6and not did level of provide protection enhancement to Diseases of Crop Management Biological  1–1.2 1–1.2 bulblets or 1-year-old PMS101 bulbs Bt of with lily strain at treatment scale of showedthe field that and trials greenhouse (P >0.05). was not significant of results treatments The ciens chlororaphis Pseudomonas 2012). et al. (Sundaramoorthy strains vidual indi the than incidence more effective disease reducing in were strains plants. Combinations three of pepper the treated induction of (ISR) the systemicnolics resistance indicated in lyase (PAL),ammonia ß (PO),peroxidase polyphenoloxidase (PPO), phenylalanine levels host Higher plant resistance. enhancing of activities of incidence disease by fieldthe house and conditions reduced singly green combination under or in strains bacterial of the pathogenwilt solani Fusarium fluorescens Pseudomonas strains EPCO16 rhizobacterial EPC5, and and subtilis Bacillus of strains compatible endophytic bacterial rot of (Chung lily basal 2011). et al. protective effects The blight and BCAs seedling as for management of Fusarium the effectivenessthe thermoglucosidasis of B. development of lily. rot disease of showed basal results The withoutml) Sporgon effective was also suppressing in the Rovral Flo Rovral effective development suppressing in disease fungicide the as fieldunder conditions.The strains PA-23 and BS6 as were of by canola caused Sclerotiniarot disease sclerotiorum DF41 for was assessed development suppressing the of stem The biocontrol potential of four bacterial strains strains of biocontrol four bacterial potential The could be used for management of used could be the liquefaciens B. E16 amyloliquefaciens Pseudomonas B. and BS5, × 10 8 Pseudomonas fluorescens ® CFU/ml or Sm strain PMS101 or Sm strain CFU/ml at1–1.4 ×10 Pf1 for the protection of pepper (chilli) of for pepper protection against Pf1 the (iprodione). Double-spray application of PA-23 -1,3-glucanase, phe and chitinase Bacillus amyloliquefa Bacillus PA-23, were assessed. Application were assessed. biotype F isolate DF37 biotype S. misionensis S. and 8 CFU/ sp. sp. - - - - -

resting spores of spores resting antibiotics, which not did have effect on surfactant inhibitory as seed treatment was effective, very by treatment greater indicated seed as as soil (sandy loam).natural N4-5 applied extract The ethanol of in biocontrol suppressing damping-off potential determine 3.6). was to applied Figure sandwich technique inoculum The (3 over of experimentation rhizosphere weeks) period the (see ofpopulations Th23:: egfp was no evidence of of inhibition colonization of Th23:: There Thiram. combination N4-5 with in and extract ethanol area soil the to adrench as by strain applying this determined by Th23::zation of rhizosphere cucumber (see seed 3.5). Figure efficiency The coloniof thriam-treated more extensively by Th23:: colonized vations coat was showed seed N4-5 extract-treated that ethanol Microscopic obser of extract N4-5 ethanol with bined strain. coat (100%) system root emerging ( and Th23:: effect of extract of N4-5 ethanol vitro.no inhibitory in Isolate Th23:: found compatible be to . The isolates with of T. harzianum was clay ofsandy extract N4-5 ethanol soil. loam The strain ultimum by caused cucumber Pythium effectively development the suppressed of of damping-off treatment seed as applied N4-5 strain, marcescens Serratia 2013). et al. (Lahlali Serenade suppression in resistance, of clubroot development disease by involvement systemic antibiosis induced and of mechanisms, possibility of suggested results the control plants. The the to biofungicide, the with relative 2.3-fold to 2.2- treated plants in BnCCR) and panoid (BnOPCL pathways by were upregulated jasmonic acid (BnOPR2), ethylene (BnACO) phenylpro and (r time = 0.84 same 0.95).to at the assessed encoding Genes (%) infection assay hair root with were strongly correlated 14 99%to by at7and Serenade DAS. of results QPCR The pathogen DNA byThe canola roots 26 content in was reduced severity extent only the to disease of 62 the reduce 86%. to development. components could individual the By contrast, one application, providing complete suppression of disease nents. Two applications of were Serenade more effective than brassicae by infection ing P. brassicae well P. as assay colonization by root assess to was used brassicae of P. zoospores secondary and primary (DAS) 7or 14 seeding at transplanting target to days after brassicae P. with infested mix planting the to (v/v).centration BCA its The components were and applied conditions,controlled by applying at5% drench asoil as con suspension) brassicae by on infection P. and bacterial of or its Serenade components (product filtrate field of applicationthe The inconsistent. timing effect was of in conditions, controlled butcanola under its performance containing tion biofungicide of (formula The Serenade canola. disease root - QST713 strain produced lipopeptides and and lipopeptides QST713 produced subtilis strain Bacillus The ethanol extract of the bacterial biocontrol agent (BCA) bacterial of extract the ethanol The by seed treatment with N4-5 ethanol extract. Similar N4-5 with Similar extract. ethanol treatment by seed hph hph -egfp - egfp and GL-21showed and isolates of T. harzianum consistently colonized the cucumber seed seed cucumber consistently the colonized QST713) subtilis B. clubroot suppressed on Plasmodiophora brassicae Plasmodiophora . Serenade was. Serenade more effective- reduc in hph - egfp were detected in the cucumber cucumber the in were detected than the individual compo individual the than hph-egfp in potting mix and in in and mix potting in > 94%), when com was assessed under under was assessed hph , incitant of club, incitant - egfp strain than on than strain at seeding or atseeding B. subtilis B. strain was strain . QPCR . QPCR hph- , as , as 157 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 FP35 and strain of Serratia plymuthica strain and FP35 2016).et al. (Roberts combination isolates with or in of T. harzianum ofsuppression either cucumber alone disease of damping-off for marcescens of of extract S. of N4-5 ethanol potential strain the fieldindicated butresults The improved another soil. in effectiveness reduction in result in suppression, of disease N4-5 isolates not isolates did with extract of T. harzianum containing Mycostop,product commercial the GL-21 and and strains application of Th23:: in-furrow effective the than was more generally treatment seed as ofextract N4-5 strain, ethanol control. The untreated with compared plant stand, Society, Phytopathological MN] of American the 2016 etal. permission of Roberts [Courtesy kind with and G: live and N4-5 N4-5 strain. with ethanol treated view of seed Th23:: by colonization and thiram with treated view seed of D: magnified and ethanol with B: treated seed thiram; with 3.5 FIGURE 158 the biocontrol potential of the strains against wheat take-all wheat take-all against strains of biocontrol the the potential phenazine-1-carboxylicand acid (PCA), which determine respectively, produce, HC9-07 and cyclic (CLP) lipopeptide Benlioglu 2010). Pseudomonas fluorescens and (Erdogan 2006 in yield treatments cotton the among seed in was no significance there whereas 2005, in Maxxa 23.0%to cv. in Sayar314 4.2 from 12.8% to and cv. in Acala yieldcotton BCA with 13.1 by from isolates treatment ranged seed in increase by BCA The the treatments. impacted cially were benefi also parameters growth The 2006. and 2005 in AUDPC 22.1the from values, ranging 50.9% to field in trials with BCA isolatesreduced bacterization seed field.cotton The infested yield and anaturally in growth of cotton parameters development, wilt Verticillium on cotton for impact the uated Four strains of Pseudomonas strains Four Streptomyces griseoviridis Streptomyces

Effects of different treatments on colonization of cucumber seeds onby T. seeds of cucumber harzianum oncolonization treatments of different Effects sp. FP22, FP23, FP30 and and FP30 FP23, sp. FP22, strain K61. strain Combining HRO-C48 were eval HRO-C48 Serratia marcescens Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  strains HC1-07 strains hph-egfp N4-5 ethanol extract; C: seed treatment with gelatin and live N4-5 strain; live N4-5 and strain; gelatin with treatment C: seed extract; N4-5 ethanol - -

vidually or in combination. or Atin vidually 10 either applied indi HC1-07rif H09-07rif and strain the than more development effectivelysuppressed disease of take-all The strain HC1-07PH2 atadose of applied strain 10The isolates of of three growth hyphal the sistently inhibited HC1-07PH2 Ggt against strain biocontrol recombinant of the activity the enhance to strain tha seven-gene for operon synthesis of P. PCA the from synxan pathogen also (Sotoyamaalso 2017). et al. possibly severity and tomato crops in disease other wilt in rial bacte for the useful reducing be might IUMC7 loliquefaciens B. with amy compost amended mushroom The lipopeptides. iturin-like an be might IUMC7 by strain the produced pounds comdiography assay showed one antimicrobial of the that layer chromatography-bioautora Thin - strain. IUMC7 with Population of control. the to conditions, compared greenhouse under plants severity tomato in disease wilt bacterial the itand reduced soil the into was incorporated IUMC7 strain the with infested compost mushroom several crops. The affecting disease wilt solanacearum ment of Ralstonia (CF) showed fortrate develop suppressing potential the including HC1-07PHZ (Yang strains individual 2017). et al. levelthe greater than nificantly to wheat protection of plants provided combination HC1-07rif sig +HC9-07rif strain the hph-egfp IUMC7 and its culture fil its culture and IUMC7 amyloliquefaciens Bacillus 2-79 P. HC1-07 the into fluorescens was rif introduced strain; E:magnified view of untreated seed; F: magnified magnified F: seed; view untreated of E:magnified strain; var. tritici ( tritici var. graminis Gaeumannomyces decreased in soil inoculated soil inoculated in decreased solanacearum R. Th23:: . The strain HC1-07PHZ con strain . The hph-egfp , causal agent of bacterial agent, causal of bacterial 4 CFU/seed concentration, concentration, CFU/seed strain A: seed treated treated A: seed strain 2 CFU/kg seed seed CFU/kg Ggt ) The ) The Ggt ------. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 American Phytopathological Society, MN] Phytopathological American of the 2016 etal. permission of Roberts [Courtesy kind with and Diseases of Crop Management Biological  metric particles of 25–50 nm in diameter, inducing latent inducing diameter, in of nm 25–50 particles metric nonenveloped with which include viruses iso Partitiviridae, and two classifiedinto mycoviruses are families, Totiviridae ds-RNA unclassified.Isometric remain viruses some ds-RNA nucleotide and and sequences segments, capsid structure the of number on genome based families, three classifiedinto (ss)-RNA genome. mycoviruses are ds-RNA their The as may haveruses (ds)-RNA double-stranded or single-stranded mycovi The Fungi. belonging Kingdom, major the to taxa all able Mycoviruses infect to are nature. in plant diseases ancing is considered have to of hypovirulence arole counterbal in phenomenon The hypovirulence. as is termed tion by viruses, pathogens, following of fungal - infec Reduction virulence in 3.1.4.1 v 3.1.4 3.6 FIGURE for experiment 2 = 0.2951 based on the mean log 2=0.2951 mean for onthe experiment based ≤ (P different cantly not signifi are subfigure (A/B) same the in letter same the with 2 Bars B: 1and experiment agent A: experiment biocontrol by the cucumber of oncolonization extract, N4-5 ethanol and thiram with treatment seed Th23:: hph-egfp Viruses Infecting Fungal Pathogens Fungal Infecting Viruses iral

in-furrow drench to the seed area in combination with with combination in area seed the to drench in-furrow B Effects of application of T. of application Effects harzianum iological 0.05); LSD for experiment 1 = 0.3963 and LSD 0.05); 1=0.3963 LSD for and LSD experiment C ontrol A gents 10 CFU/rhizosphere. CFU/rhizosphere. isolate isolate - - - - virulent isolates, resulted in significantly less disease and disease significantly less in isolates, resulted virulent Pn117hypovirulent at 3days with inoculation to prior strain Phytophthora nicotianae 2010). sclerotiorum DT-8 strain vegetativelyfrom to transmitted incompatible (SsHADV-1) DNA virus hypovirulence-associated could be al. 2002). investigational. later The showed that possibleds-RNA transmission of was (Melzer et intraspecific Sm10from Ss275. not from and revealed results that The the isolate that Sm10T derived analysis confirmed was RAPD Ss275. isolated from ds-RNA from cDNA prepared probe The converted isolates Sm1OT aDIG-labeled with hybridized one of isolated from the ds-RNA hybridizations, northern well. pathogenicity as and In phenotypes hypovirulent the of converted isolates of characteristics Sm10 cultural all had minor one to isolate of S. transmitted was successfully phenotype hypovirulent was The observed. Sclerotinia minor (with mycelial high incompatibility) isolates five to of virulent isolate Ss275 hypovirulent from sclerotiorum phenotype of S. hypovirulent and ds-RNA sion of ahypovirulence-associated rum to hypovirulence mycovirus conferring DNA A geminivirus-related 2006). et al. (Xie strains virulent invasion against by normal seedlings subsequently protected EP-1PNA1 to EP-1PN transmitted could be and soil also the in colonynormal morphology. of phenotype debilitation The Ep-1PNA1, progeny ascospore of EP-1PN avirulent with 1week leaves it by and could protect more than attack from Ep-1PNstrain could survive on leaves for rape of oilseed leaves debilitated detached colonize to The rape. of oilseed Sunf-M, when allowed strain levels ulence wild-type the as vir progeny ascospore anastomosis. similar The hyphal had rum sclerotio of reproduction of sexual S. nature homothallic (SsDRV) virus RNA cycle. sexual ated passing through The sclerotiorum of S. failure the indicating colony typical and morphology, rate growth normal exhibited Ep-1PN strain of Sclerotinia debilitated the sclerotiorum following progeny ascospore The derived from transfection. by ds-RNA anastomosis, hypovirulence-associated transmit host-encoded vesiclesthe (Dawe Nuss and 2001). enclosed in are ds-RNAs lack their conventional and virions 1998).(Ghabrial Hypoviridae family included the in Viruses genusof the Partitivirus genus of Members host the fungi. their in frequently infections 198 and 198 isolate of P. virulent to compared symptoms, nicotianae isolate Pn117 were The planted. trees rus less severe induced cit for activity after 7months, rhizosphere cations sustain to for appli additional byisolate nonrequirement was indicated biocontrol efficacy The this hypovirulent roots. of on citrus nicotianae Phytophthora root rot disease of citrus is induced by is induced of citrus rot disease Phytophthora root Many fungal species have been shown to intraspecifically have species shownMany fungal been intraspecifically to - transmis Intraspecific characterized. was isolated and of SsDRV transmission the would impede also through Totivirus P. palmivora isolate Pn117 hypovirulent as was characterized strain with relatively with (Yu strain frequency high et al. have genome, nonsegmented members while (with fewer mycelial groups) compatibility Pp99. Inoculation of all rootstocks with with rootstocks Pp99. of all Inoculation and and genus have genomes segmented P. palmivora Sm10. putatively Three Sclerotinia sclerotio debilitation-associ P. P. Florida. in S. sclerotiorum S. 159 Pn Pn S. S. ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 tiorum sclero S. infecting host of range The two 2007). viruses et al. its single colonies within (Sasaki and subcultures transfected virus- among apples. level varied The accumulation of virus level displayed on morphology and similar ture of virulence cul in strains wild-type from were indistinguishable strains isolates. Virus-cured virus-free the lesions than on apple fruits smaller produced strains anastomosis. Virus-infected hyphal isolates via back-inoculatedcould be respective to virus-free infection necatrix of R. sis confirmed analy hybridization northern and Electrophoresis particles. RnMTRV-3 isolate (W370) purified with were transferred field were incompatiblethat somatically virus-harboring with pathogen. Two isolates W97) (W37 and fungal virus-free factor white rot of the hypovirulence the as established and as Rosellinia isolated from ily Reoviridae necatrix study, genus of a member the Mycoreovirus necatrix R. lence in also hypoviru exhibited S8-deficient the strain mutant and lost one segment (S8) of W370 subculture during ds-RNA necatrix R. factor in hypovirulence W370 that was indicated results the ds-RNA The planta. in 16.7% ds-RNA ofthan the free became but these seedlings, more killed Some strains W370strains. ds-RNA-containing ds-RNA-free the with 50 inoculated 100% to for seedlings and strains W370 the with ds-RNA-containing inoculated 16.7% 0% and between ranging were that apple in seedlings RT37-1 strain parent mortality their with on apple seedlings, than were less virulent strains W370 ds-RNA-transmitted W370. with contact hyphal or none fashion through The all in RT37-1,strain of W370 strain a ds-RNA-free derived from hygromycin to B-resistant transmitted could be ds-RNA 12 The segments of W370 strongly and virulent. ds-RNA-free its became hyphal-tips W370 and strain virulent was weakly The apossiblerepresent Reoviridae. family of member the W370 with12late ds-RNA segments, considered to contains woody necatrix other plants. R. and trees fruit infects 2007). control agents (Colburncal Graham and favor that the prolification biologiof amendments differential viride BCAs the By Pseudomonas contrast, putida application. or repeated amendments soil with persisted and isolate effectively hypovirulent the host roots the colonized oflates P. nicotianae effective for iso an as use potential BCAthe virulent against P. palmivora subsequent reducing colonization by carbohydrates, structural loss to lead might of cortex non root isolate in hypovirulent (resources) of the available host Preestablishment roots. in isolates for nutrients and space virulent and hypovirulent the palmivora P. single with with inoculation compared was preinoculated, Pn117 if was reduced, citrus coinoculated from Pp99 strain isolates alone. Recovery of virulent with virulent inoculated seedlings to compared of roots, amounts production of greater 160 Rosellinia necatrix mycoreovirus necatrix Rosellinia Rosellinia necatrix required weekly or addition of augmentations organic required was investigated. Two partitivirus mycoviruses, the alone, indicating the possible the alone, competition indicating between . The results indicated that the isolate Pn117 the that indicated results . The had (Kanematsu et al. 2004). In the further further the 2004). et al. In (Kanematsu and P. palmivora and , incitant of white root rot disease, of rot disease, white root , incitant . Furthermore, one strain one strain . Furthermore, 3(W370) (RnMYRV-3) by RnMYRV-3, which , infecting citrus, since since citrus, , infecting and Trichoderma and Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  within the fam the within was named was named iso ------black by rot caused by investigationment the was approach, indicated on cabbage Use preantibiotic era. of the phages, amanage in beings as wastherapy for applied human control of in the dysentery under fieldtests conditions.Bacteriophage further by firmed con phages be to selected of has biocontrol the potential The lengths. tail and sizes head Siphoviridae different with and groups, Myoviridae different Podoviridae, three into sified clas- phages replication. hosts for are The their bacterial their that subvertthe metabolism of bacteria infecting specifically biosphere.logical entities the viruses present in Phages are bio one mostBacteriophages of abundant or phages the are 3.1.4.2 2010). et al. host of range extending the mycovirusesin (Kanematsu showedresults was useful protoplast method inoculation that The was observed. rarely conidia through transmission tical However, method. culture by dual demonstrated readily ver anastomosis was hyphal through strains wild-type virus-free, to newly from strains infected viruses of both transmission sitica myceliaregenerated of Diaporthe genomes in of of presence ds-RNA viral The particles. virus plant pathogens protoplasts purified of with the fungal (MYRV3) Rosellinia from necatrix RnPV1-W8 (RnPV1) mycovirus RnMyRV3/W370 the and vorum isolated they phages addition, effectiveIn against pathogen phage tubers. of of prevented and the potato rotting carotovorum carotovorum of Pectobacterium growth the pressed sup soil the isolated bacteriophages from that demonstrated (1925) 19th early Coons century. the and Kotila in menced com plant diseases phages for management of bacterial the 1924). Hemstreet and Application of bacterio (Mallmann subsp. by atrosepticum caused Pectobacterium effectivenessphages. The of phagessuppressing in soft rot phage low isolates the and cost ofof production of preparing exploited, been of relative of has crops eases the because ease of phages for development suppressing the - dis of bacterial riveras (Coons soil water 1925). and Kotila and potential The such sources ofwere anumber environmental isolated from cides, phages occur naturally in the environment without environment any the in naturally cides, phages occur bio chemical Unlike targeted. pathogenof being species the a host range, which allows strains productive on all infection biocontrol applications should exclusively be possess and lytic release of the to progeny Ideally, phage particles. aphage for lysis in ing (death) ultimately, host of bacterium the leading result cause infections that those phage. phages are Virulent biocontrol exclusive is the cycle lytic (virulent) of the nature of applicability bacteriophage the factor forpal determining effective be to some investigations. in reported princi The pathogens been has for suppressing bacterial some soilborne 1925). Coons and Kotila Use of bacteriophage biocontrol tuber, respectively potato rot and (Coons 1925; Kotila and Valsa ceratosperma Valsa and subsp. carotovorum carotovorum Viruses Infecting Bacterial Pathogens Infecting Viruses , causing potato blackleg Coinoculation , causing disease. potato was demonstrated, using slices of car was demonstrated, Xanthomonas campestris tumefaciens Agrobacterium and was confirmed. Horizontal Horizontal was confirmed. Cryphonectria para Cryphonectria sp., were inoculated onto were inoculated and P. carotovorum and pv. pv. campestris P. caroto subsp. ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Diseases of Crop Management Biological  R. solanacearum of R. strains infected specifically significantly. phagesto that of kinds phages differed Different (ii) and levelsadsorption strains of of bacterial susceptibility pathogens, prevents by bacterial produced phage charides two faced majortings, problems: (i) polysac extracellular - set pathogen. agricultural by Phage in therapy induced this disease wilt bacterial the management system for containing effective an requiring propagules, infected equipment and water, water, surface irrigation farm soil, contaminated via is easily disseminated solanacearum R. Furthermore, time. 2010).et al. of lysis lysogeny properties and the of cycles life (Murugaiyan solanacearum of R. PE226 strains consistently plaques clear on formed nine of phage that PE226 wasfrom different (2007). et al. But of genomeKawasaki the organization infecting at 30 culture solanacearum R. lawn Plaques weretion phage on of of the formed tested. the - concentra the to proportional plaques agar. soft are CPG The pathogen coloniesbyformed host developed bacterial on due lysis to culture) lawns susceptible of on the the bacterial plaques formed phages (the produced The areas clear cedure. phages was the assayed overlay by softagar containing pro supernatant the and centrifuged saline, phosphate buffered in for samples soil were incubated 48 h. The suspended and ease solanacearum Ralstonia of with of strains cultures overnight flask Each seeded was water. waterholdingadjusted 40% to distilled with capacity levelthe moisture and samples flasks were in placed was fields.sieving, tobacco After and the soil tomato, pepper for 2017). et al. centrations several weeks (Buttimer have atrelatively soil shown the been persist to in stable con combination. However,in favorable under conditions, phages may cause phage inactivation or type soil either individually content and matter soil factors such organic pH, moisture, as Many of aspecies bacteria. within strains to limited being gens. Phages have generally host range, typically anarrow obligate patho are they since is present, species host bacterial long as any environment the as in numbers high persistto in available tend They are them. to species susceptible bacterial the if of number application, phages the increases, After harm. phages, infecting Ralstonia phages, infecting long,had from other shape, different which filamentous was tomato, respectively. and pepper TM227 PE226 Both and werethey probably were they although isolated from related, two of phages the showed genomic characteristics the that of strains nine plaques clear on generated all TM227 PE226 and phage arelatively PE26 had hosts. wide host of range bacterial . Afilamentous solanacearum by R. infected plants crop three the of rhizospheres the from ficitythe phages of obtained host speci were the tobacco test to pepper, used and tomato 4) 1(biovars 3isolated from including 3and race race and 2010). et al. (Murugaiyan solanacearum of R. strains Nine tested. The morphological properties and and morphological properties The tested. solanacearum R. can survive in the soil for soil the long survive in can solanacearum Ralstonia Soil samples for phage isolation from were collected strains was reported earlier by earlier was reported strains solanacearum R. , it might be a typical temperate phage carrying phage carrying temperate atypical , it be might - dis wilt agent, causal of bacterial spp. phage Ø A filamentous ° C, after incubation for h 24 after C, Ø RSS1. phage the As , belonging belonging , RSS1, RSS1, - - - - - , were detected in foliar plant atlevels tissues in were 10 detected as high as plants. tomato Phages phages were surrounding soil to applied the stems, into translocation and rhizosphere the phages in of survival the determine to pathogens. order In target and densities influencedinoculum phages by both significantly of efficacy is the as importance, pathogens is of critical terial - bac target the close to in proximity rhizosphere sphere and (Addy disease wilt 2012). for et al. bacterial tomato strategy develop approachof employing the phages amanagement as ticles continuously. were produced possible It be might to conditions phage par appropriate under infections, produce by Ø infected cells bacterial the As 10 cells for disease prevention forcells disease was approximately 10 solanacearum R. by infection virulent against plants tomato protected cells Ø with pretreatment Furthermore, (PR) genes, including PR-1, PR-2b PR-7 and plants. tomato in expression ofBut enhanced cells pathogenesis-related these disease. wilt not bacterial did plants induce tomato into cells of Ø Inoculation reduced. Ø (Fujiwara incidence ease 2011). et al. phage filamentous The phage provide might and effective prevention- of dis wilt by Ø were not killed cells solanacearum R. soil. all As and plants in persistence its indicating postinoculation, at4months soil and plants (37–50 was relatively temperatures athigh stable soil, especially in Phage Ø wilted. withoutcontrol plants phage treatment of duration 18 experimental days, the whereas during toms Ø with treated movement cells. Tomato of bacterial root-inoculated plants Ø Ø to nacearum of Ralstonia susceptibility sola the indicating a long period, lower host density cell (1/3 over of control) were maintained byinfection Ø contrast, In culture. cell addition of bacterial phage the to at30 hafter phages by recognized couldinfection be these host density. cell the in to a rapid resistant cells increase The in phages combination resulted other either with aloneor in Ø with Infection was assessed. disease wilt Ø phages Ø lytic efficacythree tion. The of proposi apractical be to of appeared crops diseases terial 2007; 2009). Fujiwara et al. Kawasaki 2008; et al. plaques (10–15 diameter) on assay mm plates (Yamada et al. lyse 14 1, large very race formed from 3 or 4 and of 15 strains Ø mycovirus, lysed phage 10 Another of 15 strains. tested 1,race biovar 3or 4and 1, N2 or 4. Phage Ø of 15 strains species, all wide a very hostwith infected range Phage Ø terized. biovars,- and/or races were charac different to isolated and and its virulence was also was also its virulence and solanacearum R. RSM infected and growth penetration, RSL1 limited phage drastically RSL1 development suppressing in the of bacterial tomato RSB1 T7-like morphologywith (Podoviridae) was able to 7 Persistence of phages at high populations in the phylloPersistence the of in phagespopulations athigh Application of for bacteriophages management of- bac the plaque forming units (PFU)/g plant tissue in the upper upper the plant (PFU)/g tissue in units plaque forming ° C). of Phage recovered tomato roots could be from strains. The effective The dose of Ø strains. RSL1, lysis and cells in resulting of bacterial RSL1. Pretreatment of tomato seedlings with RSL1. with of seedlings tomato Pretreatment RSL1 phage not did exhibit symp wilting RSA1, P2-like head-tail virus (Myoviridae) virus RSA1, head-tail P2-like RSL1, cells of coexistence bacterial the RSM3-infected bacterial pathogen bacterial RSM3-infected RSM3-infected pathogen RSM3-infected RSM3 could grow and RSM3 could grow and RSA1, RSA1, RSA1 Ø and RSM3-infected RSL1, another Ø 5 RSB1 and CFU/ml. CFU/ml. RSB1 RSB1 RSL1 RSL1 161 6 – - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 In a later investigation, onto a later In scions healthy were grafted Gomphrena globosa GFLV GFLV against mild with on Protection infection strains host ofherbaceous GFLV 1989; et (Huss al. 1993). et al. Legin severity of on Chenopodium symptoms quinoa comparative and strains different with infected grapevines analysis of were identified performance comparativeby virus closely Arabis mosaic the and virus related Xiphinema index nematode ectoparasitic by soilborne GFLV the is transmitted responsibleeration losses production. for in substantial 2017). or low) 2013, (high 2002, (Narayanasamy perature regimes tem or unusual chemicals to plants or virus-infected viruses by produced exposing or may they artificially be strains ring occur naturally from may selected be tomato. strains Mild like annuals and citrus like crops for of perennial protection effectively been has management strategy applied adisease as Cross-protection severe the with strain. strain mild ness of the - extent related on the The of depends protection virus. related or virus same of of by severe the toms infection the strain do not plants develop strain-inoculated symp mild The virus. by or related infection severe against plants the strain protect to involvesprotection of avirus application strains of mild phenomenon pathogens. of the The of cross- strains virulent of infection against plants protect to known pathogens are bacterial and ofNonpathogenic fungal isolates or strains 3.1.4.3 2017). et al. isolate (Lee significantly,the phage phagesof on differed the depending were stable at16 diversity phages selected of for the investigation. phages The the extentof phageindicated of isolates genetic fingerprints Phylogenetic was generated. drogram on DNA analysis based of host specificity. Core phages (24)andden a selected were isolation the ofin 189 single phages showing wide spectrum isolationsfrom weresoil resulted plaques identified. Repeated diverse was investigated.disease Bacteriophages capable of lysing development suppressingof in the bacteriophages of rot soft effectiveness The carrot. and of potato cause soft rot diseases 2012). et al. pathogen (Iriarte Pectobacterium disease lack of activity bacterial tomato of phage therapeutic against the indicating pathogen inoculation, at3daysapplied after of Phage inoculation. applicationat time was ineffective, if phage suspension was at3days applied before and inoculation when reduction was the observed, disease ments. Minimum pathogen treat postinoculation and preinoculation as plants tomato was surrounding soil to applied disease wilt bacterial solanacearum ofto Ralstonia phage specific Suspension roots. by 15th undamaged with the plants day in and roots by seventhdetection the damaged with plants day in of below plummeted limit and the drastically tions decreased leaves application. attwo stems Phage days- popula and after 162 (GFLV) virus leaf fan degenGrapevine grapevine causes Pectobacterium Strains ofStrains Plant Viruses Mild with Cross-Protection ° from vine to vine. Mild strains of GFLV strains Mild vine. to vine from C–40 was earlier reported (Bianco et al. 1988). et al. (Bianco reported was earlier ° species and isolates from plant and plant isolates and from and species C and pH 6.7.C and (stability) viability The Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  , causing tomato , asystemic (ArMV) (ArMV) spp. spp. ------GFLV 2008). et al. (Komar disease viable the approachfor economically managing an not be might strains mild with of grapevines cross-protection that indicated results The was not affected. fruit of the quality the 17%, respectively, by ArMV-Ta GFLV-G and but Hu strains, consistently.rate However, yield by was 9% reduced fruit and infection challenge reduced significantly had vines protected (IC)-RT-PCR-RFLP analysis. Cross- by immunocapture isolates gene of coat protein superinfecting by characterizing GFLV-G GFLV vines, Hu-protected was monitored infection GFLV-specificin the case antibodies of In tests.DAS-ELISA by ArMV-Tacross-protected wasby verified, employing ofsecutive GFLV control plants. Presence in years vines in was over on plants test symptoms monitored disease 9con GFLVwith using index X. was performed of GFLV-Gstrains Hu or ArMV-Ta. inoculation Challenge protective mild with were or infected that healthy rootstocks path antagonism includes antagonistic activities based on includes activities based antagonism antagonistic path inaccessible. plants Mixed- required pathogen orthe making pathogen development the inhibit by starving-out indirectly pathogenBCA may for the nutrients also and and/or space plant pathogens. microbial Competition the between against host defense system. BCAs Several resistance induce fungal gen, level but the by activating of is enhanced host resistance physical patho by BCA is fungal made the contact the with no antagonism, of case indirect the in whereas antagonism, pathogen direct represents the kill and BCAof the parasitize to ability The 2006). Gardener and (Pal antagonism mixed-path (iii) and antagonism (ii) indirect antagonism, (i)nism: direct of biocontrol antago agentsfungal (BCAs) types three via plant pathogenMicrobial development by may suppressed be 2013). 2002, pathogens (Narayanasamy microbial to tance of levels enhancement in resulting may promoted, of be resis- host pathogens. plant growth Further, target the to resistance systemic by inductiontissues pathogen of and/or and the local or space, preventionand/ of colonization ofhost specific (root) antibiosis,action such parasitism, competition as for nutrients of of mechanisms different control agents resultant may the be Suppression of development pathogens by bio of the fungal 3.1.5.1 outside field. and the within spread and incidence disease most for effective the in reducing manner potential their ing for exploit limitations and requirements their pathogens and of biocontrol action of the agents mechanisms on the various pathogen(s). microbial target understand to It is necessary the action against versatile in and environment soil tent in by have induced them stable, diseases be to gens- persis and agents for applied suppression of development patho of the biological equipments. The control farm water and irrigation propagules, and seeds through transmitted Some of are them soil. via dissemination addition the to in ofmodes dispersal, plant pathogens may microbial haveSoilborne additional m 3.1.5 B Fungal Biological Agents Control Fungal iocontrol echanisms A

of gents A ction

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------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia inhibit that peptide a small compounds. of (Woo Strains 2006). et trees al. fruit and etables, ornamentals improve for and ferent yield protect to use countries of veg Trichoderma different 50 than the of more reflected by availability as control agents, have for that biopathogen. as use potential fungi Among host the nutrition from (BCAs) for obtaining is required pathogen biocontrol by of agents fungal fungal Parasitization 3.1.5.1.1 (Stergiopoulos plant chitinases Wit de against and 2009). of Avr4 binding that Trichoderma could protect chitin to fulvum Avr4lence protein Cladosporium from atroviride T. and zianum (SSCP) cysteine-rich protein har secreted was T. present in analysisDiez showed 2009). proteome et al. The a small that (Mor endopolygalacturonase, PG1 the T. from harzianum involved also are with active in it colonization, as root occurs enzymes wall-degrading cell Plant 2006). Chet and (Viterbo plant defense from tips hyphal compounds the protecting and surface root the to possiblyroots, its attachment by enhancing hydrophobin Tas Hyd1, colonization of plant which supports wall development.wall cell to related proteins expansin-like and surface cell fungal phobic outer-most of the proteins layer wall cell coat the that by hydro hydrophobins, small may mediated be which are photosynthesis. of Adherence Trichoderma of leaf rate increased and of defensecoordination mechanisms available Trichoderma to resource plant-derived important and isplants sucrose an Trichoderma biotic (Shoresh abioticagainst and damage 2010). et al. efficiency,andof defenses stimulation plant germination seed use nutrient enhancement, yieldand of through plants crop able growth the promote to are strains zosphere-competent some Trichoderma investigations.various Furthermore, revealed by been has resistance (ISR)resistance or localized elicitation systemic of induced through viruses, and bacteria of range a broad plant pathogens, including oomycetes, fungi, of Trichoderma ability The rhizosphere. the of Trichoderma establishment the facilitate factors that the of availability are root-derived prey nutrients and the as gens (Kubicek 2011). et al. pathogens of presence fungal The how BCAs development the the suppressed patho of fungal bywas using studied of mycoparasitism(BCAs) mechanism The was performed. biocontrol agentsgenome analysis of sequence two important competitive mycoparasitic The and potential. antagonistic their through or soil on plant roots the in gens, primarily development the by inhibiting diseases crop patho of fungal severity the of reduce can ecosystem.different Some strains antibiotics toxic or metabolites pathogens. to enzymes, of kinds BCA of different the ability various produce to the Diseases of Crop Management Biological  The genusThe Trichoderma Trichoderma Mycoparasitism strains are present in the rhizospheres of many rhizospheres the present in are strains -based agricultural products registered in dif in registered products agricultural -based (Th) produces trichodermin and and trichodermin (Th) produces T. harzianum secrete various enzymes and antimicrobial antimicrobial and enzymes various secrete Trichoderma Trichoderma asperellum Trichoderma T. atroviride T. and it and was ahomologue aviru of the sp., colonization, root facilitating includes found species many in spp. appears to be the leader, the be to spp. appears and and T. virens T. to the root surface surface root the to produces class produces I spp. to suppress suppress spp. to to understand understand to . It is possible , which in , which in spp. in rhi á n------

