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ISSNKernerman 1565-4745 Dictionary News, June 2005 1 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 2 DICTIONARY FOR OXFORDSTUDENT’S Tel Aviv and LonnieKahn Kernerman Publishing ISBN 965-307-034-7 984 pages Translator: Ya'acov Levy Editor: RaphaelGefen Third Edition ISBN 965-307-021-5 904 pages and Ya'acov Levy Hebrew: Joseph A. Reif English: ChristinaRuse Second Edition 965-307-003-7 ISBN 965-307-000-2/ 824 pages Ya'acov Levy with theassistanceof: Reif Hebrew editor:Joseph A. Christina Ruse with theassistanceof: A.S. Hornby First Edition HEBREW SPEAKERS Levy onthethirdeditionpublishedin2003. Ya'acovjoined Gefen Raphael and 1993, in published edition second English Current of edition Hebrew semi-bilingual 1986 2003 1993 aao Levy Ya'acov published in 1986. The two worked together on the on together worked two The 1986. in published sitd oeh ef n dtn te first the editing in Reif Joseph assisted xod tdn’ Dcinr of Dictionary Student’s Oxford LEARNER’S ENGLISHHEBREW PASSPORT Tel Aviv 1996 and LonnieKahn Kernerman Publishing ISBN 965-307-029-0 509 +144pages Editor: RaphaelGefen Translator: Ya'acov Levy Lexicographer and DICTIONARY re, tla, ava, ihain Rmna, lvk Slovenian, Slovak, Romanian, Spanish, Thai, Turkish andmoretocome. Lithuanian, Latvian, Italian, Greek, Estonian, Danish, Czech, Chinese, for versions by followed been since edited by Raphael Gefen. The Hebrew edition appeared in 1996 and has wrote Levy Ya'acov Oxford Elementary Learner’s Dictionary of English fe preparing After asot uir nls Lanrs Dictionary Learner’s English Junior Passport sm-iiga Hbe eiin of edition Hebrew semi-bilingual a , published in 1991, ,

Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 3 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 4 HEBREW-ENGLISH ENGLISH-HEBREW DICTIONARY OXFORDPOCKET HEBREW-ENGLISH ENGLISH-HEBREW Tel Aviv 2002 and LonnieKahn Kernerman Publishing ISBN 965-307-033-9 472 +253pages Ya'acov Levy Tel Aviv 1995 and LonnieKahn Kernerman Publishing 965-307-027-4 ISBN 965-307-026-6/ 600 +310pages Editor: Ya'acov Levy DICTIONARY OXFORD Mini DictionaryEnglishHebrew Hebrew-EnglishEnglish-Hebrew Dictionary 2003, in appered edition updated but reduced A one. bilingual comprehensive a into turned have would Ya'acovLevy that Dictionary h bilingual The pbihd n 95 ws sml tasain dictionary translation simple a was 1995, in published ,

xod nls-erw Hebrew-English English-Hebrew Oxford isjustbeingpublished. , and an extracted an and , xod Pocket Oxford Oxford atclr rcae o te Mishnah the of tractates particular for or it of parts or Bible the for glossaries lexicographic a nature had of been compiled, usually bilingual works dictionaries, the Caliph 'Abd al-Rahmân III (912-961). III al-Rahmân 'Abd Caliph the of court the in served who Andalusia, of Jews the of leader the (915-970), Shaprut ibn Hisday son, ibn his of Isaac then of and Shaprut, secretary the as time a for served He days. those in Spain in learning Jewish of and rule Umayyad the of center the and Andalusia of capital the Córdoba, in to youth his century in moved and Tortosa,Spain, tenth the of beginning the at born was Saruq ben Jacob ben Menahem (Babylon), around 732 CE, Pumbedita in Gaon Paltoy ben Zemah by per mn te eua ros ad are (and roots regular the among appear comes aftertheroot the to third. For example, the root relation in always not but root, the of preserved inrelationtothefirst twoletters usually is alphabetization The sub-entries. as derivatives the its and entry main a with are as root order entries alphabetical the in that arranged in root. systematic the is of It perception Menahem’s according to root, by order alphabetical in lexemes, 8,000 approximately in arranged the roots, 2,500 of some providing Bible, vocabulary entire the of all contains It first the about 1,000nounsrecommendedtopoets. limited in its scope, providing only a list of and Rav Sa'adiah Gaon’s Talmud the of phylacteries entries the for definitions similar have both example, for – sources common from drew instead but other each from copied have not may compilers their dictionaries, these between resemblance certain a acquainted Despite work. other’s were each with two the whether clear Alfâsi, Abraham ben David was written in terms Jerusalem by the Karaite scholar biblical of dictionary Arabic being compiled, a comprehensive Hebrew- the when time the to Close systematic Hebrewdictionaryofanykind. first the perhaps and dictionary, Hebrew the compiled Menahem Hisday’sencouragement, With ro t te oplto o these of compilation the to Prior ot cmrsn fu ltes r more or letters four comprising Roots Menahem Mahberet ÂÓ‡ ·ÏÁ·È„‚

systematic dictionary of Hebrew. of dictionary systematic 8 ), As cmie were compiled Also . Mahberet ) andothers. È„‚ ([ gdi ı¢¯Á ] , is, as noted above, noted as is, 3 kid [ the first Hebrew- first the Agron h-r-ts 6 ˙ÂÙËÂË 9 , in the context the in , but it was lost, Mahberet 4 u i i not is it but The firstHebrew-Hebrew dictionary Û¢¯Á ]. , but it was ([ Menahem benSaruq’s totafot [ Aruch 7 h-r-f and was ] ] 5 2 1

not compile a grammar book at the same the at book grammar a compile not did he though and exemplary, considered he language whose Bible, the in words to Ben Yehuda initial letter even if it is not radical. Eliezer their to according listed be to began nouns when times, modern until Ages, Middle was example followed by lexicographers throughout the this and alike, nouns and verbs it, below derivatives its of all with ( to name. that by 1040-1105) it to Yitzhaki, refers already Shlomo Rashi (Rabbi and completion, its of time the to became dictionary 22 – Hoveh in used that as such systems, section. In more recent years, other editing noun college the placed but the in conjugations verbal root the listed he example, For verbs. from nouns separate to times modern in lexicographer Hebrew entries the letter of the all for of end the at not (and root the after immediately [ example, For dictionaries). their in Qimhi, David Rabbi Rabbi and Janah ibn Jonah successors, Menahem’s was by as done section, separate a assigned not 80, n h bss f h word the of basis (in the Yehuda on Ben 1880), Eliezer by apparently to word word the one phrase, prefer a to tendency the to term millim otzar words; and the modern Hebrew expression dictionaries, Sa'adiah Rav Gaon and Alfâsi; the name used for Arabic by compiled dictionaries is it to dictionaries; of similar names in trends associate name letter the with aleph begin that entries of list the calls Menahem book, the of body the in But name. that by it to referred pupils ( Menahem word hartsab Book of Interpretations of Book

Menahem devoted his dictionary solely dictionary his devoted Menahem h oiia nm of name original The Mahberet Bet Mahberet mahbarot compile Aharon Maman – ), astheequivalentfor Mahberet thesaurus , 11 ), from the same root, in the in root, same the from ), abrt Aleph Mahberet and ] havebeendeveloped. , link up was, apparently, was, Agron , 10 , the counterpart of the Latin the of counterpart the , Jâmi' . Thus the name of the entire the of name the Thus . seems to have been the first the been have to seems collect het (from I mdr tms due times, modern In . ,

. h ro i presented is root The ). and so on, for a total of total a for on, so and Ôˆ¯Á Ï¢ÏÎ , literally, a collection of rfet contemporary reflects ) Mahberet , h nm o the of name the ), millon [ (from ¯¢·Á [ k-l-l ‰ÏÏÎÓ ) and Menahem’s and ) hartsan the , [ Mahberet Sefer Pitronim Sefer a devised, was h-b-r ] including its including ] kaph dictionary ([ ı¢¯Á ¯¢‚‡ ey close very bet io ha- Milon appear ] Mahberet mikhlala ] section, [ [ section to unite 12 millah h-r-ts '-g-r The mem ·ˆ¯Á . ] ] ] ,

: [email protected] Massorot Lashon S. Fassberg) of Arabic, andisco-editor(with Magrebian Hebrewand lexicography, andtraditional Karaite Hebrewandgrammar, Library. Healsopublishedon Jewish Theological Seminary on manuscriptspreservedinthe carried outalong-termresearch Yeshiva UniversityinNY and University ofLondon,taughtat was visitingscholaratthe of Scholarsin1993-94, for InternationalExchange Fellowship bytheCouncil He wontheFulbrightProgram Medieval HebrewPhilology. and journals.Hespecializesin committees ofresearchcenters Language andofacademic the Academy oftheHebrew Literature Project,memberof and theHebrewLinguistic Traditions ResearchCenter director oftheJewishOral of HebrewatHU.Heis was ChairoftheDepartment 1992-93 and1997-98he he isProfessor. Intheyears Hebrew University, where Hebrew and Arabic atthe to Israelin1964,andstudied Morocco in1947,immigrated Aharon Mamanwasbornin (Hebrew Studies)and (Hebrew Traditions). Mehqarim be-

Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 5 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 6 ms #JTSLA,ENA 37581a from theCairoGenizah (above) andextract(below) Mahberet Menahem page After all, for the meaning the for all, After omitting the sitting waw as such word, a of inflection every in their used of not is that some letter every predecessors, by used contemporaries, method his the and and Menahem by [ [ Morocco (Fez, 1000): ca. Hayyuj Córdoba, - Judah of time the since ever right own their in roots as considered been have that roots includes previous generation. the to belonged who Quraysh, and ben Judah contemporary, his Alfâsi, of works the governed also that theory a consonants more, or two of composed or be consonant, one can of that root abstract an underlying theory.theory root The of area the in least with regard to his grammatical approach, at used in editing the dictionary is instructive method the remarks, explicit Apart these entries. from few a in remarks brief in or excursuses in grammar, on discussions time, the dictionary also includes numerous eiae r, codn t Menahem’s to or according are, ‘defective’ geminate considers methodology “departments” ( of concept and the by influenced been have may approach This inflection. every in exists that letter a only radical as omitting the final ÂÓÓ È·˘ È˙· they shouldbetreatedashomonymic. method his to according whereas root, one are treated as polysemic and deriving from there are some words in the dictionary that yet, entity.And organizing an as root the have of mainly thinking was he that may possible is He it but roots, homonymic them definition. considered different a sub-entries, with each sub-entry containing entry the ‰·È˘ to meaning same the attributed “nature” oftheobjectinquestion. are not fundamental to the definition of the which accidents, merely are variable are that attributes and essence an is constant a according to which only an attribute that is captivity ([ For initial the omitting infinitive, the in and tense future the in but tense, past the sh-b-b y-sh-b 'ashuv For example, the main entry entry main the example, For In any event, all of the roots that modern But this is not to suggest that Menahem that suggest to not is this But ˘ à and ([ ‰·È and accident w say we ) shavti ], ]. ÷ œ ] ), the Bible contains the statement ([ 14 ·¢Â˘ I’ll nun ·¢˘ Ÿ Acrig o h mto used method the to According a ‰·È˘ ˘ shiva Ÿ Mahberet Menahem Mahberet œ return) in the future tense but tense future the in return) waw i ] à  in these roots, is not radical. not is roots, these in [ n rsoein philosophy, Aristotelian in [ ([ I returnedI sh-w-b sh-b ˙˜ÏÁÓ ([ È˙·˘È ] vayishb... . And as for yod returning neshiva ], he arranged them in them arranged he ], 13 · ([ . Menahem classified ˘ ], Õ [ ‡ Õ ·¢˘ mahlaqot yashavti È¢·˘ ) in the past tense, past the in ) ([ ˙ Œ · , u. 21:1), Num. ], ‰·È˘È ] 'eshev ˘ Œ , e say we ), [ [ ([ ‰È blowing sh-b-y n-sh-b Ÿ · shevet ‰·È˘È ˘ ([ œ ] ·¢˘ advocates ]), that is, ([ ] sat I yeshiva essence ’l sit I’ll shivya [ ], ], , sh-b . In ). ] ‰È·˘ 15 ·¢·˘ ·»˘‡ yod yod ·¢˘È in ) sit ) ) ] ] ] . , ,

