Joutnal of the AmericanMosquito Control Association,l2(l):l3}_134, 1996 Copyright O 1996by the AmericanMosquito Control Association,Inc.

NOTES ON THE MOSQUITOES OF IV. RESULTS OF THE 1994 COLLECTING IN THE MIDWESTERN REGION, INCLUDING NEW COUNTRY RECORDS AND VOUCHER CONFIRMATION (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE)

RICHARD F DARSIE, JR.,I GREGORY W. COURTNEY2 nno SHREEDHAR P PRADHAN3

ABSTRACT During 1994, field studies were conducted in the Midwestern Region of Nepal. Two "inner camps were located in the ," low mountain valleys between the Churia Range and the Ma- habarat Lekh. A third camp was in the mountains at . Visits were made to 2 high mountain sites, , , and . The result from all these sampling sites was the recovery of 6 new country records, 5 in the genus Aedes and I in the genus Heizmannia. Some mosquitoes in the Nepal checklist had no voucher specimens. Locality Jata are given for 9 of these. Biodata on another species that is quite rare in Nepal are given.

INTRODUCTION Our l994 survey sampled mosquito habitats from all major zones. The project included An intensive survey of the mosquitoes of Ne- nearly 3 months of {ieldwork, 3 separate base pal has been underway fbr 3 of the past 4 years camps, and a total of 405 collections. Because (Darsie et al. 1992, 1993), with the major ob- we were particularly interested in inner terai, 2 jective to document the presence, habitat, and camps of 2l days each were established at Tul- distribution of resident species. Detailed objec- sipuE Dangdeokhuri District, and at Birendran- the project and major tives of descriptions of agar (Surkhet), . High-altitude features provided topographical were by Darsie mosquitoes are another focus of our project, so et al. (1992). Our survey in 1994 was confined "Midwestern our third camp was established in the Himalay- Development in to the Region" an Midlands Zone, at the town of Jumla (2,344 the western part of Nepal (Fig. 1). This region m). This camp, which lasted22 days, permitted is of, from to north, the fol- composed south numerous collections at elevations above 2,000 1) which lowing distinct zones: the outer terai, m, in Jumla, Mugu, and Dolpo Districts. Visits lowland areas minimum alti- consists of with to Simikot, Humla District, and Rara Lake Na- 150 m; 2) tudes of approximately the Churia tional Park, , both of which are (or m; Siwalik) Range, with altitudes to 850 3) above 3,000 m, allowed comparisons with 1992 val- the inner terai, consisting of low mountain collections from (Darsie et al. leys of about 600 m; and 4) an extensive Him- 1994\. alayan Midlands Zone, mostly ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 m. Although the Midwestern Region contains relatively fewer peaks than NEW COUNTRY RECORDS central and eastern Nepal, it does have several The species listed below were collected dur- prominent mountain peaks, for example, Saipal ing our 1994 survey of the Midwestern Region (7,O25 m) and Kanjiroba (6,880 m). Certain and represent new country records for Nepal. zones, for example, parts of Dolpo, are rela- In the following entries, district names are writ- tively arid, but as is the case for much of Nepal, ten in upper case and field collection numbers aquatic habitats abound during the monsoon. in brackets. With the addition of these 6 spe- Most of the region's monsoonal precipitation cies, our 3-year investigation of Nepal mosqui- enters the drainage systems of the Karnali and toes has contributed a total of 38 new country Bheri rivers. The Midwestern Region has sev- records (Darsie et al. 1992,1993). eral large parks, including Bardiya NationaL Wildlife Reserve, Shey-Phoksundo National (Diceromyia) (Giles) Park, and Rara Lake National Park. Aedes micropferrs BANKE. Kusum. 436 m, VIII-I0-94, 39, I d reared from larvae, e.r treeholes 1793,794,7961, rlnternational Center for Public Health Research, associated with Aedes albopictus (Theobald), of South Carolina, P O. Box 699, Mc- University Aedes assamensi.s (Theobald), Aedes thomsoni Clellanville, SC 29458. (Theobafd), Toxorhynchites splendens (Wiede- 2 Department of Biology, Grand Valley University, Allendale, MI 49401. mann). I Environmental Health Proiect, KHA-l-230, Kali- This is the second species ofthe subgenus Di- mati, , Nepal. ceromyia found during our surveys. The other

130 Mancs 1996 Notss oN THE MosQutroEs oF NEPAL

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Fie. t. Map of the Midwestern Region of Nepal, showing the location of the 3 camps during the 1994 fieldwork.