OA by was degraded of oxalic acid (OA) on the degradation mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Howellmicroscope 2003). minitans Coniothyrium solani solani of R. potential inoculum the reduction in likely result to in this enzyme. Degradation of OA Degradation enzyme. by C. this ß production of enhanced with OA was correlated degradation ambient 2.9 pH the from 6.6. to in increase with correlated of spread The 8.3–8.6. to 3.4–4.8 from was increased cultures 20° of sclerotia soil. by Destruction pathogen the in (sclerotia),bodies of survivability/viability the the reducing sive well hyphae, as resting the as mycoparasites penetrating Trichoderma BCAs virens like fungal 1998). et al. (Bertagnolli Several solani by R. produced those effective compound, eveninhibitory atlow than concentration is amore powerful by T. produced compound gal harzianum mycelial of the growth capable of inhibiting acoumarin-derivative, secretes turn, contrast, (SEM). microscope electron By scanning observation under suppression of P. growth oftual the capsici zianum ofhyphae The whole pathogen over of colony the surface sporulate it. and of growth per. developmentpressing the Phytophthora blight pep of in the was rochei evaluated for efficacyin supStreptomyces the BCA, combination acompatible with alone or in bacterial of minitans biocontrol C. potential sclerotiorum S. by minitans C. oxalate degradation was negatively of by presence role oxalate. the The of affected sclerotiorum of infection of hyphae suggestedresults S. that minitans C. (0.25–2.0/g) aggressiveness the suppressed by of parasitism investigation,a later PDA of oxalate in synthetic amendment ofaddition parasitism to by BCA host which in plants, the protect a mechanism might sclerotia by qPCR assay revealed a decrease in the genomic sclerotia the in by assay qPCR revealed adecrease of Sclerotinia incubation. Quantification after interval in increase with continued germination in decrease myceliuming one day, by was 50% reduced within the and of sclerotia by- produc Germination culture. T. harzianum pathogen. sclerotiorum and Sclerotia of S. genomic DNAs BCA the the of both quantify and detect to harzianum study,later mycoparasitism of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum a In 2007). et al. P. (Ezziyyani against activity trol capsici responsible for its bioconpanone-4-chlorophenyl), primarily -1,3-glucanase by minitans C. C. minitans C. either capsici, Phytophthora to antagonistic T. harzianum C. minitans C. C on potato dextrose broth (PDB) pH dextrose broth of the C on potato and medium not only arrested the spread of spread mycelial the not only arrested T. harzianum T. virens by of haustoria T. (Howell 1987). of Penetration of hyphae Rhizoctonia , resulting in their subsequent disintegration and even subsequent and disintegration their in , resulting S. rochei S. was investigated by nucleic techniques acid-based in the petridish, but also invaded the invaded but the also petridish, the P. in capsici S. sclerotiorum on colonies of S. involved mycoparasitism the in was assessed. were surrounded by of those P. were surrounded capsici S. sclerotiorum toward colonies the of S. provided akey clue for improvement of the , secreted an antifungal compound (1-pro compound antifungal an , secreted C. minitans C. . However,T. harzianum antifun the S. sclerotiorum S. could be visualized under light under visualized could be and the stimulated activity of activity stimulated the and to an extent an to of 86 92%to at (Huang et al. 2011). et al. (Huang in its mycoparasitism in on ß -1,3-glucanase activity minitans - aggres as function (Ren et al. 2007). In In 2007). et al. (Ren (Ss). effect of The were on incubated strain PB. The strain , as revealed, as by DNA older in might also be be also might T. virens T. (Cm) is a T. har T. T. T. by was was 163 is is ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 The The were metabolites investigated T. in asperellum secondary and enzymes production of wall-degrading interaction, cell geneing task1 - assay. effects of mitogen-activated kinase-encod The protein confrontation in solani Rhizoctonia against activity onistic asperellum BCA, Trichoderma fungal Another 2010). Hijri and loss in hyphae, (Lahlali of resulting turgor solani R. BCA of hyphae the the penetrated contact, lishing pathogen tightly. very hyphae the cling estab At 7 days after were coils by encir dense very The coiling. solani ofthose R. mycelium atroviride The of T. employing was microscopy. studied, confocal disease scurf against 2017). et al. pathogention (Amira the with by astrong protective exhibited infection root role against strain Ths97 pathogen.suggesting on activity the The parasitic alongside grew Ths97 Fso14 points, contact numerous with showed strain procedure the for culture used dual petriplates zone in confrontation of the examination microscopic Optical rot of root olive was investigated.causing Fusarium trees of of antagonism 2009). mechanism Knudsen The and (Kim by T. affected be to harzianum Fresh sclerotia not did appear higher BCAthe olderpopulation. the sclerotia, reflecting in the contrast, pathogen in population. In decrease DNA, indicating 164 oospores, followed by air-drying. Confocal laser scanning followedoospores, scanning laser Confocal by air-drying. for afewdipped asuspension in seconds of P. oligandrum by solani R. infected was investigated. tubers scurf Seed drum oligan of biocontrol of activity mechanism Pythium The (Rivera-Varas strictum by A. 2007). et al. secreted pounds com due antifungal to or inhibition parasitism eitherto direct H. on solani adverse strictum effects ofThe A. of conidia (SEM) showed microscope electron shrunken shriveled and scanning under . Observations strictum of presence A. the in of H. solani germination and sporulation and However, culture. forfor in and its its growth survival growth was dependent onH. solani strictum A. that It appeared ture. dependent on H. solani partially and to tightly linked was isolation. tip strictum hyphal A. by repeated was obtained of H. solani culture Axenic tubers. the together in occurred H. solani and strictum A. Both tubers. potato Helminthosporium solani 2017). 6-pentyl- antibiosis assaysIn assays. inducing activities during enzyme wall-degrading cell task1 asperellum T. solani. R. with confrontation during enzymes degrading showed expression also mutant increased of several wall- cell The solani. R. lostmorphology parasitize to and its ability The mechanism of antagonism of of Trichoderma antagonism mechanism The atroviride Acremonium strictum F. solani F. Fusarium solani Fusarium against (Ths97) T. harzianum Trichoderma ∆task1 AG-3, solani Rhizoctonia black causing against potato AG3, solani agent causal blackRhizoctonia of potato α -pyrone and inhibition of (Yang inhibition pathogen-pyrone and growth H. solani Fso14- inocula before or after inoculated whether mutant of of mutant on morphological development, mycoparasitic DNA increased, and the increase persisted persisted increase the and DNA increased, expression was negatively with correlated , task1 , , when present along with T. asperellum gene deletion enhanced output of gene deletion enhanced , causing silver scurf disease of , causing silver disease scurf is amycoparasite of established close established with contact showed altered growth showed growth altered Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  showed antag might be due be might was reduced was reduced . strictum A. invariably invariably (Fso14), (Fso14), in cul in were were ------.

(NVTH1, NVTH2), T. NVTH2), (NVTH1, T. harzianum wereas T. identified disease, asperellum Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Trichoderma 2005). mycoparasitism et al. (Carpenter during upregulated genes was forSSH found useful identifying be to technique mycoparasitism. mycoparasites to facilitate to The restricted maythey perhaps be and GenBank the in any sequences to hamatum of number T. the in increase asubstantial ism, representing novel revealed products 19subtraction of analyses the Southern two Trichoderma these in exist mycoparasitism might in differences substantial that ing atroviride from T. glyceroling significantly differed levelsexpressed athigher by T. hamatum foressential mycoparasitism Trichoderma other in chit42 of homologues subtractive (SSH) hybridization southern The technique. was crops, investigated, various in by applying diseases ing Pythium and solani minor, Rhizoctonia S. tiorum, in BCAs. ofbiocontrol the potential Expression of novel genes gene expression Such enhanced enzymes. may improve the expression the host may these stimulate genes of encoding the live by also hosts and secreted compounds host walls, cell for mycoparasitism pathogens. Purified fungal required of the BCAs of the glucanases may and be chitinases proteases, ing includ- enzymes activities ofThe several wall-degrading cell pathogen involvedfungal (Woo interaction 1999). the et al. in harzianum biocontrol of the activity T. that indicated results The strain. P1 wild-type the than solani Rhizoctonia pathogen soilborne deficient tinase another more mutant was effective against leaves,on bean by was 33%. reduced However, endochi the cinerea its effectiveness foliar pathogen Botrytis the against ultimum Pythium was effective as against P1 as strain sitism of by ech-42 were disruption not affected mycopara- expressed during glucanolytic enzymes and lytic chitino Other filtrates. culture in activity endochitinase and ech-42 lacked the stable mutants The 42). (CHIT endochitinase 42-kDa for secreted encoding the modified by target disruption of the singledisruption copy of target of ech by modified P1 was genetically of T.investigated. strain The harzianum (CWDEs) antibiotics mycoparasitism and in of BCAs was enzymes some role pathosystems. of The wall-degrading cell in biocontrol pathogenstudied and agents been fungal has the 2012). et al. (Ikeda control tubers untreated P. with oligandrum treated tubers on seed was population reduced showed by solani PCR tubers R. that DNA assay. culture on seed solani dual in of R. Quantification was observed that to similar amanner in tubers, face of seed pathogen of hyphae sur present the on the around by coiling close established contact and sclerotia solani the of R. nized of colo hyphae P. the revealed that oligandrum technique ing stain immmuno-enzymatic an with examination microscopic Trichoderma hamatum Molecular biologyMolecular of mycoparasitic between interaction T. hamatum genes. Four sequences had no significant similarity genes. nosimilarity significant had sequences Four might be significantly influenced by the nature of thenature influenced by significantly be might spp. with significant biocontrol potential against against spp. biocontrolpotential significant with genes upregulated during mycoparasit during genes upregulated and prb1 and , causal agent of carnation stem rot agent, causal of carnation Sclerotinia sclero effective Sclerotinia against spp. The sequence, Northern and and spp. sequence, Northern The , two genes considered be to citrinoviride transcript, the protein protein the transcript, (NVTA1, NVTA2), NVTA2), (NVTA1, in medium contain medium in , compared with with , compared . The mutant mutant . The spp., caus- (NVTC1, (NVTC1, spp. were were spp. , suggest , whereas , whereas - 42 gene gene ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 lobiohydrolase ( (NVTE1). cel T. of and both NVTC2) Presence erinaceum Diseases of Crop Management Biological  ognition of the host, attachment and subsequent penetration subsequent and penetration ognition host, of attachment the - such rec of as parasitism, process the in soil. steps Different the in prevailing pathogen, or environment substrate on the predominantly, may depending operate one mechanism and Mycoparasitism antibiosisone mechanism. and may overlap BCAs may pathogen suppress development the more via than plant pathogens. microbial Some the with ment interact to environ soil the in establishment successful their facilitate may that compounds antimicrobial and of enzymes kinds biocontrol agents fungal (BCAs)The may different produce 3.1.5.1.2 harzianum T. between of interaction vitro expression in patterns during genes pathogen. showed the These with challenged different none genes of was were these expressed, when T. harzianum control werecal investigated. RT-qPCR analysis showed that role biologi in potential with proteins encoded genes that (80.9%),processes followed Twenty processes. by cellular genes were involved annotated ofmajority the metabolic in that unique The ontologyas genes. analysis indicated tified 2,927 ofsequences 3,845 37.7% were and selected were iden solani mycelium (ALL42 isolate)zianum of walls F. on grown cell by suppression (RT-qPCR) PCR of disease mechanism study the to order in (ESTs)expressed tags sequence quantitative real-time and using analysis was performed, A transcriptome parasitism. by solani caused Fusarium foot rot disease effectivelyT. development the suppressed harzianum of bean 2011). Knudsen and sclerotia (Kim sample to applied entire colonization by BCA it the rotial more easily and could be assessment provided extent of a more precise PCR the of scle overreal-time by The ofrotia T. time. aperiod harzianum colonization scleof quantified techniques Both dynamics. intensive, resolution provided spatial high of colonization labor highly although method, of ThzID1-M3 This mutant. GFP-fluorescing (CLSM) the microscopy detect to hyphae scanning laser plates using was confocal on observed, agar sclerotium basis. Colonization of sclerotia by T. harzianum colonization on aper- analysiscomputer for image estimating using quantified was transformants from Epifluorescence assay. PCR DNA sclerotia using individual real-time from sclerotiorum of ThzID1-M3 S. amounts DNA wild-type and soil. of It sclerotia the was nonsterile possible in quantify to of colonization dynamics analysis was study the to applied image andmicroscopy along epifluorescence with PCR time was employed for its real- presence. Quantitative monitoring GFP-expressing isolate the set for 1probe detecting primer expressing num tiorum sclero mycelial of S. the growth inhibited NVTH2 olite from of T. strain asperellum NVTA2 in detected Mycoparasitism of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was fluorescent investigated,protein using green (GFP)- (CEFs) was constructed and analyzed. High quality quality (CEFs) High analyzed. and was constructed most effectively (Vinodkumar et al. 2017). et al. most effectively (Vinodkumar Antibiosis F. solani F. and ThzID1-M3 mutant. A specific PCR PCR ThzID1-M3 Aspecific mutant. T. harzianum . A cDNA library from from . A cDNAT. library harzianum cbh1 ) and endochitinase ( endochitinase ) and (Steindorff et al. 2012). (Steindorff et al. . The crude metab crude . The ech42 through myco through by T. by harzia ) genes was T. har T. ------

harzianum profiles Different of gene sured. expression between various were vitro activities- mea in respective enzyme their and ties of strains of Trichoderma of strains 2010). et al. (Mishra tested of biocontrol activity Mechanisms isolates of all inhibited of T. metabolites tile harzianum with and nonvola filtrate volatile (CF) culture tomato. The - for NAGases ( expression The isolates tested. other of genes encoding than (NAGases), ß and chitinase hydrolyticcellular activities of N-acetyl glucosaminidase isolates T-30the T-78, and and- extra total the reflected by as mycoparasitic greatest was activity by the exhibited tures, plate cul the In proteases. and glucanases viz., chitinases, hydrolytic secrete to enzymes ability by their characterized (T-30,isolates of T. harzianum T-31, T-32, T-57 T-78) and were Five technique. DNA mostmorphic (RAPD)-PCR effective of melonis pathogens, including of F. fungal oxysporum spectrum harzianum effective. which are they gens against Isolates of Trichoderm 2010).et al. developmentthe (Jayaprakashvel blight disease sheath of rice roseum by T. produced pounds com development conditions. Antifungal greenhouse under roseum T. of CF with T. by treatment reduced Application roseum. of were substantially also viability and Sclerotial germination mycelia offormation the sclerotia and by growth (Narayanasamy 2013). (Narayanasamy genes involved biosynthesis the hydrolytic of in the enzymes BCA of the isolatetransformation multiple with copies of the or soil through suppressivecompost or disease agricultural such as sources natural different hydrolytic from enzymes isolate(s) for of secretion potential BCA of the greater with its pathogenicity. in decrease in ing It is possible select to the by pathogen, result the hydrolyticof secreted the enzymes for pathogen of and cell the inactivation matrix protein of the lysis preceded of activity proteolytic T. The 2006). harzianum hydrolyzethat host of (pathogen) wall the cell (Woo et al. parasitism, During host of have cells the recognized. been killing and and H and mycoparasitic siderophores produce to or ability activity not did have solani either blight pathogensheath Rhizoctonia roseum of biocontrol the potential to contribute which also lase might cellu exochitinase, and produced activities of endochitinase isolates of Trichoderma all rolfsii of S. extracts wall cell and colloidal chitin with amended were on media plated oxysporum rum Trichoderma Trichoderma The fungal BCAs may vary in the range of fungal patho of range fungal the BCAs in may fungal vary The inhibited the mycelia the of F. growth inhibited T. oxyspo harzianum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol), f.sp. 2 O MML003 with strong suppressive with rice against activity MML003 , causing melon Fusarium wilt disease. Isolates (31) disease. wilt , causing melon Fusarium 2 T. roseum of T. filtrate (CF) culture . The resulted in significant suppression significant in resulted blight of sheath isolates were related to the activity values and dual isolates values dual activity were and the to related have shown effective been be to awide against were ciceris investigated. BCA The strains f.sp. Trichoderma exc1 sp. were analyzed by random amplified poly sp. by amplified random were analyzed sp. Reddy 2009). (Anand and Trichothecium and exo2 and . Chitinolytic activity was detected in in was activity detected . Chitinolytic spp. secretes hydrolytic spp. secretes enzymes Sclerotium rolfsii sp. Sclerotium against -1,3-glucanase, which were greater causing Fusarium wilt disease in in disease wilt causing Fusarium sp. Two tested. high with strains, ) or glucanases ( ) or glucanases might be involved in arresting involved be might arresting in bgn13.1 inhibited inhibited R. solani R. ) activi ) F. F. and f.sp. f.sp. 165 Fol T. T. ------.

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 the wild-type strain T334 (Sezekeres et al. 2004). The aspartic T334 (Sezekeres strain aspartic 2004). et al. The wild-type the levels manifold with proteases of activities of motrypsin-like chy and trypsin- of extracellular amounts greater produce to and of T334mutants were more effective P. against debaryanum ofMutants T334 were by Some generated UV-irradiation. low T334 produced levelszianum constitutively. of protease biocontrol of activity Trichoderma 2002). involvement The (Chet Chernin and the in of proteases susceptible in hosts proteases and glucanases ily chitinases, tiorum sclero Sclerotinia and solani pathogens such Rhizoctonia as suppressing in developmentT. harzianum of fungal many levelssignificant al. et (Migheli 1998).The effectiveness of biocontrol the efficiencyto increase to necessary be might it biosynthesis is likely that of several CWDEs transformants, the in efficiency antagonistic the As not was enhanced strain. wild-type the than cucumber in incidence disease the reducing egl1 overexpressing formants gene egl1 the with by suppressingin development caused disease of damping-off genome T. of Trichoderma. longibrachiatum (CWDEs) enzymes the genes in encoding wall-degrading cell for biocontrol activity,the of redundancy due wasto difficult biocontrol the activity. in required Identification of enzymes involved rolefocused enzymes on the of the genes encoding Investigations BCAs, genetics on molecular were fungal of the (Woo 1999). et solani al. R. against of T. strain wild harzianum the in than transformants the in wasbiocontrol greater actvity ultimum Pythium biocontrol against the activity alter of ech42 Disruption combination. harzianum of biocontrol T. the potential role in onresults the of chitinase virens ciency of T. sible for involvement the biocontrol the effi factors of in other were less,- itpos be strain might wild-type and transformants biocontrol of the activity in differences pathosystem. the As expression of chit42 or over disruption the with matched transformants of the biocontrol in activity overexpressed. or increase Decrease ( forencoding chitinase virens 2011). against T-30 T-78 and mycoparasitic greatest potential the exhibited expression the with level of gene bgn13.1 of activity ß maximum were isolate. two for isolates highest the exhibited These this levels the to of expression of genes chit42 ofactivity T-78, linked extracellular, could be and total both exc1 isolateity of T-28 the expression due ahigher to be might of gene T-30 T-38 and levels the to corresponded of expression of the NAGase in high The test. detected activity plate confrontation 166 Molecular mechanism of biocontrol of activity mechanism Molecular Trichoderma was transformed was transformed T. longibrachiatum ultimum. Pythium than the wild-type strain. The mutants were able mutants The strain. wild-type the than solani R. over chitinase previous beforehigh hours The sampling. exc1 was investigated. gene solani The Rhizoctonia against might be due to the release of lytic enzymes primar release of due the to enzymes be lytic might F. oxysporum for T-30, but not for T-78. NAGase high The activ were obtained depending on the BCA-pathogen on the depending were obtained against R. solani R. against , encoding for, encoding ß gene in the cotton- gene the in f.sp. melonis f.sp. chit42 -1,3-glucanase. corresponded These were slightly more effective in T. virens T. ) in (Baek et al. 1999). (Baek et al. Variable did not did T. of harzianum -1,3-glucanase.- trans The T. har sp. T. was indicated. (L ó for T-30. isolates The pez-Mondejar et al. and chit33 and solani Rhizoctonia was disrupted or was disrupted Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  was effective , as both both , as , but the , but the ------

potential of Trichoderma potential have to were amajor biocontrol reported roleproteases the in in the system triggering the expression the system of the triggering in Thpg1 assay, PCR time of which presence revealed apathogen the real- by were results confirmed The roots. tomato colonize to capacity reduced and ity, medium on pectin less growth gene. Thpg1 The Thpg1 isolate to the used polymers and ofpresence PCW harzianum a from (EST) expressed tag sequence an to corresponded ultimum Pythium and solani of presence R. the only in (endo-PG).nase spot Aspecific (0303) increased remarkably expressed a differentially spp.-tomato-pathogen) identification the systemof facilitated ( analysis, using a three-component proteomic (CWDE). enzyme A for aplant wall-degrading coding cell of anovelterization (PCW)- plant wall cell were- for applied methods isolation charac the scriptomic and tran genomic and Proteomic, 2006). (Wu et al. blight disease graminearum F. pseudo- graminearum, was ineffective Fusarium against (Ggt)tritici var. graminis level Gaeumannomyces of against inhibition zae ory R. and solani R. both strongly inhibited endochitinase or from from bytiveness ThEn42 encoded of endochitinase a42-kDa ofnism effec biocontrol- The activity, demonstrated. been has 2007). Yang induction and (Liu after shortly abundantly accumulated level, transcripts the transcription because inductionto atthe and ofof walls cell by presence parasitism the asimulated in wasactivity induced Analysis of SA76 SA76 blot that analysis indicated Northern T88. The ends from was cloned protease, tic for 3 antifungal activity of activity F.antifungal oxysporum the that indicated results pathogen The werethe coinoculated. the andBCAwhen increased, significantly soybean plants ing of number surviv assessment, the greenhouse BCA. the In infection dueto sclerotia of reduced was the significantly by ofter BCA colony, of sclerotia of percentage germination the sclerotia cen the were atthe placed When tion plate method. of presence cyclosporine the with Abywas dilu correlated sclerotiorum S. against activity antifungal formation. The sclerotial suppressed mycelial and growth antibiotic inhibited The as cyclosporine identified A methods. by spectroscopic they were purification, After technique. by chromatographic were isolated S6volatile strain from compounds metabolic assay. culture dual in activity toxicantagonistic non The suppressive soil from Sclerotinia to sclerotiorum 2009).et al. R. oryzae R. Involvement BCAs,- of amecha as fungal of endochitinase A nonpathogenic strain of F.A nonpathogenic strain oxysporum . By contrast, the endochitinase showed endochitinase only the moderate . By contrast, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. was induced in response to different fungal cell walls. walls. cell fungal different to response in was induced against T. harzianum T34 cDNA library that was constructed in the the in was constructed that cDNA T34 library , causal agent of wheat take-all disease and it and disease agent, causal of wheat take-all , causing barley root rot was assessed. Purified , causing Purified barley rot was root assessed. F. culmorum F. and F. sojae, Phytophthora oxysporum solani, R. -silenced transformants had lower had activ PG transformants -silenced expression confirmed that aspartic protease protease aspartic that expression confirmed . The gene SA76 . The endopolygalacturo T. harzianum AG-8 and/ AG-8 solani Rhizoctonia The enhanced activity was activity due enhanced The rapid amplification ʹ rapidof amplification cDNA , causal agents of, causal wheat head S6 against Sclerotinia S6 against , encoding an aspar an , encoding Trichoderma (Mor S6 isolated Trichoderma exhibited exhibited á n-Diez n-Diez gene gene gene gene and and T. T. ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 P. ultimum P. were with sown infested soils seeds in tions. Kale mum ( kale protecting in 2007). et al. duce were volatile that biologically compounds active (Strobel investigation,later 12 isolates of a 2005). In Manker and (Mercier mix growing commercial contaminate often that deleteriousof microorganisms other suppression the to was of attributed Improved pepper growth level high vided capsici Phytophthora against of protection solani R. nate biofumigation suggesting could elimi that treatment, after atlow levels, remained incidence of time regardless planting disease mix, treated In mix. growing the in its incorporation rapidly after declined developingease seedlings broccoli in albus range ofrange 4–22 temperature The volatiles mix. growing move to the through showed of effect only essentially, local inability the indicating treatment The was assessed. soilless-growing mix greenhouse albus formulation (Stinson 2003). et al. efficacy The of Muscodor an appropriate selecting by maximized efficacybe could mycofumigation vivo. that in indicated results dahliae The severity ofconsistently population Verticillium and disease Stabileze formulation was effective The diseases. reducing in wilt eggplant Verticillium and damping-off Pythium beet containing investigation,later efficiency the of differentfive formulations (Strobel belonged group pound esters 2001). the to et al. a In most pathogens. test effective the The to vidually single com volatiles M. albus from class natural of the Sclerotinia and Verticillium dahliae sclerotiorum f.sp F. oxysporum ultimum, Pythium against vitro in mixtures as either were volatiles. singlygas compounds tested or These lipids were keyand the components mycofumigant of the classes of viz., alcohols, ketones, compounds esters, acids cochlioides Aphanomyces and ultimum Pythium solani, by severity caused Rhizoctonia of diseases decrease to and employed stand for beet sugar mycofumigation enhance to Muscodor fungi pathogens. albus The for applied BCAsby been suppression has fungal of fungal 2009). et al. (El-Hasan fungicidal than and and infestans Phytophthora Verticillium dahliae, against activity F516and have to VFA culture. wider in antifungal appeared T16 F416 two the whereas formed fractions strain, strain T23 F223, F323 F423 fractions and by were produced three that A (VFA) Bioautography culture. in viridofungin assay showed (2011). by Ojaghian was reported produced T23 T. harzianum tiorum of activity Trichoderma antagonistic of association Similar 2006). et al. A by BCA the (Rodriguez sclerotiorum Diseases of Crop Management Biological  Muscodor albus Mycofumigation with antimicrobial volatiles produced Mycofumigation antimicrobial with . betae, Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia . betae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , causing damping-off disease under greenhouse condi greenhouse under disease , causing damping-off - dis of M. suppress to albus damping-off ability . The in suppressing the development suppressing in the in solani of Rhizoctonia infecting potato with nonvolatile with potato toxic infecting compounds M. roseus M. was primarily due to secretion of due cyclosporine secretion to was primarily effectively. of case pepper, M. the albus In ° C was suitable of activity for M. fumigation strain MFC2 was evaluated for MFC2 its efficacy strain Brassica oleracea Brassica was assessed for was control of assessed the sugar . VFA was fungistatic, rather . VFA rather was fungistatic, , M. albus Phytophthora cinnamomi S. sclero spp. S. against Pythium ulti Pythium ) against M. roseus M. and were found pro to was toxic indi . No single were were . Five pro ------, . , gen. The volatilesgen. M. albus The from alevel to equal patho control without the the close in that to BCA pathogen the with was and inoculated pots gence in followed by M. with albus inoculation f.sp. f.sp. between (Strobel plant species same 2008). the et al. colonizing development suppress to the gistically of pathogens different additivelyferent both act might syner endophytic and fungi VOCs the suggested results pathogen.of that of the The dif death ultimate in resulting pathogen wasthe entirely arrested, (VOCs) of Oidium antibiotic volatile of activity the compounds the in organic naphthalene-1-oxybis increase synergistic substantial caused 3-methyl-yl-butanoic acid. Addition of exogenous volatile 2-methyl-y-butanoic acid, ofily esters propianic acid and ultimum of Pythium growth lial (tropicalcatappa chestnut) effectively myce the suppressed 2009). endophyte Oidium The M. albus for biological was the ronment of better or viability activity envi soil soil, suggesting in that than mix potting soilless in achieve to effective required disease control of damping-off BCA of populations the higher addition, were In mix. ting pot from released weresoil that several folds than greater the from acid released of isobutyric control. Amounts disease acid showedisobutyric positive extent the with of correlation of Production soil/substrates. treated the were from released 2-methyl-1-butanol acid and analysis isobutyric revealed that chromatographic physical Gas closed in containers. contact of presence active the were in M. placed albus solani Rhizoctonia with infested mix potting orsoil soilless containing when pots seedlings, of broccoli damping-off volatiles M.that albus from Strobel 2009).and investigation Results of another showed M. albus effect on plant developmentful biocontrol of the activity and using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance resonance nuclear magnetic and spectrometry using mass 6-pentyl- as and identified was purified compound SQR-T037 antifungal One were characterized. by T. produced compounds harzianum antifungal gation, the (Chen BCAof 2011). et al. the strain investi further the In activity the to attributed could be viation stress of allelopathic alle that indicated results . The application of T. harzianum weights following experiments, pot of in plants cucumber dry in increase indexand disease in bydecrease significant was of accompanied allelochemicals degradation The roots. cucumber exuded of from allelochemicals degradation to led of of incubation. SQR-T037 Inoculation CCC also soil the in by were SQR-T037 entirelychemicals degraded 170 after h allelo acid. The 3-phenylpropionicacid, cinnamic acid and benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-benzoic ferulic acid, vanillic acid, included rhizosphere cucumber isolated from allelochemicals of plants. The cucumber growth for biodegraded better be have chemicals these to and cause stress cucumber from (CCC) cropping tinuous exuded system. allelochemicals The Different mechanisms may operate in the interaction interaction the in may operate mechanisms Different cucumerinum might be due BCA volatiles to be might the from (Worapong é Jim and (Mercier mix potting soilless the than strain SQR-T037 strain T. F. harzianum and oxysporum P. ultimum sp. P. against , causing Fusarium wilt in cucumber con cucumber in wilt , causing Fusarium suppressed the development the suppressed of sp. Terminalia isolated from . The BCA primar . The produced appeared to have to no harm appeared culture. Seedling emer Seedling culture. . The development. The of α -pyrone (6PAP), culture without without culture 167 nez nez ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 But at40 yielded diseases caused by soilborne pathogens. by caused soilborne Soils suppressivediseases to suppressive naturally soils to from soil, particularly from lated ecology of role microbial soil, have in iso been important an development pathogen of (see the 3.7) Figure (Howell 2003). was not possible BCA the without detect to suppressing the It developed, of temperature. its higher to because tolerance soil incubated at 25 at incubated soil virens of Trichoderma petence 3.7 FIGURE of propagules with heavily soil from infested segments taken virens T. fungi. of presence these the mask and of medium endogenous growth on agar suppress the fungi Trichoderma endogenous surface. on root fungi may replacement competence result in of rhizosphere and plants. Competition the around microclimte and soil the in ing exist environment complex on the are variable, depending and BCAs pathogens plants, among and interactions Three-way pathogens space. forisms, including microbial and nutrients microorgan other rhizosphere) with compete the grow and in pathogens, should have (the competence to ability rhizosphere A biocontrol agent, effective be to suppressing in soilborne 3.1.5.1.3 (Chen soil from 2012). et al. allelochemicals of due elimination to of plant cucumber stimulation growth to by 78 disease wilt 89.6%, to Fusarium cucumber addition in pathogen by population reduced 41.2% of incidence the and Application of 6PAP continuously cucumber soil to cropped acid production by Foc fusaric and sporulation 6PAPaddition, decreased at150 mg/l by 73.7% 79.6%, and respectively, control. with In compared germination spore 6PAP mycelial and growth mg/l, inhibited of concentrations 6PAP. in increase with ity increased At 350 activ Antifungal petriplates. in tests inhibition using growth ent (50, concentrations 150, 350 450 was and assayed mg/l) of activity 6PAPspectroscopy. atdiffer antifungal The 168 Tv-treated seed yielding only the biocontrol agent; incubation at 40 at agent; incubation biocontrol the only Tv-treated yielding seed phaseolina M. only yielding seed cotton of nontreated phaseolina M. in grown American Phytopathological Society, MN] Phytopathological American of the permission of kind Howell[Courtesy with and 2003 favored agent. biocontrol development but the not pathogen, of the Macrophomina phaseolina Several nonpathogenic strains ofSeveral F. nonpathogenic strains oxysporum, T. virens T. °