Menahem uses the following formula: family,semantic same the to belonging as views he that entries several of meaning the up summing When mode. general a in definitions, usually by means of brief a and synonym Bible the from examples few a words, relevant the includes department definitions, Each “departments”. as presented are few they a has entry main and this entry, if main a comprises it as follows: structured is entry the Usually short. very are entries its of dictionary,most and in general. theory root of discussion a into launches he root, of type particular this explaining determined that the root of the verb was of system, biliteral. For example, on the basis alone, andnot word. meaning the for dictionary a mainly of form the in are definition alternative There an with entries example. also the the draw from will meaning reader educated the that Bible andnodefinition,ontheassumption entries that offer only an example from the the meaningofmovement”. entry the in presented citations the of all example, For ‰Ó‰ entries letter the the of for beginning the at – place opportune first the in located is discussion apparently because they are very few. This discussion, concentrated a in but system, initial the as letter of a monoliteral root serves according to his that letter each for entries the of beginning the at dictionary, Menahem’s in position expected their in Menahem. after generation a determined, had Hayyuj s ln ad h dfcet s deficient, is deficient plene the the and Bible; plene the is in appear they as The syntax. on comments no and, nouns; the of nor it from deriving the declension to of the word, clues neither of the example, verbs no listed); are (for antonyms no discussions etymological semantic grammatical, or no contain knowledge oftheBible. basic good a had already who learned the for rather but laymen for written not was dictionary the Hence, definition. concrete meaning” or “as is known”, defined root. monoliteral alphabet that serves as the initial letter of a abrt Menahem Mahberet The placed not were roots monoliteral The h etis r i ms css spelled cases most in are entries The entries of majority overwhelming The Â„È ˙‡‰˘ÓË

( X 18 Mahberet hy r fo te enn o X of meaning the from are they ‰Ó‰ ‰Ú‰ ÔÈÈÚ ‰Ú‰ ‰Ó‰ piooia sgiiac o the of significance philological ) Í¢· Õ i ‰¢Ë à  bet [ ([ ÂÚÓ˘ÓÎ b-kh 16 contains some embryonic some contains vayet... te is lte i the in letter first the , And since he is already is he since And [ n-t-h – i.e., “they are from are “they i.e., – ], department 1, were 1, department ], ie, i is literal its “in i.e., , ] or ], Exod.9:22),he s compact a is 17 peshat but without a È¢Ë Mahberet [ n-t-y ( literal ÔÈÈÚ ] as tet is ).

citation Hebrew the example, For language. one all were it if as entries, Hebrew the among them integrated he biblical Instead, modern dictionaries. in customary is as and ˙ his in ha-Shorashim century) Sefer thirteenth (Provence, words, as was done by Rabbi David Qimhi the to section special a assign not Aramaic does Menahem text. biblical the in words Aramaic the including Bible, entire the to below) (see added referencesasneeded. editors modern Bible However, the Mishnah). the in also in cases few a in location (and its of sufficient indication a is citation the of context the that assumption the on citations, the biblical for provided are the references of no time, scholars language are of custom was citations the As the vocalization. without and presented entries the and from cognate sword 21:20; Ezek. phrase the this in Quraysh root of occurrence Ibn unique the Quraysh. explained ben criticism Judah at instructive leveled Menahem [ root the of department second the in ([ 5:7) andthe Aramaic citation in the in excursuses early the of radical one In was servile. it or in whether is, letter that – each word a of status the considered generation his of members other the and Menahem own, its into coming was Bible the of interpretation philological the when theory root period this in interest great of focus Since a was things. at looking of way scientific critical, a had and opinions, his in extreme an to consistent was who in not but Bible, dictionaries.) the encyclopaedias for lexicons concordances, and in dealt with usually were names (Such of places. nor people of neither names, not include does it Bible, the in words the of all technical matter. In this sense, separation would be merely a it. in used languages two the separate not did he – entirety its in Bible, the – book and particular a linguistic, concerns dictionary the since than was philological dictionary the more to approach his languages, but two the between distinguish f b Qryh. eae contended Menahem Quraysh). Ibn of m-l-kh Ú Ã milki… The eae ws mtoia scholar methodical a was Menahem the though Even not did Menahem that not was It Ÿ · ‡ œ [ ‰ a i i wr drvn fo the from deriving were it if as ) ˙ À Mahberet 'iv'at Mahberet ]. Ú À È Ã Ï ] Dan. 4:24) appear in one entry one in appear 4:24) Dan. ] Ÿ a ¯ ˙Ú·‡ ·¯Á Ú È À ([ i, f ore a invention an course, of is, ] be'ata a œ Ï _ œ slaughter , in the entry the in , Õ Ï n À s dcinr devoted dictionary a is ] [ œ ·¯Á ˙ ·¯Á i à  trouble ([ ( i't herev 'iv'at ok f h Roots the of Book vayimalekh… Mahberet , à Á Ÿ · asce f the of massacre ‡ œ , ([ fear _ 'ivhat herev 'ivhat Á¢·‡ À Ï Ú ⁄ , ht is, that ], ; the word the ;

¯ includes [ t à ˘ Ÿ ] Neh. ] '-b-h œ È

Í¢ÏÓ È k œ Ÿ Ï ], 19 Ó œ ) ]

ÌÈÏÓ fed ibe b ants by nibbled field a as of the root is itself derived from of acronym an was root its that determined he Therefore, phrase. construct a of part most since perspective: proper its in for put be must proof it root, the convincing determining no is there if that grammatical their implies criticism Menahem’s in approaches. and reached was the word, they differ of in how this semantics conclusion two the the concerning between philologists difference no is there the femininemorpheme. only Menahem’sis to it according system, the radicalized had he that was third The radical. it considers quadrilateral verb equal to equal verb quadrilateral Jewish the symbolizes people which vine, the Jewish the of people enemies the symbolizes kreso determination that Dunash Menahem’s root. rejected a also have could declension grammatical a had that word a only that as such to particle regard a for root a seek to need no was there with that and general individual points. For example, he claimed in both challenging many of Menahem’s decisions, it, put Dunash as (or, remarks 180 presented fellow Córdoban, wrote a book in which he Menahem’sLabrat, ben and contemporary Dunash philologist and poet The well. as East the and France in subsequently and Spain in first reactions, strong with met it basis ofthecontextalone. no have we choice buttodetermineitsmeaningonthe it, compare to which with ( Bible the in unique is word this since And to regard with assumed be also can gender,this feminine the indicate to meant were words of end rngeso ws ht b Quraysh Ibn that omitted theletter was second transgression The destroyed. be will the language of order replace the another, with we letter one if because ungrammatical, and to unpredictable irregular, act arbitrary, an be such considered and changes letter to objected vehemently Menahem letter the replaced had he First, transgressions. grammatical several committed thereby had Quraysh Ibn that aa legomenon hapax Menahem, too, interprets the word the interprets too, Menahem, As soon as the as soon As epne, objections responses, ‰Óȇ ˙Á·‡ ‰ ([ À p mi Ó Œ ]); ] ([ Ÿ ÒY s neesr, hl Menahem while unnecessary, is would fill its belly from it from belly its fill would sade…[she] mmenna 20 à Π'eima ˙¢Á·Ø˙¢Ú· e lie ta i ws ny a only was it that claimed he Ÿ È ([ yekharsmenna ] ˙Á·‡ d ‰Ó À p ra fear great Mahberet ]; aleph Ó ÒV Ó Œ ([ d ad hr i nothing is there and ) He À , especially since it is it since especially , p taw [ qirsem n Œ ma b-'-t Ó «ÒV À œ Î [= Ÿ in È Msnh Pa 2: Pea Mishnah, ; in ([ ] ˙·¢˙ / the swine, which what ˙Ú·‡ yekhares mena yekhares b-h-t Ÿ k h nemalim uha bt although but ) het ˙Á·‡ was published, was ‰ÂÓÒ¯˜˛˘¸

] Ps. 80:14) is 80:14) Ps. ] ‡ Õ l Á¢·‡ with Ó Ã , becauseif ) and ruled and ) ], the taw Ÿ [ È , whereas, ,

([ tshuvot [= [ yemalle s at the at s '-b-h

aleph 'ayin

ÆÆƉ„˘ from ˙Á·‡ ]) ]. ] ] .

ms #JTSLA,ENA 37581b from theCairoGenizah (above) andextract(below) Mahberet Menahem page

Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 7 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 8 Granada 1980 Universidad deSalamanca Universidad deGranadae Badillos española de Angel Sáenz- edición criticaetraducción Labrat Tešubot deDunašben Granada 1986 Universidad deSalamanca Universidad deGranadae Sáenz-Badillos e introducciónde Angel edición critica Mahberet Menahem benSaruq the wayinwhichitwasarticulated. change in the position of the articulation or a of means by varied which was consonant in one root one of appearances three joy letters vowel the changing from (apart time his before that common changes already to apparently were agree even not did He of the language by means of replacements. foundations the destroy not and was, it as to it interpret and was necessary it as letter each was leave it that maintained he letters’because of substitution, system the opposed utterly phonetics Menahem morphology? that assume sometimes gnawed we away at etymology and Can here: that we are touching upon a major question said be can it general, In cases. certain in changed been have to assumed be could letters that ruled Menahem preceded who Sa'adiah Gaon and other language scholars the idea of letter changes, even though Rav kaph the of replacement a with 7), igitc at. e i nt osn to consent not making did small compromises – he He viewed the good taste. of linguistic boundary the – point sensitive Hebrew in taste morphology. good of boundaries the of question the with and Bible, the in linguistic from forms and phenomena that extrapolating are documented of the of limits question the with dealing was he language, of standpoint the from possible than dealing with the question of what was more clear: is thing One Mishnah. the of language the in even just but time, his to prior centuries the in liturgy of the language and poetic contemporaries the pure his in of only language not nouns practice, considered this to objected Saruq from ben and Menahem language? verbs permissible denominative serve asamodelforpoetry? should that language the is What humans? by is created language the than exalted more certainly which God, of language the of nature the the is What was language. of poet purity a as Saruq ben Menahem troubled accepting that question or The sages rulings. their the of in question faith a not having is This Bible? the of the of the sages equal in status to the language language the Is sages? the of Should language the with compared be Bible the of question: language another raises It fundamental substitution. letter of qirsem l-ts roots the although that believed h qeto of question The eae teeoe eae t a very a to related therefore Menahem of creation the is example, For , they are three separate roots and not and roots separate three are they , ], . But Menahem could not agree with agree not could Menahem But . Ê¢ÏÚ i nt ofnd o h matter the to confined not is ] Ȣ‰‡ [ '-l-z [ '-h-w-y and ] ) Fr xml, he example, For ]). Ò¢ÏÚ ÌÒ¯˜ØÌүΠ[ '-l-s qof al mean all ] [ with the with ı¢ÏÚ kirsem/ [ '- of theQimhifamily, wrote philologists the of first the Qimhi, Joseph Tosafot the of sages foremost the of one was who Tam, Rabbenu grandson, Rashi’scentury, twelfth still the of end are the At known. commentaries widely Rashi’s took in that root it from arising outdated philological interpretation the Menahem’s and grammar today, of theory so be to popular throughout the Jewish world, and continue became commentaries Rashi’s since commentary And Talmud. the his and Bible the in on times of hundreds covertly and overtly it quoted who Rashi, fame spread did to most who the person The generations. many use to continued Arabic, in Hayyuj, originally written of were writings which the read not could abate not of mention the verb, Hebrew the to regard with root the of triliterality the of he publishedhistheoryontheuniversality David ben when prominent become to began Judah Hayyuj after even that amazing is The fact answers. their to answers of Dunash, Yehudi ben Sheshet, composed Dunash’sto pupil a turn, in and responses, answers formulate to forces joined David, ben Isaac Gikatilla, Isaac ben Kaprun, and pupils, Judah dictionary.ben Menahem’s the of Three to and responses it in Dunash’s arose that issues grammatical and semantic etymological, over polemic Mahberet comparisons with Arabic. point, his of examples 160 prove some presented Dunash to order In language. Hebrew compare secular a as viewed he with which Arabic, not did he event, in any and necessary, so absolutely did when he only here even but tongue, holy a being as viewed also he which Aramaic, his with Hebrew compared Menahem Arabic. was with words biblical comparing of practice the work to objection ideological fundamental Menahem’s against purity ofthelanguage. of concept the defining and afterward, and interest was the language usage in his time His Mishnah! retrospectively the literature, dealt ancient with even and well, as he took his campaign into the field of prose that seen have we – poetry in only not and then it was not appropriate in a single case, a practice was not appropriate in ten cases, phenomenon as completely inadmissible. If iareet bten eae and Menahem Dunash. between disagreements ht nrae te eoac o the of resonance the increased What complaints strongest Dunash’s of One

a te ra Fec commentator French great the was , 22 23 wrote a book meant to settle the settle to meant book a wrote eea dcds ae, Rabbi later, decades Several . a te otnain f the of continuation the was h sgs f rne who France, of sages The abrt Menahem Mahberet abrt Menahem Mahberet abrt Menahem Mahberet 21 h dsue and dispute the Sefer ha-Galuy did for ’s