species, Aedes iyengari Edwards, was reported Aedes (Finlaya) oreophilus (Edwards) from Nepal by Darsie et al. (1992). The type localities for Ae. micropterus are Allahabad and HUMLA, Simikot, Bhigaudoko Chhal, 2,000 Lucknow, United Provinces, (Barraud m, VIII-25-94, I 9 reared from pupa, e_rground 1934), about 200 km southwest of our collectins pool with leaves near Humla Karnali River site. The species is apparently confined to thE tlolgl, heavily shaded, associared with Aedes northern . pulchriventer (Giles), Culex vagans Wiedemann, taz JounNel-or rm Arr,mntcANMoseulTo CoNrnol AssocrerroN Vor. 12,No. I

Culex viridiventer Glles; Lali Gaun, near Lali lO9, ex biting collection on water buffalo Khola, 2,500 m, VIII-26-94,29, ld, reared [Ol1], in same collection were An. fluviatilis, from pupae, ax treehole [1022], associated with Cx. theileri. Ae des albolat eralis (Theobald), A ede s suffus us It was not surprising to find this species in Edwards, Culex pallidothorax Theobald, Cx. vi- Nepal. It was recorded at a height of 3,125 m in ridiventer. and also as common in northern and cen- This species has a disjunct distribution in the tral India (Barraud 1934). Nagpal and Sharma western (Barraud 1934), in Japan (1987) listed it from Assam, Ahmed (1987) from (Tanaka et al. 1979), and in Korea (Chow 1973). Bangladesh, and Harrison et al. (1991) from Barraud recorded it only from treeholes. but Ta- Thailand. The Asian distribution is actually part naka et al. confirmed that it may also breed in of its range in the Holarctic and Oriental regions ground pools containing dead leaves. mentioned by Knight and Stone (1977).

Aedes (Finlaya) suffusus Edwards H eizmannia (H eizmannia) demeilloni (Mattingly) HUMLA, Lali Gaun, 2,500 m, VIII-26-94,29 reared from pupae, ex treehole near Lali Khola DANGDEUKHURI, Tulsipur, Rana Village, llo22l, associated with Ae. albolateralis, Ae. or- 660 m, VIII-8-94, 26 , reared from pupa, I d eophilus, Cx. pallidothorax, Cx. viridiventer: reared from larvae, ex treehole [778], associated JUMLA, Jumla, Kabre, 2,850 m, IX-13-94, 69, with Aedes gardnerii imitator (Leicester), Heiz- resting on walls and attracted to humans in guest mannia himalayensis Edwards. house [966]. This species is represented by 3 males, 2 with Barraud (1934) found this species in treeholes associated pupae and one with associated larva above 2,185 m in the western Himalayas, where- and pupa. The latter forms the basis for our iden- as Bhat (1975) collected a single female attract- tification. The larva and pupae agree with the ed to humans at an elevation of 460 m. This descriptions of Mattingly (1970). He described species is restricted to northern India and Nepal the species as new from specimens collected in (Knight and Stone 1977). Burma and Thailand. However, his larva had no setae 5,6-C. Our larva does have them, setae 5- C are triple and double and both setae 6-C are Aedes (Aedimorphus) taeniorhynchoi.d.es double, with one branch thick, the other thin and (Christophers) shorter, all setae are medium length. Mattingly DANGDEUKHURI, Tulsipur, Dudhuri, 660 regarded Hz. demeilloni to be closely related to m, VIII-11-94, 29, feeding on pig at 2000 h Hz. himalayensis and our undescribed, mounted [798]. Other species in same collection were male genitalia does resemble Barraud's (1934) Anopheles fluviatilis James, Anopheles subpictus description and illustration of the gonostylus but Grassi, Anopheles annularis Van der Wulp, otherwise is very different. The genitalia will be Anopheles culicifucies Glles, Anopheles vagus described later. This find extends the species' Doenitz. range by ca. 1,40O km west. This species is found in India, Pakistan, anc probably does not occur in Thai- Sri Lanka and RECORD OF SPECIES and as previously claimed land, Vietnam, FORMERLY WITHOUT (see It was reported to breed in Reinert 1973). VOUCHERS ground pools by Barraud Q93D; however, the larva and pupa have not been described. Darsie and Pradhan (1990) listed t2 species that had been recorded by Dr. N. Burgess and kindly given to us in a personal communication. Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen) Howeve! there were no voucher specimens for JUMLA, Jumla, Rajpalta,2,656 m, IX-l l-94, confirmation. We have found 9 of the 12, which 1 ?, resting on bushes [946], in the same collec- are here verified: tion were Anopheles gigas simlensls (James), (James), jacksoni F,d- Anopheles willmori Culex Aedes (Finlaya) khazsni Edwards wards, Culex theileri Theobald, Cx. pallidotho- rax; Khalanga,2,438 m, 19 reared from pupa, ILAM, Ilam, 1,208 m, VII-25-91, 19, ex e-r small ground pool near Jhugad Khola [960], bamboo stump [88]; JHAPA, Kanchanbari, 250 associated with An. gigas simlensis, Cx. iack- m, YII-24-91 , 19, ex stump hole [90]; aKql- soni, Cx. theileri; Jumla, 2,400 m, IX-9-94, ld, DUNGA, Chilaune, 1,800 m, IX-17-91,2?, ex reared from pupa, e-r ground pool in paddy field pools among roots of banyan tree [205]; Okal- [931], associated with Cx. jacksoni; IX-23-94, dunga town, 1,849 m, lX-23-91 , I I , e-r bamboo MrncH 1996 NorEs oN rne Moseurrors or Ngplt- r33