C, the BCA the C, not did grow, pathogen readily the Competition for Nutrients and Space Efficiency of competition between and rhizosphere com rhizosphere and between competition of Efficiency from the root tissues at room temperature. temperature. atroom tissues root the from ° C and 4 C and -infested soil and incubated at 25 at incubated and soil -infested by 88% 52.68% and respectively. ° C Cultures of cotton roots from plants plants from roots of cotton C Cultures in in phaseolina (Tv) Macrophomina and , when plated on agar medium medium , when on agar plated Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  and B: roots of B: of and roots -treated root root -treated ° sp. could C; (A): roots that have that ° C ------against against of Fo47mutants activity were evaluated antagonistic for their involved biocontrol of the activity F. in oxysporum mutagenesis was employed insertional mutants, genes tag to shown efficient be to biocontrol agents.to In order generate Fusarium of populations large nonpathogenic supported wilts Fusarium long period of time as determined by levels the of DNA. determined as long of The time period effectively tissues plant vascular the colonized overstrain a F2 transformed The strain. F2 EGFP-transformed an latting by inocu systemvascular of was eggplant stems visualized the intoplant F2 of control plants. Ramification untreated to severity, disease reduced in resulted compared microsclerotia, V. with on infested soil dahliae seedlings the transplanting to at7days F2 prior community.bial Stem injection strain of the adversely might nativemicro the drenching beneficial affect byapplied suspension, stem injection root of as aconidial of F. study, strain F2 oxysporum the 2009). afurther In et al. of (Pantelides eggplants surface root on the nutrients competition for V. or was space against through F2 dahliae of biocontrol strain of activity mechanism view the the that V.eggplant against dahliae of defense the not did mechanisms trigger F2 strain the that severity.ease split-root of results the The showed experiment levelsthe well of- colonization,as V. dis as vascular dahliae showed analysis also QPCR application reduced of that F2 excluding junctions intercellular along the surface root the colonized F2 The system.strain the into vascular fungi fication both of analysis rami was monitor to applied PCR the real-time the addition, of In eggplant. surface root on the presence of their visualization genes facilitate to reporter DsRed2 and EGFP respectively were the with transformed BCA strain and F2 of biocontrol activity, mechanism the gate pathogen strain the biocontrol the pathogen agent and (BCA). investi to order In or antibiosis was not involved the between interaction the in field and conditions. greenhouse Parasitism eggplant under by induced disease wilt Verticillium effectively development the suppressed of of symptoms (Trouvelotgenic Fo47 strain 2002). et al. dependent entirely nonpatho of on its the saprophytic ability Fo47 was not biocontrol strains of the activity the strain, type wild- the were eitherthan mutants less or more antagonistic saprophytic phase. the As in were not mutants impaired the of ratio 10:1. the in Fo47 inoculated that indicated results The of ratio 1,000:1 the in lated was no more effective strain than of ratio 1,000:1, the in inoculated inocu 94 mutant whereas of ratio 10:1the was effective Fo47 as parent strain the as ability. antagonistic in 83 Mutant their to inoculated respect with differences significant exhibited 83 94 and mutants The Fo47. strain wild-type the as medium, ongate MMA-nitrate biocontrol elon grow to activity, and ability same the had most 83 94, significantly effective the their Mutants and in saprophytic traits. by their were characterized mutants The pathogentition involving the with saprophytic ability. their due compe to biocontrol of activity The Fo47 was primarily Fusarium oxysporum F. oxysporum spp. of which from the same ecological niche. same The V. the from dahliae f.sp. lini f.sp. F. oxysporum F2, a nonpathogenic strain, anonpathogenic strain, F2, . The results seemed to support the the support to seemed results . The , causing linseed wilt disease. disease. wilt , causing linseed in in Verticillium dahliae strain Fo47 has been Fo47 been has strain Fo47. The was was ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Burkholderia cepacia BCA Burkholderia bacterial the than was more effective pointsettias, rooted transplanting after one application of contrast, BNR isolate, In rot of poinsettia. waslate not effective development suppressing in the of stem application One binucleate oftia. the Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia pathogens like tive soilborne host to against plants protection BCA of the for requirement providing effec- important are of application BCA, of the addition timing to in rhizosphere, biocontrol of population the agent the adequate in maintain sites (Bolwerk on roots attachment 2005). et al. for of number FORL the consequently reduce to and roots toward wasponents pathogen considered reduce to growth of Fo47 exudates com root in preferential spores germination The by was quantified. them colonization of surface and root on roots simultaneously tomato BCAthe visualized could be pathogen and the microscope, scanning laser confocal under and observing autofluorescentmarkers as different proteins By of using FORL. that than was vitro higher exudates in root tomato the in of ofpercentage spores Fo47 germinating The roots. tomato to attachment stage of atthe initial arrested colonization by pathogen root whereas was the FORL, than of spores with Fo47, earlier roots the to attached hyphae amended sand were in planted seedlings tomato When ease. ersici by infection F. against roots oxysporum Fo47 ofnonpathogenic F. strain oxysporum biocontrol The pathogens of causing diseases. soilborne root the effectivenessto significantly application contribute of levelspopulation of their of BCAs sites timing and attarget ity (Howell Stipanovic and 1995). of adequate Maintenance sever and incidence disease reduction in in resulting ease, solani by roots of Rhizoctonia cotton with susceptiblethe host (root) tissues. Treatment of seeds cotton may due prevention to be to access pathogen of gaining the biocontrolgens and agents (BCAs), biocontrol the activity patho microbial soilborne between some interactions In 3.1.5.1.4 control(Gizi plants 2011). et al. untreated the to compared the DNA significantly contents of V. stem tissues, in dahliae reduced analysis showedQPCR application strain of that F2 Candida valida, Rhodotorula Rhodotorula valida, yeast Candida 2005). species The et al. of development solani of R. suppression the with of was tissues root associated nization colo that of indicating soybean, roots and hypocotyls from BNRpathogens. isolates consistently could be The recovered werelates found effectively to soilborne against cotton protect (Hwang Benson 2002). and investigation, alater In BNR iso levels population high application initial up 5weeks, to after maintained and roots were ofcia poinsettia colonizers good cepa B. BNR isolates Both and transplantation. cation after was at propagation, applied followedcepacia by BNR appli B. when the maximum, zation by the BNR isolate reached Diseases of Crop Management Biological  The rhizosphere competence and capacity to adapt and and adapt to capacity and competence rhizosphere The Trichoderma (Gliocladium) virens - dis (FORL) causing rot (TFRR) foot tomato root and Host Tissues by Pathogens Prevention of Colonization of , causing stem and root disease of poinset disease root , causing stem and , infecting soybean plants (Khan (Khan soybean plants , infecting - , causing rot dis root reduced colonization colonization reduced f.sp. radicis-lycop f.sp. protected tomato tomato protected . Root coloni (BNR) iso (BNR) ------glutinis graminis by caused Gaeumannomyces disease severitythe of take-all endophyte ofreduced significantly barley roots, occurring equisetti, plots 2004). et al. Fusarium (Narisawa DSE from taxon-treated ketable value obtained produce of the highermar reflected endophytesby as fungal other to pared higher, were significantly com disease the DSE against taxon development of yellows. Verticillium protective values The of the suppressed cabbage and roots able Chinese colonize to DSE of vitro. Verticillium was taxon in The strains virulent fortinii cells. P. tical DSE of hyphae some heavily cor the taxon the root colonized layer, epidermal the on or microsclerotia in formed whereas fortinii ofHyphae P. without visible inducing cabbage symptoms. seedlings fortinii cabbage. yellowVerticillium of Hyphae Chinese P. in disease Verticillium longisporum against potential nistic wereendophytic investigated (DSE) fungus antago for their fortinii of P. plant. Colonization patterns development the pressed of egg of disease wilt Verticillium chaetospira Heteroconium (El-Tarbily 2004). combination or in when individually applied plant growth, yeast the addition, BCAscolonization of In roots. promoted the reflected by extenttheir as competence, of of rhizosphere up 10 to levels roots yeast high tap had species The the to cm. adhering soils of rhizosphere depths cies were present atall glutinis application, R. whereas at5days ofof beet sugar after roots asahii T. and valida C. that assay indicated Root plant colonization in seedlings. ing-off of beet sugar solani R. against potential trol pressive effect by F. equisetti lesions root by induced Ggt mean length BCA the The isolates rhizosphere. reduced the present in ers coloniz root fungal other with competed endophytically and liquidambari of biocontrol pathogens. potential The fungal by due infection to soilborne ously soils, is increased cropped 2009).et al. continuous cropping soils (Xie et al. 2017). et al. (Xie soils continuous cropping employedcould be solani suppress to F. solani F. by severity caused the of disease reduced P. liquidambari biocontrol BCA. of the activity with the impact Inoculation of nolic major acid was development the suppressing factor in the bari solani relationship F. between antagonistic No direct was determined. phenolic by acids P. liquidambari reproduction of F. solani the inhibited significantly ofsoil. P. Inoculation liquidambari BCA the the phenolic in by was acids inoculating assessed F. solani F. Naturally occurring root endophytic fungi, such endophytic as root fungi, occurring Naturally Accumulation of phenolic acids, occurring in continu in Accumulation of phenolic acids, occurring was observed, implying the alleviated stimulation of phe stimulation alleviated implying was the observed, and DSE extensively and taxon of Chinese roots colonized and Trichosporon and asahii colonized 90% of the roots after 8 days. All yeast 8days. spe All after roots of 90% the colonized tritici (Ggt tritici var. showed results The P. peanut. that in liquidambari . Further, presence of presence glucose not did significantly . Further, Fusarium solani Fusarium against suppressed the effects of postinoculated effects of postinoculated the suppressed grew along the surface of roots and and of roots surface along grew the ). ). . The extent of. The of soil degradation F. equisetti and Phialocephala and fortinii was not distinct (Maci was not distinct , causing postemergence damp showed biocon significant colonized barley roots barley roots colonized in soil enriched with with enriched soil in in phenolic in acids-rich . However, sup the and a dark septate septate adark and and P. and liquidam colonized 95% colonized Phomopsis naturally naturally , causing -Vicente á-Vicente sup 169 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 tion ( tion sion analysis showed genes for that PR1 harzian following were plantlets of with studied, potato treatment ics of expression of tissues defense root the genes response in (John 2010). et al. pathogen discernible was also dynam The of infection soybean by fungal the secondary against tance of resis- Enhancement symbiont soybean rhizosphere. the in and pathogen were observed. The results suggested that in the the in pathogen suggested results were that and The observed. PAL with ofPR2 PR1, induction 2907, MUCL Rifai strain T. with harzianum treated plants In observed. viride T. with yieldpod of treated soybean plants systems, of root well of shoot as and growth as enhancement Furthermore, pressive diseases. BCA of both the ability against showed sup experiments pot disease the the whereas nature, revealed its experiments mycoparasitic vitro soybean.ing In oxysporum control was activity evaluated for its effectiveness F. against (Cavalcanti 2007). et al. tomato of leaves tissue lignification with protein observed was dahliae by induced Verticillium tomato in of disease wilt Verticillium (MCp) filtrate chitosan delayedsignificantly the development 1997, et al. Cal Application 2000). of Crinipellis by infection F. against toes oxysporum observed, was disease wilt cultivars susceptible Fusarium to or resistant ity. BCA no As adverse the tomato with effect in of treatment sever disease xylem reduced result in might secondary tional of formation addi the to leading plants, treated in activity colonization by Fol vascular lower notdid had lose cambium, less of and number bundles showedHistological BCA-inoculated examination that plants to was tomatoes shown in systemic induce to resistance (AUDPC) values extent and ofof P. dwarfing plants. oxalicum (Fol)ersici by caused F. disease wilt oxysporum Fusarium severity reduction in of in resulted oxalicum Penicillium nonpathogenicpathogens. of the with tomato Inoculation of microbial biocontrol against activity mechanisms other to addition in diseases, crop to shown resistance been induce to or not feasible. Fungal time-consuming BCAshave or difficult found be to been has or biotechnological methods, breeding conventionalment of of through genetic crops resistance management strategy, disease enhance since important an as bycrops. Induction of considered BCAs resistance been has horticultural and several in agricultural resistance disease development. BCAs The have employed been of inducers as suppression plant pathogens, in resulting microbial of disease effect on the ofmodes action, involving or indirect direct Biotic biocontrol agents (BCAs) may have single or multiple 3.1.5.1.5 170 Trichoderma viride and GST1 and PR1, PR2, induction of and LOX PR2, PR1, hpi solani and at24 R. ) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( ammonia phenylalanine ) and hpi . Activation of synthesis of pathogenesis-related (PR) Rhizoctonia solani challenge Rhizoctonia with and could be employedP. could be oxalicum - toma for protecting T. viride T. f.sp. adzuki f.sp. as reflected by area under disease progress curve curve progress disease under area reflected by as Induction of Resistance in Plants to Diseases at 72 hpi in plants inoculated with both BCA both with at 72 inoculated plants hpi in seemed to be an avirulent opportunistic opportunistic avirulent an be to seemed and PAL and with multiple mechanisms of multiple with bio mechanisms and Pythium arrhenomanes and . Renewal or prolonged cambial at 48 hpi in plants inoculated inoculated plants at48 hpi in at168- hpostinocula f.sp. lycopersici f.sp. Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  PAL . Gene expres. Gene - f.sp. lycop f.sp. perniciosa ) at 96 hpi.) at96 was also was also , infect , Fol (de (de T. T. ------. stage of (Gallou infection 2009). et al. early atan solani R. with plantlets potato in primed be might ofpresence BCA isolate, expression of LOX GST1 and genes terpenoid compounds in the control of cotton root rot disease rot disease control root of the cotton in compounds terpenoid roleof defense of The was of plants studied. responses cotton virens tissues, following root were in induced colonization by T. by biocontrol the agent (BCA). Defense-related compounds suppression ofinvestigated disease evaluate mechanism to the solani Rhizoctonia 2010). et al. (Martinez-Medina dices involvingof melons, intrara mechanisms G. the whereas F. oxysporum by induced disruption induction hormonal of be might the of biocontrol of activity T. mechanisms the that harzianum suggested results by pathogen. induced the The disruption was But observed. no hormonal such the effect in was noted intraradices G. and zianum SA-mediated har plant response. effect Asynergistic of T. the attenuated T. harzianum pathogen Furthermore, infection. by ET, ABA and mediated plant response ated elicited by the intraradices G. and T.. Both T. harzianum harzianum activation the to SA, ofhormones JA, ABA, similar ETand Fom pathogenwilt F. oxysporum intraradices Glomus with melon in precursor, inoculated plants ene (ET) 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) ethyl the and cylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and endogenous levels was quantify to applied technique of sali oxidativeinduced (Singh stress 2011). et al. multianalysis The against of biocontrol of activity mechanism T. the that harzianum suggested results ofsystemic The accumulation phytoalexins. the in resulted at8days activity antioxidant postinoculation afivefold reaching concentration. in Strong strain, increase by BCA the was of stimulated phenolic metabolites nature ary Trichoderma oxidation by of in protein inhibition lipid and accompanied activities (7–8 days). wereods enzymatic enhanced The peri different after activity maximum registered enzymes NBRI-1055-treated solani R. with challenged plants (GPx)one peroxidase (APx). peroxidase ascorbate and In (CAT), catalase ing superoxide (SOD), dismutase glutathi reactiveof the oxygen (ROS) species gene network, involv accumulation with pathogen was the associated against strain hydroxyl by BCA protection the The concentration. radical Analysis of oxidative revealed response areduction in stress or ofabsence presence apoplast the of in sunflower solani challenged by R. against sunflower in induction isolates of in resistance T. harzianum ent extent. role of The oxidant-antioxidant of metabolites anddiffer pathogensto influence plants that ent functions produces various metabolites with differ with metabolites various produces T. harzianum The interaction between Trichoderma virens between interaction The activated defense response in plants, mediated by plant activated defense mediated plants, in response appeared to be independently of independently be to SA JA and appeared signaling . The effect of seed treatment with BCA with on effect treatment elicitation of . The seed R. solani R. neutralizing to related be might solani R. was investigated. the in solani Changes Rhizoctonia in the presence of Fusarium of presence Fusarium the in T. and harzianum -treated plants. In addition, synthesis of addition, - second plants. In -treated f.sp. melonis f.sp. NBRI-1055T. harzianum were determined. , incitant of cotton root rot disease, was rot disease, root of cotton , incitant in reducing the disease incidence incidence disease the reducing in melonis (Fom) melonis f.sp. , causing Fusarium wilt disease disease wilt , causing Fusarium . Infection by . Infection attenu , these , these and and ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 by induced T. resistance suggested results that harzianum The blight leaf bioassays. split P. in and root from capsisci rated sici byPhytophthora blight caused Phytophthora of pepper cap 382 for was management of assessed and the strain zianum (Malolepsza 2017). crops et al. various in solani by caused R. management of diseases integrated the using of suitability the by indicated results TRS106 The strain. defense positively response involved biocontrol solani in of R. of a possible be phenolic might metabolism factor of tomato systemic mobilization plate The tests. in solani toxic R. to were strongly hesperidin and salicylic acids, pyrocatechol and tives flavonoids. and phenolics, Several detected the ferulic of phenylpropanoids, acid deriva- hydroxybenzoic cinnamic and glycosylated forms bound in mulated conjugates belonging to were accu others while form, nolics were afree present in solani R. with inoculated and uninoculated both leaves in of Trichoerma lics occurred contents of leaves. the 22 phenothe in increases Remarkable Diseases of Crop Management Biological  and H and (PAL). of accumulation phenolics Simultaneously it enhanced lyase (SPX) peroxidase ammonia zine phenylalanine and (GPX), peroxidase - including guaiacol enzymes, syringalda defense by plants tomato activating in defense responses systemic stimulated TRS strain The test. evident vitro in in solani R. 106, lesion showed development limited with on inoculation TRS pathogen.the Tomato strain the with treated plants against Howelland 2004). sporotrichoides Fusarium from proteinase a serine to similarity showed protein maximum this ton radicles and activity, peroxidase in cot penoids, addition increase in to in from ethylene-inducing to antibody xylanase an with cross-reaction showed band One active the material. in proteins the arating gel for the of presence used revealed in several sep the bands was sensitive SDS-PAGE K. kDa, 3–5 proteinase to analysis of MW with compounds of One the compounds. teinaceous of T.strains virens (Howellcotton Treatment 2000). et al. effective with of roots elicitors as of acting defense ofties in terpenoids responses virens byinduction of T. resistance and of wastion of revealed, strains when terpenoid the biocontrol- induc and the activity between strong correlation a addition, for In contributor control of rot disease. the root solani developmenthemigossypol the (HG) strongly inhibited of R. deoxyhemigossypolpenoid pathway (dHG) intermediates and ter controls. The untreated but plants, the not in of treated roots the in were activity peroxidase enhanced synthesis and virens T. from grown hypocotyls and roots ofwas cotton investigated extracts the by analyzing The effectiveness har The biotic of T. of the inducer resistance, Trichoderma virens - sepa spatially remained biotic T.. The inducer harzianum T. koningii T. T. viride T. T. virens T. , indicating that terpenoid production was the major production was the terpenoid that , indicating 2 O by to host inducing resistance solani Rhizoctonia 2 by TRS106 solani of inhibition R. was . No direct , accompanied by decrease in lipid in peroxidation in by decrease , accompanied . Another band (18 band . Another production of induced ter K) TRS106 strain as a potential biofungicides in TRS106 a potential as strain were compared. The results indicated that that indicated results The were compared. resulted in elicitation in of stable resulted heat pro TRS106 plants, tomato protected -treated seeds. Terpenoid seeds. -treated occurred through activi through occurred -treated tomato plants, plants, tomato -treated . Some phe (Hanson (Hanson T. virens T. ------

terns (PAMPs or MAMPs). MAMP-triggered plant responses plant responses (PAMPs or MAMPs).terns MAMP-triggered pat molecular pathogen- as or microbe-associated named are hosts. These but their not present in class of microorganisms, of entire typical traits, structural conserved with or domains ( niger opment of black by caused mold Aspergillus disease devel suppressing compounds, the production of antifungal harzianum Treatment 2000). T. pathogens with gal (Elad of onion seeds fun different was against observed T39 with strain, treated locally,responses plants cucumber well as in systemically as on pathogen based involved.differed, Activation of defense of plant mode pathogens.many action of The T. harzianum num symbiont 2004). et al. T. (Viterbo plant opportunistic harzia in might play identified, role a protease the suggestedresults that pathogen. of by presence the The the regulated be to appear by proximity.of wall interaction gene cell papB The that that from gene papC The were planta. and expressed in attachment plant to root response were in induced proteases clones. regulated RT-PCRentially assays the revealed that was present along differ with protease aspartyl another that showed plant with roots noninteracting and interacting lia, on Trichoderma display performed mRNA Differential detected. was also protease aspartyl an Furthermore, roots. when by SDS-PAGE were detected arabinofuranosidases procedure, Twotion enzymes. lytic of wall cell secreted differentially by Trichoderma of seedlings cucumber cortex outer the into subsequent and ingress ofPenetration epidermis of systemic to accumulation phytoalexins. leading tually involvedcucumber biosynthesis, and even plant signaling in 2000). et al. (Ahmed blight disease pepper the to of resistance enhancement to contribute might stages of BCA-pathogenearlier plants pepper with interaction stages. atlater Accumulationwas of reduced capsidol the in capsidol The inoculation. concentration at6daysplants after inoculated wereplants nontreated >sevenfold in than greater inoculated and ofConcentrations caspsidol of stems treated in plants. of the parts aerial the P. in against response capsici of defense could induce plants, part subterranean the in applied plants. T. inoculated harzianum treated in than plants inoculated untreated in was higher inoculation at 9 days after of BCA. percentage P. the pathogen isolated The and capsici the between contact BCA, of suggestingabsence direct the lesions necrotic yielded pathogen,The but only the not the level Phytophthora blight. similar against ofvided protection pro suspension spore also with plants ofpepper T. harzianum by caused stem P. necrosis capsici reduced significantly of spores with T. seeds per harzianum 2004). et al. Treatment of pep (Khan was nature systemic in with with Ö zer 2011). zer Trichoderma Plants have an immune system is able motifs have that Plants detect to immune an Trichoderma asperllum Trichoderma isolate T39 its is biocontrol versatile in against activity T. asperellum papA T. asperellum T. harzianum Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia T. asperellum strains TR1C7 or TR1C8 strains acceleration of induced to function both as amycoparasite a as as and both function to ) was induced in plate confrontation assay plate confrontation in ) was induced was grown in the presence of presence cucumber the was in grown was upregulated during the first 48 h first the during was upregulated . The expression . The indicated studies activated metabolic pathways activated metabolic in . Drenching the roots of roots the . Drenching (similar to to (similar required secre required did not did myce papA 171 ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 T. virens/T. atroviride (Sm1/Epl1)cerato-platanins virens/T. by T. viride (Xyn2/Eix) by T. or xylanase which may either proteins be ofrange MAMPs host plant. Effectivethe Trichoderma by compounds synthesis of antimicrobial the and of callose oxide, but also, ethylene later,nitric and deposition the (ET) generation of the membrane, reactive oxygen (ROS), species elicited rapidly involve and are the fluxes plasma across iron 172 with with challenges to cotyledons (ISR) of stem and bean the tance in 232-CG systemic could induce resis- strain np-BNR strain solani. by caused Pythium rot diseases root crown and and damping-off against plants protect to reported Trichoderma in were detected of Putative sequences ACCD microorganisms. the in activity (ACCD) ACC the deaminase or through and/ rhizosphere of indole-3-acetic degradation the in microbial acid (IAA) 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) the through its precursor in adecrease from production, resulting (ET) ethylene reduced with was suggestedlings associated be to atroviride of activity T. growth-promoting pathogens The is yet soilborne demonstrated. against be to BCA. the with However,were treated effectiveness the of ISR leaveslating of which roots pathogen, of the the with plants by Trichodermacolonized (ISR)tance (Yedida 1989). et al. Development of ISR plants in asperellum by 1998)al. of of seedlings cucumber roots penetration and zianum ofdemonstration induction of har defense by responses T. the until sp. was not systemic induce to realized resistance 2012). et al. (Hermosa species of Trichoderma potential The by Trichoderma different harzianopyridone and harzianolide 18-mer virens byethicin, T. peptaibols alam metabolites (ThPG1) or secondary by T. harzianum TasSwolenin by T. asperelloides seed treatment. As the presence of the BCA of presence the the could hyphae As be treatment. seed 100 from tomato 75%, to in incidence ease when as applied Nonpathogenic of F. Fo47 strain oxysporum BTH (Jabaji-Hareof inducer resistance, cal 2005). Neate and the were they foliar pathogenschemi and more efficientthan and root by infections both from cotton could protect lates iso np-BNR that indicated results The treatment. combined alonewas effectiveness to comparable treatment np-BNR of ton. However, with reduction obtained of disease degree the spot andcot of leaf rot seedling against protection nificant severity. combination provided np-BNR of sig The BTH and solani of R. effectively plants strain the avirulent protected against isolates np-BNR with seedlings of cotton Pretreatment cotton. macrospora Alternaria and solani Rhizoctonia against (BTH) thiadiazole benzo inducer chemical the with investigated comparison in 1998). of biocontrol of activity mechanism was np-BNR The respectively disease (Xue et al. anthracnose rot and root ing Nonpathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia Colletotrichum lindemuthianum or Colletotrichum AG-4 solani R. AG-4. Several isolates significantly reduced disease disease AG-4. Several reduced isolates significantly The greenhouse and field assessments indicated that that field and assessmentsindicated greenhouse The , following colonization of bean roots (De Meyer, following (De roots et colonization of bean resulting in triggering of induced systemic of resis induced - triggering in resulting , causing pre- and postemergence damping-off of postemergence damping-off and , causing pre- T. longibrachiatum by, cellulases T. has been demonstrated by inocu demonstrated been has genomes (Kubicek 2011). et al. , endopolygalacturonase endopolygalacturonase , strains produce awide produce strains and 6 pentyl- 6 and Rhizoctonia spp. Rhizoctonia and spp. (np-BNR) was - on seed tomato - dis wilt reduced Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  α -pyrone, -pyrone, , swol , , caus- T. T. ------,

with with exudates inoculated of the roots in compounds of antifungal Foa after plants, npFo-nontreated in more rapidly than increased and plants npFo-treated in higher ments, activation of POX content PAL were and lignin and experi hyphal-sandwich inoculation root control plants. In severity, disease wilt untreated with reduced and compared lesionsthe of necrotic number in reduction significant in Developmenttance. resulted plants of ISR npFo-treated in Foa with subsequently those inoculated and showed npFo with hypersensitive strain inoculated response (Foa). asparagi F. against (ISR) oxysporum resistance asparagus in temic oxysporum Bolwerk 2005). et al. (SAR)-like 1998; et al. (Duijff resistance mechanism acquired asystemic by tomato in through Fo47resistance functioned against the foliar pathogen the against sporum oxy F. against plants subsequently and tissues root protected Fs-K pathogens. colonized which soilborne Strain suppressed compost of tissues on grown the root plants tomato from 2002). et al. (Freeman development and survival for environment soil their the in set of different conditions require BCAs might other that than more efficientlyitythe pathogenic might strain, with compete only pathogenic- lacking nonpathogenic The strain seedlings. 33 70% to of lower of inoculation stem at7days tissues after 4/4 100% and could colonize roots of strain the The strain. tible cultivars alesser to level, wild-type the to compared 15/15 of suscep mutagenesis. strain The mortality induced 1,2) following by technique, a continuous dip-inoculation UV cucurbit pathogen wilt F. oxysporum (4/4pathogenic mutants 15/15) and the from were obtained for biocontrol pathogens. as crop use agents Two against non mutants generate to successfully applied been has irradiation 2002). et al. (He Mutagenesis ultraviolet via asparagus (UV) (SAR)tance Foa defense and against responses resis- ofof systemic inducers as acquired npFo function might isolates the that indicated results plants. The npFo-nontreated F. oxysporum to tomato pression due in induction to be of might resistance only justobserved below sup crown disease region, the the for of by endophytic mode action used BCA the the induce to ethylene pathway that isolate, signaling indicating is required by were Fs-K not protected FORL, with inoculated responses, epinastic ripe or of absence isolate Never Fs-K. lines Mutant presence the in of by response plant infection to FORL, the role the of jasmonic ethylene acid and in (ET) determine to was used genetic plant tomato using lines, approach, mutant leaves. in of A PR or aberrant genes was either not affected expression plants. The pattern noninoculated with compared Fs-K, strain with inoculated roots tomato in was detected expressionated of genes of PR-proteins PR-5 like, PR-7 and The biocontrol of activity The nonpathogenic isolates of F. Fusarium solani Fusarium Foa f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. ( was observed for npFo-treated plants, but plants, was not for for observed npFo-treated epi 1 epi (npFo) induction was of investigated, sys through - f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. ), both impaired on ethylene-mediated plant on ethylene-mediated ), impaired both In the split-root the In system roots experiments, Fs-K, an endophytic isolate was obtained Fs-K, endophytic isolate an was obtained Septoria lycopersici Septoria (FORL) and also elicited ISR (FORL) also and melonis (Fom melonis f.sp. inoculation. Presence Presence inoculation. (FORL). Induction of exhibited resis exhibited . The attenu . The invasion in ( Nr , race ) and ) and f.sp. f.sp. ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 of of identity ofon the genes involved biocontrol the activity in Fom24/rev157 of strains genetics pair of the light shed might infection byinfection F. oxysporum susceptible rapidly efficiently react to plants and tomato to exogenous could sensitize protein foliar application of fungal and tomato in systemic could induce resistance oligandrin that defense of showed results the features The responses. striking of invading pathogen were hyphae surface the atthe mulating deposits of formation accu aggregated and pathogen viability in tissues, decrease outer to root growth of fungal restriction plants, tomato oligandrin-treated incidence. In on disease not did have glucans whereas chitosan, and any effect gandrin with oli treated in plants reduced wasincidence significantly were tissues on root Disease monitored. defense mechanisms induction of and plants tomato were decapitated to applied sporum oxy by caused wilt F. rot and root Fusarium to tissues root tomato in resistance induce to ability forshell chitosan their crab of and wall P. cell the from oligandrum obtained glucan which was evaluated protein, along crude elicitin-like with an (Velosoplants D and pepper treated biocontrol of in nism of the activity Fo47 strain involvementthe - mecha of another as induction of resistance indicating plants, stem of and pepper roots both control in the Fo47, relative genes ahigher had expression three level than with treatment V. the with to prior inoculated plants dahliae stem onlygen, CABPR1 the butthe in In was upregulated. patho the of with absence inoculation the in plants treated of Fo47- roots the in genes were upregulated transiently three involved synthesis of capsidol, the in These aphytoalexin. (CACHI2) chitinase cyclaseII asesquiterpene (CASC1) and basic pathogenesis-related (PR)-1 (CABPR1) protein aclass were over monitored a resistance genes encoded The time. ity of Fo47, defense genes previously three pepper to related of biocontrol activ amechanism as induction of resistance role the of or competition for determine to order nutrition. In V. was against due anatagonism to BCAthe dahliae strain protective of effect the assay, of atleast part that indicating V. dahliae F. oxysporum achieved could be bypepper employing nonpathogenic isolate respectively capsici in Phytophthora and Verticillium dahliae sion Phytophthora blight by of caused and wilt Verticillium against rev157, mutant of the 24 plants flax was able the protect to F. oxysporum wilt pathogen against plants flax nonhost unable protect to Fom byinfection pathogenic strain ( F. from generated pathogenic mutant oxysporum investigation, alater In 2007). non et al. the (Kavroulakis for of biocontrol mediation of activity isolaterequired Fs-K ofpresence Fs-K, which jasmonic suggested acid wasthat not the in biosynthesis, showed FORL, to susceptibility reduced def1 contrary, In resistance. Diseases of Crop Management Biological  Fom F. oxysporum Pythium oligandrum Pythium ) (rev157) muskmelon could not against plants protect f.sp. f.sp. F. oxysporum in plate confrontation , but of not plate P. that confrontation in capsici radicis-lycopersici Fo47. of growth isolate the Fo47 The inhibited f.sp. lini f.sp. (L’Haridon Effective 2007). et al. suppres- í az 2012). az f.sp. lini f.sp. . In contrast, the parental strain Fom strain parental the contrast, . In , a mycoparasite, produces oligandrin, , amycoparasite, oligandrin, produces f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. mutants defective mutants jasmonate in . The comparative molecular comparative molecular . The (FORL). compounds These 24. The mutant rev157 mutant 24. The was f.sp. melonis f.sp. . Reduction Reduction . ------