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11. Modern and from 1908to1959. Ancient Hebrew of His of language. renovator Dictionary the Hebrew be the to considered is 10. 71, pp.575-582. in ve-ha'aravit’, 'ivrit fifth 9. the of century). (end Talmud Babylonian authoritative more the the and century) of fifth (beginning Talmud Palestinian) commentary Amoraic ( its and Mishnah 8. a singleparagraphofthis. the beginning of the third century CE; also, at ha-Nasi Judah Rabbi by compiled law 7. 357. Studies Oriental Israel Memory of Naphtali Kinberg (1948-1997) in lexicons’, Hebrew Medieval 6. veha-literatur shellahem Miqrah benei le-toledot 5. 1936-1945. baa A-âi h Karaite ben the Century) David Al-Fâsi of Abraham (Agron) Al-Alfâz Jâmi' Kitab as Known Bible the of Dictionary 4. bibliography the there. and 1971) (Jerusalem 14. and Latinate in Anglo-Saxon languages). root the of concept the the noun form (an approach that resembles the root is the actual morphological which basis in to according root, the to approach entry 19:19, Leviticus to 12. News in Sapir’, Milon 16. ibid., pp.264-265. With pp.261-281. see above, discussed subject the to regard 31.1, chapter Ruprecht 2000, & Vandenhoeck Goettingen, Ages Middle The I/2: and Testament: The History of its Chiquitilla Interpretation ibn in Bal'am’, ibn Judah Moses Janah, ibn Jonah The Hayyuj, Spain: Judah in School: Linguistic Exegesis Jewish of Era examples, see Maman A., ‘The Flourishing 15. edition, pp.359*-360*. 13. 12, entry entry 19:7, Isaiah Gemara See S. Morag, ‘Reshit ha-millona'ut ha- ha-millona'ut ‘Reshit Morag, S. See the of compilation a is Talmud The oral of collection the is Mishnah The in Derash and ‘Peshat Maman, A. See See Simcha Pinsker, e SL Skoss, S.L. See

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Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 9 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 10 Shaprut Street(below) (above) andHisdayibn Menahem benSaruqStreet Street signsin Tel Aviv, 18. 2004, pp.276-283. cent.) (10th-12th Barun Ibn to Gaon Saadia from Ages Middle the in see the centuries, Maman A., in twentieth it and about nineteenth disagreements the and Dunash contemporanous, Menahem’s by Labrat, ben it to attributed meaning the 17. as itsofficial languageoftuition. that prompted the institute opposition to adopt Hebrew public of consequence was a only It German. in teaching conducted be that should decided was it from Germany, the Organization on Ezra the 1914 of in initiative founded was Israel, in institute technological prominent most the Technion, Haifa the hardly when that is surprising It onward. century the nineteenth from the research been of language had principal German disciplines that scientific recognized the of any indeed languages, Biblical and Judaic studies, and German”. Scholars of Hebrew and Semitic is language Semitic important most “the was: usage common in adage amusing an university,at studying started first I When 20. used, is form either Hebrewor Arabic. fixed a cases most in but it begins with its Arabic counterpart, “ibn”, the form of “ben” (i.e. id o mrh-hnlgcl Hebrew all morpho-phonological solve of to kinds order in entity, phonemic of notion layyin theoretical sakin a suggested also he innovations, other Among theory. his prove to books large two composed roots and “weak” for even verb Hebrew the of triliterality of nature the discovered He Ages. Middle the in grammarian Hebrew same field as his, is regarded as the greatest the in worked and generation Menahem’s 21. 19. Ruprecht 2000, chapter25.5,pp.96-109. & Vandenhoeck Goettingen, Ages Middle The I/2: Testament: The in History of its Interpretation Labrat’, ben Dunash and Saruq in ben Menahem Hebraists Spain: ‘Early A., see Sáenz-Badillos general, in interpretation of method Menahem’s and commentary philological Review ofB.Katz-Biletzky, Phlilosophische, wissenschaftlicheundtechnischeTermini

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Wörterbuch Deutsch-Hebräisch 27. several librariesaroundtheworld. in preserved now are Cairo for and synagogue Ezra the in piled room special a were in centuries which books documents Hebrew and ragged from fragments 26. 38, 1989,p.24,n.12. naui: eua h-eht, in ha-reshit’, tequfat Andalusit: edition see I. Eldar, ‘Askolat ha-diqduq ha- Mahberet Saruq, 25. Menahem 24. edition, LondonandEdinburgh, 1855. sefer labrat…'al menahem harav mahberet ben dunash teshuvot 28. canonization ofeachbooktheBible. the after soon emerged literature of this kind that assumed is It untouched. Bible the of text the keep to meant literature and 23. is printed intheinternalmargins. which commentary, text, Rashi’s Talmudic opposite the of the margins in printed external are Tosafot the Talmud, century.famous Vilnathe the In of edition and Ashkenazi scholars up to the fourteenth (twelfth century), followed by other French Rashbam the and Tam Ya'aqov Rabbenu to the Babylonian Talmud, by his nephews, commentary Rashi’s on made comments 22. accepted up todate. are views Hayyuj’s problems. the essaysnotedabove. considerable scholarship toinnovate. of his used list has himself author the a that terms includes dictionary the of part final The dictionaries. and books German mainly 61 and articles, and books sources, Hebrew 113 of includes of This dictionary. the compilation list the in a in used is publications given German and introduction Hebrew both an Following this bookarescientistsandtranslators. for audiences target The Middle Ages. the philosophical and scientific literature since throughout theextensivecanonofHebrew which have been in existence and of dispersed many terms, German 25,000 some equivalents for Hebrew of abundance an of h dcinr isl hs 2 pages. 720 has itself dictionary The composed is dictionary Katz-Biletzky’s . Sáenz-Badillos, A.

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[email protected] Bar-Ilan University Hebrew andSemiticLanguages Ora R.Schwarzwald user. by speaking Hebrew average not the for less reliable dictionary and the makes This invention practice. or personal author’s preference the by determined item lexical is each for term Hebrew first the extensive, extremely dictionary,albeit derives from the fact that as it is a research disadvantage chief book’s The too. useful into are book the translated in explanations Hebrew.The officially be to yet have which of some terms, of range wide its is number ofcompoundsissparse. roots new initial an of using formation The Hebrew). - + by global either e.g. blends, by derived or suffixing, or prefixing linearly are words from pattern, (root metal’ like ‘sounded pattern e.g. and construction, root Semitic are from words derived many and only elements uses Hebrew He interesting. linguistically his ownbehavior, valuesandgoals”. to which he positively or negatively directs according and evaluation, personal his for ways of behavior, values and goals criteria its in sees individual the which in group social “any as Hebrew in explained (psychology, is sciences) group’ ‘reference equivalents, Hebrew e.g. their to addition middle ofthetwentiethcentury. international language of science since the the become has that English is it as well, as terms English the translate to helpful helki binär lang as dictionary; Hebrew word any the in indeed nor Hebrew Israeli contemporary in exist not Sprache instance, For translated. it is where term German words the to these referred of is Each German. in same the be to happen they some when clarification given only are but listed, also are terms French and English many Hebrew, this specific term,heattributesittoKlazkin. of use make to innovation personal author’s the is it though Even term. used ht ae ti dcinr s useful so dictionary this makes What are innovations author’s The in explained are entries the of Most lhuh h dcinr i German- is dictionary the Although i ehn haklal leshon ‘adjectival suffix’; ‘adjectival , , Bezugsgruppe ; binari – ehn hahevra leshon binär ; kadratsi Sprache tekhnologya , etc. It might have been more been have might It etc. , is translated as translated is matékhet shin i linguistics), (in ( { – au ha'arets kadur schmettern Langue is extensive, but the but extensive, is etc. , s h commonly the is vta hityahasut kvutsat globáli mtl) Many ‘metal’). i translated is } shniyoni m-t-kh Langue Binary – in modern in ‘globe’ himtikh lashon , ---> ---> , hif'il du- ,

wissenschaftlicheund Phlilosophische, www.buske.de Hamburg 2003 Helmut Buske Verlag ISBN 3-87548-265-4 757 pages Benjamin Katz-Biletzky technische Termini Deutsch-Hebräisch Wörterbuch 11 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 12 [email protected] the lexicon. Hebrew semantics,syntaxand her earliestinterestinmodern FrameNet bringsherbackto work todevelopHebrew CA, since1998.Hercurrent Science InstituteinBerkeley, the InternationalComputer connected withFrameNet,at Berkeley. Shehasbeen the UniversityofCalifornia, a Ph.D.inLinguisticsfrom Miriam R.L.Petruckholds kdn/kdn1304.html http://kdictionaries.com/ available online: a practicalexample,is full referencesaswell this article,includingthe The completeversionof noain o fae vkn elements evoking frame for annotation of theannotatedconstitutent. function grammatical the and type phrase the role, semantic the about information of triples as recorded are that FEs specific frame- the the with and along which participates, in word identification frame(s) the the of definition on relies lexical need a item of analysis that FS An filled. roles be to semantic the indicate (FEs), or participants and props in a scene, whose frame, a evokes unit linguistic a FS, In understood. be can of meaning word against world speaker’s the schematization experience-based an kind its of project lexicography computational and natural languageprocessing(NLP). linguistics in researchers as well as teachers/learners, language advanced and lexicographers for resource invaluable an be provided by HFN will make its database to sort the of information syntagmatic and classification semantic fine-grained of dramatically.The work changed the has lexicography corpora, (searchable) existence of the and technology computer in advances With web-based querying). and viewing for results annotation organization the of and capture automatic eventually, (and the corpus newspaper the a in through sentences example analyzed, of annotation manual item each for or possibilites, syntactic combinatorial and semantic the provide will which Hebrew contemporary for resource lexical on-line an HFN, of development the towards taken frame, been have semantic steps initial the of universality the lemmatization andsearch). (e.g. for software of use or purposes evaluation and Israel research for corpora larger to in access computational community the linguistics with and collaboration cooperation for there prospects good Moreover, are (HFN) possible. become FrameNet has Hebrew of creation the heart of which is the is which at of heart 1996), the Petruck 1985, 1977, (FS; Fillmore Semantics Frame of principles the as such Rav-Milim resources, web-based other as corpus (newspaper) Hebrew available language publicly a to Thanks a means of (1) creating the infrastructure the creating (1) of means as a serves This corpus. newspaper the in Towards Hebrew FrameNet ntal, F wl poue full produce will HFN Initially, first the FrameNet, with accord In In the context of research that investigates 4 (Fontenelle 2003), HFN is based on based is HFN 2003), (Fontenelle 2 n Hbe WordNet Hebrew and Miriam R.L.Petruck semantic frame semantic rm elements frame 1 a well as , valences 3 the , 5 , ,