stump [244]; KASKI, , Lamachaur, Ilam, I ,208 m, VII-25-91, l? , ex bamboostump 1,000 m, VII-29-92, 19, resting on vegetation [88]; JHAPA, Dialo Village, 126 m, VII-27-91, [317]; Pokhara,Prithvi Highway, 791 m, VII- 19, ex bamboo stump [91]; Kanchanbari,250 3l-92, | ?, er bamboostump [341]. m, VIII-2-91,79, restingon vegetationin forest lllll; RAMECHHAR Kudar, 550 m, VIII-25- 19, e-r bamboo stump OKALDUN- Anopheks (Cellia) nivipes (Theobald) 91, [36]; GA, Run{atar, 1,345 rn, IX-10-91, 49, resting JHAPA, Kanchanbari,250 m, VIII-2-91, 19, in bamboo l2l2l: lX-21-91, 19, ex cowshed attracted to humans [1ll]; KASKI, Pokhara, 12241;IX-21-91, 19, er bamboo stump [225]; Male Patan,915 m, VII-28-92, 29 , ex rice pad- lX-21-91, 29, ex bamboo stump [226]; IX-28- dy [301]. 91, 19, restingin bamboobushes [285]; KAS- This species has not been reported in India KI, Pokhara,915 m, Vll-27-92, 19, resting in (RamachandraRao 1981) but Reid (1968) be- bamboo bushes[291]; Arghan,791 m, VII-28- lieved that it occurs in Assam. Our Nepal spec- 92, 59, e-rbamboo stump [33t]. imens were identified using the key in Darsie and Pradhan (1990), which has good characters for separating the species from its close rela- Annigeres (Armigeres) kesseli Ramalingam tives, Anophelespallidus Theobald and Anoph- eles philippinensis Ludlow. SINDHULI, Jhunga,518 m, VII-10-91, 19, e., bamboo stump [65]; DHANUSA, Sasapur, 152 m, VII-13-91, 19, ex bamboo stump [72]; Armigeres (I*ieesteria) annulitarsis JHAPA, Kanchanbari,25O m, VIII-2-91, 19, (Leicester) restingon vegetationin forest [1ll]; Dialo Vil- KASKI, Pokhara,Arghan, 791 m, VII-3O-92, lage, 726 m, YII-27-91, 79, ex bamboo stump 49, ex bamboostump [331]; DANGDEUKHU- [91]; RAMECHHAP, Kudar,550 m, VIII-25-91. RI, Rajapur Village, 660 m, VII-26-94, I I , ex 19, ex bamboostump [136]; OKALDUNGHA, bamboostump [635]. Rumjatar,1,345 m, IX-19-91, l?, restingon vegetation l2l2h IX-2O-91, ld, ex bamboo stump [216]; X-l-91, 2?, feeding on cattle Armigeres (Leicesteria) dentatus Barraud 12881;X-2-91, 29, restingon vegetation[289]; JHAPA, Kanchanbari,25O m, VIII-2-91, 59, Okaldunga,1,849 m, IX-25-91,29, resting on collectedin forestedarea [ll]; KASKI, Pok- vegetation[253]; KASKI, Pokhara,915 m, VII- hara, Male Patan,91 5 m, I g , resting on bamboo 27-92, l?, ex 100-liter drum [292]; DANG- bushes[299]. , Tulsipur, 663 m, VII-24-94, 19, attractedto human 16231;YII-25-94,29 , exhol- low log; Naminagar,663 m,VlII-6-94,29, rest- Armigeres (I*icesteria) dolichocephalus ing on river bank (Leicester) [732]; SURKHEI Chhincha Village, 1,200m, VIU-15-94,69, ld, ex wood All collections from bamboo stumps. SIN- trough [817]; HattisudeVillage, 668 m, VIII-19- DHULI, Jhunga,518m, VII-7-91,l9 [46]; VII- 94, l9, 16, ex bananaaxrl 18421;Pipariya Vil- 10-91,l9 t65l; V[-10-91, l9 t66]; Chandan- lage, 660 m, VI[-19-94, 16, ex banata axll pur, 518 m, VII-16-91, tg I79l; DHANUSA, [848];, DailekhBazaar,1,543 m,26, Sasapur,329 m, VII-13-91, t? [72); KASKI, e.r broken pot [853]; VIJI-19-94,26 , ex bamboo Pokhara Arghan, 791 m, Vll-3O-92, a9 B3ll; stump [857]. Pokhara, Prithvi Highway, 791 m, VII-31-92, 29 [3411. Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia\ crassipes (Van der Wulp) Armigeres (Leicesteria) magnus (Theobald) JHAPA, Kanchanbari,25O m, VIII-2-91, This species,reported by Darsieet al. (1991) I L 8d, restingon vegetationin forest l ll; from Nawalpur, , has been tl BAN- KE, Nepalganj,156 m, VII-13-94, l6, pond identified in 15 collections as follows, and ap- ex with Eichornic sp. parently bamboo stumps are obligatory for the [807]. developmentof its immatures.SINDHULI, Ran- ibas, 518 m, VII-5-91, 16, ex bamboostump Mimomyia (Mimomyia) chamberlaini Ludlow [30]; Jhunga,518m, VII-7-91,76, ex bamboo stump [45]; VII-7-91, 16, ex bamboo stump KAPILVASTU, Shivapur,119 m, lX-13-92, [46]; V[-10-91, 29, ex bamboo stump [65]; 19, ex pond full of Eichornia sp. [581]; IX-16- V[-10-91, 19, ex bamboostump [66]; ILAM, 92, 19, ex pond with Eichornia sp. [596]. 134 JounNel oR tne Auenrcnt Moseurro CoNTRoL Assocrlrtorl Vor-. 12, No. I

