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Integrated Management and Groundwater Governance Kenzo HIROKI

Principal, ICHARM Special Advisor, UN Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and (UNSGAB) Vice Chair, GWP Steering Committee Wonderful Groundwater - clean, easy and cheap - Good quality Generally, is good due to natural treatment through the .

Stable temperature It is warm in winter and cold in summer

Easy to take Groundwater comes out only by a .

Economical to use Watermelon cooled in well water Water can be obtained on2 the spot at cheap price.

. The world is dependent on groundwater IGES,2007

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Groundwater Domestic 50% water

Industrial 40% water

Irrigation 20%

Sahre of groundwater in global water use 3 Effects of global environmental and social changes to groundwater growth, rapid urbanization, and climate change

ü Increasing dependence on groundwater ü Over-withdrawal of water, esp. in ü Worsening groundwater quality Increasing population and demand for

Population in the Per capita calorie intake world and Asia （kcal/a person/a day） (1965-2030) - It will be 8.0billlion Industrialized In 2025 - countries (1 billion persons) East Asia

7 7.0 billion (2012) 6 World World 5

4

3 2.5 billion

2 60% Asia 1 56% 0 1950 2005

UN Population Dept. World Water Development Report, Issue 1,UNESCO-WWAP, 2003 5 Increasing groundwater withdrawal Annual ground water withdrawal in regions and countries

6 IWMI、2007 Effects of (USA)

Example of USA The area where ground sinking occurred, due to the compression of unconsolidated layer by the pump up of ground water compressed the unconsolidated layer.

Unconsolidated layer Breach of settled levee

Source: USGS, 2000 Winter Park, Large-scale collapse of outfall by Large-scale cracks on Greens Bayou（near Houston,） ground sinking the ground as a result 7 of ground sinking Flooded houses, as a result of ground sinking by 5-7 feet USGS, 2000 poisoning of groundwater caused by excessive withdrawal

Washing dishes by contaminated groundwater Effects of (Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) The backdrop of the problems, and the possible solutions • Surface water and ground water is inextricably linked in water use/circulation. • Shortage of surface water is causing increased dependence on ground water. • Various problems have already occurred in many areas due to over-withdrawal of groundwater. • Population explosion and climate change will cause detrimental effects to surface and ground water Integrated management of surface and

ground water is urgently needed. 9 Governing ground and surface water wisely through Integrated Management (IWRM) Integrated Water Management （IWRM）: ü Is a process to promote coordinated management of water by all the sectors and ; ü including integrated management of ground and surface water; ü by, inter alia, promoting monitoring, information sharing and people’s participation

Cross-sectororal integration of water management

Water and Ground- water

11 Modified using GWP TAC, 2000 Integrated management of surface water and groundwater through IWRM

Law, Policy & Plans Surface water Groundwater Management & implementing plans People’s understanding, participation and actions Monitoring, information sharing and disclosure

12 Status of ground water management in IWRM Policies and Plans

1: not relevant 2: under consideration 3: in place but not yet implemented 4: in place and partially implemented 5: fully implemented 13 (2) Methodologies and technologies to support Integrated management of surface and ground water

ü Overall picture of surface/ground water management

ü The operational system to concretize integrated management

ü Scenario-based management

ü Protection and recharge of groundwater

ü New technology 14 Overall picture of integrated surface/ground water management Integrated use of surface and ground water ü Setting benchmarks and targets ü Integrated use of water using the targets ü Scenario-based management

Groundwater Conservation of and watersheds Recharge

Coordination with ダム /recycled water management

People’s participation

Quality management DB DB New technology DB DB Information sharing and disclosure Operation system of surface/ground water management Concept of integration should be turned into basin-wide operational system. Needed actions are: ü Establishing monitoring network ü Setting benchmarks and targets (water levels, quality, withdrawal, etc.) ü Coordinated management using the targets ü Scenario-based management Surface water