7. Japanese, seehttp://nak.ics.keio.ac.jp/jfn. 6. a wordthatbringstomindframe. 5. 4. 3. Dictionary News 2. index.html english/resources/corpora/2000sentences/ 1. Notes and question answering(Likowski2004). machine extraction information disambiguation, translation, sense word information semantic for a variety of deep tasks, including contributing Hebrew, NLP for in research of needs the serve will data HFN language Ultimately, Hebrew teaching/learning. as well as linguistics Hebrew in studies facilitate the will internet via The information such 2004). of availability (Sato classroom language Petruck 2003)andintheadvancedforeign and (Subirats lexicology crosslinguistic in frames. FS analyses are useful for research related to and words of collections other to linked are frames and participate, they which in frames semantic the to linked are words thesaurus, a Like pattern. syntactic the showing semantic informationassociatedwitheach corpus the from sentences occurring with a word, and sets of annotated summarizing the patterns of syntactic realizations of FEs tables definitions, include features and dictionary-like dictionary The thesaurus. a a both as function will language. the IndoEuropean demonstrate will non- a for software the using of feasibility HFN for FNDT Adapting concepts. FS existing of terms in characterized of be can lexicon Hebrew the modern which at representation of computational level and description the linguistic determining Hebrew (2) of and analysis texts the for sentences) example annotating and words, and FEs, frames, defining for used tools of suite a (FNDT;DeskTop FrameNet the using for eg Spanish (e.g. and Hebrew English (Talmy 2000). of patterns different lexicalization the document also will different frames or same the and through events scenarios of expression linguistic the iia efrs r udr a for way http://gemini.uab.es/sfn under are efforts Similar http://multiwordnet.itc.it/online see http://ravmilim.co.il; http://mila.cs.technion.ac.il/website/ As with FrameNets for other languages other for FrameNets with As A frame evoking element is any sense of http://icsi.berkeley.edu/~framenet 7 , h HN database HFN the ), 12,2004. 6 Investigating Kernerman are These market. the in demand great and of are esteemed highly are Yazyk Russky and edited by lexicographers of the former national the have school oflexicographyanymore. not does and than dictionaries before fewer produces it and uniform, Russky Yazyk has lost longer its leading position, no including is the market Now dictionary economy, industry. publishing our book great the in witnessed have changes we of perestroika, generations several formed lexicographers. trained which and well-known school, a and lexicographic publisher traditions huge old a with in was This ones particular. publishing English-Russian of field dictionaries, and the leader, in the monopolist, was house publishing world for language communication. English the of use and study the help to means a as market, book Russian the in demand great in been always have dictionaries English-Russian various subjects, including exact sciences on exact including subjects, various dictionaries scientific dictionaries and specialist technical publish Yazyk.WeRussky of department and the of basis scientific the on 1993 in established colour new just jackets. editing, and proper are without revision editions, dictionaries bookshops old of in the reprints school. available of old currently many the by However, from compiled was professionals and notes grammar Schoolchildren for Dictionary Russian-English and Russian whose AST, example dictionary for local trade, the in involved houses 2004). Yazyk,Russky Moscow, Krasavina, T.M. Russian-English Dictionary Comprehensive New published recently the and 1993) 1st edition Yazyk, Russky Moscow, Apresyan, Y.D.and Mednikova E.M. of supervision Dictionary 2002), Yazyk Dropha Russky Dashevskaya, – Moscow, V.L. Kaplan, Müller, V.A. V.K. (by Nevertheless, the dictionaries compiled dictionaries the Nevertheless, the since years, 20 last the During YazykRussky the USSR, former the In u pbihn hue RSO was RUSSO, house, publishing Our publishing major other also are There oen nls-usa Dictionary English-Russian Modern b DI Emlvc and Ermolovich D.I. (by the under (edited volumes 3 in e English-Russian New 20) contains (2004) Contemporary English-RussianDictionary A New Type ofDictionaryinRussia English-

n etee prs mdr msc and music fashion. modern sports, extreme and new slang, youth sociology, sexology, religion, psychology, as such dictionaries past, the the of in represented weakly traditionally were that fields for also room making while language, everyday as well popular as feature technology and science of terminology should different dictionary principally this that decided type, We existed. that those new from a of dictionary English-Russian Yazyk, an publish Russky to at of department languages the Germanic of chief former and lexicographers Russian prominent the of computer agriculture, sciences, etc). transport, economics, law, and (medicine, sciences etc) applied biology, chemistry, (physics, book byaCD-ROM. the accompanied as thus have dictionary and user-friendly possible, and this comprehensive make as aimed, to have particular, We in different meanings. distinguish of shades help to stylistic) numerous labels (e.g. functional, regional, of use makes It literature, literature. modern in used century nineteenth alongside slang and expressions commonly read to order in users our for necessary are which literary words, even obsolete and dialectal, magazines and popular science. It includes newspapers, to literature texts classical from various – translating and reading in help can dictionary The terms. music pop and slang terminology, computer to paid transport, sports, etc. biology,Special attention was the medicine, technology, from of fields terminology up-to-date with language everyday general, combines It phrases. 70,000 and words 50,000 about Dictionary The one Popova, Ludmila of idea the was It www.russopub.ru solar energy ·technologytelecommunicationstrademarks ·viticulture patents ·petroleumpoliticspsychology ·religionsciencesecuritysociology medicinal plants·medicinemetallurgy ·miningnuclear power·optics industrial automation·information technology·lawmarketingmassmedia engineering ·foodforeignexchange ·forestrygeologygourmet biology ·chemistrycomputersconstructioneconomicselectronics · advertising ·agriculturealimentationanimalsartautomobiles banking · RUSSO Dictionaries Galina Zakharova otmoay English-Russian Contemporary pbihd n 04 contains 2004, in published , coverawiderangeofspecialistareas,including: director ofRUSSO Galina Zakharovaisthe : English-Russian Contemporary Dictionary 2004 Russo Publishers,Moscow ISBN 5-88721-274-8 944 pages Mokina, GalinaZakharova Ludmila Popova,Natalia 13 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 14 [email protected] Vice-President ofEURALEX. of NFL,andiscurrentlythe LEDA andNFL),wasPresident associations (respectively and Nordiclexicographer the boardsofDanish and Swedish.Shewason German, Hungarian,Russian skills includeDanish,English, semantics, andherlanguage phraseology andlexical main researchinterestsare and terminography, her in computationallexicography STO project.Herexpertiseis Copenhagen, andmanagedthe (CST), Universityof for Language Technology senior researcherattheCentre Linguistics and Russian. She is a Minors inComputational Copenhagen universitieswith from bothGothenburg and and hasaMasterinGerman languages atELTE University, Budapest in1946,studied Anna Braaschwasbornin for Language Technology Applications andOther Purposes A Large-ScaleLexicalDatabaseofDanish lexicon. the in reflected is which quality, was high of out carried work lexicographic the that ensured expertise of range wide This knowledge. database and linguistics, lexicography and computational linguistics, linguistics, terminology, lexicology, corpus theoretical comprising task the to relevant of SouthernDenmark. University the of Science Information and Communication the Business and of Department Copenhagen of the University of Linguistics the Applied and General of for for Linguistics Copenhagen Business School, Institute the Institute the Computational with cooperation in of guidelinesforencoding. definition and specifications linguistic of such as software development, the creation tasks including work, the the of coordination and management its for responsible ended inFebruary2004. project three-year The Development. and Technology Science, for Ministry Danish carried out as a result of a contract with the was work The Copenhagen. of University the at CST) Sprogteknologi, for (Center Technology Language for Centre the led by project, national a of framework the linguistic computational research purposes. STO was created within and products including commercial language technology (NLP), Processing Language Natural developed for primarily Danish, of computational lexicon comprehensive most the TechnologyLanguage is for Applications) SprogTeknologisk Ordbase (STO, Lexicon 1. Background Table 1: The composition oftheentireSTO vocabulary The project members had various skills various had members project The produced was material lexicon The was and project the initiated CST Semantics 17% 13% Syntax& 12% 100% 19% 81% 100% Syntax 100% 55% 41% 100% 81524 128 81% 100% 2% only 44 32 47% 60 TOTAL 80 771 misc. 5775 158 pronoun conjunction 64735 9773 preposition interjection adverb verb Morphology & adjective Morphology& noun Morphology No.ofLemmas Lexical Category Anna Braasch h SO eio cnan oe 81,000 over contains lexicon STO The The compositionofthelexicon research purposes. for construction, syntactic particular a or all or lemma, frames syntactic same the sharing lemmas a of frames syntactic all example, for extract, to straightforward is the it as Thus, (ORACLE). database relational a accessible in stored and structured easily is lexicon and entire is precisely, item and any is explicitly information of very labelled piece are each descriptions detailed, The supported. the of being theoretically well-founded and empirically size, its features besides are, lexicon important STO most The 2. 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Translation Danish Machine or for modules parsers shallow generators, applications, analyzer/ inflection lemmatizers, particular as such for can from derived modules collection be dedicated data various lexical which basic a cost/benefit ratio. language resources in order to optimize the widely-spoken to develop some multipurpose essential and flexible is less it Danish, as such for languages particular, In engineering. language and for tools applications software most of the for development problem bottleneck a as comprehensive lexicon large-scale a of lack the experience often linguistics computational into research and industry Language area. application practical broad a for Danish of the development of a computational lexicon The main objective of the STO project was The needforacomputationallexicon n hs es, h SO evs as serves STO the sense, this In closed wordclasses belongtothiscategory) Table 2:Generallanguagevocabulary(all provided been word have different classes the extent which to speech’) of and ‘part or class’ by ‘word other terms: (in classified Category’ ‘Lexical feature vocabulary the the STO of composition entire the shows 1 Table vocabulary General languageanddomain and language specialized expertlanguages. general the between transitional area of kind a considered is life. 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There not partners, as publishers Parish (KDN12) argued that Microsoft saw bravely entered the fray. Microsoft’s Julian response (KDN11), thevillainofpiece still-optimistic Levine’s following Then, Joseph web. English-language Esposito’s response(KDN10)wasa: the in despite growth lexicography seeing of mode, optimistic signs in debate the title opened (KDN9) Levine the Charles question. addressed have newsletter this going tocomefrom? stream publishers’income the is where so bundled and products, web other and Office Microsoft with the on free, now are Dictionaries tsunami. slow-motion a like The question looms over publishing houses If dictionaries are free, who will buy them? o h bnft f akt edr, such leaders, redound market will of benefit this the to term, short the decline. In the hasten turn in will which investments, smaller capital, beget old for will which strained the be growth, will of business absence the “In lost the lamenting use no is There all cryintoourlattestogether.” we Windows, into products their of gist the “integrated” Microsoft after capital of most venture their through that burned have them Now me. at laughed all dictionary, spell knew I techies limited the ago, ages Word a into its with bundling checker, complained Microsoft I when about … vision “grim of editions four last the in Articles If dictionariesare free, who willbuythem? exciting as it means the dictionary can be can dictionary the means it as exciting is this Lexicographically, online. be will target pair)isfarmore thanascrap. source- (or language a of account current most the and consistent most the accurate, the on leaves floor”, we note Microsoft that the market for the most scraps the the on at focus “to despairs left being publishers traditional Esposito While case. lexicographer’s the to weight market more gives the in change the and vs – cheaper better – publisher and between lexicographer tension usually is There do. bad to wants to lexicographer every what opposed is ones, as dictionaries, good more. product so are likely to be willing to spend the for customers right the are they found, once and, globe the over all found be can – tobillions. The upsideisthatcustomers numbers smaller far selling – products of products millions now are of there millions, to selling number small a were there where and fractures, market the internet: as many othermarketswiththeadventof transformation same the undergoing is publishing dictionary this, in but, age golden the to The compared tiny are etc. numbers academics, and translators the are They care. do trade their is language enough” dictionaries. “good- market-swamping, of breed new a good; of the Encarta dictionary, possibly the first quality of quite the note even Levine and are Esposito ones free Some plenty.is one and bad, dictionary,or good a is dictionary a is dictionary a don’tcare: dictionaries are not very good. Most people household coastalstrip,whatisthere? dictionary-in-each- lush that from away centerpiece, monolingual regular the For The future language- and travel learning, havedifferent trajectories. for that need bilinguals and people one EFL boom the sometimes notably – markets, Different schoolwork). symbol – and scrabble status spelling, complex: for been has always which of role “dictionary- (the market at-home” emblematic monolingual, But disappearitwill. f ore lnug professionals language course, Of making that is this about thing nice The whom for people of minority the But free Most quality. in lies key The the is collapsing is which market The Oxford and University Press…” Merriam-Webster as Adam Kilgarriff [email protected] executive boardofEURALEX. and Macmillan.Heisonthe University Press,Bloomsbury University Press,Cambridge and asconsultanttoOxford He hasworkedforLongman linguistics andlexicography. corpora, computational specialisms arelanguage University ofSussex.His Ltd andResearchFellowat of LexicographyMasterClass Adam Kilgarriff isaDirector 17 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 18 kdn/kdn12-1.html http://kdictionaries.com/ 12, July2004 Kernerman Dictionary News Defining Partnerships and DictionaryMakers: Julian Parish,Microsoft newsletter/kdn11-1.html http://kdictionaries.com/ 11, July2003 Kernerman Dictionary News – Reconsidered(Part Two) English Lexicography The ComingBoomin Charles M.Levine, newsletter/kdn10-1.html http://kdictionaries.com/ 10, July2002 Kernerman Dictionary News Netscape? Dictionaries, another Joseph J.Esposito, newsletter/kdn9-1.html http://kdictionaries.com/ 9, July2001 Kernerman Dictionary News Wide Web (PartOne) Thoughts aboutthe World Lexicography: Some Coming BoominEnglish Charles M.Levine, The