lates had pos-1 had lates genes oli-d1 designated drin isolates contained D-type The CWPs. on the based those two as groups, same the into blot isolates were on the Southern Based analyses, divided isolate MMR2. D-type of the using genomic fosmid library isolates was P. ten analyzed, among proteins oligandrum like POS-1. of elicitin- genes distribution containing encoding The isolate S-type POD-1 the POD-2 and and containing D-type (CWPs) proteins of wall cell nature as on the based tiated, drum in wereas oligandrin) identified elicitorproteins P. oligan (POD-1,tion, proteins four elicitin-like POD-2,POS-1 and 2001). et al. (Benhamou investiga later penetration the In - tion of pathogen atsites fungitoxic compounds of attempted - accumula through primarily be might incidence disease in These compounds inhibited radial growth and also induced induced also and growth radial inhibited compounds These 3-[(1R)-hydroxyhexyl-7-5-methylene-2 (H)-furanone. 5-methylene-2(5H) (4,5-didehydroacterin) and furanone 3-[(1R)-hydroxyoctyl]- metabolites, two secondary related matum AC5 aphanider Pythium cochlioides and Aphanomyces of activity PseudomonasAntagonistic jassenii 3.1.5.2.1 Azospirillum, Rhizobium genera Pseudomonas, included the under are BacillusPGPRs extent. different to The (PGPRs) plant growth may enhance rhizobacteria plant growth-promoting the addition, In tems. pathogens by the to activating host plant defensetance sys- resis inducing - by pathogens infection and for the establishing space,for colonization ofsites and required specific nutrients antibiosis, such antagonism, competitionferent as mechanisms by dif or indirectly plant pathogens directly microbial borne biocontrol agents (BCAs) bacterial The soil may against act 3.1.5.2 2012). et al. mycoparasitismas (Ikeda solani employed control mechanisms R. by against P. oligandrum bio the suggested results controls. that The untreated with solani severity upon challengereduced R. with 3-deo as hosph such genes related expression the of defense- of enhanced P.fraction oligandrum assay.disk protein wall cell Treatment with disks of tuber tuber using potato was assessed, solani bycaused Rhizoctonia oligandrum 2010). et al. tion events (Matsunaka of Pythium ability The isolates by genetic duplication S-type derived dele from and isolates be might D-type relationships the suggested that pathogens. of Analyses against genetic plants in resistance of enhancement the in elicitor resulting proteins, potential by RT-PCRcated assays. It is possible genes encode these that by colonization ofing roots P. tomato oligandrum Pythium other nine were single copies P. present only in oligandrum . Two of isolates groups were P. differen oligandrum ate synthase, lipoxygenase synthase, ​ate basic and PR-6 genes and might involve might well as resistance, induction of disease PA-5 produced was investigated. antagonist The Antibiosis Bacterial Biological Agents Control to induce resistance in potato against black scurf black against scurf potato in resistance induce to and one oligandrin gene oli-s1 one oligandrin and spp. tested. All genes were spp. expressed All dur tested. and Serratia and pod-1 and oli-d2 and ​xy-d- and pod-2 and ​arabi . , whereas S-type iso S-type , whereas ​ptulo ​no-he and two oligan and . These genes . These , compared compared , , but not in ​sonat , as indi , as against against ​e-7-p​ 173 ------, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 S. griseocarneus of S. Growth heptanes. candicidin-type and B, polyene filipin nystatin, other amphotericin macrolides, 2.0 µ 0.5 and between atconcentrations by rhizostreptin were inhibited pathogenic tomato to mycelial of fungi and growth mination development solani by caused R. of damping-off the suppressed compound BCA. antifungal the with The treated seeds from grown of transplants tomato rhizospheres from extracts the in also which was detected rhizostreptin, complex, macrolide a pentaene designated compound, gal griseocarneus of S. filtrates culture bioassay. diffusion bygens of agar tomato, indicated as The basicola F.oxysporum spp., spp., control agent (BCA) inhibited was plug tomato investigated. bio The transplants, affecting rot pathogensandroot damping-off field against tomato plant, griseocarneus 2012). et al. (Karimi soils saline the in particularly biocontrol agents for rot disease, root suppressing beet sugar for as use potential S2 isolates the Cand had the that indicated results pathogens. The fungal by soilborne of the beet sugar ofabsence NaCl. Soil application rot of root isolate C reduced and presence the in bylulase isolateboth Cwas significant ß significantly. activity tinase Production acid of salicylic (SA), α and tease production of the siderophores activities of and pro enhanced isolates were able siderophores. produce to Addition of salt α and chitinase protease, of S2. compounds isolates isolates Both showed Cand tile biocontrol of the activity solubleNaCl increased vola and - for ages of of 45, inhibition mycelial being growth 53 26% and isolate of percent C with the showed nature antagonistic the assays antagonism vitro in The rot disease. root beet sugar solani Fusarium AG-2, solani pathogens, Rhizoctonia fungal the against tial S2isolates Cand were evaluated biocontrol for poten their 2010). et al. (Deora nativetor latrunculin The by actin-assembly inhibi induced the those to were similar jessenii of P. metabolites activities secondary of the inhibitory and sponge.sea disorganization showed results The actin that by a produced actin-assembly B, inhibitor an latrunculin with AC-5zation in was seen PA-5 and following hyphae treatment AC-5 PA-5 and disorgani of response actin isolates. Asimilar of hyphae morphologically abnormal the in arrays of actin disorganization the reflecting h), plaques were the eliminated, At stages (48 metabolites. later any one secondary with of the h stage up early of 24 to interaction atan form plaque-like a into redmodelled filamentswere actin tip-specific that (F-actin), revealed filamentous-actin membrane-associated plasma to which bound rhodamine-phalloidin, with Staining pathogen isolates, AC-5 treated ings in PA-5 and respectively. swell and hyperbranching like morphological abnormalities 174 -glucanase and lipase by lipase isolate and S2 biosynthesis-glucanase and of cel The mechanism of biocontrol of activity mechanism Streptomyces The P. F. and drechsleri solani solani, R. Phytophthora and Verticilliium dahliae and -amylase. In contrast, salt treatments reduced chi reduced treatments salt -amylase. contrast, In radicis-lycopersici, F. solani, Thielaviopsis Thielaviopsis F. solani, radicis-lycopersici, f.sp. g/ml. Rhizostreptin was more fungitoxic than was more fungitoxic than Rhizostreptin g/ml. strain Di944, isolated from the rhizosphere of rhizosphere the isolated from Di944, strain and Phytophthora dreschleri and spp., spp., -amylase activity. both addition, In F. oxysporum Pythium solani, Rhizoctonia , but not bacterial patho , but not bacterial contained an antifun an contained f.sp. f.sp. . Treatment with Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  Streptomyces involved in . Spore ger Spore . lycopersici, lycopersici, ------

strains (Hemissi et al. 2013). et al. (Hemissi strains possible the by BCA induction indicated of the and resistance effect ofshowed direct the following results ofwere plants. The increased bacterization (PAL) (POX). peroxidase and Phenol contents roots of the lyase ammonia phenylalanine of defense-related enzymes, level by enhanced was accompanied infection reduction in effect of Rhizobium solani by infection R. chickpea reduced lates iso these vitro. in Further, observed growth fungal reduced against Nir2 of activity nistic two Rhizobium 2010). et al. (Palumbo propagules antago airborne via The flavus A. pathogensgal like BCAs of population soil reduce mycotoxigenic to rial fun possibility of suggested results employingthe The bacte level.respectively, inoculum and soil type on the depending by 75- a1mdistance 1,000-fold to across 10- 50-fold, to and phis of P. with soil conditions, chlorora treatments chamber Under wind bench-scale strain. either with bacterial treated 16densities 7- after days 20-fold to remained lower soil in days following flavus three A. soil coinoculation. up 100-fold to by P. chlororaphis flavus of A. Growth coculture. soil in activity flavus Aspergillus rescens 2015). Traquair and (Sabaratnam rot of root transplants tomato and oomycetes and involvedpathogenic fungi damping-off the in by BCA major which the the mechanism was able inhibit to (CWDEs) enzymes was considered be to wall-degrading cell fungal and macrolide pentaene antifungal of extracellular Secretion sources. carbon as solani components ofwall R. or cell sulfate supplemented ammonium glucose with and by phospholipase proteinase glucanase, and chitinase, enzymes, production addition, of hydrolytic In nitrogen sources. and carbon components pathogen as wall cell BCAthe utilize to of ability the indicated this and solani components ofwall R. supplemented medium cell with mineral in was substantial control plants. Following seed treatment with BsCR, the the BsCR, with control plants. Following treatment seed noninoculated and inoculated biomass both root in increased significantly strains combination of the bacterial BsCR and symptoms. disease the consistentlytion PpF4 with decreased combina - conditions, in BsCR alone and Under greenhouse development the inhibited of M. cannonballus of perithecia strongly bition vitro. strain in PpF4 pathogen of growth the by aconsistent inhi byAntagonism BsCR was characterized analysis of and 16Sological characteristics rDNA sequences. Pseudomonas putida subtilis as Bacillus identified activity. antagonistic for their Two were species bacterial of melon decline vine were of rot and evaluated root incitant effective soil Monosporascusized against cannonballus Indigenous plant growth-promoting bacteria from solar from bacteria Indigenous plant growth-promoting chlororaphis Pseudomonas S. griseocarneus S. reduced airborne spores dispersed dispersed spores airborne P. reduced and fluorescens strain JP2175, strain of growth capable the of inhibiting was assessed. These strains strains These was assessed. solani Rhizoctonia in vitro, were evaluated for their antifungal vitro, were in evaluated antifungal for their Di944 was observed in mineral medium medium mineral was in observed Di944 strains on the pathogen. on the Concomitantly strains (PpF4), on phenotypic, physi based Rhizobium / that could infect crop plants plants crop could infect that amyloliquefaciens strain JP1015 strain fluo P. and strains PchAzm and PchS. and PchAzm strains within P. within and fluorescens strains on pathogen strains , due to the direct direct , due the to was inhibited was inhibited (BsCR) and propagule propagule ------. , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 var. tritici var. graminis Gaeumannomyces by caused disease suppression of wheat take-all natural with Pseudomonas 2,4-DAPG-producing of of presence Pseudomonas the in detected (2,4-DAPG)ols, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is commonly phloroglucin Among demonstrated. been has plant species BCA-pathogen-crop different in demonstrated been has of Production antibiotics rhamnolipids. by and PGPRs trin pyoluteorin, phloroglucinols, pyrrolni secrete phenazines, BCAs These diseases. pathogens crop causing soilborne microbial of action against mechanism principal the be to of antibiotics appears productionties, of kinds different (PGPRs) have of multiple biocontrol activi mechanisms 2017a). et al. (Zhang pathogens fungal activities against of antifungal spectrum showed filtrate solvent a broad- culture The extractants. organic with solvent organic treatment the transferable to after phase under basicactivity conditions.The filtrate, not was culture activitythe of antifungal the 8) affect not did significantly at100 retained ity being was relatively activ 88.2% with thermostable of antifungal Z-14 of strain filtrate weight fresh culture and of The roots. growth increased significantly extract Treatment crude with byplants 69.8%, Ggt to compared by was 91.3% reduced ongrown petridishes potted in and assay. wheat seedlings in petridish severity of The take-all in filtrate culture bacterial of extract the crude with medium graminis pathogen disease wheat take-all against 2013). Z-14 strain Biological subtilis of B. control potential of melondecline by caused M. cannonballus vine management of rot and root integrated component the in putida P. BsCR and subtilis B. showedresults biocontrol synergistic activities the of that ity by activation the plant of defense the also. The responses sever disease reduce BsCR might that indicating detected, for marker were induction biochemical of as resistance roots induction of in peroxidase isoenzyme the and accumulation most resistant structure. Ultrastructural changes in the hyphal hyphal the changes in Ultrastructural most structure. resistant most sensitive, followed mycelium the by the being sporangia, sensitivity were the 2,4-DAPG. to ferences their Zoospores in of P.propagules ultimum Different werehosts 2,4-DAPG to different recorded. from Variations sensitivity the of in 14 several werespp. 2,4-DAPG to crops assessed. infecting have of investigated. responses Pythium been The structures survival and forms spore different gens, produce which can patho effects of on fungal 2,4-DAPG The reported. been Weller and Q8rl-96 and Q2-87 1998) (Raaijmakers has by P. strains disease 1992) fluorescens wheat take-all and by disease damping-off Defagoand 1997). Suppression of development of beet sugar (Duffy rot disease root crown and and wilt tomato and ease gens. patho fungal by caused soilborne diseases seedling and root development suppress to the domonads have reported of been Diseases of Crop Management Biological  Although the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria rhizobacteria plant growth-promoting the Although CHA0 suppressed tobacco black- tobacco P. suppressed CHA0 dis root fluorescens . tritici (Ggt). tritici the by var was amending assessed Pseudomonas ° var. sporangiferum var. C for 30 min. The pH (3 range The C for to 30 min. PpF4 might be included a be as might PpF4 -inoculated control plants. -inoculated Pythium . The fluorescentpseu . The spp. et al. (Shanahan spp. was correlated Gaeumannomyces Gaeumannomyces isolates obtained obtained isolates spp. Abundance spp. Abundance (Antonelli et al. exhibited dif exhibited ------

between genotypically different phlD different genotypically between rophytic strains of rophytic strains 2003b). sensitivity The of 76 plant sap pathogenic and/or (de antibody 2003a, et al. Souza primary ments, using the experi of revealed as 2,4-DAPG, by immunolocalization or absence presence the in both tips hyphal in concentrations B(1,3)-1, B(1,4)- B(1,6)-glucans and were same present atthe composition and pathogen, of of tips since the hyphal ture - struc wall cell the not did 2,4-DAPG affect that It seemed pathogen structure. fungal the quently in alterations observed degenerationvacuolization and of its contents were fre the by accompanied senescence hyphal and plasma membrane nous vesicles, by cytoplasm degenerated aretracted bordered development extensive of an network of membra- smooth or organization, disruption)liferation plasma membrane in (pro alteration Localized pathogenof were the visualized. tips hyphal in extents Different of disorganization (TEM). microscope electron transmission usingwere the assessed, ultimum oftips P. the genetic diversitythe of phlD was assess rapid developed method and presence the detect to 2004). Fuente et La al. Asimple antibiotics and (De these have locations that shown geographical been produce to other UP61 biocontrol other agents with isolated from strain the between biosynthesisthe of showed 2,4-DAPG similarity phlD of sequencing the assays partial and andrep-PCR polymorphic DNA(RAPD) amplified random (RFLP), polymorphism length fragment sequencing, random 16S activity.antagonistic like rDNA techniques Molecular its pyoluteorin, to and contributing (2,4-DAPG), pyrrolnitrin antibiotics, viz., 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol three produced and development the ing of Q21-87 strain the in (Schouten 2004.). et al. CHA0, but not blocked biosynthesis 2,4-DAPG strain the in in repression of acid-mediated synthesis 2,4-DAPG Fusaric by expression the repressing biosynthetic of gene the phlA sporum oxy by acid F. produced Fusaric phloroglucinols occurred. lessto fungitoxic derivatives, monoacetylphloroglucinol and deacetylation of 2,4-DAPG DAPG. two tolerant strains, In (18)2,4-DAPG. Some tolerant strains 2,4- could metabolize 1, 13) 2and were relatively of concentrations tolerant high to Fom1127)and F. and oxysporum Pseudomonas fluorescens sis of the 350-bp fragments of phlD sis 350-bp of fragments the gel analy gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) denaturing The isolation prior BCA and of the on media nutrient strains. for samples, need enrichment without the rhizosphere the in Vlami et al. 2005). et al. Vlami (Bergsma- seedlings of beet sugar rhizosphere the colonize antibiotic-producing allowed identification of newgroups of genotypic specific analysis ofindigenous the DGGE isolates. The (17%), including F. oxysporum Pseudomonas Pseudomonas fluorescens infecting tomato. The strain UP61 strain tomato. The infecting solani Rhizoctonia strain might directly affect 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis 2,4-DAPG affect directly might strain spp. was strain-dependent, as fusaric acid fusaric as spp. was strain-dependent, var. sporangiferum var. F. oxysporum Pseudomonas Sclerotium rolfsiiSclerotium was assessed. F. was assessed. oxysporum UP61 was effective suppress- in + Pseudomonas f.sp. melonis f.sp. f.sp. cubense f.sp. to 2,4-DAPG produced by produced 2,4-DAPG to with different abilities to to abilities different with + allowed discrimination allowed discrimination exposed 2,4-DAPG to + reference strains and and reference strains , infecting beans beans , infecting gene, governing governing gene, strains directly directly strains (strain Fom38 (strains Focub Focub (strains phlD strains strains gene gene 175 ------. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 PCA A PCN. to capable enzyme, of converting synthetase-like asparagine azine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) phzH and phzABCDEFG by BCA. formed the Aseven-gene (PCN) boxamide operon longisporum suppressingin production of by microsclerotia Verticillium pathogens. Pseudomonas 2010). Fukushi and (Islam manner asimilar in membrane, adjacent cap the apical the plasma in to present filaments of DAPG F-actin thetic severely organization the disrupted syn and ECO-001 (CLSM) both observations revealed that microscopic scanning pathogen. laser ofhyphae the Confocal excessive induced by of ECO-001 DAPG secreted branching Plantago isolated from asiatica ECO-001 by P. strain was spinach inhibited and fluorescens beet sugar of growth polar not 2005). The by et al. (Rezzonico cucumber ultimum situ by in P. and vitro in was strongly stimulated hrcV expression containing operon of the pathogen of wasregardless the whether present or not. The strain, level same the to wild-type ofplant roots the that as the colonized and mix potting the in persisted mutant the not due alower to ecological fitness of ultimum P. against KD hrcV was not pathogenic cucumber. to KD Inactivation of strain the spite of presence of In pathogenic attribute, the detected. was strain of P. genes KD presence TTSS in The fluorescens hosts. animal genic or symbiotic plant with and interactions system secretion is (TTSS) employedIII for by patho bacteria ultimum by caused Pythium disease damping-off effectively against plants KD cucumber protected strain of Pseudomonas of activity trol several strains antibiotic involvedDAPG main which is the biocon the in 176 wilt pathogenwilt F. oxysporum chlororaphis Pseudomonas for biocontrol was of the activity shown crucial be to (PCN) Phenazine-1-carboxamide 2007). et al. BCA (Debode terial effectiveness the ofotics increase to biocontrol- by bac the antibi the with synergistically act pathogens and of fungal surface on the adhesion bacteria of the facilitate might that of Pseudomonas Some strains strain. wild-type to when compared microsclerotia, of secondary formation and germination microsclerotial tive inhibiting in aeruginosa of P. mutants the chlororaphis Further, strain. was more effective, wild-type the to when compared PCL1121 whereas strain, wild-type the as germination, tial of PCL1119 PCN. was microsclero effective inhibiting in cient aphzH and operon for HCN was under the regulation of quorum sensing of foroperon regulation quorum was the HCN under expression The protease. biosynthetic and of the chitinase PCL1391 strain The hydrogen produced also (HCN), cyanide Aphanomyces cochlioides Aphanomyces Phenazines (Phzs) are the antibiotics produced by antibiotics produced the (Phzs) are Phenazines Pseudomonas fluorescens strongly reduced the biocontrol potential of the strain strain of biocontrol the the potential strongly reduced 7NSK2 overproducing PCA were more effec- P. chlororaphis , infecting cauliflower dueto , infecting phenazine-1-car spp., fungal biocontrol with against activity was responsible for biosynthesis the of phen phzB mutant (PCL1121) mutant PCA, instead produced mutant (PCL1119) mutant was phenazine-defi . The reduced biocontrol efficacy reduced . The was f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. strain PCL1391 strain tomato against PCL1391 effective was highly , causing damping-off disease of disease , causing damping-off strain KD did not produce 2,4- not did produce KD strain produced biosurfactants biosurfactants produced . The antibiotic 2,4- . The hrcV PCL1391 P. and in the strain KD KD strain the in encoded for encoded an Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  mutant, since since mutant, spp. However, However, spp. . The type type . The (FORL). , but ------rum sensing as part of its lifestyle. gacS The part sensing as rum employ might quo strain autoinducers, this suggesting that DF41 produced control. strain Gac Furthermore, under ated were compounds of gener biocontrol. to these contribute All molecules might LP that and alginate proteases, (HCN), nide of including a number hydrogen compounds produced cya - lp the synthesis in (LP) a gene in involved mutation occurred lipopeptides in trast, system. GacS/GacA By of the regulatory con part forming Pseudomonas such antibiotics several metabolites as in ofthesis secondary control to expressionknown for syn the of genes required mutagenesis. GacS/GacA system The transposon via is ated gacS effectivelypressed by Pseudomonas by caused Sclerotiniastem rot disease sclerotiorum (QS) (Chin-A-Woeng 2001). et al. Development of canola WCS 365 strains and planted in sand system infested with system with sand infested in planted WCS and 365 strains PCL1391 with Tomatoers. were bacterized seedlings and autofluorescentmark (CLSM)as different and proteins microscope were investigated, scanning laser using confocal (FORL), agents of causal rot disease foot tomato root and WCS365 F. against oxysporum chlororaphis Pseudomonas 2007). et al. pyoluteorin (Perneel and also pyrrolnitrin produced CMR5c strain The surfactants. and phenazines produced two strains myriotylum Pythium cocoyam against plants tecting of cocoyam were plants efficientrhizosphere highly pro in Pseudomonas severity in treated cocoyam (Tambong plants H severity and treated in FM13, mutant ity ofdisease the in reduction reflected by as Exogenous biocontrol the activ restored supply of tryptophan oomycete against plants were pathogens. the unable protect to FM13 mutants, production, autotrophic deficientin phenazine tryptophan The (PCA) (PCN). phenazine-1-carboxamide and found due production to be to of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid P. and myriotylum bean infecting ofactivity P. aeruginosa biocontrol The plant 2007). pathogens et al. (Liu ity against activ of antifungal (2.OH-PHZ) spectrum which broad had phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) 2-hydroxyphenazine and mainly phenazines produced plants pepper sphere of green (Selin 2010). et al. strain level same the to wild-type the as biocontrol PA23-63 and activity mutant showed antifungal an PA23-314 gacS the by incorporating mutant the in biocontrol restored could activity be The canola. against A 2010). et al. system Gac (Berry of presence afunctional and canola byin DF41 was production dependent on LP strain suppression that development of stemindicated rot disease themselves canola phyllosphere. in sustain to results The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by caused stem rot disease canola against could not protect gacS Mechanisms of action of two bacterial biocontrol of agents action of twoMechanisms bacterial Pseudomonas chlororaphis Pseudomonas (DF41-469) and mutant of Pseudomonas of mutant Leptosphaeria maculans spp. gacS The CMR56 and CMR12a strains isolated from the the isolated from CMR12a strains and CMR56 lp mutant. The wild-type strain DF41 strain wild-type The mutant. . Further, both mutants were unable mutants both . Further, (DF469-1278) were mutants gener Pythium splendens PNA1 Pythium against PCL 1391 PCL P. and fluorescens mutant had an insertion in gacS in insertion an had mutant isolated from the rhizo the isolated from , causal agent, causal of blackleg of sp. lost biocontrol activity f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. infecting cocoyam was infecting sp. DF41. Two mutants gene. The phenazine gene. phenazine The and lp and ö was sup was fte 2001).fte mutants mutants . These . These ------, ,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of 2-day (HPLC) chromatography liquid pressure or pyoluteorin. High- production of pyrrolnitrin 2,4-DAPG, azine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), but none genes of had for them genes for possessed biosynthesisendophytic of strains phen stem development Three the suppressed disease. of take-all aggressivelythey of wheat and rhizosphere the colonized were and selected 13 potential, strains antagonistic on the Ggt King’s 553 B. the Of medium isolates, 105 isolates inhibited leaves and stems roots, were for used isolation on of bacteria fields. soil, fromrhizosphere rainfed Samples and irrigated world. the wheat from were winter Bacteria isolated from wheat-growing around other and countries China in ease graminis chlororaphis of activity P. antagonistic the in or pyrrolnitrin for phenazine role aclear least one antibiotic. not did results indicate The at producing sowing for was strains recorded 6 weeks after at population bacterial in increase an and nonproducers than relativelyantibiotic were able population higher maintain to PA23. atleast one producing by strain duced strains the The negatively of number antibiotics the with pro correlated was population bacterial considerably the that it and seemed decreased population =0.05). (P bacterial disease wilt The suppression and number of Sclerotinia bacterial root higher pyrrolnitrin-deficient PA23 and of combination strain phenazine- with aloneor in sclerotiorum S. of biocontrol PA23 colonization and on potential root against zole 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. and role of The nonvolatile antibiotics - well as volatile as benzothia antibiotics nonanal, pyrrolnitrin, PA23 nonvolatilestrain produced and antibiotics phenazine Sclerotinia sclerotiorum development the suppressed by induced symptoms of disease 2003). biocontrolin Pseudomonas by these BCAs anew represent might mechanism bacterial by both PCL1391.effect strain of the extensive The colonization root by WCS365 by antibiosis were the compensated nearly strain ISR. with It is possible associated effects ofbe ISR the that BCAs could that ference biocontrol bacterial in of activity the (ISR). systemic resistance induced However, was no dif there WCS 365strain suppress pathogen might development via pathogen in hyphae. the phological By contrast, abnormalities PCL1391 of mor strain adelay appearance in the resulted in conditions).(greenhouse the lack production in of The PCN vivo in and morphology vitro ofand in pathogen both hyphae growth the which altered (PCN), phenazine-1-carboxamate PCL1391 strain The tion of tissue by root FORL. produced - prevented penetra colonization bacteria and exudates, the the in nutrients the sites utilizing By and these colonizing exudates. the of in compounds toward utilization and taxis junctions, probably intercellular due chemo to the root, on niches tomato same the pathogen colonized hyphae and strains bacterial pathogen. the The multiplied faster than and earlier surface root the reached BCA The strains FORL. Diseases of Crop Management Biological  Gaeumannomyces by caused Gaeumannomyces disease Wheat-take-all and they were they as Pseudomonas and identified Pseudomonas chlororaphis Pseudomonas - dis (Ggt) tritici important economically is an var. PA23 (Athukorala 2010). et al. on sunflowerinvestigated. was Application Tn on canola and sunflower on canola and The crops. mutants resulted in significantly significantly in resulted mutants strain PA23 strain effectively strains (Bolwerk et strains al. spp. Based - - - - - biofilm formation. The mutants were introduced individually individually introduced The were mutants biofilm formation. restored levels strain partially and wild-type the to protease production of and exo mobility surface the restored mutants genomic complementation The of the strain. wild-type the to compared mutants, both in reduced was formation film But bio mutants. the both siderophores in was not affected levelswild-type of exoprotease of production. Production exoprotease, HC1-07viscB secrete to whereas retained mutant HC1-07prtR2 lost ability mutant mobility. the Furthermore, and swarming were two mutants deficientThese in swimming two HC1-07viscB nonproducing mutants, HC107prtR2. and control, plasposon mutagenesiscal was generate to applied µ rot of root of100 wheat atconcentration causing Rhizoctonia of Ggt growth the inhibited (CLP) of 1,126 aMW with strongly CLP extracted the and (Ggt). tritici var. graminis by caused Gaeumannomyces disease phyllosphere development the suppressed of wheat take-all solani R. in pathogen development consequent symptom expression and have might CLPs and suppression arole the in phenazine of that indicated results pathogen. ofetative the The growth the did affect veg not and phenazine CLPs deficient both in mycelium,denser and CLP-deficient whereas mutants mutant and branched induced more mutant Phenazine-deficient AGs. solani R. of of tips both hyphal branching pronounced BCA of The biocontrol induced of activity CMR12a strain. for level high on plate were growth required during produced suppressive metabolites that BCA, of capacity the indicating the before cells reduced application, significantly bacterial inoculated. CLP and was Washing deficient phenazine both in biocontrol mutant when was activity the entirely abolished, The lesswith efficiency,strain. wild-type the with compared plants bean deficient protect CMR12a of mutant could still ACLP-deficientand phenazine- strains. solani R. by both severity induced disease the reduced CMR12a drastically strain aggressive)(highly wild-type The pathogen strains. sis AG2-2 groups aggressive) (intermediately AG4HG1 and CMR12a was investigated, using two anastomo different strain of activity the antagonistic the in CLPs and phenazines by caused rot disease (CLPs),lipopeptides development the suppressed root of bean (Yang 2011). et al. fluorescens HC9-07, HC13-07 JC14-07 P. to and strains that were similar biosynthesis genephenazine phzF control activity. key Analysis the of DNA within sequences its bio abolished HC9-07 ofLoss PCA production by strain of Pseudomonasby endophytic strains fluorescens the wheat colonized of spring roots from analysis extracts of the quantitativeby time-of-flightmass-spectrometry 2 HPLC revealed as rhizosphere, the PCA in produced strains three JC14-70 All PCA, but phenazines. not produced any other HC9-07, HC13-07and the strains that confirmed old cultures g/ml. In order to determine the role of the CLP in biologi role in the CLP of the determine to order In g/ml. Pseudomonas fluorescens Pseudomonas The strain HC1-07 a cyclic strain produced The lipopeptides 2-79, which was awell-known of producer PCA -infected bean plants (D’aes plants bean -infected 2011). et al. CMR12a, producing phenazines and cyclic and phenazines producing CMR12a, Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia AG-8, solani Rhizoctonia and HC1-07 wheat isolated from and of 16S and rDNA indicated . The involvement. The of 2-79. 2-79. 177 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 FIGURE 3.8 FIGURE American Phytopathological Society, MN] Phytopathological American of Yang[Courtesy of the 2014 etal. permission kind with and test. difference significant Fischer’s least per as protected (P = 0.05) different significantly not are means that cycle indicates for same for cycle above the bars 3; letter 1,interval and same 2, 2-week at determined populations and planting at soil in strain each of Cycle conditions 0: populations chamber growth under 07prtR2-1 rescens growth rates of rates growth The length. necrosis and frequency attack expressed as ease development the of reduced wheat roots of Ggt BCA The process. inoculation 10-day infection the during pathogenicity plant-induced genes and genes were monitored levels fungal transcript of candidate colonization,the root fungal development and disease of bacterial rates roots, in addition, In assay petriplates. in confrontation using the gated, (Ggt) investi tritici was var. graminis Gaeumannomyces fluorescens (Yang rot diseases root 2014). et al. Rhizoctonia and take-all of suppression of wheat determinant amore important be to appeared CLP viscosia-like the suggested results that The development. suppress to disease ability the regained mutants developmentthe complemented Genetically diseases. of both (see Table 3.1). were less mutants Both efficientin suppressing control with compared rot diseases, root Rhizoctonia and development suppressed significantly take-all wheat both of HC1-07 treatment conditions. seed Strain trolled as applied Ggt against biocontrolthe potential complemented for HC1-07prtR2 were and and tested mutants (see Figure 3.8). CLP-deficient HC1-07viscB The mutants levels strain wild-type plant colonization the to restored tion Complementation wheat rhizosphere. the prtR of the in persistto ability the in mildly,impaired but significantly HC1-07prtR2 two was mutants, at 2-week the Of interval. of wheat were plants rhizosphere determined the in strain of sizes population each the and soil Virgin Quincy into 178 and a specific Pf29Arp strain deletion respectively,probe, strain Pf29Arp aspecific and assay of of the DNA a contentspart with The mechanism of biocontrol of activity mechanism PseudomonasThe strain HCl-07rif, cyclic lipopeptide-deficient mutants HCl- mutants cyclic lipopeptide-deficient HCl-07rif, strain Pf29Arp against the wheat take-all pathogen, wheat take-all the against Pf29Arp

Colonization of wheat roots by Pseudomonas of roots wheat fluo Colonization Ggt and Pf19Arp, monitored through qPCR qPCR Pf19Arp, and through monitored under con under solani R. and Ggt Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  18S rDNA gene -induced dis -induced muta - - - - - produced phenazines and pyrrolnitrin, whereas the strains strains the whereas pyrrolnitrin, and phenazines produced of PA23 of formation blackleg lesions. DF190 strains and The factor for suppressioncotyledon or important prevention was an canola pathogen to of or 48 h prior inoculation the at24 teria maculans canola blackleg pathogen, against activity Leptosphaeria nistic amyloliquefaciens B. DF190 and PA23, DFE4 strains and cereus strain Bacillus seolina even productivity of of peanut presence and M. pha the in growth the sustained and of nodulation ability enhancement the to contributed pseudomonadsing together rhizobia with Application of pyocyanin-producradicles seedlings. - of peanut of on CFUs Ca12 pyocyanin strain increased concentration, more effectivelyease However, concentration. athigh atlower - dis suppressed on Pyocyanin radicles was of assessed. peanut Ca 12 strain pression biofilmrhizobial the and by formation effect sup of the pyocyanin on disease method, well-diffusion of of of P. from aeruginosa cyanin (2001).tion of et al. pyocyanin antibiotic (Mavrodi pyo Purified phzA1B1C1D1E1F1G1 derivatives.related gene phzM The nosa 2017). et al. (Imperiali stood BCAsof soil suppression the in could clearly not be under wheat. However, infecting diseases soilborne role precise the havemight suppression arole the in of development of the bacteria the in compounds of antimicrobial genes encoding expression Swiss the present in were and soils abundantly trin that suggested expression results genes. and The of antimicrobial abundance silt,both clay influence might some nutrients and factors soil such as certain that indicated analyses Correlation genes. expression support to soil of the antimicrobial of the biosynthetic ability genes and pyrrolnitrin DAPG, and PHZ ofsiveness Pseudomonas abundance the and suppres soil - between relationship established cant could be conducivehighly ultimum P. to were suppressive that soils highly Ggt to cultural were investigated. Swiss history agri cropping The cereal with soils 10 the gens and representative Swiss agricultural BCA terial host defenses (Daval 2011). et al. - bac among interactions The activation pathogenesis the probably of and fungal through of alteration through act might Pf29Arp ofnism BCA strain showed results pathogen. antago tion the The with the that by Ggt induced gene was host plant glutathione-S-transferase The kinase. tein aß two laccases, pathogen by including genes Pf29Arp, were downregulated several interaction, tripartite stages of early the the During in by planta qRT-PCRquantified assay, interaction. during colonization by Ggt colonizationnot did haveand effect root any significant on antagonism Bacterial interactions. the throughout increased The genes phzM The PA01 into phenazine modify for that coded eight enzymes Pseudomonas Macrophomina phaseolina (Khare and Arora 2011). Arora and (Khare chlororaphis Pseudomonas Phoma lingam Phoma (anamorph, Pseudomonas - by interac pf29Arp in upregulated aloneand -1,3-glucanase pro amitogen-associated and strain DFE16 strain were evaluated for antago the spp. DAPG, producing or pyrrolni PHZ . Expression of fungal and plant genes. Expression and was of fungal and phzS and operon which operon is involved- produc the in PA01 mycelial the growth inhibited spp., wheat-infecting patho root genesPseudomonas in aerugi infectimg peanut. Using peanut. the infectimg and vice-versa. and No signifi is located in upstream of upstream in is located ). Application- bac of the spp. carrying spp. carrying were often ------