Recycled water

Groundwater

16 Scenario-based management of surface and ground water ü Think various scenarios like normal time, & disasters ü Availability of the water resources changes by the scenarios ü Combine water sources available in the scenario ü Consider groundwater as resilient, rechargeable source

Recycled water Recycled Recycled water water demands Water

Surface Surface Surface water water water

Water-saving by Emergency water stakeholders transportation Ground water Groundwater Ground water Ground water Ground water

normal time Droughts Earthquake, 17 etc. Introducing new technology Underground

More groundwater can be taken as water level goes up water does not get in even when lowering water level Ground surface

Well

Well Sea The layer through which water can easy get in Groundwater (Ryukyu , etc.) The layer through which water is hard to get in (EX. , mudstone, etc.)

14 underground are in operation in Japan18 （3）People’s understanding & actions Effort made by local community to conserve groundwater

Suizenji Ezuko Springs in Kumamoto , Kumamoto Yumi No Shouzu in Toyama Environmental education, cleaning, planting trees, paddy field conservation to promote Monitoring groundwater, cleaning well areas, and awareness raising recharge and conservation of groundwater.Japan’s 100 Remarkable List, Environment Ministery Water Watch Network（） Monitoring water levels and quality of groundwater by communities, schools and individuals to protect local surface and ground water

19 （4）Sharing information on surface and ground water

-Data sharing network for ground and surface water Hydrological and meteorological Treatment data (rain fall, weather status, etc.) Dam

City DB DB DB Surface water data (river water level, flow Wastewater amounts, water quality) DB treatment plant Internet Groundwater data (water level, quality, withdrawal, etc.) DB

Factory Developing a User Intake amount clearing house Water use data (intake, Sea Simulation on integrated water 20 discharge, quality, etc.) resources management What can we do now for better ground water governance in Asia- Pacific Region?

21 What Asia-Pacific Region can (& should) do to achieve integrated groundwater management n Share tools & good practices to monitor and take practical actions for integrated groundwater management n Create regional coordination mechanism to ensure concerted efforts n Discuss technical transfer and investment mechanism to achieve wise governance of groundwater regionally n Work together to propose and lobby for concrete SDG target on groundwater We in Asia-Pacific should join hands22 Ground-water-related targets in Post- MDGs/SDG (an idea for discussion)

• To halve the number of cities of which ground water has been inappropriately degraded in terms of water level and/or water quality • To halt and turn degradation/depletion of all the major (including trans- boundary ones) into improvement

23 Conclusion n Global changes will give severe impact on surface and ground water in terms of excessive dependence on groundwater, land subsidence, worsening water quality, etc. n Governing surface and ground water wisely through Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is an effective way to solve these problems. n Integration in legal/policy framework, planning, information sharing and people’s participation is needed for the integrated management of surface and ground water,. n Technologies and methodologies have already been developed to help effective governance of surface and ground water through IWRM n The Asia-Pacific Region can and should work together to achieve wise groundwater governance through shared 24 technology, financing, discussion process and target. Thank you

25 (1) Integration of legal and policy framework “How can we build legal/policy framework for integrated groundwater management suitable to a society/country?” Key issues

ü Q1: Public of groundwater

ü Q2: Financing groundwater management

ü Q3:Legal/policy framework

26 Q1: Public nature of groundwater Recognition of groundwater’s public nature and its IGES 2007 management system in Asian countries

Relevant Recognition status of groundwater’s public Groundwater management system Countries nature in the countries Bangladesh, Countries that recognize the The government is authorized China public nature of groundwater and to manage/distribute Lao PDR, Indonesia have legal framework. groundwater. Philippines, Thailand Countries that recognize the The Government is tasked to public nature of groundwater but manage/ distribute the source have no specific legal framework though there is no defined ownership of groundwater. Japan Countries that regard groundwater Groundwater is recognized as as a private asset the individual assets of Sri Lanka landowners. The legal management system is linked to

accepted public nature of groundwater 27