languages African for spellcheckers Schryver’s de and Prinsloo example, for consider, But from are goodonesavailableatreasonablecost. derived be dictionaries as we probably know them, where there will term short most the In inputs. as dictionaries here. need applications NLP sanguine most sure, little be To a I’m Technology,researcher, NLP an Language As Linguistics). (aka Computational dictionaries NLP for is for customer Microsoft energetic that an stresses too, Parish, says: 2002, in writing Esposito, use. to people for dictionaries about is above the of All Dictionaries for computers? out ofthepathtsunami. route a is It market). each in brand known into best- the to assemble according (branding consortia to need probably Others libraries. to attractive is which stop-shop one- a resource, broad very a offer to able is it that resources many so has and brand, are wonderful a has OUP course, resources Of planned. language on focus which reference Extensions successful. Press’svery is It materials. University Oxford range of wide to a licence incorporating site institutions, a sold as service, exclusively subscription almost online an is or personnel. space on demands extra incur which not do services about enthusiastic often for customers with physical space ever at a premium, are traditional dictionaries, have substantial budgets, and, are They libraries. and universities with associated income streams. is a different topic: here, our concern is for corpus underlying Wordin Sketches (as resources the with object integrated an as dictionary the to vision our not constrained by space, and we can open is it before: went that any than better far eore, t s o a icm sra for stream income an not is it resources, publishers’ take to others and Microsoft may oftenbeashort-termconvenience for but now, asNLPhas changed,andwhileit three Even shrinking. years ago, Esposito’s is remarks looked right, list the don’t, well-structured, technologies that corpus-derived resources support currently resources high-quality, hand-crafted While corpora. using problems solving of ways derived. loihs a i natural-language in computer processing.” as within algorithms, databases lexical using is Microsoft for game real “The Online Reference Oxford example, For are professionals language the of Many cos L, eerhr ae finding are researchers NLP, Across 3 Te odit ae corpus are wordlists The . 1 ). But that But ). 2

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I despaired am I but allinthespiritofappreciation: and article good delighted to have read it. very A few comments, a is This Joseph Esposito Further Comments SPELL.pdf http://tshwanedje.com/publications/nlp- 307–326. Applications’): and Africa: Resources South in Technology Language Studies and Language Linguistics Applied African spellcheckers’. African South 2003. ‘Non-word error detection in current 3. 2. 1. Notes dictionary publishing. of names old grand the for future glorious a than less is it yet, time some for need doing will that job a is resources derived corpus- post-editing While term. long the .. rnlo n G-. e Schryver de G.-M. and Prinsloo D.J. http://www.oxfordreference.com http://www.sketchengine.co.uk Finally, and this is a matter of semantics, (of development product new Fourth, Oxford of success economic the Third, dictionaries specialized the Second, the at despair not did and not do I First, 14 Seil su o ‘Human on issue (Special 21/4 Southern site. Traffic on all its sites, I am told, has told, am I sites, its all on Traffic site. Webfee-based updated corresponding the to subscription free one-year a Collegiate And lookups. most print new its of offerspurchasers Merriam for more adequate remains than which edition Collegiate, previous the the of to access free visitor has a (www.m-w.com) the but site at example, Merriam good,” For misleading. very is this not are dictionaries along withsignsofmodestgrowth. English dictionary market in the States is chugging monolingual the print at the but moment, lookups; print eclipse won’t lookups digital later) or (sooner someday that or rapidly, changing not is behavior in increase an to consumer purchases. partly and chain, by the share market in increase an to partly attributed she which – years five past the over dictionaries print of sales in up-tick an experienced has chain the that me for the country’s largest book chain confirmed price onlyonedollar. retail the raised but dictionary, print new the with CD-ROM free a bundled smartly copies inthefirsttwelvemonths.Merriam Dictionary – selling more than one million Collegiate flagship its of edition new a of 2004 had one of its strongest launches ever serve to them. dictionaries learners more and English of learners more of scene the on appearance the and economy the in upturn the past few years; possibly the result of an there fact, seems to have been a modest increase over in and, have America; in declined dictionaries English monolingual the of perspective the United States. from least at hyperbole – remains collapsing is market dictionary monolingual the that assertion Kilgarriff’s Adam revolution, Internet the digital the into decade one than more and revolution, into decades two than More Charles Levine everything forhischildren? doing ourselves, like he, wasn’t But Man. Cro-Magnon of question that asked have Youdespair? could I Do post-human. is it fundamentally, only more is post-print; future trivially The machines. have we why That’s is lexicographers. for there future but no dictionaries, for future a is there that is here point real generated The corpora. algorithmically ones from the derived as such dictionaries, of forms igrif as ht Ms free “Most that says Kilgarriff dictionary that say to not is This Another example: An unnamed source at For example, Merriam-Webster in 2003- printed of sales that yet sign no is There eiorp*r* a n-n wl be is agrimlogictowhathesays. sustain will there admit must I no-one though to it), in investing (as failing the lexicograph*ers* about market right not shrinking Esposito’s hope I Adam Kilgarriff dynamic andchangingEnglishlanguage. a with up keeping busily still co-workers once lexicographers, defrosted in the future, will find numerous plucky such any years just toseehowpeoplelookupwords. fifty in revived and cryogenically buffs, might want to volunteer to be frozen fiction science as much as lexicographers, and content. information of libraries entire read to able be will we which on broadband, wireless like-books and pocket gadgets, all utilizing look-a- plastic and e-paper of forms have might we then, By years? fifty or twenty, and print both electronic. revenue, of sources all account into taking of – decline making dictionary imminent the predict to one be strained for investment capital, I am not this means that the dictionary business will that and – return healthy a for looking are you if in money your invest to want you something not i.e. – business growth a be not may business dictionary print the that and nottohavedetractedfromthem. least, at being, time the for dictionaries, monitor print of sales buoyed have to Merriam, of and research experience the in as seems, and language; to which with Google) (like tools more given lexicographers has franca; lingua a as English of use worldwide the increased has students; among language in interest increased has Web, about. the much so of hear we Web, Semantic the phases like next the possibly and Web, the English of because about is lexicography optimism My web.” “despite the occur would that something as lexicography, English of future near-term the about optimism my mischaracterized of popular most the Language, of American monolingualdictionaries. one English is the which of Dictionary Heritage American latest the to lookups free has currently consulting) some do I increased significantlysince2003. nie soio I m ofdn that confident am I Esposito, Unlike some that suggests this me To ten, ahead clearly see can who But, Esposito Joseph with agree I Although Web the accounts, (anecdotal) all By Kilgarriff but further, pick nit to Not whom (for www.dictionary.com And Multilingual GLOBALDIX K DICTIONARIES Published byarrangementwith products/multi/gd2m.html http://kdictionaries.com/ http:// kielikone.fi · QTek S100phone · CompaqiPAQ H3800 · Windows CE3.0 · MicrosoftPocketPCPhone · Nokia9300Smartphone · Nokia9500Communicator Platforms supported: · Turkish · Swedish · Spanish · Slovak · Russian · Polish · Portuguese · Norwegian · Lithuanian · Latvian · Italian · Indonesian · Icelandic · Hungarian · German · French · Finnish · English · Dutch · Danish Languages included: March 2005 Helsinki, Finland KIELIKONE Mobile andPocketPC Dictionary GLOBALDIX

19 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 20 [email protected] usability ofdictionaries. language andtheuse lexical knowledgeinasecond the acquisitionandtestingof research interestsconcern of Lexicography of the and iscurrentlytheeditor papers invariousjournals, language, publishednumerous vocabulary learninginasecond language learning,and on learnercharacteristics, Le Robert(Paris),wrotebooks Antwerp) andDictionnaires Dale Lexicografie(Utrechtand dictionaries, publishedby Van compiled severalDutch/French from 1976to2002.He lexicology atLeidenUniversity French, appliedlinguisticsand and didactics,hastaught French, appliedlinguistics teacher andtrainerin 1940. Heisanexperienced Leiden, The Netherlands,in Paul Bogaardswasbornin International Journal . Hismain Dictionaries andproductive tasksinaforeign language tp the step, dictionaries steps: description making main three of involves process The Introduction ‘lexicon’. term the by covered phenomena and data of variety wide the of awareness greater and idioms collocations, much a is there and chunks, of types other of status the the concerning questions distinction of senses of polysemous words, into gained been has Insight 2003). September 16.3, (see generally known as the theoretically FrameNet approach a is to that tool effective practically and sound led has instance, for Fillmore, Charles like semanticists known well and Atkins Sue like experienced lexicographers between collaboration The are much clearerthantenortwentyyearsago. that are data language techniques the interpret to needed practical the and notions recent theoretical the during Moreover, years. sophisticated more ever and common quite to become has contexts, possible for it various in word given a of use the oversee software, makes which context) KWIC number instance, in a improvements. seen (Keyword significant has decade of last the riches, immense these of contents the of at theirdisposal. words of millions several of corpora have accessible, butmanypublishinghousesdo these languages publicly less and rich less be may corpora other For oral informal production. and and formal of broadcasts types other television and radio transcripts of more and more include they and sources specialized less or more other and administrative scientific, newspapers, general from taken are texts the of Most case. the previously was as much easily texts so literary not are contain they corpora and available these particular in language English the For materials. varied more and corpora numerous more text far containing are there languages many for Nowadays, space. of lot a boxes, occupying huge quotations in together with put texts were slips which written paper extract make and and read to had lexicographers century, twentieth the of half second the into well till sixteenth the years. Over more than four centuries, from dramatic changes over the past twenty-five At the level of the linguistic International Journal of Lexicography collection and Paul Bogaards presentation f aa hs seen has data, of description Te first The . collection ,