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The suppression of for direct extracts the culture the present in lites metabo role for antifungal the amore important establishing cells, which consistentSPI was also the with bacterial of the severity, showedreduction disease of greater significantly SPI (for extract local of inoculation the antagonism)The direct severityin reduction viabut a systemicresponse. significant (ISR). systemic resistance induced assays The showed asmall, ics for split (SPI) the inoculation for extracts of induction the of of representative set as of each were producers antibiot tested PA23 DFE4 strains and The bacillomycinA, surfactin. Dand DFE16 and antibiotics iturin lipopeptides, DFE4 produced rhizosphere of plants growing from treated seeds for about 2 seeds treated of from growing plants rhizosphere level constant the in and ahigh of viscosinamide maintained DR54 strain soil. The nonsterile in subsequently germinated and CLP-producing P.were with strains coated fluorescens with infested soil in length emergence root and seedling increased ing - 2005). Application et al. of(Leclerc viscosinamide-produc sive activity, Pythium against suppres- mycosubtilin enhanced exhibited CLP the producing pathogens. A derivative of cyclic produce to (CLP) lipopeptides effective fungal against have activity antagonistic with shown species been Bacterial negative (Svercel pseudomonads HCN tested 2007). et al. No by was amplicon generated two strains. HCN-producing the fromDNA ofof about was 570-bp length amplified in sequences. Asingle amplicon these tion of isolates containing hcnABC fluorescens action of on HCN the to some oomycetes. ment P. is attributed (pmol).concentrations Suppression develop of plant disease oxidase pathwayity block to cytochrome even the low atvery due toxic its to abil highly most to aerobic microorganisms, by metabolite Pseudomonas asecondary as maculans L. control of of by blackleg canola caused disease mediating nism the the for by production HCN was encoded required synthase HCN 1989). Pseudomonas In fluorescens pathogen (Voisard the against activity antagonistic et al. the basicola black tobacco rot pathogen against plants Thielaviopsis antibiotics exoenzymes were and tobacco unable protect to of deficient CHA0 mutants ophores.in The synthesis of HCN, P. chlororaphis Hydrogen is a volatile antibiotic (HCN) cyanide produced hcnABC strain DR54 to sugar beet considerably beet sugar to DR54 P. strain fluorescens Pythium ultimum Pythium genes with MultiAlin were employed genes MultiAlin with for identifica- . HCN was considered to be primarily responsible for was. HCN primarily considered be to CHA0 produces HCN, other antibiotics sider HCN, other and produces CHA0 gene (Haas and D and gene (Haas (Ramarathnam et al. 2011). et al. (Ramarathnam - mecha dominant the be to appeared strains (Thrane et al. 2000). Sugar beet seeds seeds Sugar 2000). beet et al. (Thrane BBG110, over- subtilis Bacillius spp. infecting tomato seedlings seedlings tomato spp. infecting did not defense-related did induce é fago 2005). Primers targeting targeting fago 2005). Primers strains Q2-87 and CHA0, and Q2-87 strains development, indicating spp. is HCN ------produced by P. SS101produced fluorescens 2007). et (Tran al. strain cyclic of capacity the lipopeptide multifunctional the revealing resistance, induced via systemically and locally both disease tomato late blight against tomato to protection significant vided SS101.of strain massetolidepro A of preparation purified The component of biocontrol efficacy important setolide Awas an Phytophthora infestans leaves against plants effectively roots and treated protected Application of Aon tomato massetolide strain. wild-type with significantly less effectivein biocontrolits activity, compared BCA.ity of A-deficient massetolide the The mutant 10.24 was SS101, Awas massetolide involved activ antagonistic the in by development produced ease biosurfactants The spread. and reduction of- of result in dis rate might formation sporangia SS101 effectdestructive strain of the lesions and on both area by infections P. infestans secondary and for primary required are sporangia production. the As lesionsexisting sporangial and expansion the of restricted also and causing blight late disease vented of leaves infection tomato by Phytophthora infestans F. oxysporum suppression role the in of maytion play cascade important an - transduc signal and recognition translocation, degradation, involvedproteins folding, of metabolism protein the protein in the Further, wall. cell of seedling degradation to contributed 1,4- protease, cellulases, of presence revealed enzymes, lytic F2B24 the and EU07 from proteins analysis of secreted effects. Proteomic of suppressive degrees varying exhibited BCAfrom strains sporum oxy F. were against activity evaluated for antagonistic the Wright 2003). 2006). 2006). et al. layer membrane on the pores (Raaijmakers lipids creating on act can plant also pathogens of and fungal surface cell with for vigor development plant and health, (Cha 2016). et al. is required that rhizosphere the in antagonists pathogen and the fight antibiotics the weapons against as in role of natural revealed results biosynthesis the wall cell The were studied. porum oxys F. to antibiotic inhibitory thiopeptide stable antifungal genes responsible synthesis of for anovel ribosomal heat- have to role. a vital appeared Actinobacteria defenders, byresponse microbial of which of members the by roots F. ofinfection strawberry oxysporum suppressive this In soil, was characterized. of strawberry of population suppressive soil bial aKorean wilt Fusarium to blight disease caused by caused blight disease effective development suppressing in the of wheat seedlings (DDR) by was Pseudomonas produced polyketide 2,3-deepoxyl-2,3-didehydrorhizoxin antifungal S soil (Nielsen and bulk the in than rather seeds, beet sugar of germinating rhizosphere like habitats in specific only in production occur of might that gested CLPs sug results fordetectable The several rhizosphere. days the in were CLPs three All or amphisin. of tensin CLPs centrations 96.578 DSS73days, and con strains whereas higher produced The biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas produced biosurfactants The and the mode of action of the antibiotic against fungal of fungal mode antibiotic action of the against the and Pseudomonas fluorescens . The cellulases, cell-free supernatants and volatiles and supernatants cell-free cellulases, . The ß development (Baysal 2013). et al. micro The -glucanase and hydrolases. All these enzymes enzymes hydrolases. these and -glucanase All Bacillus - mas CLP the that indicated results . The strains DE07, strains QST713 F2B24 and Fusarium culmorum SS101 effectively strain pre spp. DDR The was ø ensen 2003).ensen An (Johansson and and (Johansson resulted in a in resulted Streptomyces spp. interact 179 ------, ,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 was inhibitory to all seven ultimum all to isolates of Pythium was inhibitory B10 1980). et al. B324 (Kloepper of strain Pseudomonas The siderophores which repressed production iron by strain with the suppressiveThe effect was lost, was soil when amended the of wheat. diseases B10 take-all and wilt Fusarium suppressed 1980). et al. antibiotic (Kloepper fungistatic or conditions, bacteriostatic adiffusible, Pvd as may function efficient with bacteria siderophores. and fungi certain Under Pvd-producing media, iron-depleted In strain. producer of the (iron-carrier) factants of factants koreensis P. from by surfactant production not the was reduced also rangia The spo butaffected. mycelial was not significantly growth of zoospores, motility the assay. inhibited biosurfactants The Phytophthora infestans koreensis P. from biosurfactants of the al.2010a).(Hultberg enouset microflora The effectiveness indig the not did affect Application biosurfactants of the reduced. was significantly disease of incidence the the that mum ulti on Pythium extract Assessment effect of crude of the the ensis by Pseudomonas produced of abiosurfactants korepotential The 2007). et al. (Debode microsclerotia tion of secondary - forma and/or adverse germination effect on microsclerotial residual had biosurfactants The germination. microsclerotial for account Verticilliium not did fully tion by BCA the strains density of 2x10 were effective biosurfactants The ataBCA cell strain. type wild- the with of compared Verticilliumbility microsclerotia, aeruginosa Pseudomonas of mutants factant-deficient longisporum suppression of of of microsclerotia Verticillium viability 180 dobactin, which has affinity for Fe affinity which has dobactin, pigment pyoverdin diffusible as known lular (Pvd) or pseu extracel of presence an the to of pseudomonads is attributed 1981). (Neilands type or hyroxamate type fluorescence The siderophores niche. The maycal of catechol be two kinds: ecologi same the exclude to from and microorganisms other competitive for plant tissues advantages colonizing bacteria to siderophores produce to Ability confers micro-environment. the for from sequestration by microorganisms produced are iron for siderophores as affinity known high with ligands iron-binding soil pH. The on the depending rhizosphere, the factor in alimiting becomes Iron microorganisms. all factor for is acrucial such iron as micronutrients of essential pathogens. Availability bacterial including soilborne ganisms, microor phenomenon of all for survival the is anatural strates Competition available space for sub and various nutrients in 3.1.5.2.2 2011). et al. (Hultberg ultimum byment caused Pythium of damping-off Under greenhouse conditions, Pseudomonas conditions, putida Under greenhouse The role of biosurfactants in Pseudomonas in role ofThe biosurfactants , infecting tomato plants in hydroponic in plants system tomato showed, infecting was assessed by applying crude extract of the BCA of by extract was the applying assessed cells. crude PNA1 strains were PNA1 less efficientvia- reducing in strains Competition for Nutrients and Space P. koreensis P. (Hultberg et al. 2010b). et al. (Hultberg biosur Likewise, the , infecting cauliflower was studied. The cauliflowerbiosur , infecting studied. was Pseudomonas 9 CFU/ml. However, CFU/ml. - produc biosurfactant the was assessed, using a detached leaf leaf using a detached was assessed, effectively develop the suppressed spp. may inhibit the growth of spp. growth the may inhibit 3+ ions. It is asiderophore 2.742 against strain P. P. CMR12a and Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  in tomato tomato in -mediated -mediated strain strain var. var. ------

against against its biocontrol that activity indicating systemic resistance, involved PN1 enzymes produced tion, strain induction of in indole addi acid (IAA). and acetic In compounds antifungal of siderophores, amount substantial BCA produced The also by caused Phytophthora drechsleri rot disease root cucumber scens Cook 1988).conditions and (Becker Pseudomonas fluore effect iron-limiting on wheat under plants growth-promoting sporangiferum caused bycaused scens efficiencyof also. The tems of strains investigated pathosysbiocontrol- other been has in activity agentstrol (BCAs) for of available amechanism as nutrients, 2003).et al. raphani putida by of two P. compatible strains suppression of disease mechanisms complementary the ing possibility of exploitthe indicated results The BCA strains. tition induction for of by and systemic these iron resistance compe suppression due pseudobactin-mediated couldto be additive effect on This disease application of single strains. level to the compared suppression of disease was enhanced, of WCS358 soil, was the to applied mixture strains RE8 and the plants. When radish treated in systemicinduce resistance could pressive RE8 on strain activity pathogen. wilt The production of for not ondid the pseudobactin depend its sup putida of P. RE8 strain Another mechanism. alternative an pathogen on through act the might mutant the suggesting that strain, development wild-type the as disease wilt of Fusarium negative WCS358 mutant was effective as suppressing in suppressive WCS358. effect strain of the pseudobactin The the solution nutrient to reduced plants, iron radish fed the to production siderophore ofthe the Addition pseudobactin. of F. oxysporum by caused WCS disease wilt 358 Fusarium radish suppressed by caused pathogens. root of diseases have may, interaction developmentthe the on influence turn, in of nature the and rhizosphere the in survival forothers their (Singh 2010). et al. growth of seedlings chir-pine the promoted significantly also and showed effect phaseolina on M. strong antagonistic effective in BCAresulting colonization. The root PN1 strain 69%. PN1 showed toward exudates, root strong chemotaxis mycelial of the BCA growth the inhibited ß and tion chitinase to addi cyanogens in phosphorus, solubilized and phores, IAA, phaseolina vivo in activities against antagonistic for their of chir-pine were and rhizosphere vitro evaluated in the from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2010). et al. biocontrol pathogen and the agent (Maleki between interaction the during operating tiple mechanisms BCA reduced the number of lesions and the root and soil soil of number and lesions root BCA the the reduced and The competition between the pathogens and the biocon the pathogens and competition the between The may exert positiveMicroorganisms or negative effects on strain CV6 effectively strain development the suppressed of in suppressing the development suppressing in the rot root of beet sugar P. drechsleri , causing Fusarium wilt disease of radish (de of radish disease wilt Boer , causing Fusarium Pythium ultimum Pythium , causing root rot. The strain PN1 sidero produced strain The , causing rot. root f.sp. raphani f.sp. , infecting wheat, in addition induction to of in wheat, , infecting was successfully achieved through mul achieved was successfully through -1,3-glucanase. assay, culture dual In (PN1–PN10) (10) strains isolated by competing for iron through for by through competing iron was assessed. All strains of the of the strains All was assessed. on F. on oxysporum Pseudomonas fluore Pseudomonas putida by by phaseolina M. Macrophomina f.sp. f.sp. ------.

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 /or /or gacA the mutations in contain to appeared and strain type wild- the were than more motile isolated variants All ated. (mutants) motility. chemotactic of number variants reduced had Large mutants the colonization and rhizosphere reduction in drastic genes involvedthe biosynthesis the of in Sss or XerD, showed either of in XerD. Sssnases and disruption with mutants The of by activity tworecombi the site-specific mediated be to appeared strain morphology. this in variation phenotypic The colony diffused and by translucent the were characterized F113 that strain the rhizosphere, variants produced alfalfa ultimum tively Pythium against fluorescens competition (Naseby 2001). et al. rhizosphere and ability P. its colonization biocontrol was activity its to related greater and SBW25 compounds strain any antifungal not did produce plants. The treated in formed roots lateral increased CHA0 ofpopulations Pythium colonization by rescens biocontrol agents. Applicationterial of Pseudomonas fluo Colonization of host may prevented plant be roots - by bac the 3.1.5.2.3 2weeks (Mart within tip root it displacing the from strain, wild-type the petitive than Diseases of Crop Management Biological  by split-root the plant assay. assays in The were performed SS101 development on the of Pythium of wheat or appletreatment Pseudomonas with fluorescens effects of or indirect (PGPR) direct ISR. to leads bacteria The of rhizo host promoting by plantnization roots plant growth application colo ‘SAR’ whereas chemical is initiated, process (ISR). resistance pathogen to temic or response infection In (SAR) resistance sys induced systemic- as acquired and forms two into differentiated broadly been has resistance Induced plant by pathogens may induced biotic abiotic be and agents. microbial by caused soilborne diseases crop to Resistance 3.1.5.2.4 radicis-lycopersici by caused F. rot disease foottomato root and oxysporum rhodesia isolates of P. P. WCS365 as ability ing fluorescens were These selected. Pseudomonas rhodesia assay select to 24 used efficientisolates of colonizers, root 1996). competitive on Based the colonization tips root tomato Burns (Shah-Smith soil and infested in incidence disease ing was effective hymexazole fungicide - reduc the in as 40RNF putida P. with treatment Seed seeds. treated from growing plants beet sugar by was 68%gia around soil reduced the in by of number 43% sporan the planting. Further, at48 hafter ultimum by caused Pythium disease damping-off beet sugar incidence the of reduced significantly pellets as strain 40RNF putida P. with 1996). seeds of beet sugar Likewise, treatment et al. (Moulin cucumber in of incidence rot disease tion root in gacS strain CH31 root reduced significantly cucumber to strain genes. The highly motile mutants were more mutants com motile highly genes. The , overexpressing genes sss the strain F113 effec- roots strain beet sugar the protected Induction of Resistance in Plants to Disease Colonization of Host Roots Prevention of Pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum Pythium (Validov 2007). et al. effectively of incidence the reduced isolates with equal or better coloniz or better isolates equal with , whereas the strains of SBW25 strains the , whereas and í nez-Granero et al. 2006). et al. nez-Granero . During colonization of . During or xerD or spp. were assessed - reduc in , resulting were gener f.sp. f.sp. and and ------

chitinase and and chitinase in Increases treatments. among activities varied of enzyme extent control or plants. healthy The of enhancement infected nontreated to compared seedlings, infected induced in ties activi their in showed increases enzymes related substantial defense-of field and conditions. time-course A greenhouse underincidence disease the BCAsBoth reduced significantly caused bycaused F. oxysporum fluorescens 2017). et al. (Karthikeyan plants turmeric in tance involved resis- or indirectly disease in directly be tion might - interac tripartite during expressed proteins differentially The regulated. RPP13-like were protein differentially resistance disease assembly and S3, protein protein clathrin ribosomal cysteine-rich peptide, phosphoglycerate subunit beta, kinase subunit-like beta synthase such tryptophan as proteins that (MS)analysis revealed spectrometry mass Further, identified. host-pathogen-bioagentbe could profiling protein through Twelve between interaction expressed tripartite differentially 13.29%II. fieldand under I conditions respectively trial in (19.0%)mum 10.18to conditions and greenhouse under and mini the to incidence reduction of disease the in resulted formulation liquid of drench soil FP7 and dip of rhizome by caused rot disease development the ing rhizome of turmeric efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens The 2007). et al. control (Mazzola nontreated the to pared soil, com treated bacterially from physicallytem separated showcomponentthedifferences root the sys for of - significant Pythium SS101-in of frequencies soils. The 10.24-treated or mutant 11% to soil treated for component of the systems root grown 34% from was reduced forinfection non- in grown plants root Wheat respective bacteria. the with treated soil in raised byinfection Pythium SS101 10.24 mutant massA or the reduced significantly explore to soils orchard possible the role of strain ISR. The D. D. watermelon endophytically, plants colonized more actively in field 23 under conditions by strain the tance induction of the BCA, resis- the with indicating treatment by bryoniae infection D. defense the systems byrectly systemically. stimulating Foliar development by indi antibiotics and/or producing locally nosa duction Mekong in Delta of Pseudomonas Vietnam. aerugi pro to stem blight of watermelongummy threat is aserious 2012). et al. (Abd El-Rhaman control plants untreated with yield, compared seed and eters param growth the BCAs control plants. The increased lated noninocu with compared seedlings, or infected and/ induced significantly, occurred followinginfection the pathogenin by Accumulationflavonoids of specific phenolic and compounds inoculation. days at8 after significantly increased activity lyasetively. (PAL) ammonia phenylalanine Furthermore, els- at 12 18 respec and FOL, with inoculation days after Induction of systemic resistance in lupineInduction of by in systemic Pseudomonas resistance bryoniae was assessed. Acombination was assessed. aphanidermatum Pythium strain 23 effectively pathogen the strain directly suppressed root infection in SS101 in infection root 10.24 not did and treatments P. putida P. and infected plants than in healthy plants. Treatment healthy in than plants infected ß -glucanase activities attained maximum lev maximum activities-glucanase attained spp. apple on the or wheat system root f.sp was significantly reduced by seed seed by reduced was significantly against Fusarium wilt disease disease wilt Fusarium against . lupine Didymella bryoniae (FOL) was investigated. strain FP7 in suppress- in FP7 strain . P.. aeruginosa , causing 181 ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 with accumulation of accumulation H with which was associated penetration, BCA, the with inhibited 182 dahliae. ment by of caused Verticillium olive dahliae. disease vascular endophyte of olive effectively trees develop the suppressed 2006). et al. for GacS its production (Han sensor kinase well the to as of 3R-butanediol,regulation 2R, as product, afermentation for P. ISR against carotovorum of GacS P. chlororaphis sensor kinase Pcc 3R-butanediol, 2R, against systemic which resistance induced active The was spectrometry. compound mass (NMR) nance reso nuclear magnetic and (HPLC) chromatography liquid involved minant ISRperformance in high was using identified deter bacterial plants. The tobacco in induction of resistance biocontrol of BCA of the activity the mechanism was via (Pcc) by carotovorum caused Pectobacterium 2005). Development et al. (Ran of softrot disease tobacco of WCS374rdeterminants ISR Eucalyptus could trigger in ISR uncharacterized siderophores other the and both that ing indicat ISR,induced strain this fromsiderophores purified The strain. level ISR same induce to the to wild-type the as siderophores-deficient the of trast, mutant WCS374r able was of ISR WCS358r in 358 con determinant was In the strain. WCS358r from tin ISR, pseudobactin suggesting induced that (siderophores),pseudobac - purified not did ISR. induce The WCS358r,strain deficientthe biosynthesisin pseudobactin of mutant soil. The the into were incorporated BCAthe strains pathogen,before but the with not challenge when inoculation nacearum phylla P. WCS374r fluorescens ISR Eucalyptus could trigger in uro Two 2007). et al. putida of(Fernando P. strains consequent suppression and significantly intensity of disease of colonization of pathogen canola tissues restriction growth, in resulting tandem, in act tion of might systemic resistance combination ofThe antibiotic production along- induc with for account might tissues reduction of pathogen infection. ß and chitinase ing ofaccumulation PR-proteins oxidative includ and - enzymes, sclerotiorum by infection S. against resistance PA-23. PA-23 two addition, applications In of strain induced the canolastrain flowerby in inhibited was petals germination sclerotiorum acid (PCA), mycelial of Sclerotinia the growth which inhibited roraphis BCAs single with of mode than action. Pseudomonas chlo more effective be to suppressing in pathogen development likely pathogens are fungal the of action against mechanisms ginosa fieldhouse and conditions, aeru with P. following treatment achieved by production of antibiotics ISR green and under Suppression blight of development watermelon gummy was production of and activity new isoforms. peroxidase dase Pseudomonas fluorescens Strains of bacterial biological of control bacterial agents multiple with Strains , but not against P., but not against syringae Pseudomonas chlororaphis by was Pseudomonas reduced against bacterial wilt disease caused by caused Ralstonia sola disease wilt bacterial against (Nga 2010). et al. strain PA-23 strain phenazine-1-carboxylic could produce , when infiltrated into twointo lower, when infiltrated leaves3–7days at , incitant of canola stem rot disease. Ascospore of Ascospore canola stem rot disease. , incitant -1,3-glucanase by PA-23 canola leaf in 2 O 2 , followed peroxi by enhanced PICF7 strain, anative root strain, PICF7 subsp. carotovorum (Pst). tabaci global The pv. 06 was akey 06 regulator caratovorum subsp. caratovorum Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  WCS358r and . Enhanced . Enhanced 06 and the the and 06 through through ------

and Kanoujia 2011). Kanoujia and (Shanmugam BCA the with strains protected plants tomato in concert in functioning induction ofand ISR mechanisms possibility antibiosis of of operation the both indicated results ISR The and experiments. localized samples from in detected of isoforms were concentrations peroxidase plants. High tomato treated samples from root in were enhanced canase split-root ß Activities and experiments. of chitinase f.sp. by caused F. of incidence disease wilt tomato the oxysporum of application soil of and amixture bacterization Seed 2007). hostdefense system root the in systemet (Sari al. operating pumilus suppressiveBCA disease The wheat to roots. of activity B. application of days after at4–8 peak the reached of enzymes activities control plants. The untreated to compared plants, phenolicsthe contents were levels athigher BCA-treated in pumilus Bacillus with treated plants in increased oxidase (CWPOX), ß soluble (SPOX), peroxidase wash cell per ionically bound BCA. activities the with of The by promoted treatment also was of plant growth wheat roots and plants bacterized the in severitywerereduced was Disease significantly monitored. phenolics contents total and defense-related enzymes the in suspension changes and bacterial with was soil drenched The gen patho disease wheat take-all against wheat rhizosphere from of pumilus nism biocontrol of activity Bacillus - mecha The 2007). et al. plant (Fernando defense enzymes rum reduction to ofuted canola flower sclerotio infections by S. Suppression development of disease by BCAs the was attrib responses in tissues away tissues in (Cabanresponses roots the from tion by BCA the of a range could induce systemic defense - coloniza root addition, In organ. defense this in responses of P. could trigger tion by endophytic fluorescens strain the - coloniza root revealed results that stages of The interaction. pane-1-carboxylic at some PAL oxidase and was confirmed for lipoxygenase coding 1-aminocycloprotially catalase, 2, (qRT-PCR)PCR Induction of experiments. olive genes poten quantitative real-time course time were perform to selected (ESTs), tags sequence fiveinvolved defensethe in responses, 376 genes the Of was generated. upregulated expressionin sion subtractive (SSH) hybridization cDNA library, enriched suppres- The bacterization. after interval time at different were tissues sampled aerial and was performed strain PICF7 of olive Root was bacterization studied. with plants strain tion of olive to systemic resistance pathogen wilt by PICF7 of tissues root olive. of in - induc responses mechanism The BCA of range abroad defense could trigger bacterial The stem rot disease, as the fungicide Rovral Flo fungicide the as stem rot disease, effectivewere development equally suppressing in the of tiorum scleor by caused Sclerotinia canola stem rot disease against roraphis strains S2BC-1 strains GIBC-Jamog and subtilis reduced Bacillus BS6 Pseudomonas and chlo amyloliquefaciens Bacillus through direct antimicrobial activity and /or and activity induction of antimicrobial direct through was investigated. tritici var. graminis Gaeumannomyces lycopersici under greenhouse and field and conditions.The BCAs greenhouse under might be due to its ability to induce local/systemic induce to due its to be ability might PA-23 were evaluated biocontrol for potential their significantly as indicated by localized and by indicated localized as significantly -1,3-glucanase, ß -1,4-glucanase were 7 Km isolated 7Km á ® s et al. 2014).s et al. (iprodione). (iprodione). . Further, . Further, -1,3-glu ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 in H in pathosystems. different Association of in changes resistance Streptomyces against Diseases of Crop Management Biological  color, coeli ofinvestigated. biocontrol Streptomyces potential The Streptomyces (Shanmugam 2011). et al. synthase chalcone lyase (PAL),ammonia /or and addition phytoalexins to in oxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) phenylalanine and of PR-proteins stimulation from activities of and deduced per induction to of as systemic resistance was attributed strains by extent. these Protection maximum the to rot disease corm oxysporum F. gladiolus against plants protected TEPF-Sungal cepacia of mixture rial bacte The 2007). et al. (Park crops many in resistance temic elicitor an whichEXTN-1 efficiently produced induced sys - strain The detected. could be solanacearum R. against strain of activity this antagonistic antibiosis, no since direct than EXTN-1 was probably other strain due amechanism to the with treated plants in sitethe of was hampered inoculation movement control plants. The untreated pathogen of from the most effective 65%, to infection reducing 95% in against as in development EXTN-1 was the extent. strain different to The solancearum hydroponic system, followed by R. with challenge inoculation were perlite- plants in grown the and strains test the with were roots bacterized EXTN-1. seedlings tomato strain The pathogen, wilt along the with bacterial tomato to resistance H321-5strain induce to were evaluated ability for also their 228-7, 816-6, B. strain pumilus subtilis Bacillus nacearum. by caused Ralstonia sola disease wilt bacterial tomato lismortis plant defenses (Yang mediating in 2010). et al. val Bacillus of salicylic acid (SA) SA and have to is known role avital acid which is chorismic aprecursor was from biosynthesized by Bacillus fold higher in BCA-treated tomato plants, compared with with fold BCA-treated compared plants, tomato in higher H ISR of with Production induction was studied. enzymes dant PR1a, PR1c PR1a, genesshowed such marker as induced of upregulation the of roots, leaves tobacco on the 2-AB with of treated plants assays (RT)-PCR Reverse resistance. induced transcription Pcc against protection in resulted 2-AB with of roots tobacco development rotsoft disease leaves. tobacco the in Treatment displayed2-AB effective Purified ISRnant. activity against acid (2-AB) ISR determi principal the 2-amino-benzoic as analyses,as NMR and usingspectrometry mass identified, and BS107 supernatant culture cell-free the was isolated from by strain of the ISR secreted was Adeterminant observed. 2 O The mechanisms underlying the interactions of interactions underlying the mechanisms The (ISR) systemic ofElicitation resistance induced by Pectobacterium carotovorum Pectobacterium . The pathogen was not inhibited at the concentration that that concentration atthe pathogen was. The not inhibited 2 2 at 2 days after inoculation ( inoculation at2days after O S. griseus Bacillus 2 production, lipase peroxidation (LPO) and antioxi peroxidation (LPO) production, and lipase sp. strain BS107 sp. strain rot soft caused against tobacco in infecting tomato was assessed. was tomato assessed. infecting solani Rhizoctonia strain EXTN-1 isolated from red pepper suppressed suppressed pepper red EXTN-1 isolated from strain f.sp. gladioli, f.sp. , . All bacterial strains suppressed bacterial wilt wilt bacterial suppressed strains bacterial . All spp. have shown systemic been induce to - host plant-microbial plant pathogens have been PR2 Bacillus atrophinus sp. strain 113-3 sp. strain Paenibacillus and polymyxa and and antibioticus S. albus, , S. and PR-4 and causal agent of vascular wilt and agent causal and wilt of vascular . The inducer determinant 2-AB 2-AB determinant inducer . The carotovorum (Pcc) subsp. carotovorum S2BC-2 and dai was 1.1- was solani ) of R. S. champavattiS. Burkholderia strain strain ------

(BCAs) on several depends efficiency factors, suchand the as Development of formulations of biotic biocontrol agents 3.1.6.1 crops. fieldglasshouse or affecting for management of chemicals to diseases the alternatives as biological as biocidesization for or microbial products use suitablebe for development of commercial formulation and pathogens. However, only some of have them found to been plant microbial soilborne against biocontrolpossess potential have shown or bacteria of been to fungi Several species/strains f 3.1.6 tance to bacterial wilt disease (Prakasha et al. 2017). et al. (Prakasha disease wilt bacterial to tance defense resisof genes,- enhancement providing significant peroxidase ascorbate and peroxidase ofupregulation guaiacol significant eggplantinduced cultivars, EPS conditions. the In greenhouse and vitro in both under incidence wilt bacterial in showed EPS decrease crude asignificant intact with treated Eggplants disease. wilt bacterial eggplant against in resistance elicitor an of as functions wilt, of eggplant bacterial incitant by produced (EPS) polysaccharide against chickpea in of resistance enhancement in resulting enzymes, of various perception endophytes synthesize to after triggered defense chickpea pathway the that be might indicated results ß and chitinase analysis of SOD, genes encoding PO, PAL, catalase, APX, PCR observations. microscopic electron Real-time scanning revealed as by undamaged, remained tissues collar plants, griseus- S. in pathogenic Further, stress. chickpea and which favored treatment, same least lipid the peroxidation in (GPX) peroxidase oxidase (APX) guaiacol was recorded and superoxide (SOD),in dismutase (PO), peroxidase ascorbate increase plants. Likewise, significant chickpea inoculated griseus in S. flavonoids and occurred PAL phenolics of PPO, accumulation total and along the with such as defense-related in enzymes increase gen. Substantial followed seeds, chickpea patho the by the with inoculation of was byStimulation monitored systemic treating resistance rolfsii Sclerotium against potential trol ossamyceticus fradiae, S. diastaticus, S. (Singh 2016). et al. endophytic Streptomyces The along improved with reactive oxygen management species induction of enzymes antioxidant through plants tomato in ity of Streptomyces ity against Streptomyces by plants. Priming inoculated untreated with compared plants, of 1.3–1.5 was adecrease there whereas fold BCA-treated in at6dai maximum the reached were peroxidase at5dai. observed glutathione and of reductases activities of enhancement whereas guaiacol activities at4dai were peroxidase ascorbate recorded and catalase in control plants. Increases inoculated untreated S. rolfsii S. Development of Formulations orm - capac the was revealed, highlighting solani R. in tomato as a mechanism of biocontrol activ amechanism as tomato in u and and -glucanase showed significant increases. The showed -glucanase increases. significant lations (Singh 2017). Gaur and extracellular The S. griseus S. spp. activate to plant defense responses

of S. olivochromogenes S. B were evaluated biocon for their iological in untreated inoculated plants, plants, inoculated untreated in Ralstonia solanacearum Ralstonia -treated and pathogen- and -treated P , infecting chickpea. chickpea. , infecting ro du Similarly, LPO , S. collinus, S. S. collinus, , S. cts spp., viz. primed primed 183 - - - - , , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Piriformaspora indica Piriformaspora like fungi mycorrhizal and of Trichoderma strains like fungi, zosphere-competent (PGPRs), rhi living rhizobacteria free growth-promoting Endophytic seasons. plantdifferent symbionts include plant conducted during field various trials in performance their in of inconsistency action and spectrum narrow of their because stage, atthis less effective isolates BCA eliminated of the are conditions. Mosteffective of the limiting isolates these under a wide of range applicability. It would possible be select to the diverse conditions be which enough can guarantee mental to effectiveness the BCA of environ the different in determine actionthe of andbioproductto of verificationthe spectrum of enable available. will be several will pathogens This or pests where desirable environment expose to BCAbe the an in stage, it At BCA practice. would this in the placed is be to field closeas conditions possible under as which natural the to conditions under pilot trials in tested are tive strains/isolates biocontrol of the activity,tion of mechanisms most effec the - production efficiency(Yang al.2011). et grower of the benefitand enhancement to monetary greater could save BCA in resulting cost, labor along fertilizer with application Thus, rape. of the of atplanting applied oilseed minitans C. that cated sclerotiorum of sclerotia of S. germination sclerotia or suppress carpogenic pathogen vitro ofinfect in the of minitans C. ability the not did affect fertilizer compound of by formed sclerotia of number apothecia the reduced cantly signifi concentrations atvarious BCAof fertilizer the and application Simultaneous K), Pand was (N, examined. izer bycaused Sclerotinia sclerotiorum development the ing rape, of stem rot of Sclerotinia oilseed minitans application soil possibility of of combining the Coniothyrium investigation, (Fravel fungicides another and 2005). In et al. by combination was BCAincidence of not the the reduced disease conditions, the since greenhouse under gicides tested oxysporum BCA. of the growth However, the not did affect + copper F. Gold) mefenoxam mefenoxam whereas and lonil, (Ridomil - chlorotha azoxystrobin by and fungicide the was inhibited F. against activity antagonistic oxysporum formulation stage (Narayanasamy 2013).formulation stage (Narayanasamy BCA of to the advanced be to desirablesidered attributes as con are management practices crop general to adaptability plant activators and and chemicals plant protection or other pathogen, fungicides to tolerance target against or toxins lites tiveness BCA of the atlow doses, production of antimetabo effec- The procedures. developto screening throughput high provide genes can gene targets of sequence corresponding the BCA selected action of combination analysis the with of in pathogen(s).on target knowledge of The of mechanisms single of or multiple action pathogens through mechanisms developmentsuppress the fungal/bacterial soilborne of the BCAs of have the that found effectively to been adaptability 184 S. sclerotiorum S. After assessment of the biocontrol potential and investiga and assessment biocontrol of the potential - After Nonpathogenic Nonpathogenic , an effective, an biocontrol agent capable of suppress- CS-20 was fun found incompatible be to all with in both pot and field-plot and pot The both in experiments. F. oxysporum was when compatible fertilizer, with strain CS-20 significant with strain , with compound fertil compound , with . The results indi results . The f.sp. lycopersici f.sp. Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  . It is likely spp. spp. to to ------