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Heracademicinterests Mickiewicz Universityin at theSchoolofEnglish, Adam Lexicology andLexicography head oftheDepartment Arleta Adamska-Sa ł aciak is 23 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 24 LongmanS angielsko-polski Adamska-Sa Jacek Fisiak, Arleta dictionaries www.longman.com/ 2004 Pearson Education,Harlow ISBN 0-582-447755 1039 pages Lew Micha Idzikowski, EwelinaJag polsko-angielski wspó ł ł czesny Jankowski, Robert ł aciak, Mariusz ł ownik ł a, students. 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PASSWORD English-Chinese Semi-Bilingual BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES KERNERMAN SEMI- From theseries products/medium/pwro.html http://kdictionaries.com/ http://www.niculescu.ro ISBN 973-568-710-0 Dumitru Alexandru Farcas,Raluca Translation: StefanFirica, Anca Florea,Dragos Trifan Editing: LilianaScarlat, May 2005 Bucarest, Romania EDITURA NICULESCU Român Dictionar Englez- products/medium/pwzh.html http://kdictionaries.com/ www.cihai.online.sh.cn ISBN 7-5326-1670-3 1080 pages,140x203mm. Xiaoman, LingZhiguo Translation: Wu Hao,Song Editor: LingZhiguo May 2005 Shanghai, PRChina PUBLISHING HOUSE LEXICOGRAPHICAL SHANGHAI Dictionary PASSWORD 25 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 26 Longman S Extract fromthe Polish-Englishpartof Longman PodrecznyS Longman DicionárioEscolaringlês- Longman Active StudyDictionary of English-Polish Learner’s Dictionary. English DictionaryforSpeakersofPolish. Dictionaries References Williams and Vessier (2004). of section Lexicography Bilingual the in 6. See, e.g., Back (2004) or other papers other or (2004) Back e.g., See, ł Fisiak, Arleta Adamska-Sa polski polsko-angielski.1999.Jacek Pearson EducationLimited.(LDE) estudiantes brasileiros).2002.Harlow: português, português-inglês(para Education Limited.(LASDE4) English, 4e.2000.Harlow:Pearson updated versionofEDSP) Publishers. (EPLD;arevisedand Naukowe PWNandPassword 1996. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo SAWW. (EDSP) Inc. andPoznan:Kantor Wydawniczy 1990. Toronto: KernermanPublishing ownik wspó ł czesny angielsko-polski polsko-angielski ł ownik angielsko- ł aciak, Williams, Geoffrey andSandra Vessier Harmer, Jeremy. 2002.“Bilingual Back, Martyn.2004.“A newbilingual Other references Praktyczny S Oxford Wordpower: S Congress Eleventh InternationalEURALEX (eds.) 2004. iv-v). breakthrough”. (PrefacetotheLDE,pp. (eds.) 451-455. Bilingue”. In Williams and Vessier learner’s dictionaryformat: The Junior EPLD) K DictionariesLtd.(PS;areprintof Wydawnictwo NaukowePWNS.A.and polsko-angielski. 2002. Warszawa: University Press.(OW) 1997 (2e,2002).Oxford:Oxford polski zindeksempolsko-angielskim. Limited. (LPS) Jankowski. Harlow:PearsonEducation Mariusz IdzikowskiandMicha . Lorient:EURALEX. ł ownik angielsko-polski, Proceedings ofthe ł ownik angielsko- ł proficiency. towards gropes she or he as way reader’s it can to reduce this risk factor, lighting the learners’bilingual all do must – dictionary A user-friendly dictionary – and a fortiori a dictionaries. of misuse hilarious the about with fraught anecdotes have teachers most and danger, is cross-checking foreign further without a dictionary a lift from term to language that know translators unknown; the into stepping competence, linguistic of level her or his to according encoding extent lesser or greater a to always, is user The user. experienced the for even business, tricky a is tool encoding an as dictionary bilingual a Using book). the of beginning the at section use” to the “how with acquaintance an least, very the prior of implicit, (at deal readers their of part good the on knowledge or a assume abbreviated they and is give they information the of much coded, highly are for relatively designed sophisticated users. 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This suggest they what ready- use to reader than the to falls they it and rather solutions, made factual: guidance not provide are dictionaries and encyclopedias) dictionaries bilingual speaker native extent, (unlike an To 6. Conclusion habitually lurkingintheirbookbags. learners than the standard pocket bilinguals young for companion appropriate more a it make points, grammatical explain and Junior ambiguities clarify the to designed in Bilingue, annotations explicit The tools. learning as dictionaries standard of of RobertCollins JuniorBilingue An extractfrom the French-Englishpart 29 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 30 [email protected] German-English. Muret-Sanders Großwörterbuch editor ofthenewedition Dictionary andmanaging author ofLangenscheidtPower Dictionary ofEnglish,co- managing editorof Two-in-One in recentprojectsinclude terminology. Hismajorroles teaching lexicographyand University of Applied Sciences and asalecturerattheMunich in severalDudendictionaries, Langenscheidt, asafreelance a fulltimelexicographerat he hasbeenworkingas OUP. Inthelasttwentyyears for CollierMacmillanand University, andlexicographer DAAD-Lektor atBirmingham Wolfgang Worsch was Pedagogically-Oriented BilingualDictionaries Power totheLearner: an Approach towards early nineteen eighties. did not–tomyknowledge start untilthe lexicography learner-oriented topic bilingual of the on discussions and reflections quality. the dominate to seemed Quantity entries, neologisms. catchy some of and translations number of number the than off show with to more little Therefore, had to. competitors adhered were of structure – micro as well dictionaries. principles as – macro the organizing accepted bilingual Traditionally in languages that risks presenting of ways new radically pursuing financial from time long a for publishers the prevented about talked friends, anadditionalappendix,andsoon. false of conventional use the such against less warning-signs “add-ons” as or some with more dictionaries be to out [ Schulwörterbuch by well-known publishers – with titles like there published – dictionaries “new” some were course Of observations. Zöfgen’s and Atkins’with decades, agree to tempted past is one the over market German the in development the at back Looking who wrote field of dictionary making, such as Zöfgen, bringing vast the their into of approaches innovative really possibility the to as expressed doubts rather meta-lexicographers Atkins’ Numerous contrary. the on – one isolated Sue ago, an not was statement sounding pessimistic decade A Introduction col dictionary school s ead lanrs dictionaries, learner’s regards As in-depth level, academic the on Also, she when right was Atkins way, a In o te oeg lanr s .. sil not available. still [...] is learner foreign the for designed especially and lexicography developed along the lines of pedagogical dictionary bilingual a material learning surprising that in a moremarket saturated with language the all therefore is It 1996) being. into come to dictionary new radically any for it impossible almost made have dictionary judgement, of errors of for paid be cost to penalty the and heavy production, dictionaries. 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Two in One Dictionary of English of Dictionary One in Two Englisch the and these produce by to decided they when up titles other set standard maintain high to house the determined thus publishing were it who Langenscheidt Germany In was dictionaries. monolingual of learner’s genre the in for standards represented advanced learners quality of English, for which set international dictionaries high monolingual the contributed to significantly have few past decades the over dictionaries English learner’s monolingual on reflections and dictionaries that meettherequirementsofusers. learner’s bilingual for need the of cognizance taken a have university) at working meta-lexicographers of as or function the publisher a for working dictionary-makers in (either language lexicographers worldwide and recognized, foreign widely now is and re-discovered for was acquisition bilingual of dictionaries relevance the EURALEX, bilingual one. time – the monolingual path rather than the long a quite for – followed discussion of didactic course main the language, prevailing foreign the via language foreign a the teaching of approach with Along following definitionspeaksforitself: already results dictionaries but on monolingual ones – the and the main interest did not focus meta- on bilingual work again, yet by And worldwide. accomplished as the by well discussions influenced course of were lexicographers as and lexicographers reflections Dictionary published dictionary learner’s the dictionaries: monolingual learner’s of block monolithic the international facet to new a renowned added publishers 1990s, dictionary the In Dictionary Towards theBilingualLearner’s Fremdsprache r o u i dfeety discussions differently: it put to Or as such institutions to Thanks (Herbst 1995) to intended foreignthe of learner.demands the meet dictionary monolingual synchronic a is dictionary learner’s A rßötruh etc als Deutsch Großwörterbuch n Lneshit introduced Langenscheidt and Oxford Grundwörterbuch ] nls-emn Deutsch- / English-German . OUP/Cornelsen . semi-bilingual , along , [ Basic that changed considerably due to the new the to due considerably changed that ubr f edod i fvu o an of favour extended, user-oriented microstructure. in lean headwords the of a in number reduction on a – decided concept dictionary we means which one books improving best-selling of it’s ways of design discuss to and was which Langenscheidt at established was working-group a 1993 In Englisch –Deutsch/ Langenscheidt Power Dictionary Semi-Bilingual Kernerman Dictionaries. of series lines set outside Germany by the n mr nsig f opud or compounds of nesting derivatives. more no – The maincharacteristics lexicography. German of history the in unprecedented dictionary a to us lead would – that about which – and we were absolutely convinced concept a permanent was which It team. the by in discussions compilation, accompanied of was again course the in adapted concept and changed a was with, course of start that to concept a we had end the At flipcharts. and pinboards Translations! v/impers! for and v/recip as more such Slogans More! is Less anything. achieve were convenient to we and if old conventions of lexicographical rid get to have would we that minds our invade to began identity, which had to be changed. The idea was the structure as such, the lexicographic It nowhere. us get would features new of it became clear adult that the mere incorporation in ELT for work education. also concept the should that start the from we realized students, school at aiming primarily were we Although level. intermediate to beginner from learners German-speaking teacher- and training seminars. universities from experts also experiencedteachersandpedagogical the team were not only lexicographers, but Schulwörterbuch working-title provisional known Lneshit le – haa verbs phrasal follow afterthebase-verbina blueframe. – blue’ ‘Langenscheidt r eiaie ec hawr ta is is giveninfull. that headword sentence, example or phrase a in repeated each derivative, or

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info boxes ern i mn ta tee s oe to more is there that mind in Bearing h dcinr i tioe t me the meet to tailored is dictionary The o oe rpi abeitos for abbreviations cryptic more No classroom work. for scope offer the and vocabulary learner’s extend to help lively illustrations contextualized, colour of kind new A the of needs the German-speaking users. meet to designed especially were notes Ausage of wealth L2 sectionofabilingualdictionary. L1- the in given are L2-phonetics time, of headwords for active use. For the first written or English. Here they spoken find a selective range in express to wish students what on concentrates part This idiomatic contemporaryvocabulary. large numberofheadwordswithalot a find can they Here read. or hear might students what on concentrates part This At the same time, some features of the of features some time, same the At of idea the pursued we Inevitably, illustrations: usagenotes: German-Englishforencoding: English-Germanfordecoding: ocp wr icroae into incorporated were concept Saih i 20 and 2004 in (Spanish) ] with additional information on Fec) pbihd in published (French), Power oe Family Power oe Wörterbuch Power concept. (Italian) appearing (Italian) Power Wörterbuch oe Dictionary Power Info-Fenster including , Power Power Englisch-Deutsch LangenscheidtPower Deutsch-Englisch Dictionary Englisch www.langenscheidt.de Munich 2002 Langenscheidt, Berlinand ISBN 3-468-13113-5 1078 pages Walther Projectleitung: Wolfgang Docherty Konzeption: Vincent J. 31 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 32 Power Dictionary Englisch Extracts fromeach partofLangenscheidt sr, ie rnltr, ed pehr of plethora a need translators, like users, Professional vocabulary. choice travel-related of good a with and dictionary headwords of pocket plenty a example, want, for Tourists dictionaries. of kinds all the by the“ Dictionary German-English Englisch Deutsch- Großwörterbuch Muret-Sanders the of revision complete the Even series. Taschenwörterbuch Dictionary School the in oee, e efcl raie that realize perfectly we However, Power rßs Schulwörterbuch Großes Power virus [ ue Snes Comprehensive Sanders Muret ocp cno b apid to applied be cannot concept ] [ ”.