(Shoresh and Harman 2008). Trichoderma (Shoresh Harman and involvedproteins accumulation starch photosynthesis and in expression of enhanced T22 tolerance. T. harzianum perature salt or tem and water to stress resistance able increase to are they and or stems may roots shoots, colonize strain fungal which hostin develop. plants some addition, endophytic In environment same the in and plants the ity grow to within abil their because of nonendophyticthan efficacy organisms, endophytic BCAs the that may have much longer of periods tions (Narayanasamy 2006, 2013). 2006, tions (Narayanasamy publica- earlier in detail in described formulationsproduct are level. acceptable atcommercially crops to Various of aspects conditions provide to protection unrefrigerated under months shelf-life The nomical. should product atleast of 12–18 be the long-shelfwith eco efficaciousand addition being to life, in viable propagules apply abundant produce and and prepare to level. biocontrol required should product easy The the to be viable antagonistic and remain for microorganisms which the shelf-life The organism. of abiocontrol duration is product the isolated micro freshly of the atalevelactivity that to similar biocontrol the should product shelf-stable, be lated retaining active (Schisler or inactive formu ingredients 2004). et al. The consistingproduct free-flowing,of aggregated are granules inactive and or active ingredients dry dusts contain and ders ofform wettablethe powder, Wettable dusts or granules. pow water, (powder) or emulsions. oils Dry formulations may in be suspensionsor aqueous consisting of biomass suspensions in Liquid formulations maysolid flowable or be media. liquid on grown semi may of culture mass be two types: microbial effectiveness major the components. as The products of the improve to and BCA selected its ingredients survival the and may products have microbial agents. biomass Formulated of biocontrol bacterial and fungal formulationsing containing haveecosystem. methods for applied Different been prepar same the in grown species plants other and beings human able it form and should nontoxic be nonpathogenic and to putativethe BCA should available easily distribut be an in effective pathogens. several Furthermore, microbial against on inexpensive be culture and in mass-produce to media easy genetically stable,be effective atawide of range temperatures, should strains formulations. These for selected preparing are one or more mechanisms plant pathogens through by acting development suppress to the ability microbial soilborne of the of biocontrol level agents high with Strains of antagonistic 3.1.6.1.1 (Shoreshgermination 2010). et al. loss vigor improve of like seed and stresses seed intrinsic ate in 40 h. SRE was extracted and purified through a large-scale a large-scale through purified and was h. extracted SRE 40 in yields bioreactor SRE with in grown averagingand 50 mg/l was isolated ability B301D SRE-producing enhanced with ultimum ultimum pathogen Pythium soilborne against treatment vegetable and agrofungicide organic-compatible an seed as activity. compound of the potential antifungal The potent syringomycin E(SRE), acyclic with lipodepsinonapeptide Strains of Pseudomonas of syringae Strains was assessed. A variant of P. Avariant was assessed. syringae Preparation of Formulations pv. syringae pv. strains may allevi strains pv. syringae pv. produce produce var. var. ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 or propagules. or have for used efficientthe been BCAof adherence seeds to (2%),methocel polysulf (0.8%) polyvinyl and alcohol (20%) of stickers, such carboxymethyl as cellulose (CMC, 1%), pathogens. by soilborne Various infection the against kinds young emerging the seedlings mosphere, protects but also ment pathogen not sper only suppresses present the on the treat ofof Seed lesser application ease cost and of treatment. because ment biocontrol preferred, with is generally products BCAs. treat Seed or bacterial of fungal of strains mixture single or formulations containing powderliquid, or granular with tively (propagules) treated are plant materials propagated 3.1.6.1.2.1 centers/universities. evaluation research by state-owned their growers, the to after recommended bioproductscial are of commer storage formulation for and The duration. different extentthe of loss of biocontrol activity, any, if process due the to determine to species or bacterial fungal fresh unformulated the of that with compared or severity incidence be to has disease the reducing in efficacyproducts The of formulated treatments. plant pathogens protective either as microbial or curative borne foliage and/or soils of suppress to development crops of soil control agents (BCAs) propagules, may on applied seeds, be bio or bacterial fungal bioproducts containing formulated The 3.1.6.1.2 2018). et al. effective pathogens (Locatelli target against maintained above 10 above maintained at28 stored product the months, 14 stages of storage. different production and After during of Trichoderma viability the ity of formulations, maintaining stabil which ensured granules, mulation encapsulated of the for the in polymers used and matrix alginate the between showed was interaction there that characterization Granules polymers.different with modified matrix alginate sodium followed containing for granules encapsulated producing was ionic method gelling An storage was attempted. during (CG) granules lated of for of conidia viability extended period Development of Trichoderma employedbeen for management of several the diseases. crop these althoughBCAs have difficulties, many with confronted production of Trichoderma Large-scale 2016). et al. systems organic ofin production crop (Kawasaki protectant seed for fungicide organic as use potential the has suitable SRE production, for Organic-compatible large-scale by due infection to P. were unable germinate to seeds ultimum 100.0 soil, whereas infested ±0.0% of on naturally noncoated 0.03%with (w/w) allowed SRE 65.7 ±4.6% germination seed 65.7and respectively. ±4.6% rates, germination coating Seed µ ultimum respectively. ml, P. in of seeds cucumber treatment Drench 31.3 as were 250 determined µ and germination oospore ultimum 90% and of P. inhibit 50% to required product fied puri of concentrations the minimum reagents. The and system chromatorgraphy using processes organic-compatible Diseases of Crop Management Biological  4.5% 90.2 ±4.5% in resulted or water no with SRE SRE g/ml -infested potting medium (500 medium oospores/g) potting 50-infested with plcto Methods Application

Seed/Propagule Treatment Seed/Propagule 6 CFU/g, BCA atwhich the be might sp. encapsu formulations in ° C had viableC had concentration sp. formulations is Seeds or vegetaSeeds - g/ ------.

from 89.3%from (in control), Thiram fungicide the whereas 14.1 to incidence protective disease by activity the reducing showed PTL2 highest Talc-based formulation strain of the phosphate solubilization. inorganic and activity chitinolytic clopropane-1-caroboxylate phytohormones, and deaminase production of hydrogen cyanide, siderophores, 1-aminocy for capacity remarkable exhibited also and seedlings tomato to antagonistic was highly PTL2 strain rochei Streptomyces 2007). et al. 3 weeks (Errakhi soil for infested more than naturally from waslate soil able multiply to rhizosphere the survive in and afew seed weeks the before BCA planting. The treating iso by rolfsii caused Sclerotium of beet sugar damping-off isolateproducing J-2 of Streptomyces 1997). et al. Antibiotic- (Kim seasons spring and winter both tritici . var graminis by caused Gaeumannomyces wheat-take-all mum irregulare by rot caused root Pythium Pythium Bacillus 1997). et with al. BCAs (Mao other treatment tested Seed or captan fungicide the to rot severity root tion compared in - reduc due significant to plant growth better and stand ling virens T. with seeds minearum by caused 1996). et al. disease ity damping-off (Zhang Corn lower in resulted ease, levels sever and incidence of disease F. oxysporum virens 2009). et al. (Cummings disease damping-off symptoms of intensified treatments some pathogens and was three effective all treatments against None onlypostemergence of one of in wilt the two trials. ment Yield with Shield ( spinaciae postemergence bysuppressed caused wilt F. oxysporum zene). ( Prestop with Soil drench Terraclor fungicide the with drench (pentachloronitroben effectively as damping-off reduced a as treatments seed II suppression of development solani of R. For in one twotrials. of significantly damping-off suppressed Subtilexand ( X( Natural and II Natural ond trial. - sec the in reduction damping-off significant of and one trial fungicide ultimum efficiently mefenoxamthe as P. against T22) as provided T. protection harzianum containing also ter lat the and disinfectant organic of aproprietary comprised Two (eachGTGI GTGII and treatments seed experimental F. oxysporum and solani Rhizoctonia ultimum, by caused spinach Pythium developmentpressing the of diseases wilt and of damping-off for was soil assessed and sup seeds the for used treating cals the talc-based formulation increased the root length, shoot length, root the formulation increased talc-based the plots 16.7% had treated solani by infection R. The comparative efficacy The of biocontroland agentschemi Treatment of cotton seeds with with Treatment of seeds cotton Pythium ultimum, P.Pythium ultimum, arrhenomanes , Rhizoctonia root caused by caused Rhizocotonia root solani , Rhizoctonia , when the treated seeds were directly drilled into soil in in soil into drilled were directly seeds treated , when the reduced colonization of roots by colonization of roots reduced subtilis Bacillus or sp. strain L324-94 suppressed the development the suppressed L324-94 sp. strain of in both trials. Compost tea drench and seed treat seed and drench Compost tea trials. both in was more effectively by the suppressed coating f.sp f.sp. spinaciae f.sp. Bacillus subtilis Bacillus Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia . vasinfectum - seed isolate Gl3, greater to leading Bacillus humilus Bacillus in organic production system. organic in ) applied as seed treatments treatments seed as ) applied - dis wilt , causing Fusarium Trichoderma (Gliocladium) (Gliocladium) Trichoderma Gliocladium catenulatum , causing damping-off of, causing damping-off Streptomyces sp. efficiently reduced Fusarium gra Fusarium and , GTGI and Natural , GTGI Natural and ) each suppressed suppressed ) each . Furthermore, . Furthermore, P. ulti P. and products) products) f.sp. f.sp. and and 185 by by in in ® ------) - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 averaging 10 BCA the could and multiply apopulation gall establish and was efficientin suppressingdevelopment crown grapevine of ciens tumefa A. rhizogenes and A. vitis, respective pathogens A. severity by03, induced disease for and infection reducing Achromobacter xylosoxydans of of cells Achromobacter suspension in roots by the dipping reduced could be incidence (Cao 2005).treatment Tomato et al. disease wilt Fusarium improved was also by BCA plant growth the the addition, In by was pathogen 50%. reduced inoculum The disease. wilt planting, to followed prior 1 hour by of inoculation Fusarium griseorubrigenosus Streptomyces actinomycete endophytic a suspension in of of cells the were plantlets immersed banana of roots The 2007) et al. (Park control plants nonbacterized in vallismortis Bacillus solanacearum 2008b). by Tomato caused disease wilt bacterial for et (Kawaguchi roots al. 2 years persist on grapevine and roots of grapevine, rose and tomato with with tomato and rose of grapevine, roots effectiveness The of 2007). et(Kawaguchi al. of treatment significantly incidence reduction of in crown gall resulted tumorigenic VAR03-1 for hbefore 24 a1-h suspension acell in of soak suspensiona cell strain of vitis nonpathogenic Agrobacterium in 1998). et al. seedlings of(Khmel grapevine roots Soaking tively tumefaciens by infection A. against B4117 strain P. effec aureofaciens - seedlings the protected with seedlings soil. Treatmentnonsterile raspberry of rooted in and cuttings grapevine of treated surfaces root sisted on the by 75 86%. to Both severity index by disease (DSI) was 50 reduced and 80% to cultivar. incidence on grapevine Disease effect, depending showed cuttings, grapevine to dip differential root as applied rescens 1996). Khalaif and (Fakhouri tumefaciens by formation A. crown gall inhibited K84 ‘Nogall’ product or K1026 commercial entirely or the strains of of cells radiobacter nonpathogenic Agrobacterium asuspension in Dipping of of wounded seedlings tomato roots (Rivera-Varas tubers infected 2007). effect et al. on already tive only, treatment as H. solani of germination spore and sion. BCA sporulation The reduced H. with solani were inoculated tum ofsuspension Acremonium preparation of formulated stric a in of were Norland Red immersed potato minitubers The storage. during tubers healthy to infected from spread marily by caused Helminthosporiumsilver disease solani scurf 3.1.6.1.2.2 2017). et al. (Zamoum nurseries tomato protect rochei of S. PTL2 strain the ing advantages of the employ indicates parameters, plant growth enhance and incidence disease reduce to extent. ability The maximum weight the to of dry seedlings tomato and length 186 for 3 min and air-dried. The treated and untreated tubers tubers untreated and treated The air-dried. and for 3min was demonstrated under field under wasconditions. demonstrated VAR-03 strain with wide spectrum of antagonistic activity, of antagonistic when wide with spectrum . The BCA. The was effective,- when a protec as applied

6 A. vitis A. Treatment of Propagules and TransplantsTreatment and of Propagules CFU/g of roots in the rhizosphere of grapevine of grapevine rhizosphere CFU/g the in of roots was reduced to 65% to was with reduced by bacterization root and subsequent planting in infested soil soil infested subsequent in and planting Pseudomonas aureofaciens strain EXTN-1, 95% against as strain infection and and P. aureofaciens did not did have any curative strictum A. by spraying conidial suspen conidial by spraying for large-scale application for to large-scale , infecting raspberry raspberry , infecting A. vitis A. at a concentration ataconcentration P. per fluorescens Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  and and s ai AR- VA in ra st Ralstonia P. fluo P. Potato Potato pri at ------65%. combination of The yield wheat by of spring increased also by root and 40% in fieldcrowninfection the rot in reduced furrows seed the to (Simonease 1989). Sivasithamparam and koningii T. - dis of incidence wheat consequently take-all reduced and soils growth of saprophytic of the multiple action, suppressed mechanisms scens Pseudomonas and fluore T. virens, Trichoderma hamatum cepacia Burkholderia to melon muskmelon, compared and development of water tomatoes, diseases wilt of Fusarium wilt-suppressive were soils more effective suppressing in the of sowing time 2013). (Narayanasasmy at the furrows seed placement the or as in incorporation broadcast achieve.to may difficult be The BCAsmayas a be applied soil of the cover to areas products ofspread the infested the uniform ment Further, products. of of quantities the large application of require of BCAs the because is less preferred, significantly. plant growth enhancing Soil in also gens and have effective patho been suppressing soilborne in different radiobacter Agrobacterium and subtilis Bacillus fluorescens, of Pseudomonas BCAs, strains bacterial the crops. Among development the ing several pathogens of infecting soilborne gandrum oxysporum of 10 of binucleate Rhizoctonia (HBNR) to protect tomato plants plants tomato (HBNR) protect to binucleate Rhizoctonia 1996).levels et al. hypovirulent of the ability The (Duffy yield greater and incidence disease reduction in greater in ing rescens Sclerotinia spp., of pathogens awide of range such soilborne Pythium as have employed more frequently been for management the virens T. and T. viride, harzianum Trichoderma agents like biocontrol fungal The well as foliar diseases. to as diseases soilborne to plants treated in systemic induce to resistance (PGPRs) have rhizobacteria ability the growth-promoting yields. consequently higher and Some plantgrowth of the suppression development plant of disease enhanced also and pathogens, in resulting bacterial and of fungal action on the Some BCAs of the have protected. be multiple mechanisms of to aggressive plants be to rhizospheres of the colonizers BCAs have soil the to applied found bacterial been and gal for available for fun niches Both and establishment. nutrients isms have microflora soil pathogens with or other compete to organ introduced as component or microflora of the natural fieldral conditions.The biocontrol a agents either forming viable actively as natu under remain propagules proliferating levels pathogen(s) of target biocontrol against activity have to 3.1.6.1.2.3 2008). et al. (Moretti control to plants compared significantly, plant growth BCAaddition, enhanced treatment persici by pathogen F.phytotoxin the produced oxysporum Nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum 8 (Larkin and Fravel and 1998). (Larkin Phytophthora CFU/ml by about by 50%. CFU/ml induced the symptoms The were BCA-treated plants. tomato not In in observed Q292-80 provided Q292-80 more effective result protection, have found effective be been to also suppress- in var. var. graminis Gaeumannomyces

spp. and Coniothyrium minitans Coniothyrium Fo47, Soil Treatment Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia spp., Verticillium spp. nonpathogenic The T. koningii T. Biocontrol agents with required Biocontrol agents required with Trichoderma koningii and and Pseudomonas fluo Pythium oli Pythium and in natural natural in tritici , isolated from isolated from F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum, f.sp. lyco f.sp. applied applied , with , with F. F. ------,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Diseases of Crop Management Biological  of of of of suspension of conidial with anonaflatoxigeniculated strain Incubation of 20-g samples receiving asingle samples receiving Incubation of Master-Bi 20-g and RootShield and granule for 10 days, 60 in granule resulted 2017). et al. (Lin disease rot (FCRR) root crown and of Fusarium to of plants tomato resistance enhancement in PR-proteins, genes tomato encoding activated the resulting effectiveness significantly. Applicationthe bioformulationof the decreased treatment moist whereas sterilization treatment, provided by that as unsterilized disease, FCR against tection beforeof cake provided fermentation neem pro comparable sterilization HN09. Dry strain the with seeded cake neem ing achieved by supplementation soil contain apreparation with level(FORL) vitro. in Substantial suppression of disease was development the ited of F. oxysporum inhib rhizosphere tree neem isolated from HN09 sp. strain (PGPR) Bacillus rhizobacterium A plant growth-promoting 2003). et al. (Muslim control plants untreated to compared yields of by total tomatoes 70%and 73% and respectively, marketable in increases Application in resulted of HBNR discoloration by vascular reduced significantly 7%. WI late 73 89% to respectively. Under fieldHBNR isoconditions, system root discoloration by ofand 100% to by total 90 and discoloration vascular reduced isolates significantly HBNR systems, soilless and greenhouse house conditions. the In systems soilless green stem under were under and assessed of population the reducing effects in their and period growing the throughout rot (FCRR) root crown and Fusarium against flavus for A. carrier as earlier used for wheat grains, substituting the of of bioplastic on of soil population aflatoxigenic granules strains effectgation, of the field applicationthe BCA-inoculatedof T. virens T. BCA. The results indicated that Master-Bi that BCA. indicated results The proliferation of the the stable, addition supporting to highly in respectively. soil sterilized bioplastic wereand The granules commercial commercial euteiches pathogen root ofabsence Aphanomyces the Trichoderma and Variable genotypes lentil different among interactions activators. biocontrol plant agents growth of and biofertilizers, biological successful form highly component the the as in ing function microorganisms plant-beneficialwell as established 2010, respectively (Accinelli 2012). et al. 92% and 80% in by and 59% 86% 2009 and in tamination con BCA, aflatoxin the with reduced treated plastic granules bio dosage.15-kg/ha Soil application of 15- 30-kg/ha and cient replacing aflatoxigenic a in than isolates observed was was more effi Application of bioplastic at30-kg/ha granules of indigenous aflatoxigenicabundance isolates observed. was flavus ofpopulation A. A. flavus A. A. flavus A. The bioplasticThe formulation Master-Bi Members of endophytic fungal genus ofMembers endophytic Trichoderma fungal F. oxysporum Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus NRRL30797 (Accinelli 2009). investi alater et al. In NRRL30797 G41 respectively were evaluated efficacyin for their was assessed. A rapid shift in composition in of Arapid soil was shift assessed. /g of microbiologically in soil active (nonsterile) strains were studied both in the presence and and presence the in both were studied strains Trichoderma ® Plus (RSP) on based f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. NRL30797 (ca NRL30797 10 with a significant decrease in relativein decrease asignificant with formulations, RootShield formulations, 4.2 f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. T22 and and T22 T. harzianum and 10 and ® granules were- inoc granules 7 ® (FORL) in roots (FORL) roots in conidia/granule). had the potential potential the had 5.2 propagules propagules ® (RS) (RS) . Two are are ® ------

tion of the results obtained from the investigations directed investigations the from directed obtained tion results of the - interpreta ameaningful compost composition, hampered has reproducible and predictable produce to systems. inability The production or container-based environment controlled in cially effective, be to pathogens. have Composts espe reported been plant microbial soilborne to antagonistic of microorganisms proliferation the encourage to and improve fertility soil the to most amendments applied frequently the are Composts 3.2.1.1 have crops various investigated. been affecting pathogens and soilborne on soil microflora manures nextplanting effects of crop. plant The residues green and or before harvest after soil the to added are composts and such plant plant manures products residues, as green Natural n 3.2.1 crops. various by in induced them diseases the and ity suppress to development pathogens microbial of soilborne have compounds - evaluated capac inorganic for been their and organic and origin Abiotic agents of animal plant and 3.2 systemic resistance in cotton seedlings (Selim 2017). et al. seedlings cotton in systemic resistance induce to capacity and activity antifungal a broad-spectrum bioactive of with presence revealed bacterial compounds the analysis markedly. chromatography-mass Gas spectrometry parameters growth BCAs the addition, enhanced In observed. severity disease in reductionwas significant with of seedlings emergence survival in and formulation. Increase talc-based conditions. was Soil more drench effective greenhouse than pathogen-infested under soil formulation on the talc-based solani developmentthe by caused Rhizoctonia of rot disease root subtilis maltophila pathogen(s)root Vandenberg and 2017). (Prashar the from yield the fieldsa negative free in affecting strategy BCA of the is likely be to recommendation hence, blanket and Trichoderma Trichoderma playedgenotype a major tested among role interactions in showed results The lentil that for parameters. most tested tomentosus L. of PI572390 euteiches by of absence infection A. root the negative cases, many in were responses evident, particularly conditions. pathogen-free to In pathogenof compared the Trichoderma overall effect The of promotion wasplant growth recorded. Significant genotype. genotype-specific any lentil mulation in control with either disease observed was Nofor significant cultivated genotypes. and promotion lentil 23 wild in growth suppressing development of Aphanomyces plant rot and root Three endophytic bacterial strains, Stenotophomonas strains, endophytic bacterial Three in cotton. The BCAs or The were cotton. drench soil as in applied POTENTIAL OF ABIOTICPOTENTIAL AGENTS OF ASSESSMENT OFBIOCONTROL H18, were evaluated efficacyin forsuppressing their Effects of Composts Effects at H8, Pseudomonas aeruginosa u could be realized under biotic (infection) under stress realized could be beneficial effect plant.of The the and strains presence the in higher was markedly treatment ral P ro du cts alone exhibited positive alone exhibited responses

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O rigin 187 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 mation ofmation mycelial hyphae anastomosis between via cords Myceliallight microscope. lysis, mycoparasitism for and/or solani solani by caused R. black and scurf opment stem canker of potato develthe efficacyin forsuppressing them present their in indigenous microorganisms and composts palm of date types 2010). Punja and (Bradley of biocontrol two potential The production of on the antibiotics by P. aeruginosa primarily suppressivenessthat FORC of against composts depended by P. reduced was aeruginosa also stem colonization by FORC internal FORC. Furthermore, against of showed composts antagonism the degree greatest (FORC). of Pseudomonas Strains aeruginosa bystem rot caused F. oxysporum rot and root severity the of Fusarium cucumber reduced cantly wastes signifi greenhouse and consisting ofcomposts dairy solani R. by caused cucumber in consistently damping-off suppressed (2% 4%) muck and effectively infested soil naturally in and 2003). et al. (Diab Fish damping-off emulsion Pythium and weremore of consistently curing, suppressive Rhizoctonia- to CSW1 with CSW2. amended Mixes (20%), 35 weeks or after CSW1, 20% with amended with mix compared potting in solani by caused ofemergence Rhizoctonia impatiens damping-off (v/v) 20% 4 to of suppression degree the of pre determine to at mix potting moss-based peat into CSW2 were incorporated Two communities. bial wastes swine CSW1 composted and suppression activities of on the agents micro based sustain to biocontrol including plant pathogensorganisms, or introduced Nelson by and Chen (2012).strated demon was cucumbers greenhouse-grown in damping-off developmentsolids suppressing compost in the of Pythium bio municipal in presents communities microbial colonizing 2003).application et al. (Carisse effectiveness The of seed- for its large-scale suitability indicating also, trial second the moelleri Z. putredinis. Graphium and aeruginosa P. fluorescens, Pseudomonas conditions, followed greenhouse under by thomii, Penicillium most effective disease of incidence reducing damping-off in tested, (75 respectively). 88 groups and fungi and bacteria the Among (170 manure plant waste from and composts groups) in than sludge mill paper compost from wasthe population present in cucumber. Amore diverseoff of greenhouse-grown bacterial ultimum Pythium against composts, the in of biocontrol microorganisms the potential test isolate and composts investigated were three to microflora of soils. The field developmentage the the present in already of antagonists development encour pathogens. they addition, of soilborne In suppress can that antagonists carry composts The diseases. management systema component for of integrated soilborne beneficial suppression,employed effect been disease by has as Application significant of2007). of the because composts, (Mazzola of compost treatments toward standardization 188 Composts mayComposts afood for as base serve endogenous micro . Disease incidence was reduced to a greater extent agreater to was incidence reduced . Disease in confrontation assay were further examined under under examined assay were confrontation further in R. to inhibitory microorganisms The was assessed. Zygorhyncus moelleri Zygorhyncus , as well as in peat substrate (Abbasi substrate well peat , as in as 2004). et al. The proved consistently be to effective in and and f.sp. radicis-cucumerinum f.sp. were the marinus Bacillus . The results indicated indicated results . The , incitant of damping- , incitant Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  isolated from isolated from ------

plant pathogens. Aerated compost tea (AET) and nonaerated nonaerated plant pathogens. (AET) and compost tea Aerated for effective density population bial required suppression of micro active additives with and enhance to aeration after activities. may employed Compost be teas antimicrobial ing have that includ beneficial on effects plants - materials ted 2007). et al. (Messiha gel technique electrophoresis (DGGE) gradient by denaturing was population detected in shift clear soils, mostsandy probably a competition, as due microbial to pathogen densities Egyptian in bacterial the reduced manure pathogen butsoils not did population. However, affect cow sandy Dutch in solanacearum brown by rot caused Ralstonia incidence the potato of reduced significantly amendment 2002). Cow manure Ristaino and (Bulluck III diseases borne fertility, soil addition suppression to in of soil enhanced (61%). fertilizer-applied synthetic with amendments Organic was atlow level CGT with (23%), amended soil in compared incidence disease The fertilizers. synthetic receiving soils in Trichoderma density of conventionalwith Propagules fumigation. soil combination or to in alternative an as it used and could be by rolfsii caused Sclerotium blight disease southern tomato (CGT) trash showedcotton-gin suppressive highly effect on compost (Coventry the in Composted compounds 2006). et al. ofactivity of OWC presence sulfur the to attributed could be onion bulb healthy yield. suppressive The increased and soil viride T. effectively as incidence disease fungicide. Addition the as of AWR. and field the trials, OWCviability In sclerotial reduced viride SMC or hand, T. other of AWR glasshouse assays. pot the on the in onion plants On incidence of sclerotia the viability and reduced soil the into cepivorum Sclerotium S17A white rot (AWR) for control of the Allium by caused waste (SMC)mushroom Trichoderma with amended viride 2009). efficacyal. The of onion compost waste (OWC), spent levels achieveto suppression desired disease the to (Giotis et effective be might amendments soil tion chitin/chitosan with suppressive pathogens combina- either aloneor soilborne in to input levels. matter organic matter in organic The increase severity significantly.with The biological increased activity disease the reduced composts . The Verticillium albo-atrum by caused wilt Verticillium tomato against potential trol Brassica fresh and 2016). et al. (El-Khaldi solani by caused R. scurf black and of incidence stem the canker reducing compost in of palm action of date mechanism principal the sis be might antibio suggesting compost, that the from antagonists fungal by application of the was notcontrol. affected growth Plant untreated the to compared compost, with amended peat-sand in reduced was of significantly potato black and scurf canker conditions, of incidence Under stem antagonists. greenhouse Suppressive compost was due the to palm effect date of the solani effect on R. no compost of inhibitory ponents had the com chemical indicating or filtration, activity, heating after lost compost extracts were its The antagonistic observed. Compost teas are fermented watery extracts of- compos extracts watery fermented are Compost teas Household cow waste composted compost, manure to SMC facilitated proliferation of the BCA proliferation of SMC the to the in facilitated spp. was higher in soils amended with CGT than CGT with than spp. amended soils in was higher tissues were tissues evaluated biocon for their was assessed. Incorporation of OWC Incorporation was assessed. reduced only the incidence of incidence only the reduced - - - - - .

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Diseases of Crop Management Biological  ° 200 from ranging (pyrolysis)process out attemperatures carried 2011). et al. load (Dukare fungal the reduced aphanidermatum, R. solani P. debaryanum, by severity caused Pythium in of diseases reduction addition significant to in parameters, growth and subtilis oscillarioides Anabaena with amended teas were evaluated efficacy. for their andcompost composts The preparations andcomposttea composts Microbe-fortified levels different to plant 2012). growth etmoted al. (Dionne NCTs, The pro growth. when on seedlings, applied tomato effect on pathogen of inhibition inhibitory complete or partial solani 100from 42%, to Rhizoctonia in but necrosis not did reduce ultimum P. with inoculated age seedlings tomato of necrotic percent the decreased composts manure sheep and bovine powder chicken, compost seaweed and from shrimp compost, (NCTs) compost 2004). teas Nonaerated Mahaffee prepared treatment andby heat reduced (Scheuerellwas significantly extent. Suppressiveness maximum the to formulation of the acid kelp additives with mented humic was and suppressive mum for drenches soil suppressing development ulti of Pythium or without with additives (NCT) werecompost tea as applied effects of biochar, the response of different crop plants and effects of and plants biochar, of crop response different the suppressive disease pathogens. soilborne The and by airborne application soil mayto suppression result in caused of diseases 2015). et al. (Thies biochar addition, rhizosphere In the in as developmentas soil well the bulk in microbes, of beneficial stimulate to its to may related ability be health and growth (Jefferycantly 2011). et al. beneficial on effects plant The yields crop signifi shown been enhance to has amendment Joseph and 2009). Use soil of as biochar (Lehmann charcoal for energy management for and fuel and mental biochar and environ end by use–agriculture its final charcoal from basically bones. Biochar differs sludge, animal and manure such residues, crop biowastes, as wood, municipal sewage awide of materials range from organic generated been has Biochar is a heterologous material generated through a through Biochar generated is aheterologous material C to 900 C to , causing damping-off in container system. ACT container in fer, causing damping-off -inoculated seedlings. Sterilization of NCT resulted in of in NCT resulted Sterilization seedlings. -inoculated B5, respectively enhanced tomato seed germination B5, germination seed tomato respectively enhanced Phytophthora cinnamomi Pythium aphanidermatum Plant pathogens Plant Species Different Infecting Development Pathogens of Soilborne of Application Biochar in Suppressing Effectiveness 3.2 TABLE Plasmodiophora brassicae F. oxysporumf.sp. f.sp. asparagi F. oxysporumf.sp. F. proliferatum Rhizoctonia solani radicis-lycopersici ° C, under limited oxygen limited under C, availability. Biochar and F. and oxysporum Quercus rubra Acer rubrum Brassica rapa Asparagus officinalis tomato Asparagus spp. French bean cucumber C12 Bacillus and Plant host and also also and ------

wood wood Miscanthus coconut, charcoal carbonized chaff pig bone Asparagus spp. crop wastes Eucalyptus wood from decaying Asparagus decaying from ferulic-acids) and released (cinnamic-, coumaric- pounds of phytotoxic absorption to fungitoxic phenolic and com effect This due was growth. of first year the colonization in AM greater with plants had Plots amendment, biochar with Under microplot at3.5% conditions, was biochar added (w/w). of 3% rate of atincorporation biochar. fungi by AM nization Concomitantly, colo root was in a100% there enhancement age of control. lesions with root Fp, and by compared FORL percent the in reductions weight root in linear and increases 3.0%and (w/w) field caused soil proportional by asparagus to addition of at1.5% biochar experiments, greenhouse the In disease. on FCRR colonization and (AM) root mycorrhizal adverse the effects of reducing allelopathyin on arbuscular dust hardwood wasof from evaluated biochar for its efficacy (FORL) and by caused F.rot (FCRR) oxysporum root crown and Fusarium and mulation toxins of allelopathic was due accu to decline pathogen Asparagus from infection. roots the protect indirectly phytotoxic thus and compounds by plant roots absorbing protect can biochar By contrast, including residues. crop materials, organic decomposed from soils Phytotoxic agricultural into may released compounds be following soil application 2013). et al. of (Postma biochar aphanidermatum respectively, rot of root caused, tomato crown and by Pythium effective Fusarium highly and suppressing in damping-off of biochar.sively were They structure porous the colonize pumilus Bacillus chlororaphis, vations Pseudomonas revealed that obser microscopic electron of biocontrol agents. Scanning for effective an delivery acarrier as was bones used animal from Biochar made virulence. pathogening and populations without stimulat microorganisms of activity beneficial the it since selectively amendments, soil as applied enhances 2015). al. et some pathosystems in (see studied been Table 3.2) (Bonanomi by have induced them diseases pathogens and microbial borne of action of on development biochar mechanisms the of soil Source materialforbiochar Biochar may be an alternative to crop residues crop to alternative Biochar or composts, may an be Streptomyces pseudovenezuelae Streptomyces and F. (Fp). proliferatum formulation A commercial and F. and oxysporum crop residues. crop However, the in Zwart andKim(2012) Zwart andKim(2012) Knox etal.(2015) Matsubra etal.(2002) Matsubra etal.(2002) Matsubra etal.(2002) Quest Biochar Jaiswal et al.(2014b) Jaiswal etal.(2014a) References f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. could exten could 189 ------,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 soil neutral phosphatase and urease activity. urease and metabolic phosphatase Higher neutral soil increased Biochar were populations treatments reduced. fungi soil whereas nomycetes increases, registered also populations (57.3% 96.43% and BC1 in BC2 respectively). and Soil acti plots in soil bacteria showedincreases treated char significant control (without biochar) contents of the bio plots. contrast, In actinomycetes in were and contents of reduced bacteria soil 3.10).Figure Following pathogen, of the inoculation with soil by 80.43%,density increased pathogen (see inoculation after solanacearum R. 68.22% whereas and BC2 treatment, in pathogen density the byreduced 51.63% BC1-treatment in severity. disease pressing the significantly Biochar treatments (seetomato 3.9 Figure (a), (b)). BC2 was more effective sup in tively, level in wilt increased bacterial to and of resistance by wilt 28.6% index of 65.7%, bacterial disease and - respec with formulations were at2% applied (w/w) field to infested soil biochar The were assessed. properties on soil microbial also and solanacearum by of caused tomato Ralstonia disease wilt shell (BC1) wheat straw (BC2) and on severity of bacterial 2012).et al. peanut from effects of obtained two The biochars (Harel family belongs factor that WRKY the to transacting ( lipoxygenase ing Fraa3 Faolp2, (PR)-proteins FaPR1, related pathogenesis- expression higher had of three genes encoding biochar with amended substrates in grown plants Strawberry pathogens. of soilborne action of against biochar mechanism 2011). Pignatello and residuesof replant on soils allelopathic Asparagus in effectiveness deleterious effects the mitigating of in biochar development. in rot variations disease indicated results The conditions favoring creating moisture, root retain to biochar of ability the and averageprobably than rainfall due greater to size, in were plants subsequent biochar-treated smaller years, Access Journal] of Agronomy, Journal International Open Corporation, Publishing of Hindwai 2016 of Lu etal. [Courtesy permission kind with and incidence. disease wilt bacterial (a) BC1 tomato reducing in effective BC2 in was more than (b): with incidence and amendment Soil 3.9FIGURE 190 Induced systemic resistance (ISR) systemic resistance Induced was suggested as . BC1 and BC2 treatments reduced the the . BC1 reduced BC2 treatments and solanacearum R.