StandardDictionary s el s n the in as well as ] was infected was ] [ Concise ] Langenscheidt‘s Großes Schulwörterbuch. Kernerman Semi-BilingualDictionaries, Das Oxford GrundwörterbuchEnglish- Dictionaries learners’ lexicography. have achieved we a major breakthrough in bilingual that convinced the are we with concept But possible. as users in dictionaries many as of requirements the meet of to order range wide a offer to phraseology, office-oriented etc. typical with dictionary a want may secretaries vocabulary, special Langenscheidt‘s Two inOneDictionary Langenscheidt‘s PowerWörterbuch Langenscheidt‘s PowerWörterbuch Langenscheidt‘s PowerWörterbuch Langenscheidt‘s PowerDictionary Langenscheidt‘s Muret-Sanders Langenscheidt‘s Großwörterbuch Zöfgen, Ekkerhard.1996.(Ekkehard Herbst, Thomas. 1995.(ThomasHerbst, Atkins, Sue.1996.BilingualDictionaries References locations andpublishers. PASSWORD. Oxford: OUP/Cornelsen. German/Deutsch-Englisch. In the future, Langenscheidt will continue Langenscheidt. of English. 2004. München:Langenscheidt. Spanisch-Deutsch/Deutsch-Spanisch. 2005. München:Langenscheidt. Italienisch-Deutsch/Deutsch-Italienisch. Langenscheidt. Französisch. Französisch-Deutsch/Deutsch- 1997, 2002.München: Englisch-Deutsch/Deutsch-Englisch 2004. München:Langenscheidt. Großwörterbuch Deutsch-Englisch. München: Langenscheidt. Deutsch alsFremdsprache. 1999. München:Langenscheidt. p.2888). Dictionaries; in Zöfgen, BilingualLearner’s Vol II,p.1379). Teaching: English;in Dictionaries forForeignLanguage 2, p.515). Proceedings Göteburg 1996 – Past,PresentandFuture;in 1997.München: 1999,2003.München: 1986-2005.various Wörterbücher Wörterbücher

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After completing most ofthisintheUniversity teaching inFrancefor26years, Lorient (UBS).Hehasbeen University ofSouthBrittany, Languages Departmentofthe lecturer inthe Applied Geoffrey Williams isasenior 33 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 34 XV BiennialMeeting TheDictionarySociety dsna/DSNABostonMtg.html http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/ DSNA President David Jost the present. lexicography leadingupto including American the historyoflexicography to seedocumentationof and haveanopportunity of American dictionaries about themodernpublishers convene hereandlearn from aroundtheworldwill is fittingthatlexicographers continues todosotoday. It American lexicographyand an importantroleinNorth New Englandhasplayed Houghton Mifflin. as areceptionhostedby Rare BookRoom,aswell Boston PublicLibrary’s Houghton Libraryandthe of HarvardUniversity’s Antiquarian Society, and Webster andthe American include toursofMerriam- public. The conferencewill dictionary usageopentothe will alsobeaforumon for discussion,andthere followed byfiveminutes are twentyminutes, lexicology. Presentations in lexicographyand a widerangeoftopics Papers willbegivenon Merriam-Webster. Houghton Mifflin and local dictionarypublishers events attheoffices ofthe will beabletoattend to themeeting,members its beginnings.Inaddition American lexicographyhad England areawhere University, intheNew will takeplaceatBoston Society ofNorth America Meeting oftheDictionary The fifteenthBiennial June 8-11, 2005 Boston, MA of North America lcrnc it. h junl reaches electronic the journal than audience different The a of lists. those from electronic different obviously are deadlines paper-publishing as essential is Journal of Lexicography, advance planning our concerns forallthelanguages oftheEU. underlines languages lesser-spoken Europe’s of one include to able being as us, The to important French. was Breton of to inclusion addition in Breton and two languages, we used three, with English least at in be should call The out. go must papers for call first the June by as place, host in new be must infrastructure the the all congress, preceding the summer the at in institution place takes always which meeting, board the of time the By Launching themachine with thesummerboardmeeting. us through this first year, which culminates, local solutions. 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35 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 36 http://asialex.nus.edu.sg President (2003-2005) ASIALEX Anne Pakir Singapore. the sightsandsoundsof local residentsaswell the hospitalityof we hopeyouwillenjoy Australex. To ourvisitors, Euralex, Afrilex and the relatedassociations: also allparticipantsfrom We arepleasedtowelcome MasterClass). Kilgariff (Lexicography Using Corpora,by Adam be apre-conferencetutorial, California). There willalso Fillmore (Universityof University) andLily Wong (NUS), Yukio Tono (Meikai Technology), Ismail Talib University ofScienceand Gregory James(HongKong (Macmillan Publishing), Dictionary), GwynethFox Susan Butler(Macquarie Featured speakersinclude of ForeignStudies). (Guangdong University Exeter) andZhang Yihua Hartmann (Universityof California), Reinhard Fillmore (Universityof the conferenceareCharles The plenaryspeakersat peoples. greater understandingofits communication andleadto can enhancecross-cultural of wordsandlanguage hlt l ti i gig n te pre- the on, going is this all Whilst Drawing upthe programme will notwait. means and cannot printer the literally as nights, sleepless quite This was prepared. be printer could file pdf the print-ready a until and updating satisfied sheets files, style the the on solidly worked students two Our systems. between easily transfer always not do which files image have space-consuming will and diagrams Many complex cost. to adds size that reminded be to have and texts, overlong style sheet to suit our the printer. 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You The proceedings will have to go in, so will bags. congress the preparing like aspects you what practical also are there wondering but forgotten, have you are only Not The last minute preparations are traumatic. The Congress the clock.Chairsarepreciousvolunteers. are alsonotetakingandkeepinganeyeon they as relaxed really never are they but they gettohearthepapersintheirsession, other course Of interest. to of be might that papers listen and one go least to at unable for session stuck also is chair The without rooms started. already has that paper a disturbing change to able be to are time runs out. Timing is essential if people the when close a to bring then must chair first the that this discussion a off often set will question and question, one at least without go must paper No questions. means chair reading the texts beforehand and preparing a of honour the Accepting burden. a and honour an both is session chair a to invited Being away. carried audience get the or speaker the discipline either when impose can who and unless needed, intervene not and listen can who area, subject the on knowledgeable is who is someone sessions. finding means chair cope individual a Choosing the to of chairing trying the is organiser happy overstressed problems, andyoursisbutoneofthem. of multitude a and with juggling is organiser unpaid your player, delicate balancing act. very a is this as always, not but accommodated, be can needs individual who is speaking when they are. Sometimes someone to listen to wish but arrived have may who or slot, day time change to need and given a on arrive cannot who be those will this to Added speakers. hundred a over with inevitable cancellations, the and come Then room. bigger others a need therefore than audiences more attract are will papers rooms some equipped, all well equally Not be account. to into have taken also numbers potential and Facilities clash. not do areas thematic that ensuring whilst rooms change easily people can that way a such in done be must sessions and parallel managing as up no task, easy is drawn too This electronically. being circulated is programme n o te rbes ih hc your which with problems the of One piano the shoot to not is here point The and time may be money, but other factors other money,but be may time time, and require the Congresses things. of at side looked financial the at look to need we outcome, have happy their and we problems organisational that Now Financial aspects cetera begins. et cancellations out sorting bills, until relax… then Monday morning when the tidying, paying can team The reign. will atmosphere holiday new a and there be will guides and coaches the done been has planning the if and excursions, for is afternoon Saturday drop. to begin should is exciting. enabling and enablers, are team and their organisers Conference satisfaction. faculty buzzed and everyone could feel the our Saturday, to Tuesday In from 2004, July conversation. of buzz as the quite as nothing thrilling is There there. be will enjoyment their high the running adrenaline is congress the climax of two years hard work, so with the yet, mobile for And heavens phones. Thank time. same the at everywhere be must They through. way the all paper a to listen to get never they time, on finish rarely they still, stand never They participants. other the as way be said to “enjoy” the congress in the same be found. will answer an there is team the if for,but planned really be can these of None with. dealt be must and happen can these of All occur which require oil on troubled waters. again requiringaninterpreter, clashesmay problems, health interpreter, an need and a hotel room, they may have a car accident all smile booked have to fail may People well. goes a with it do can they and provided with, problems deal to of have will staff myriad the that a are There had both. we Lorient In greatly. help do staff wonderful and helpers student keen team; minor, andsomemajor, inconveniences. humour and the participants put up with the nerves. Throughout, the team kept its good atmosphere, but it does not do good for my morning early the to add does alarms the off setting my university, the of doors the forcing to used am I security overslept. had man the because morning Saturday on out locked getting matter that for nor followed, that cut power the nor storms, Plenty, andmostlytheunexpected. smile andcarryonrushing. you maynothavetimetochat. You keepa why and possible not is it why understand oe audy uctm te pressure the lunchtime Saturday Come can team the nor organiser the Neither Day todaymanagementrequiresagood the on plan not did we Lorient, In The big day arrives. What can go wrong? o fe. o xli te ot factors cost of incomeandoutgoings. sources the main the outline explain shall I involved To free. for workload is undertaken the by people working of majority vast the but in, called be may help value professional Some tremendous money. for offer do congresses are requested. fees However, I high hold that that relatively EURALEX that essential. means is means This infrastructure of which sort some participants, 300 average an together bring do congresses of size EURALEX conventions, the impersonal vast of being inevitably not costs Whilst rocket. size, critical a beyond the goes event cover an as soon will as but costs, basic grants as events, small involved. costs the of some defray also laboratories relatively so that be may it surprising, not are fees high overheads higher have to tends hemisphere northern The pocket. of active researcher is going to be heavily out an that so not, do staff lecturing but grant, a get may students attendance, conference with help to universities our from nothing keep our meetings cheap as we get little or to try we France In one. cultural a also is aspect cost The time. the at lexicography in best is what reflect that proceedings of volumes of couple a with away walk and you included is food hand, other the On accommodation. and travel of add cost the you in once especially thing, pricey a is congress a attending pocket your from coming is money the If not. is it others to congress. Compared to some it is, compared by amateur? up an organised to go set why So organisers. and professional are bodies professional that by EURALEX friendly, less than but larger expensive, are much more There and conventions, so. large really not many course This academic. of an is congress to of fall task organisation the might that it natural that seem said I introduction the In Running acongressain’t cheap also havetheircosts. of payment. date and membership origin, geographical status, job account: into taken be to have In deadlines. building a fee structure and a number of factors fees of variety a have we why is which pay, to people of ability the account into take must structure Fee Fee structure

Income epn css ey o wrs for works low very costs Keeping expensive an as EURALEX see Many The answeris,ofcourse,cost. KlingenbergamMain Dictionnaires Allemandesdes LesJournées didactic aspectsof French It willhighlightthe Rey-Debove. to thememoryofJosette didactique Langue: lexicographieet Dictionnaire Maître de 2006 withthetheme will beheldon7-9July The secondconference Niemeyer Verlag. will bepublishedbyMax Heinz. The proceedings Hausmann andMichaela Blumenthal, FranzJosef Christiane Tetet, Peter Fourment, MartineCoutier, Alise Lehmann,Michèle Francard, PierreCorbin, André Thibault, Michel Mercier, PierreRézeau, Jean Pruvost,Louis Debove, BénédicteGaillard, papers fromJosetteRey- sixty participantswith The eventgatheredsome dictionary contexts. in monolingual and bilingual users fordifferent purposes be addressedtoalltypesof lexicographic unit which can and plurifunctional dictionaries asamultiform in contemporaryFrench lexicographic example – l’exemple définition etcitation with thetheme held on25-27June2004 The firstmeetingwas by MichaelaHeinz. Nürnberg andiscoordinated University ofErlangen- the Friedrich-Alexander Sprachwissenschaft of the Institutfür Angewandte Germany. Itisorganized by in Klingenberg amMain, dictionaries takingplace devoted toFrench lexicography conference des dictionnaires’ isanew ‘Les Journéesallemandes andbededicated featuringthe Entre Le