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of of 3.10FIGURE Rs Rs without soil unamended Open Access Journal] Access Open of Agronomy, Journal International Corporation, Publishing of Hindwai 2016 of Lu etal. [Courtesy permission kind with and Duncan’susing new tests. multiple range (P< efficiency their in different significantly are ferent letters dif with bars infestation; + pathogen amendment biochar wheat sphere microbial community structure and composition and and structure community sphere microbial relationships biochar-induced rhizo between the changes in not by The clearly application biochar growth are understood. of plant plant enhancement pathogens by and caused microbial 2016). et al. (Lu structure community and activity was closelybiochars soil microbial changes in the to related with amended soils of in Resistance grown tomato ganisms. of by microor potential utilization substrate high indicating treatments, amendment werebiochar capabilities in observed –peanut biochars amended + pathogen infestation; BC2 +Rs infestation; +pathogen amended biochars –peanut The mechanisms of suppression mechanisms diseases of soilborne The Ralstonia solanacearum Ralstonia

Efficacy of biochars BC1density and on BC2 of biochars Efficacy and biochars amended with Rs; BC1 with + amended biochars and ( Rs ) in biochar-amended soil CK– soil biochar-amended ) in 0.05) – - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 opment of cucumber crown and root rot disease caused by caused opment rot disease root of crown cucumber and weredevelthe evaluated efficacyin forsuppressing their italica (sage) var. oleracea officinalis Brassica and (tarragon), (wildrocket, Salvia dracunculus WR), Artemisia tenuifolia residues Diplotaxis plant species, of other various investigation, alater (Pavlou 2005). In Vakalounakis and system management (IDM) disease component of integrated effective could an form residue yield. incorporation Lettuce cucumerinum by of caused cucumber F.rot disease oxysporum incidenceand stem the root of reduced soil significantly lated (Smolinska 2003). et al. seedlings conifer infecting of F. chlamydosporeand germination oxysporum mycelia completely and inhibited growth conidial suppressed nyl- and ethyl-isothiocyanates and were most fungistatic the 2001). prope tested, isothiocyanates individual the Among was toxic, of 2% rate when atthe applied (v/v) et al. (Mazzola meal Essex seed populations. Dwarf bacterial spp. total and Pythium content not did consistently suppress of populations soil cv. of the amendment glucosinolate Essex high with Dwarf tode apple by infection pressed Rhizoctonia root of glucosinolate soil, irrespective content,sup significantly of amendment conditions. meal Seed greenhouse under Pythium and solani bycaused Rhizoctonia on apple meal replant disease seed napus of B. impact The approachwas impracticable. adoptionpathogens, of the this residuescrop was effective fungal suppressing in soilborne napus Brassica pathogens. incorporating Although borne effects on awide of range soil volatile inhibitory with are (ITCs). isothiocyanates produce to myrosinase Many ITCs hydrolyzed glucosinolates olites. The are by enzyme the metab secondary glucosinolates, sulfur-containing contain residuescrop have plants that evaluated. Cruciferous been suppressive of disease high kinds the various effect, among residues have plants The of found cruciferous have to been 3.2.1.2 pathogens by application biochar borne (Jaiswal 2017). et al. suppression with by caused soil associated of be to diseases was found rhizosphere diversity the in activity and functional and taxonomic microbial High utilization. carbon-source in diversity, functional overall shift an activities and microbial and taxonomic and microbial the increased ment significantly - amend biochar Furthermore, treatments. non-amended and composition taxonomical biochar-amended between bacterial rhizosphere the in differences generRNA revealed substantial of analyses 16S sequencing Illuminia microorganisms. moting of counts several pro culturable biocontrol plant growth and the increased soil, and in survival colonization and Fusarium reduced biochar plants. Furthermore, of treated growth the f.sp. by rot caused root F. crown and Fusarium oxysporum pressed were investigated. diseases Biochar applicationborne sup suppression with associated activity of development of soil Diseases of Crop Management Biological  Incorporation of lettuce residues pathogen-inocu of the lettuce into Incorporation radicis-lycopersici Pratylenchus penetrans Pratylenchus sp. Seed meal amendment enhanced Pseudomonas enhanced amendment sp. meal Seed Effects of Plant Residues Effects (FORL) and also increased the total cucumber cucumber total the increased (FORL) also and (FORL) improved simultaneously and . On the other hand, seed meal meal seed hand, other the . On spp. was assessed spp. and nema spp. and f.sp. radicis- f.sp. pathogens pathogens (broccoli) (broccoli) ------

on Verticillium wilt severityon wilt yield Verticillium and of Russet Burbank cv.Melrose, broccoli Excelsior amendment Sudangrass and suppressive ( pea winter effects of Austrian comparative 2005). The Kinkel and (Wiggins community Streptomyces like producers orof activity selectively antibiotic abundance the enrich may crops previouslysoil manure potato. to Green planted in grown potatoes well yields as higher ratings, as than scab significantly lower had ous year potato and wilt Verticillium previ the in or alfalfa corn to planted soil in grown Potatoes significantly. yield tuber whereas was increased ratings, wilt significantly lower had soil buckwheat-treated Verticillium iae scabies by caused scab Streptomyces on potato sequences crop and 2013).et al. humilus Streptomyces in increase the to was primarily related munity com bacterial in composition. shift The community terial composition- bac suppressive achange in in than soil, rather root’s the in community shift aqualitative bacterial indicated sive methods mass-sequencing and analyses soil. Quantitative suppres- into transplanting at 21 and inoculation days after incidence disease areduction in with was correlated FORL colonization by root in decrease soil. The unamended to compared soil WR-amended in inoculation at 6days after assay. pathogen was population The significantly lower (66%) PCR usingreal-time werepathogen propagules quantified only at14 of soil. The inoculation WR-amended days after appeared symptoms the whereas inoculation, at 6days after was soil discernible on grown nonamended on plants toms radicis-cucumerinum F. oxysporum soil, as influenced with inoculation by influenced soil, as or nonamended WR-amended into lowing transplantation were investigated, fol of seedlings cucumber roots ics the in tenuifolia ( of wildrocket debris soil with sandy incubating pathogens. Soil suppressivenessborne by induced could be may soil suppressiveness soil induce the soil specific against 2011). et al. (Klein into of amendments organic Incorporation development to contribute dues that of suppressiveness soil bycaused F. oxysporum diseases possibility of of incidence reducing the soilborne chlamydospores. indicated results FORL with The infested residues later WR and with amended were soils that initially were sown when seeds wascucumber in induced, disease Soil suppressiveness rot root erties. crown and Fusarium to physical prop chemical their and in soils, differing tested suppressiveness soil induced dues of WR two additional in resi addition, In inoculations. between treatment additional without soil same the in planting and inoculation repeated plant Effective species. suppressiveness soil after persisted, residues with of different soils incorporated were in planted by were 80%, to 20 reduced FORL with when seedlings lated inocu plants cucumber in severity and disease dence of the The effects of green manure crops (buckwheat and canola) and (buckwheat crops manure effects of green The were assessed in the 2-year the field were in trials. assessed grownin Tubers and Verticillium wilt caused by caused wilt Verticillium Verticillium dahl and , which was antagonistic to fungal pathogens (Klein pathogens (Klein fungal , which to was antagonistic , WR) fieldmicrobial under dynam conditions.The f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. (FORC). Appearance of disease symp of disease (FORC). Appearance by incorporating suitable plant resi by incorporating spp. within the soil microbial microbial soil the spp. within (FORL). inci Disease F. oxysporum Pisum sativum Pisum Diplotaxis Diplotaxis f.sp. f.sp. ) cv. 191 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 contrast, of of tissues a result susceptible of incorporation plants. In as increased of population pathogencrops. The was partially on incidence wilt susceptible Brassica Fusarium not reduce cycle crop of ashort with plants, biocidal (30–35 days) did cycles out by nine growing carried treatment manure Green respectively disease wilt cabbage radish. in and Fusarium and raphani cerned. cerned. susceptible on crops pathogen disinfestation soil con the to Brassica with biofumigation that indicated results pathogens. The both to biocidal be to F. oxysporum for was biofumigant assessed as suppressionfunctioning of Brassica manure efficacygreen The of 2007). et al. (Ochiai even applied of amendment rate types atareduced manure two green was other more effective pea the ter than win Austrian observed. reduction was also of disease degree Apositive and rate tested. amendment between correlation rate highest atthe applied types manure green three by all was consistently disease reduced The were assessed. potato 192 69% respectively. The mixture of organic acids with the same 69% same respectively. the with of acids organic mixture The by 7, CDS, was 2, in reduced as 18% 22 and 32, or 6, 53 and composition parent same atthe of acids organic or mixture 1,for 10% h in 5 and 24 2, treated (v/v) (pHCDS 3.6–4.5) solutionIn of assays, V. viability microsclerotia the dahliae toxicants. be to acids, some known colic of organic which are well as acid, nonvolatile as formic acid and acetic tile gly levels moderate (~ contained CDS The of 144 vola mmol/l) - tests. microcosm soil 63% laboratory to 1week the in after of soil, displayedloam alow level of toxicity microsclerotia to (1% amendment CDS planting. The 3% and w/w) sandy- to to prior substrate peat-based pathogen-infested and soils the ( uble (CDS), corn a productioncoproduct of from ethanol ment yields of 2010). potato (Davis et al. suppression disease and beneficial enhance effects of similar provided crops, manure green as grown rye and oats rape, oilseed yield Sudangrass, potato by pea, fourfold. Austrian level level suppression of original increase disease the and to asingle waspotato, crop sweet enough the restore to corn entirely lost.almost But, following two consecutive of years was manures beneficial green effect the of years, sweetcorn equiseti Ulocladium of like populations several fungi increased manures green corn yield. with Further, correlated <0.05) (P incidence wilt negatively Verticillium with and colonizationpathogens. was root positively Feeder correlated stem apices by potato the and roots feeder zation of potato by incidence 70% to 60 disease by coloni reducing reduced cultivars sweet The corn disease. wilt Verticillium of potato was evaluated forincidencemanure itsreducing efficacyin Jubilee Jubilee Sweet and Super Sweet corn corn) green as development disease the 2010). et al. (Lu Sweet (cv. corn of for grown cabbage be might biofumigation suppress to Zea mays Zea and reduced their germination by 46 germination their reduced and Verticillium dahliae Disease suppressiveDisease effects of distiller’s condensed sol . When potato crop was crop consecutively grown potato . When for 2 ( Brassica Brassica For ) were investigated, using them as amendment in ) were in investigated, amendment as using them ), causal agents of Fusarium yellows), agents of causal Fusarium of cabbage f.sp. conglutinans f.sp. crops resistant to Fusarium yellows Fusarium to resistant crops disease crops resistant to both Foc both to resistant crops spp. effective not be might for ( Foc ) and F.) and oxysporum Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  and For and Fusarium Fusarium and crops in in crops proved proved f.sp. f.sp. ------

ria such as ria of relative ofenhancement Gram-positive bacte abundance composition, in resulting bacterial altered ment dramatically - amend microbiome RB revealed that rhizosphere genes from of analyses 16S sequencing young Amplicon tubers. rRNA by pathogenic Streptomyces the repressing incidence PCS was investigated. amendment-reduced RB rice beneficial bran effect underlying the of mechanism The scabiei by caused Streptomyces disease (PCS) scab employedbeen common of incidence for potato the reducing pH, soil has (RB), correct to 2009). bran amendment as Rice pathogen sandy-loam in muckfungal and (Abbasisoils et al. have might CDS the in acids suppressive effects on soilborne respectively, over organic suggested results that control. The severity by damping-off 33% the decreased 40%, and and by 107% seedlings cucumber healthy 122%, and respectively, percentage the of muckincreased significantly infested soil of glycolicamendment acid (0.075% 0.15% and w/w) to 164 from lings 180% to over control. Preplanting untreated - by of 45 seed percentage healthy 52%the to increased and muck 2% with soil (v/w) CDS severity damping-off reduced ultimum of Pythium growth volumetric 2% as ratios 4% the and entirelyCDS inhibited karyote communities might be associated with the transition transition the with associated be might communities karyote pro soil in shifts showed results The substrate-mediated that soil. +crabmeal-amended 8.9% broccoli in sequences of all up to constituted soils, and unamended in than soils amended in were activity genera more abundant antagonistic with gal pathogens.Generally,fungal offun filamentous antagonists genera known with from whichvariables included variants response disease-related with correlated variants sequence of or vice-versa. 107variables abundance Likewise, the response disease-related the affect might community karyote activity, chitinase soil density pro and the suggesting that score, plant height, microsclerotia disease with correlated ture - struc Community treatments. diversity between not did vary of α but measures structure, on microbiome soil community impact significant had treatments The analyses. included the in (8,790)ants 1,917,893 representing were sequences different vari sequence Error-corrected treatments. broccoli-amended the in only reduced density, rotia significantly amendments all microscle soil using assay high eggplant with soil as host. In were activity assessed sclerotia chitinase soil density and of suppression of plant height, wilt, Verticillium micro soil community. conditions, extent Underprokaryote greenhouse samples soil was employedbulk soil monitor the to changes in 160 ofsequencing from a16S generated gene rRNA library Illumina Valley Salinas California. from soils of coastal wilt-conducive Verticillium infested naturally the to added 2016). (Tomihama et al. rhizosphere potato the in populations bacterial antagonistic enhanced entially differ amendment bran rice the suggested results that The with Under fieldmedium. conditions, inoculation plants potato of scabiei S. to were antagonistic severity. disease PCS with lated Most actinomycete isolates Broccoli residue or crabmeal (chitin) residueBroccoli or crabmeal were amendments Streptomyces Streptomyces isolates reduced common scab incidence. scab common isolates reduced spp. and this was negatively spp. this and corre . Treatment ultimum of P. S. turgidiscabies S. and population in in population in Japan. in -infested -infested on R2 on R2 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Diseases of Crop Management Biological  a later investigation,a later effects of (10 RSD the ethanol with t/ 2017). et al. (Huang incidence disease reduction in in ing In stability, and result structure community microbial soil ing improv in was useful combination of antagonists RSD and solani by caused cucumber Rhizoctonia in disease of incidence damping-off extent decreased and agreater to community microbial soil the altered antagonists and matter activity.and showed results The combination of that organic population antagonist the maintain to effective facilitated and +Ant) (RSD combination of antagonists was RSD more and By contrast, were activity increased. and population also bial incidence. Soil micro disease also pathogen and population (Ant)of matter. Antagonists organic reduced significantly of progress biocontrol the activity during community bial werepyrosequencing employed monitor micro to changes in incidence/severity. disease MiSeq the and PCR Real-time tive (RSD) disinfestation soil were evaluated for reducing following 2016a). et al. (Huang season cropping the in the soil actitivitiesefficient in nitrogen transformation (Lysobacter Rhodanobacter), facilitating and microorganisms Al-RSD could continuously some functional trast, stimulate condition. anaerobic under By con belonging Firmicutes to of Et-RSD. Et-RSD Overall, more antagonists could induce that soils. But effect than of the Al-RSDtreated was greaer RSD- the in increased genes nitrogen-fixing apparently were and denitrification nitrification, some nificantly. Furthermore, Rhizoctonia while increased, RSDs, solani by R. infested soil in carbons (Al-RSD) (Et)-RSDusing alfalfa ethanol and organic as 2016b).al. Reductive (RSD) disinfestation soil was performed et (Huang soils greenhouse of degraded quality the improving forapplied effective and suppression disease of damping-off or without Trichoderma with disinfestation soil showedresults alfalfa-amended that conditions. The which could notgreenhouse survive under AWseedlings. was toxic seedlings treatment cucumber to solani of populations R. the reduced Al-RSD treatment assessed. development damping-off on cucumber plastic film were (AW)-incorporated covered and soil the with into ammonia and covered soil the into plastic with film RSD incorporated end of at the Al-RSD, (Et)- T37) ethanol inoculated zianum Al-RSDcoveredT37 + ( plastic with film, fieldand capacity RSD (Al-RSD) maximum the to irrigated (Al-RSD-F), of alfalfa- alfalfa alongsoil incorporation with of Effects flooding China. in cultivation greenhouses the in due intensive to vegetable occurred, tion degradation soil to solani pathogensof including soilborne Rhizoctonia is responsible for losses cucumber. serious in Accumulation solani by caused Rhizoctonia pathogens. disease Damping-off (CSD) disinfestation soil for plant management of soilborne the chemical to alternative ecofriendly unaerobic conditions, is an 2018). et al. prressive (Inderbitzin soils of wilt-conducive Verticillium wilt-sup Verticilliium to soils Effectiveness- reduc and of application of matter organic Reductive (RSD), disinfestation soil under performed and incidence of damping-off disease in cucumber cucumber in disease of incidence damping-off and Chaetomium (a biocontrol agent) fungal population and ethanol soil disinfestion could be disinfestion soil could be ethanol and and Aspergillus and . At the conclusion. At the of Tricoderma har decreased sig decreased , whereas , whereas , in addi , in ------limit of ( detection limit level the to treatment below at1daywere after reduced the lations of Phytophthora nicotianae 5% 10% and popu emulsions significantly aqueous reduced efficacyin pathogen suppression.their with Treatment of soil cassia were extract and extract evaluated formon pepper oil, emulsions of- clove cinna synthetic oil, mustard oil, neem oil, 1, 10% 5and 2009).et al. containing aqueous Formulations plant pathogens and (Ding resistance phytohormone-induced by acomplex was affected between surface interaction root on community microbial the that indicated general, in results, respectively. plants, EBL-pretreated and plants inoculated The of Foc from wereroot surfaces identified bacteria promoting growth- and of bacteria decomposing severaladdition, kinds ness index. But changes. In EBL these applications alleviated expressed by as diversity surfaces, on root eve indexnity and Foc PCR-DGGE analysis showed The surfaces. on root that teria - actinobac and of population solution, fungi the but increased by development of caused cucumber disease wilt of Fusarium was evaluated for suppressing in the its biocontrol potential conditions. field under some ofcompounds, which have shown effective been be to of for presence antimicrobial the screened been has species Awide of range plant cytotoxic properties. and antiviral rial, antibacte of have tissue plants extracts and oils antifungal, of such plants metabolites essential as Various secondary the the EBL applied. applications methods decreased treatment of the regardless wellseverity as improved plant and as growth, the disease reduced EBL significantly or shoots of roots either the 3.2.1.3 2018). et al. (Zhao developmentsupport of disease-suppressive microorganisms improve and activity deterioration, soil viate microbial soil could considerably BD that treatment alle indicated results soils. The treated the microbiome in unique adistinct bored har CSD RSD and treatments Furthermore, diseases. wilt populations the of F. reduced nificantly oxysporum CSD and sig treatments RSD-related Both salinization. and isms. effectively BD treatment acidification soil alleviated of populations were microorgan the employed determine to techniques sequencing high-throughput and PCR Quantitative pathogen development structure. community soil fungal and on suppression 0.5 t/ha) of (DZ, soilborne dazomet with (CSD) disinfestation soil chemical with were compared t/ha) ha), bagasse (SB, sugarcan (BD, dregs 15 bean 15 and t/ha) and metalaxyl did not reduce pathogen populations at all rates rates pathogen not did at all reduce populations metalaxyl and able at 21 formulation oil neem application. The days after not detect formulations oil were neem application. still The at21 not detectable formulations,oil were still days after P. nicotianae emulsions two cassia and formulations. extract Populations of 10% emulsions aqueous of extract-mustard oil two pepper An immobile phytohormone, 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) phytohormone, 24-epibrassinolide immobile An F. oxysporum inoculation had significant effect on the bacterial commu the bacterial effect significant on had inoculation Fusarium Effects of Plant Products Effects in soil treated with one pepper-mustard with of the treated soil in populations on root surfaces and in nutrient nutrient in and surfaces on root populations cucumerinum (Foc). cucumerinum f.sp. 0.04 CFU/cm < 0.04 . The population densities population . The 3 ). Soil was treated with with ). Soil was treated Pretreatment with with Pretreatment causing causing 193 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 µ at0.1 thyme red with by treated soil P. in unaffected capsici remained seedlings oregano but not by thyme. Zucchini red capsici was carried out. Thymol was carried solanacearum bycaused Ralstonia of wilt tomato bacterial against oils of activity trol essential 2018). et al. (Deberdt crops Field evaluation biocon of the other and tomato affecting disease bacterial important an emosa rac effectivenessthe var. P. from oil of essential racemosa indicated results control plants. with The compared plants, of tomato growth 3increased ment of chemotype with soil extent upwilt the to of 62% treat addition, In was recorded. 0.14%. by infection bacterial control treatment, untreated In of 3ataconcentration chemotype with treated soil in grown was wilt on plants tomato observed no of incidence bacterial most effective suppressive development, on activity disease as 3displayed chemotype conditions. vitro The in under tested racemosa of var. P.chemotypes racemosa 1)-, (chemotype 2)- clove and aniseed (chemotype 3)-scented (phylotype IIB/4NPB) (chemotype Lemongrass was assessed. solanacearum by caused wilt Ralstonia of bacterial tomato Pimenta racemosa from oil tial 2003). of et al. essen ability The (Pradhanang crops rotation pathogen. should plant as Hence,species grown not be these of the were Oregano found carriers symptomless be to Greek and thyme suchoil-producing plants creeping thyme, as pathogen. of the were Thyme free thymol treatment in plants all . Further, solanacearum by were oils R. not infected tial mg of at700 essen Tomato treated soil in planted seedlings concentrations. atboth lemongrass treatments oil and rosa oil levels undetectable to - thymol, declined population palma in application, At pathogen 7 days after a fumigant. soil soil as of mg/l 700 mg and lemongrass were oil and at400 applied Thymol, palmarosa was assessed. solanacearum Ralstonia maritinii), Cymbopogon respectively agents produced by vulgaristerial Thymus 2012). (Bi et al. capsici by infection P. against seedlings zucchini protecting in EO effectiveness the thyme of indicated results red soil. The trol had the lowest the had EC (EOs) oils essential thyme red and Oregano, palmarosa fruit. of vivo in for and by vitro tests development in suppressing the available was commercially assessed products oil essential soil (control) (Bowers efficacy 2004). Locke The of and 14 infested untreated, with incidence, compared disease of the development by 87 93% to disease the pressed periwinkle in sup formulation oil at35 treatment dayscinnamon after formulation, oil cassia and extract extract–mustard a pepper assays, 10% greenhouse the emulsions aqueous In oftested. 194 (0.2 (0.2 sprayed (0.1 thyme red with µ fruits EOs. Zucchini three all wereby reduced significantly mycelial of P. growth capsici and zoospores and of sporangia germination production and g/ml, whereas all seedlings were killed in the untreated con untreated the in were killed seedlings all whereas g/ml, Phytophthora capsici Phytophthora The biocontrol potential of thymol and palmarosa (antibac- of palmarosa biocontrol thymol and potential The µ g/ml) were g/ml) effectively by infection P. against protected for application scale for large to advancing managing . Emergence of zucchini seedlings was affected by was affected seedlings . Emergence of zucchini 50 values ( values , infecting zucchini ( zucchini , infecting against soilborne bacterial pathogen bacterial soilborne against 0.15 µ < 0.15 . Populations of soil P. in capsici g/ml) or oregano and palmarosa palmarosa or oregano and g/ml) to suppress the development suppress to the g/ml) for inhibiting the the forg/ml) inhibiting essential oils were oils essential Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  Cucurbita pepo and and ------) affecting tomato (Ji tomato 2005). et al. affecting disease wilt applicationscale for management of bacterial the for large potential it the nematodes, has and fungi bacteria, of against activity awide thymol spectrum As has further. cost of may the application reduce system this and irrigation drip through thymol applied could be plants. Further, from cost to of production oils of compared cost, essential chemical itand is available commercially, reduction in in resulting control plots (65.5%). synthesized, artificially be Thymol can susceptiblein cv. SolarSet (12%), untreated with compared significantly incidence wilt bacterial reduced treatments oil were 7dayslings planted later. palmarosa thymol Both and plastic soil with mulchoff the for 3 or 6 days. Tomato- seed pathogen, followed the with infesting at 2hafter by sealing at0.7% palmarosa and were concentration field to applied soil for crop growth promotion forms an important application. important promotion an for forms growth crop micronutrients and products plant protection for fertilizers, MW.deliveryas a coating system Use afilm of as chitosan activity, decreasing with which antimicrobial increases high polycationic weight Low molecular nature. possesses chitosan its to (polymer), correspond characteristics whose principal biodegradable fiber is anatural of form chitin, deacetylated a industry. processing able seafood Chitosan, waste as from avail are production They of for chitin. sources commercial affordable very are shrimps and such crabs as crustaceans plant shells pathogens. of microbial by The marine soilborne sively, for development suppressing the caused of diseases crop exten for and ated more frequently its biocontrol potential evalu been has products, animal the among earlier. Chitosan, have discussed activator been microorganisms of antagonistic and of fertility soil enhancer nutrients, as usefulness their and amendments organic as soil the to applied are pig manures chicken, such cattle, products duck as and Various animal 3.2.1.4 2010). et al. (Muthukumar yield well as increased and plant growth promoted also and effectively seedlings pepper the protected extract leaf zimmu viride, acombination with of T. treatment conditions, showed Assessment culture pot under seed that extract. leaf zimmu in was detected compounds microbial of presence 22 anti the and vitro in pathogening growth x ( extract leaf zimmu tested, plant species nal aphanidermatum bycaused Pythium of postemergenceopment pepper damping-off and of pre- biocontrol agents was for applied bacterial suppressing devel and fungal and extract leaf of approach combining Similar cowpea in yield al.2006). increase (Adandonon et nificant severity 70% and incidence by sig with more than disease Moringa Under cowpea. with fieldrot in treatment conditions, seed opment rolfsii of Sclerotium field and tests the suppressionfor vitro, greenhouse develof Trichoderma era A. cepa A. Moringa oleif of Moringa extracts of biocontrol leaf potential The either alone or in combination Trichoderma either with aloneor in combined with Trichoderma with combined Effects of Animal Products of Animal Effects ) was most found effective the be to suppress- in IITA508 or IITA508 was assessed in in was assessed subtilis Bacillus causing damping-off and stem and causing damping-off . Among the 66 medici 66 the . Among soil sprinkle reduced reduced sprinkle soil

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 Diseases of Crop Management Biological  Phytophthora capsici Phytophthora oligochitosan, to sitivity sen for pathogens tested their fungal directly. nine the Among pathogen growth inhibit to and plants treated in resistance development suppressingin disease induce to due its to ability isof water soluble chitosan, more effective chitosan, and than 2008).et al. (Manjunatha millet pearl in downyagainst disease mildew conditions showed 79% 76% and respectively, protection, field and greenhouse under effects of treatments chitosan pathogen. the Assessment with challengeing inoculation of follow were peroxidase stimulated, and chitinase enzymes, activities of defense-related seeds, chitosan-treated from ing grow seedlings In sporangia. release from ofand zoospores sporulation the not did affect Chitosan seeds. untreated with vigor, compared seedling and germination seed kg increased g/ at 2.5 of seeds treatment Chitosan was determined. disease of incidence downy the reducing in mildew chitosan with ing wind). via efficacyprim The seed of spreading sporangia and (zoospore airborne soil) in and (oosporessoilborne remaining downy by caused Sclerospora mildew graminicola 2008). et al. millet Pearl suppressionease (Palma-Guerrero level the biocontrol agents enhance to of effectiveness of- dis compatible other with combined application be might chitin suggested results that The energy-dependent process. an via conidia rapidly the entered into chitosan Rhodamine-labeled showed microscopy laser tive cells. Confocal that fungal sensi the changes in revealed marked (TEM), microscope investigations, electron using transmission Ultrastructural F. to inhibitory oxysporum was Chitosan 2006). et al. (Huang of cotton disease wilt suppression the to contribute of development of Verticillium might rhizosphere the in of microorganisms structure and composition the by shells in vitro. induced crab in Changes V. to were shell of inhibitory chitin crab extracts dahliae The effective rhizosphere. V. the antagonists in against dahliae 56%, respectively. proliferation of the shell Crab stimulated severity by disease and 60% the reduced alfalfa and stalk severity by disease 72%reducing soybean whereas pots, in shell most Crab was effective was the assessed. in dahliae pathogen wilt Verticillium Verticillium cotton tin) against shell (chi along crab with amendments, of organic different 2003). et al. biocontrol potential The (Rabea crops many in for suppressiontreatment by caused F. of diseases oxysporum al. et 1999). seed as ment applied was (Laflamme Chitosan by- amend soil applying reduced as chitosan was drastically Fusarium by acuminatumnurseries the in 1996). seedlings forest Benhamou in and tree Infection effectively (Lafontaine by amendment suppressed chitosan by rot caused root F. oxysporum tomato, soilless In treatments. combination other with or in pathogens byagainst activating host defense responses. plants in of inducer resistance an as function also can chitosan addition, In properties. pathogen is due itsfungal fungicidal suppressive Direct effect of on properties. chitosan microbial is dissolved acid solutionChitosan an in activate to its anti Oligochitosan, obtained through hydrolysis through or degradation Oligochitosan, obtained either alone amendment asoil was as applied Chitosan f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. and Cylindrocladium and , lacking chitin chitin , lacking in vitro. in is both both is was was ------

tion with essential oils. The pathogen growth on seeds was on seeds pathogen growth oils. The tion essential with graminearum rot of foot root by wheat reducing caused and in Fusarium plant effectiveness pathogens. against applied The of chitosan vulgaris active of of ( persistence thyme the ter ingredient bet ensure volatile can which oils, and such are essential as compounds a vehicle antimicrobial other for and protecting 2015). et al. as used be can (Jabnoun-Khiareddine Chitosan control plants untreated to of compared plants, tomato growth or SA chitosan with enhanced treatments addition, ments. In 78.26% 45 and 50% to following SA-based and chitosan- treat tively, extent the to of was 42.1 reduced 73.68%, to 60.86 to - respec severity V. to Fol Disease FORL, and FORL. dahliae, V. Fol against plants tomato to of and protection dalhliae, (4chitosan or SA mg/ml) (10 degree provided varied mM) with single (RIs). treatments drench, soil ers as applied When sclerotiorum P. manner. concentration-dependent aphanidermatum aphanidermatum Pythium coccodes, Colletotrichum solani, V. Rhizoctonia dahliae, ersici (Fol), radicis-lycopersici f.sp. F. oxysporum mycelial of F. growth inhibited oxysporum mM) SA and mg/ml) (1–25 (0.5–4 Chitosan wastomato assessed. cylic acid (SA) pathogens infecting fungal soilborne against V. (Cavalcanti against cocoa in 2008). etating al. dahliae with level following challenge ASM MCp with and and treatment deposition lignin in ASM. MCp with and Increase treatment ß and chitinase activities of by enhanced was locally indicated of resistance deposition at13 application. lignin with Induction days after polyphenol (POX) and peroxidase oxidase (PPO) leaves in and activities with of was basically associated resistance induced alevelto equivalent of of 80% ASM level. protection Local severity disease the reduced MCp wilt. Verticillium treatment level ofsusceptible to protection cv. cocoa SIAL70 against the ASM MCp enhanced and V. The was assessed. dahliae lar-S-methyl (ASM) against cocoa in for resistance inducing suspension plant activator (MCp) acibenzo commercial and efficacy The of aheterogenous 2007). (Xu et al. san chitosan oligochito with treated plants in diseases to tion of resistance multiple and of modes action, including- induc its antifungal polycationic to of contribute The oligochitosan might nature revealed as tips by microscope. electron observations under vesicles, hyphal the secretory in such plasmamembranes as vacuole of system, endomembrane disruption especially and oligochitosan with (10 treated hyphae the in µ alteration structural osmotic Most pressure. drastic altering bymycelium. membrane cell on act the Oligochitosan might pathogen the of from electrolytes it leakage tion and induced release, cystospore zoospore duction germina of zoospores, cycle life the stages in different of P. capsici respectively. Oligochitosan atlow inhibited concentrations values of (MIC) 100 concentration 580 and µ inhibitory in the cell wall, was the most was sensitive, the wall, cell the in EC with Comparative biocontrol potential of chitosan and sali of Comparativeand biocontrol chitosan potential was considered as the defense oper V. was the considered as strategy dahliae, ) and tea tree ( tree tea ) and were most sensitive the - induc resistance both to was assessed by seed treatment in combina- in treatment by was seed assessed -1,3-glucanase leaves the in at4–18 days after Melaleuca alternifolia Melaleuca and Sclerotinia and sclerotiorum , including pro g/ml) was the was the g/ml) ) which are ) which are 50 f.sp. lycop f.sp. and mean mean and (FORL), Thymus Thymus S. S. and g/ml, g/ml, in a in 195 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 pressor ofpressor PR ( thaliana Arabidopsis (SAR)resistance elucidated model using plant the been has underlying systemic acquired mechanism molecular The 3.2.2.1 resistance. biotic of disease inducers (SAR) genes levels to by induced the those to comparable resistance of systemic acquired spectrum same activate the byrectly activating host defense compounds The responses. pathogens indi on act the to seem compounds organic the crops. Most various of plant pathogens infecting microbial soilborne against evaluated biocontrol for potential their have compounds of organic synthetic been kinds Different s 3.2.2 2017). (Stamford infection et al. solanacearum R. against tomato but not peppers, green protected or treatment tomato. The peppers green planting to prior soil the in were incorporated tion of supplemented rocks, potassium addi with phosphateing and contain investigation, abiofertilizer with was mixed chitosan 2017). et al. control (Farag untreated with another pared In com plants, of potato growth promoted treatments chitosan addition, . In solanacearum by infection Ralstonia against spraying on leavesand effectively of potato plants protected ofwilt potato. Tubers (0.5–2.0 for were g/l) soaked 30 min efficacyin revealedsuppressing the bacterial of chitosan 2017). et al. (El-Mohamedy vivo in and vitro experiments In by solani caused Fusarium of bean tive suppressing in development rot diseases root of and wilt by foliar application of (0.25–2.0 chitosan were effec g/l) - infestans Phytophthora against plants tomato in resistance induced kDa)tion. (low 5–20 Treatment chitosan with MW of seeds 2017). et al. (Orzali seeds level chitosan-treated of from of growing plants resistance the could enhance chitosan that indicated also experiments field and Greenhouse seedlings. the in chitinase (PO) and lyase (PAL),ammonia polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase phenylalanine activities like ofand defense-related enzymes such phenols as markers contents of the resistance increased treatment seed Chitosan wheat seedlings. in ity was reduced sever Disease germination. seed without affecting reduced 196 via nonexpressorvia of PR gene-1 ( SA-induced SAR. to The contributed defensealso expression oxygen network (ROS)-mediated systemic species signaling (CDR1)tive resistance disease reactive 2004). et al. The (Xia constitu by Asp protease system the signal peptide mediated Arabidopsis in signaling distance genes 2003; et al. Wang (Mou long the 2005). Further, et al. pathway secretory protein by secretion upregulating their facilitate and expression PR proteins temic of antimicrobial drive sys- redox turn, changes, in changes. These through Chitosan has been used for seed treatment and soil applica soil - and for treatment used seed been has Chitosan aiyi Acid Salicylic Cunninghamella elegans Cunninghamella (Kiprushkina et al. 2017). et al. followed soaking (Kiprushkina Seed ynthetic NPR1 O ) gene is activated by salicylic acid (SA) . The SAR regulatory protein nonex protein SAR regulatory . The rganic C NPR1 om containing chitin and they they and chitin containing appeared to depend on a depend to appeared p o and and ), a key of SAR mediator u n d solani Rhizoctonia s Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  ------tomato plants.tomato Endogenous SA tomato of in accumulation free foliar spray and on feeding root was supplied through mM lycopersici (Fol) SA was of studied. ataconcentration 200 by caused F. disease pressing wilt tomato oxysporum Wolynand of of activity SA mechanism sup 2005). in The with observed that to similar manner lyase (PAL), Foa upon well as lignification as plants. SA-activated ammonia phenylalanine and peroxidase Foa with inoculated roots severity disease the in of reduction significant with resistance of mycelial and growth tor effect of germination SA on conidial resistance in asparagus to F. to asparagus oxysporum in resistance pathway npFo the in involvement suggestedresults the SA-dependent of an SAR defense for plants Foa to the response apotential primed SA with roots or npFo of asparagus pretreatment addition, Foa to tance SA(DPI), an synthesis inhibitor, prevented induction of resis- systemically. plants the tect Diphenyleneiodonium chloride before Foa with challenge inoculation SA with root by (20 at2days drench soil mg/l) asparagus for activationined the of defense Treatment responses. of system root of the was exam half other the salicylic acid and with was drenched seedling system root of the of asparagus officinalis (Foa) genic of biocontrolelucidate of activity mechanism nonpatho the 2006). al. leaves, level resistance the it Fo to not did increase jasmonatedefense applicationinduced gene expression in opment necrosis. Although of and pathogen-induced wilting devel the defenses reduce to foliar tissues in may function salicylate-dependent suggested results that plants. The treated not did tissues activate defense gene expression of roots the in subsequent Exogenous plant death. foliar of SA the treatment level by and foliar necrosis indicated Fo,as to of resistance defense gene expression leaves in provided enhanced and however, inoculation, to tion prior activated PR1 leaves the plants.in Exogenous of inoculated SA applica- with with leaves the in induced of were whose plants, roots challenged jasmonate responsive the contrast, In generoots. PDF1.2 defenseslate Fo against ATMYC2)AtER4 and positively to known or negatively regu factors (AtERF1,defense AtERF2, or transcription functions genes ( The leaves salicylate or with jasmonate were analyzed. treated of At roots and jasmonate-responsiveand defense genes in expression pathogens. wilt The against of salicylate- directed of activation mechanism of the host defensestand responses and (Fo) pathogen, wilt between F.2004). Interaction oxysporum monocotyledons dicotyledons (Dong and both in functions Foa The effects of salicylic acidThe application were to assessed Arabidopsis thaliana (At) thaliana was investigatedArabidopsis under to Fo, but salicylate-responsive PR1 , causing Fusarium wilt disease of asparagus ( of asparagus disease wilt , causing Fusarium F. oxysporum (npFo)F. oxysporum . SA-treated showed plants of systemic enhancement ). Split-root system was employed, where one-half plants, as well as in the roots of whose plants roots well the as plants, in as PR1.PDF1.1 by npFo by -induced potential defense and responses potential -induced . In vitro assays vitro . In showed lack of inhibi were not activated in Fo-inoculated were Fo-inoculated not activated in and CHIB and against against , compared with untreated control untreated with , compared F. oxysporum ) encoding proteins with with proteins ) encoding , was sufficientpro to gene was not induced npFo f.sp. asparagi f.sp. pretreatment. In In pretreatment. infection, in a in infection, Fo f.sp. f.sp. -challenged -challenged and BGL2 and Asparagus Asparagus (Edgar et (Edgar asparagi asparagi f.sp. f.sp. . The . The (He (He was was ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 against against (SAR) resistance canola ( acquired in temic a bacterial salicylate hydroxylasea bacterial ( transgene expressing plants. Development plants napus of B. SAR in level untreated defense-related in agreater to responses than of enhancement in resulted strain avirulent BTHand with of plants Pretreatments strain. tion of avirulent with plants and of Psm strains virulent against resistance of BTH enhanced Pseudomonas syringae of strain avirulent an of biocontrol BTHand potential The investigated. plant pathogens been by has caused microbial of suppressionits mechanism of development of diseases of salicylic acid is anontoxic and analogue (BTH) functional (1,Benzo 3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic 2, acid- 3.2.2.2 pathways 2006). et al. signaling 2005; et al. Jalali (Salzman between overlap and view the to of occurring talk cross port sup lending most genotypes, for the all contained category ACC-SA the ACC, transcripts, MeJ or SA. coregulated the Of by were regulated independently of transcripts proportions levels showed varying with resistance of large disease type for geno each treatments between ofcoregulation transcripts ferentially expressed respectively by ACC, SA. MeJ and The 69, applied, treatment to According 15.8 57.6% and were dif one expressed condition. atleast (DE) in were differentially 425 features, (59.4%) 715 the microarray Of experimental followedray technique, by QRT-PCR with validation assay. (ACC) rabiei Ascochyta to carboxylic aminocyclopropane acid and monic acid (MeJ) SA, defense with compounds methyl signaling jas- treated genotypes chickpea of responses three The 2006). Pang and have proteins identified been (Coram antimicrobial and teins pro synthesis of putative and burst wall-strengthening cell rapid synthesis ofthe PR-proteins, oxidative of presence an involvedgenes potentially defense in including responses, Diseases of Crop Management Biological  of numerous genes. In chickpea ( of genes. numerous chickpea In activation transcriptional and cascades transduction signal molecules defense byassociated via triggers plants responses 2005). al. of biocontrol of activity mechanism et SA (Mondal principal for suppression development of disease wilt tomato, the as in SA-induced that responsible be SAR indicated might results as shown assays. vitro in inhibited The by was significantly yellowing wilting. However, and mycelial of Fol the growth intensity browning, the leaf of in reduction vascular nificant Fol with challenged SA-treated plants tomato followinglated, SA eitheror foliage. root application through of SA. activities of The PAL were PO stimu significantly and leavestent in following was observed, also foliar application SA in con increase control plants. Similar untreated in than higher at168 application times about to ten increased hafter endogenous analysis. The LC-MS/MS level of roots SA the in by its identity and was confirmed technique raphy (HPLC) chromatog liquid by performance high was detected roots Perception of both general and specific pathogenesis- specific and Perception general of both L. maculans L. Benzothiadiazole Leptosphaeria maculans - preinocula extent, localized then agreat to pv. pv. were investigated, using microar maulicola (Psm)maulicola in inducing sys was assessed. Application was assessed. Cicer arietinium Brassica napus Brassica NahG S , showed sig -methyl ester ), putative ) that is ) that - ) ------

fective in reducing severity of disease. The results indicated fective indicated results severity reducing The of in disease. by number boll 29%. sprays increased Foliar and were inef of number relatively the 24%, by increased roots 35% healthy 33%, severity by disease spray reduced in-furrow whereas symptom severity reduced by over Seed-soaking seedlings. foliar spray or as spray)sowing (in-furrow soaking seed as fieldconditions. ASM as sprays applied was during overseeds by severity 30%, to roots 20 on tap under disease reduction in consistent in resulted of of black cotton, incitant disease root basicola Thileaviospsis with infested naturally soils in seeds ASM solutions (25 or 50 µ of in cotton seeds soaking experiments, greenhouse the In of application. method may on the differ, inducers based tance 2003). et al. pathogen effect of (Eikeno the The resis- against plants strawberry of alpine fosetyl-Al ASM and protecting in the effectivenessbetween difference observed was significant plants. No the was ineffective chitosan whereas protecting in ASM providedthat effective strawberry, alpine to protection ASM, or fosetyl-Alments with chitosan (fungicide) showed cv. fragariae P. with Alexandria ( plants strawberry of alpine plant not did provide advantage. any additional Inoculation Increase in concentration of concentration ASM 10 in from 1,000 to Increase cactorum tion P. with - challenge inocula and treatment between interval when the suppressive the crown and rot symptoms effect was enhanced, reduced chitosan ASM Both was and assessed. strawberry in developmentpressing the stele of red disease crown rot and comparative efficacyin sup berry. The andASM of chitosan cactorum evaluated for against its biocontrol potential 2010). al. myriotylum of induction for P. to resistance pattern cultivars. The both following stimulation, of inoculation after detected was also acid derivative of anew ulation. Presence caffeoylshikimic of hydroxycinnamomic flavonoid and - inoc derivatives after analysis of phenolic showed by compounds HPLC increase an of one isoform. Quantitative by appearance the characterized ayellow In stimulation. (resistant) cultivar, was stimulation new awhite (sensitive) isoforms in after cultivar inoculated, two with of was activity correlated peroxidase enhancement The phenol increases. contents(PPO) registered total and ity. activities of polyphenol (PO) The peroxidase and oxidase andsever incidence disease in reduction significant in ing pathogenleaves effectively, the to resistance induced result Under conditions, controlled BTH(0.2 on applied mg/ml) myriotylum rot pathogen root Pythium against cocoyam ( in resistance inducing in (BTH) effectiveness The 2007). et al. of benzothiadiazole PRwith of gene SA activation requirement (Potlakayala and long-lastinging associated host broad resistance, range and SAR includ BTH induced - that trol). indicated results The (con plants nontransformed with compared gene transcripts, levels only reduced accumulated plants of PR The promised. SA catechol to com was metabolize to significantly known Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), aderivative of BTH was , incitant of crown rot and red stele disease of stele straw of red disease crown rot and , incitant appeared to be cultivar-dependent (Mboubda et cultivar-dependent be to (Mboubda appeared was increased from 2 to 20 days. 20 2to from was increased g/ml) for before h, g/ml) the 3–5 planting Fragaria vesca Fragaria var. fragariae var. Xanthosoma sagittifolium Xanthosoma was assessed. was assessed. var. alpina var. Phytophthora , after treat , after µ g a.i./ g 197 - - ) ------) , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 seeds treated with BTH and K BTHand with treated seeds from plants whereas decline, rot symptom severity wine and root reduced MeJ significantly with treatment Seed years. field and pot under conditions was assessed disease for 2 against effects of K ASM methyl and (BTH), jasmonate (MeJ) comparative protective 2005). The et al. (Mondal disease for providing black effective cotton root against protection for suitable need of selecting applicationthe method of ASM 198 by applying acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) potassium and pathogen mango Induction in of the to systemic resistance 2015). yield tuber (Amini increase by and systemic inducing resistance disease wilt Verticillium effectively to potential the had ASMchitosan reduce and that yield showed results level enhancing The and chitosan. than weight. ASM was severity more effective disease reducing in tuber fresh severity wilt Verticillium increased and reduced treatments a.i./plant at15, planting. All days 40 after and 25 weresan at100 sprayed µ foliage on the seedlings of potato with V. infested dahliae artificially soil in planted elicitorsent of and concentrations the of resistance differ in were dipped tubers Potato concentration. oning the mycelial (5.4 the growth inhibited chitosan 16.9%), to - depend the growth of V. mycelialreduce nificantly dalhliae conditions. ASM not did sig greenhouse and vitro in under was ofopment assessed potato of disease wilt Verticillium effectiveness devel suppressing of in the chitosan ASM and ofresults investigation (Faessel 2008). comparative et al. The dose of ASM optimum was revealed by the for determining lower with of treated plants dose of ASM (0.08 need g/l). The case the condition, in growth normal recovered attained and plants was overcome ASM to uted treatment treated the and ASM.with However, of soybean attrib retardation growth the following was observed, tion of growth treatment root seed inhibi of soybean plants. Adose-dependent growth affected ASM pathogen. adversely the Further, against activity gal antifun its direct and acombinationto resistance of induced tive effect of ASM against activity. of- chitinase stimulation with protec The correlated ity. severity by Reduction disease ASM in application was sever reduction of in rotting resulting soybean hypocotyls, in responses systemic ASM resistance induced 0.08 0.5 g/l, and At ofAG-4, aconcentration causing rot disease. soybean root (upactivity inhibition) 40% to against 2010). et al. (Aleandri ease - dis afeasible be to the manage to melon strategy appeared in decline melon vine in of rot and inducer root to resistance (ISR) system. root resistance the Application in of MeJ, as systemic of induced of markers isozymes, number PR protein synthesis of a activated the differentially inducers resistance and vine decline in 2007, in but decline K vine and rot severity. root ease reduced BTHtreatments MeJ and Both followed treatment - seed dis by foliar application, decreased M. with cannonballus infested naturally soil using 2006 assessments in pathogen. the to Greenhouse tant Ceratocystis fimbriata Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) showed inhibitory direct Monosporascus cannonballus causes mango wilt disease. disease. wilt mango causes AG-4 was, AG-4 possibly solani dueR. 2 HPO 2 HPO 4 were slightly more resis- , causing melon decline 4 was ineffective. The solani Rhizoctonia . ASM and chito. ASM and Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  showed MeJ that , whereas , whereas 2 HPO g ------4

fimbriata stages stem of atearly tissues by infection the C. in detected were metabolites of concentrations secondary higher trast, control plants. By con untreated with compared ASM or Phi, with stem of tissues treated in plants concentrations higher in salicylhydroxamic acid, acid) sinapinic were present in zin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, - phlorid acid, p-coumaric myricetin, acid, gallic epigallocatechin, (catechin, epicatechin, pounds 7-methylxanthinine) 10 and (theobromine and phenolic com analysis showed HPLC of concentration two alkaloids that fimbriata C. stem against tissues the in responses development. disease defenseand induced chemicals Both necrosis reduction of in internal resulted Phi ASMwith and control plants. Spraying and plants mango tions of treated - stem sec the in metabolites employed secondary quantify to was procedure (HPLC) chromatography liquid performance microscopy.lightandwas using fluorescence monitored High development Disease analyses. biochemical and plants test in were by inducers microscopic assessed the with treatment was plants investigated. effects of The treated in mobility phosphate (Phi), of asalt phosphorous acid systemic with Phytophthora infestans effect by of caused BABA blight late disease potato against protective The assessed. been has crops different infecting ß acid amino nonprotein of biocontrol the potential The 3.2.2.3 development (Abo-Elyousr tomato in 2012). et al. spray was wilt or effective drench soil suppressing in bacterial Under fieldor Pf2. conditions, application ASMof as foliar ASM with treated plants tomato (PO) in weredase recorded polyphenol oxidase (PPO), ß relativeactivitiesthe in control. of Significant changes the to biomass showed due ASM to treatment, seedling increase The were providing 72% combined severity. disease reduction in ASM and suppression Pf2 disease when was both observed, 56%,and respectively. effectiveness the in of increase An severity disease wilt by 58% bacterial reduced significantly or ASM strain either with Pf2 Treatment of seedlings tomato development was tomato studied. in disease wilt of bacterial of Pseudomonas ASM and fluorescens of action mechanism The tions) 2007). et al. (Haciasalihoglu levelpathogen inoculum was low condi (low pressure disease Rs low with incidence, when ofease concentration inoculated dis- wilt Application ofbacterial ASMreduced significantly was plants observed. inoculated and untreated reduction in tions of Rs (12.5drench µ ASM with (25were µ treated (Rs) solanacearum by caused Ralstonia ease - dis wilt bacterial the against tomato in resistance induce to following by pathogen infection (Araujo the 2015). et al. induced, be might plants mango stem of tissues treated the phenylpropanoid suggested results that The ers. pathway in -aminobutyric acid (BABA) pathogens, fungal -aminobutyric against , suggesting that ASM might be effective ASM, suggesting be might that only when the Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) was evaluated for its ability  - induc resistance with treated plants in , particularly ß and suitable controls were maintained. Growth Growth suitable and controls were maintained. -Aminobutyric Acid-Aminobutyric - popula different with inoculated and g/ml) was demonstrated, using two potato using two potato was demonstrated, -glucosidase peroxi (B-GL) and g/ml) as foliar spray soil as and g/ml) Pf2 in suppressing in Pf2 . Tomato plants infection. infection. - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 in in vitro tests. The EC The tests. vitro in in maculans L. BABA effect against showed inhibitory direct by infection Leptosphaeriaagainst maculans plants of BABA ability tigation, napus the Brassica protect to cv.C3 the in 2010). et al. manner (Marcucci inves another - In wereresponses positively a more pronounced in correlated defense express to basal ability augmented an and resistance BABA-induced that indicated results The was detected. also apI with of 8.6 isoenzyme ferential induction alkaline of an dif the with paralleled activity peroxidase in tent increase levels ExplorerC3 and similar of with Aconsis protection. - level cvs.high of plantlets both artichoke in of resistance Explorer. BABA with by drenching Soil treatment induced was investigated, artichoke using cvs. infecting C3 and white mold the pathogenagainst Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogens (Olivieri by infection fungal 2009).tuber et al. against addition protection to in improved plant growth, the plants. Application of nontreated BABA from those ity than BABA-treated activ proteolytic showed plants fungal minor solani F. with inoculated and plants treated BABA- from tubers in higher was also StAP1 accumulation protease contents ofin phenolics Aspartyl phytoalexins. and P. with inoculated plants, infestans treated plants. Tuber potato untreated slices from from those with solani Fusarium to also and P. to resistance infestans greater with tubers produced they four applications of and BABA season crop the throughout levels different with vars P. to of resistance infestans 2008). et al. culti Potato phenolic (Altamiranda compounds sion of defense and molecules, chitinases such glucanases, as against emergence (60%) provided protection after cv. in Pampena at30 days treatment Foliar blight late to disease. resistance tal levels different with cultivars, Bintje Pampena and of horizon Diseases of Crop Management Biological  ity to participate in plant defense-against stresses. Exogenous plant stresses. defense-against in ity participate to glycerol-3-phosphite (G3P) were considered have to abil the biodegradable alcohol. sugar Glycerol its derivative and Glycerol environment-friendly, is an nontoxic, edible and Glycerol 3.2.2.4 ( pathogens microbial provideto canola to against protection lans of activity BABA against antifungal The obtained. maculans SA L. to evidence responses for priming (SA) expression and of SA gene PR-1. marker However, no BABA synthesis of that salicylic induced acid cated treatment cation of expression multiple an and hormones analysis indi quantifi By planta. contrast, in activity possible antifungal indicating of treatment, was timing of independent nearly the inducer, effect of the BABAtance development on disease resis- another (BTH), benzothiadiazole to contrast acid. In for were vitro weaker in activity antifungal and plants gression in Suppression were pro inhibited. of growth disease hyphal and tebuconazole. fungicide germination of spore Both the Š a The protective efficacyThe of ß š α ek et al. 2012).ek et al. could be another possible of action of another could be BABA mechanism -aminobutyric acid and negligible acid and for γ -aminobutyric P. infestans . BABA treatment stimulated the expres the - . BABA stimulated treatment 50 value of that to BABA was similar infection of tubers, compared compared of infection tubers, -aminobutyric acid (BABA)-aminobutyric showed an increase showed increase an . Infected tubers of tubers . Infected was assessed. was assessed. -aminobutyric -aminobutyric could be could be L. macu L. received received ------

ous crops (Momma et al. 2010). et al. (Momma ous crops vari affecting diseases tion for fungal suppressing soilborne - disinfesta soil of ethanol-based potential the indicated results gel analysis. gradient The electrophoresis (DGGE) denaturing (PCR)- reaction by chain polymerase indicated as treatments, or other received that soils irrigation with ferences, compared Et-SBD with treated soil showedthe dif slight, but apparent in structure was community stable.aerobic bacteria Bacterial and of number but fungi the aerobic bacteria, ofnumber all (Et-SBD)logical disinfestation soil the increased transiently bio suppression. for ethanol-mediated organisms disease The of of presence native requirement the micro soil, indicating cation not did show any suppressive preautoclaved in activity appli Ethanol of wheat with four bran. sites amended three in F.added oxysporum ment. Artificially was effective not as treat treatment ethanol as bran Wheat 1% with saturated soil solution.strongly in ethanol suppressed genic nonpatho added artificially solution field the trials, vitro. in In ethanol diluted with in saturated soil significantly declined development of Phytophthora infestans foliage on and Phi with tubers seed of potato of treatment plant effects pathogens. microbial The against plants protect of to salts phosphorous ability acid the metal with alkali are phosphate application (Reuveni 1994). et al. Phosphites (Phi) (SAR) of at points of sequestration calcium because signal, endogenous resistance an generate to ered systemic acquired consid some pathosystems. in - Phosphates are reported been have suppression host resistance disease byand enhancing growth on plant chemicals inorganic beneficial effects of The i 3.2.3 ersici by of caused tomato Fusarium oxysporumdisease wilt wasusing evaluated ethanol for control of the Fusarium efficacy disinfestation The of soil risks. environmental to related concerns of rising because ment diseases, of soilborne for acceptable manage becoming is increasingly approach, Biological (BSD), disinfestation soil safe environmentally an 3.2.2.5 leaves 2015). et al. were on treated observed (Zhang (500 concentration death chlorosis cell at higher and mM), lesion decreased by P.formation nificantly capsici asig in resulted without causing and any observable damage defensethe was response concentration sufficientto stimulate dosage Spray dependent. application of glycerol at100 mM genecontent, expression and levels, leaves cocoa in were effect ofThe glycerol application on G3P 18:1 and acid fatty expression of pathogenesis-related many genes was induced. adefense as known activation the marker, and were produced levelthe of oleic acid (18:1). Reactive oxygen (ROS) species leaves endogenous level increased of G3P decreased and Glycerol cocoa. in over applied of 4 days aperiod on cocoa capsici suppressing by in infection Phytophthora potential application of glycerol foliar spray as was evaluated for its ( F. oxysporum Fol Ethanol norganic ). of chlamydospores bud Survival and of cells Fol and indigenous F. indigenous oxysporum and C hemicals could not be detected detected could not be , (late blight and tuber tuber blight and , (late f.sp. lycop f.sp. were both were both . However, 199 ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 tial of KNO of tial pathogen development.the poten the indicated results The Phytophthora sojae byrot caused Phytophthora for development suppressing the determined of soybean stem f.sp. f.sp. pathogens F. soilborne phosphate (DPHP) against oxysporum (PB)(PS), hydrogen bicarbonate dipotassium potassium and 2009). biocontrolet al. of sorbate activity The potassium by caused soybean steming rot disease mM KNO mM of of P. presence 0.4–30zoospores the was sojae in observed control plants. Reduction release of in untreated to compared of KNO layer 30 mM with cortex of treated soybean plants stopping sitesof atpenetration of potassium P. the in sojae accumulation revealed marked microscope electron scanning cultivars. under of Observations plants both the in potassium extent suppression of of on concentration disease depended two soybean cultivars. in The of incidence disease the reduced P. with challenge to inoculation prior (4–30mM) sojae levelshigh of against protection foliar sprays doses, as applied atdifferent Phi four times When controls. untreated than emerged earlier product, commercial at1% KPhi) and phosphites (CaPhi or potassium calcium solani low R. against P. against high infestans provided was by variable, being Phi Protection Kennebec. and using werecvs. assessed, Shepody potatoes infecting scurf) rot), 200 of pink rot affecting potato tubers (Al-Mughrabi 2007). et al. tubers potato rot affecting of pink incidence the was more reducing effective phosphite in than respectively). 2006 metalaxyl and that indicated results The respectively) (3.4% Russet Burbank than 1.2% and 2005 in rot (9.9% pink 2006 and 2005 3.3% in and tubers diseased cv. potato The Shepody was more susceptible significantly to 10.1%and 3.1% (2005) and plots. for (2006) phosphite-treated 1.7% 1.3% (2005) plots and for fungicide-treated (2006) the were tubers of percentages diseased mean The determined. were severity effect on and incidence tubers and vest, disease har August. adjacent soils late After in in plants to drench a zoospore or as at planting slurry vermiculite as in-furrow insensitive isolate of P. erythroseptica Inoculum of ametalaxyl 2006. and field 2005 conditionsin by rot caused Phytophthora erythroseptica pink potato of incidence for was the assessed reducing treatment furrow in- planting as applied Gold 480EC) (Ridomil metalaxyl-m comparative effectivenessThe of phosphite (Phostrol) and leaves 2008). et al. (Lobato were Phi-treated seen also the adelay in Rubisco senescence of and leaf protein on setting in plants. Increase untreated in those than green were darker any negative plants Leaves effect on plant growth. of treated not did induce Phi By established. contrast, could be tection between but no correlation treatment, after times atdifferent induced cv. in was greater Shepody. Expression of ß protective effect the was whereas of applied, KPhi when CaPhi Kennebec, in was recorded protection cultivars. Higher both The protective ability of potassium nitrate (KNO of nitrate protective potassium ability The Fusarium solani Fusarium lycopersici (Fol), f.sp. F. oxysporum ß 3 -1,3-glucanases expression level and of foliar pro , indicating some direct effect of the chemical on effect chemical of the some direct , indicating 3 as a strategy to reduce fungicide use for use fungicide reduce to manag a strategy as (black (black solani (dry rot) Rhizoctonia and . In addition, seed tubers treated with with treated tubers seed addition, . In F. solani F. against , intermediate P. infestans . Application of KNO was either applied (Sugimoto P. (Sugimoto sojae radicis-lycopersici -1,3-glucanase was were on observed Pathogens Plant Microbial bySoilborne Caused Diseases of Crop Management  3 under under ) was and and 3 - - - - 3 , ,

porum oxys by caused F. rot disease root crown and against tomato 2011).et al. extent The provided of by protection to silicon control (Vermeire chemical to alternative an and strategy management disease ecofriendly Si of an as soil amendment possibility of using the Si. with indicated plied results The level the sup plants by of enhancing of banana resistance suppression of the because ofgrowth pathogen development improved Si also plant amendment plants. Furthermore, trol con with on Si-amended plants soil, compared the lation in (lesions) by was about 50% reduced at14 inocu days after at7,applied 14 21 and Root inoculation. necrosis days after was WinRHIZO analysisout program Image Si amendment. of soluble- control conditions with and Si greenhouse under 2mM with amended ferrosol and were on desilicated planted suspension system root the ping the of in pathogen conidia, by dip inoculated plantlets, Banana was assessed. disease spathiphylli Cylindrocladium ( banana in resistance inducing in 2016).et al. (Jabnoun-Khiareddine tomato affecting diseases different for suitable need selecting for salt the potassium suppressing some to indicated extent. results rot also root The Rhizoctonia by wilt 65.2%. Fusarium suppressed reduced PB treatment severity,and but it no effect had on Vd extent Fol, an to of 30% in 86 60, and reductionin significantly. resulted growth treatment PB-based improved plant PS addition, treatment control plants. In respectively, to compared by incidence wilt 50, reduced 78, 65%PS and treatment 26 extent. different to diseases wilt DPHP (50and reduced mM) of Single PS (0.25%), with soils tested. treatment PB (50 mM) pathogens sensitivity on the of fungal depending different tiorum solani, Pythium aphanidermatum Si system. Hoagland’sture solution nutrient (100 with mg Si/l, Si (Si Si (FORL), inoculum levelsinoculum (0, 10 three with were plants inoculated the transplantation, after in plastic trays amended with 0.39g with plastic traysin amended Si (Si (resistant) Nain (susceptible)Grand Maca and cultivars grown ( by caused F. disease wilt oxysporum Fusarium 2011).et al. movementand stem to (Huang pathogen roots of from the of infection roots delay of onset of the initial the because in be severity might due Si to disease in treatment, decrease the suggested results that plants. tomato The stem ofand treated crown severity roots, in disease reduction in with correlated Si was positively the contents roots of in the increase The controlto plants. greater, wereplants compared significantly tomato of Si stems inoculation. treated contents and of roots after at4 by treatment ityreduced was weeks significantly Si Foc) + ) was used as a nutrient source for without source anutrient plants tomato as ) was used The potential of (Si) silicon potential The amendment soil as applied The effects of on development silicon The of of symptoms on banana plants were assessed, using seedlings of using were seedlings plants assessed, on banana – ) and control plants were also maintained. At 8 weeks control were plants maintained. ) and also f.sp. radicis-lycopersici f.sp. was assessed. The effects on growth were variable, effects on growth The was assessed. F. solani F. ( Fs ) 6 , Verticillium dahliae (Vd), Verticillium dahliae and 10 and Vd , incitant of banana toppling toppling of banana , incitant 7 -, -, was assessed using sand cul using was sand assessed conidia/plant). sever Disease Fol Musa acuminata Sclerotinia sclero Sclerotinia and - and FORL-inoculated FORL-inoculated - and FORL and Fs and FORL wilt disease. DPHP disease. wilt + ) and without ) and f.sp. cubense f.sp. , Rhizoctonia Rhizoctonia infections infections ) against ) against ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 09:33 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780429058189, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429058189-3 the Sithe Si. in with plants values due The treatment to AURLLPC and showed plants AUDRPPC Nain in noment. difference Grand the Sithe (AUDRPPC) by increased 15.98% of significantly Maca for curve progress rhizome-pseudostem darkening under area amendment (Siamendment Maca plants significantly reduced by reduced significantly plants Maca 45.54% the for Si relativeunder lesion (AURLLPC) curve of progress length Diseases of Crop Management Biological  tion of tissues progress curve, compared to Si to tion compared of curve, progress tissues - coloniza fungal asymptomatic under area the and curve symptom progress root under area the curve, progress toms reflex under symp on area leaf based severity determined, showed plants Si-treated ment. disease The areduction in P. infestans mycelia of/ml) Phytophthora inhibited growth parasitica against abisinthium of extract aqueous Artemisia with synthesized 2017). et al. Ghalamfarsa of (Mostowfizadeh- pistachio disease important economically exploited could be salts for development suppressing the of an showed of results silicon plants. The pistachio potential the and bean broad Si-treated in wasconcentration increased (ICP-MS) showed analyses silicon spectrometry that mass conductivity of soil. electrical on Coupled pH and plasma not did have salts silicon was The observed. effect significant control plants nontreated with of compared plants, mortality by pathogen and the colonized ofdence, percentage roots pistacia following P. with application were of salts silicon inoculated soil, of onhost grown sterilized pistachio crop) seedlings and (annual bean broad Under silicate. sodium experiments, pot but potassium silicate, notby reduced was significantly by release zoospore biomass. Further, fungal and germination production, cyst sporangial mycelial growth, inhibited salts development disease pressing the silicon The was assessed. sup in silicate potassium and ofbiocontrol sodium potential production adversely. impacting one major of the diseases The 2012b).al. Phytophthora pistacia et Si on (Fortunato with grown soil plants amendment banana and chitinases variety. resistant activitiesest in of The PAL, PPO, POX, tible Reduction severity Maca. in of great was symptoms the suscep the in then Nain, Grand resistant the in inoculation extent days agreat at40 to colonization were after reduced 1. Relative fungal lesion asymptomatic and (RLLs) lengths F. with inoculated and oxysporum Si with amended soil were with plasticMaca pots in grown investigation, cv. of and plants banana Nain further Grand al.2012a). et severitywilt Si-deficient in (Fortunato soils In cultivars showedsusceptible for banana reducing potential showedresults Si with for soil in amendment growing that values. The AURLLPC show AUDRPPC and in difference by 30.26% 58.82%, and respectively, Si with compared increased pseudostem significantly rhizome- and roots the in Si concentrations The seedlings. banana transplanting after The biocontrol potential of biocontrol silver (AgNPs) potential The nanoparticles – – treatment of cvs. Maca and Grand Nain plants did not did plants Nain of cvs. Grand treatment and Maca treatment, compared with Si with compared treatment, Phytophthora . Significant reduction was observed in disease inci disease in reduction . Significant observed was , P. palmivora ß – ). The soil was inoculated with Foc with ). was soil inoculated The -1,3-glucanase were enhanced in the roots of-1,3-glucanase roots the in were enhanced spp. was assessed. The AgNPs (10 AgNPs spp. The was assessed. µ , P. cinnamomi causes pistachio gummosis, gummosis, pistachio causes cubense (Foc) cubense f.sp. + treatment. The area area The treatment. , P. tropicalis – plants. The plants. The at 60 days at60 + – treat treat race g ------, ,

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