37 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 38 [email protected] Passau. universities ofErlangenand August 2005) klingenberg2006 (from erlangen.de/ http://www.ias.uni- dictionaries. and didacticaspectsinbig dictionaries andgrammar, illustrations indictionaries, the didacticvalueof chrestolexicography, children, elementaryFrench, a foreignlanguage,for learners ofFrenchas French speakersandfor dictionaries, fornative and semi-bilingullearner’s monolingual, bilingual and critique,cover presentation, analysis dictionaries –their “ (meta)lexicography as French linguisticsand and currentlyteaches in Franceandabroad, lexicographic projects de laFrancophoniein of l’AgenceUniversitaire 1993, workedonbehalf Petit Robert editing ofthe She collaboratedonthe Erlangen-Nürnberg. from theUniversityof PhD inappliedlinguistics Michaela Heinz Privatdozent from1988to ” Nouveau atthe hasa eurd cnieal aon o time of amount considerable A required. are financing of sources Other overheads. Fees may seem high, but they do not cover Sponsors andgrants fee structurebasedondateof payment. variable and a give costs to is initial numbers calculating covering of way The immoral. only also is world hungry a in and costs, increases wastage Food notice. advance have must restaurant the so fee, Lunches and receptions are included in the has to have an idea as to numbers involved. from somewhere. In addition, the organiser in come must money so event, the before organisation going, but many outlays come does have seed money to help get congress EURALEX costs, organisation Congress one that many have trouble understanding. of ourdiscipline. aspects all promote to do can we more the are, we more the and congresses the just than EURALEX to more is There join. to some incite even may and membership of privilege a are fees Lower fees. same the if association an pay non-members and having members everyone, in point no is the of members EU. full now are countries candidate the as out phased being one is that also is and association, European a are we as countries, European concerned only category fee low the This Trust. Hornby from grant a with assisted be would offer participants cases would many in and fee, we low a case this In economy. gradually adapting to the western European behind were that economies to from or curtain, iron the coming to people in with put assist was this Originally complex. chance ofgettingapaperaccepted. 2004 sothatstudentswouldhaveagreater EURALEX at session work-in-progress pre-congress special a up set we why also allow self-financing students to attend, and why student fees must be kept low so as to reason another is This process. selection the in is researchers and established against process up review the in treatment preferential no gets student doctoral the as problematic particularly is This accepted. is communication a if fee a pay only will this institutions in increasingly, fee However, lower case. much a thus is There and future full members of the association. of the discipline as they represent new ideas fully employed;theyarealsothelifeblood obvious that studentshavealowerincomethanthe is It non-students. and students straightforward as we differentiate between The final factor is one of time, and that is There factor. third the is Membership more slightly is origin Geographical relatively is status, job first, The cmimn t te vn, n t the to and discipline itself. event, the to commitment a shows clearly and organisers the for time forward Coming saves did, sponsors our as spontaneously, back. takes industry thus is Sponsorship publishing the what of little a back putting public. wider dictionaries a of to awareness bringing and of generation is promoting good lexicographical practice next the lexicographers, the EURALEX association who training academics by are run are congresses sponsorship is a two-way thing. EURALEX to contacts. make doing, Exhibitors mayevenfindnewstaff. and products, are off companies show other compare what to time the is This stand. a see will world lexicographical the of all aspects representing people 300 some week, whole a During provided. service the for low ridiculously are fees the exhibition, general funds. things of all out come to have otherwise are would that These dinner. gala the bag, at congress aperitif champagne Lorient the for paid the Larousse in was that Le help. dictionary CD-ROM to the provided Robert forward come will houses dictionary local the Europe, around move lexicography.we for As much so did who man a to tribute fitting a lecture, Hornby the of costs the covered also they attend; to Europe eastern and central enables from many Trust Hornby the of generosity was the week money also added to the event. The great throughout presence The their and sponser.important, least major at of one assistance the have to extremely lucky were We areas. precise more comes along. sponsor a then but depressing, is result no then for time wasted much So refusal. a got we and enormous was bureaucracy of weight the that found we but funding, of source a be may EU The greatly. helps it them, gives someone when so cost, a have contents and bags Conference kind. in or cash in either help, and may authorities regional local National, this. into go can outside staff willhavetobebrought in. others not. If institution, the assistance is not available, individual some may the charge for secretarial assistance, on depends Everything necessary. are staff paid some go inevitably labour but congress, a unpaid organising into of hours many Very Staff

Outgoings hs s ht h ehbtr es but gets, exhibitor the what is This the through in comes also Sponsorship for others funds, general for give Some n oin, e r a on dynamic young a are we Lorient, In proceedings are always in the conference the in always are proceedings would respectthemtoo. who printer a finding very and schedules respecting tight means this minute, last and Programmes proceedings can only outlay.be printed at the very big very a are costs publication of control, under costs most our keep to managed we Although Publication during thecoffee breaksandatlunch. place takes business important stomach, its can on marches you congress a where as corners one cut not but cost, extra important an is Catering service. friendly very a with food excellent back produced and came staff the However, summer. the after the for restaurant place university the of closure took 2004 EURALEX Catering costs have would greatly addedtocosts. it session, welcome the for hall a hiring for budgeted originally had a very expensive, but necessary option. We be can premises Hiring amphitheatres. the complete a refurbishing of the for audio-visual material in arranged even and for free, these provided university the Again Premises major budgetsavings. meant it us for everywhere, on counted be privileged situation,andonewhichcannot the from outset facilitatingandorganising. us This isa with was she but relations, international is job is her academic, She an not Vessier. made Sandra be co-organiser must of mention our special In a scenes. case the behind and front up help, to of around were members who staff university other many the add must I included. evenings Toand weekends these meetings, preparatory during were they as Danielle Guyomard were always available, Throughout the week Valerie meetings. Sauvaire and and projects research manage help to there are who staff secretarial with for. In our faculty we have a research centre paid ever were they than time more much in put but work, their of part as workload organisational skills. only motivated, but had good language and not were who students on rely could I that meant This placement. work mandatory their of part as help tasks applied organisational would with the who from department languages students chose we employ case our to In event. an before This isaprivilegeforanorganiser. participate. to keen is that staff a has and university which is keen to organise things rdtoal te EURALEX the Traditionally extra the on took staff permanent The and during both needed are Staff n wy t s ht UAE i sc a such successful organisation. is EURALEX that is it work, why congress and a make to takes it what knows who one but participant, ordinary an just being of advantage the have shall I congresses. other the all from Liège, from different from Copenhagen, from Stuttgart, was which 2004, EURALEX from event different very a be will result The ahead. one busier a has year,she busy a had now be bringingus TurinLEX in2006.Shehas will who Marello Carla onto handed have I else. someone to flame the on hand to is for awhileyet. big so anything tackle not would we But it. enjoyed students the week, the enjoyed UBS at staff The debate. of buzz constant but I could feel the exchange of debate, the do, hear to something had always I papers, any not did I great. satisfaction the tremendous, but is workload The congress. the preparing spent time the to compared it took me to type up these notes is nothing time The event. an organise to taken time the of terms in iceberg lexicographical a a privilege. indeed is congress a Organising forward. us carries what is challenges meeting and challenges, brings it people, remarkable with meetings to leads involved Getting group. interest special a just than more is community.a within done not EURALEX if nothing is Research Indeed. Privilege? activity. research any off writes virtually that cuts into a busy teaching schedule and work of it amount as tremendous a yes, generates ways, some In Burden? the title. revisit shall I conclusion of way By privilege Congress organisation:theacademic’s department, butthepricewasstillhigh. communications our by out carried was bargaining tough the case our In favours. expect cannot you contract one-off a will be it as and contractor, outside an use to necessary thus is It standard. high a to produced in such a short space of time and be to copies of number the with cope can facilities printing university Few weeks. of matter a only is there printing to copy final of receipt from that means This bag. One of the great privileges of an organiser of tip the touches only paper This will beheld of TurinLEX 2006 the openingceremony Studi di Torino where of Universitàdegli (seventeenth century) university courtyard The ancient International VII Netherlands 1994 VI V Spain 1990 IV III II I Congresses EURALEX XII XI 2002 X IX VIII Exeter, UK1983 Tampere, Finland1992 Copenhagen,Denmark Zurich,Switzerland1986 Amsterdam, The Benalmádena(Malaga), Lorient,France2004 Stuttgart,Germany2000 Budapest,Hungary1988 Turin, Italy2006 Gotebörg, Sweden1996 Liège,Belgium1998 39 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 Kernerman Dictionary News, June 2005 40 [email protected] 2006. 12th Congressduein Turin in the organizer ofitsforthcoming EURALEX since1992andis been ontheexecutiveboardof publishing houses.Shehas editor atZanichelliandGuerra of Lexicography of the linguistics, isassociateeditor and theoreticalapplied on lexicography, lexicology, She haspublishedextensively and LinguisticEngineering. Linguistics, Applied Linguistics Director ofPhDstudiesin of theUniversity Turin and Faculty ofForeignLanguages of Applied Linguisticsatthe Carla MarelloisaProfessor www.euralex.org [email protected] Further details K DICTIONARIES LTD International Journal The Twelfth EURALEXInternational Congress, Turin 2006 , andseries Nahum10 Tel Aviv 63503Israel E (oit Eirc Internazionale), Editrice (Società Loescher. SEI by published compiled was Montanari, recently Dictionary Italian and Greek Ancient Italian The and Latin dictionaries. good Loescher published and also Paravia but dictionaries, the updating and Tommaseo-Bellini pursuing work. of italiana aim lingua the della the dizionario started as known UTET, dictionary house, publishing same the later, years hundred One Italy. of Kingdom newly-formed the the of Turin,capital in it doing was and Italian language the of history the of monument” national “a promoting of aware well was he pages), 7300 volumes, eight 1879, in as later known dictionary great the of publication of all whom stillproducedictionariestoday. Torinese), (Unione UTET Editrice and Tipografica Petrini Sellier, & best The known were Paravia, Loescher, catalogue. Rosenberg their in one dictionary least at had all since school nearly market, the book and in active were Turin, them of in most operated houses publishing 17 century, of nineteenth the and of end Greek, the At and dictionaries. onomasiological Latin French, dictionaries for of dictionaries, production dialectal fine of century since eighteenth had the has it Sardinia, included and Alps the across spread which Kingdom, Savoy multilingual the of capital the As reasons. contemporary and historical both all overtheworld. Spanish, will welcome in Turin French, lexicographers from it model Now of German. and English Portuguese, dictionaries a European for lexicography, modern of monolingual the birthplace into Florence very turned has and 1612 Crusca Accademia della Accademici Florentine whose Crusca, della the partners the unitary policyoftheSavoyfamily. to parallel in century nineteenth the strong during a reinforced tradition, had lexicographic always has Turin border, XII the French the near Situated 2006. September hosts 6-9 Italy) on Congress International EURALEX (Torino, Turin Rosenberg &Sellierspecialised inLatin the began Pomba Luigi 1861 in When has Turin of character international The TurinLEX will have among its organising Tommaseo-Bellini ❙ Tel972-3-5468102 Carla Marello Battaglia oaoai degli Vocabolario perd in appeared (completed ❙ Fax 972-3-5468103 , Grande with , by ,

❙ milieu. scientific and human lively a offers which town a in you of many welcome to and hope book Weevents. social and exhibition, a software demonstrations, on congresses, software previous of sessions topics usual parallel the lectures, plenary East-West corridor. an be European the on will place stopping important which and South and North between hinge a been always Italy has of which part a appreciate can guests the that so utmost their organizersdo The will vineyards. numarous the in leaves reddish year the first of sight the enjoy and summer next of end warm will September participants in EURALEX but is Games, Turin which of located, will host the 2006 Winter middle Olimpic the in Alps and Turin in elsewhere. or dictionaries encyclopaedic specialist to contributed have Many scientists teaching at the Politecnico of transformation. present its to and past town the industrial the to contributed has and known well is (Politecnico) sciences applied- and The engineering of school surveys. Turin sociolinguistic in and experts scholars attracts and (ALI) Italiano dictionaries andthecreationofcorpora. of and use classroom on software – houses publishing with together TU professors by out carried – work remarkable experimental been also has there decades teams graduatedfrom TU. Inthelastthree editorial in-house local of members most part intheselexicographicactivities,since some without not were (TU) University modern times. in Italy in appear to works lexicographic innovative and are original UTET) most the and among Paravia by (published dictionaries monolingual Italian Mauro’s De Tullio of series recent the and SEI Dictionary for Learner’s Advanced of Oxford bilingualization and Skey’s adaptation 1977 Malcolm dictionaries. Garzanti and Zanichelli by century twentieth the of of share their part latter the in eroded constantly buyers, had which Spanish, and English bilingual German, French, for produced dictionaries Paravia and Petrini [email protected] h cnrs porme il include will programme congress The the of feet the at region the Piedmont, TU is also the seat of Atlante Linguistico Turin of faculties humanistic The ❙

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