OTHER SPECIES quitoes of Nepal: their identification, distribution and biology. Mosq. Syst. 22:69-103. Culiseta (Culiseta) niveitaeniata (Theobatd) Darsie, R. E, Jr., G. W. Courtney and S. P Pradhan. 1993. Notes on the mosquitoes of Nepal IIL Addi- previous The only records ofthis species were tional new records in 1992 (Diptera: Culicidae). collections in 1958 and 196l (Joshi et al. 1965). Mosq. Syst. 25:186-191. In 1994 it was collected as follows: MUGU, Darsie, R. F, Jr., G. W. Courtney and S. P Pradhan. Nauli, N of Ghurchi Laagna, 3,400 m, IX-14- 1994. The mosquitoes of Mustang (Diptera, Culic- 94, l?, e;r temporary ground pool [968], asso- idae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96:230-235. ciated with Cx. pallidothorax; lX-14-94,29, ex Darsie, R. E, Jr., S. P Pradhan and R. G. Vaidya. 1991. I. New country seepage spring [969], associated with Cx. viri- Notes on the mosquitoes of Nepal (Diptera, diventeri Rara Lake, south side, 3,000 m, IX-16- records and revisedAedes keys Culicidae). Mosq. Syst. 23:3949. 94, 16, 79, ex seepage associatedwith [977], Darsie, R. E, Jr., S. P Pradhan and R. G. Yaidya. 1992. Cx. jacksoni, Culex vagans Wiedemann; DOL- Notes on the mosquitoes of Nepal II. New species PO, Kaigaun, Balasa,3,188 m, IX-16-94,76, ex records from 1991 collections. Mosq. Syst.24:23- seepage [993]; Kaigaun, Chote Khola, 3,031 m, 28. IX-19-94, 19, ex seepage tl003l, associated Harrison, B. A., R. Rattanarithikul, E. L. Peyton and with Cx. theileri. K. Mongkolpanya. 1991. Taxonomic changes, re- vised occurrence records and notes on the Culicidae of Thailand and neighboring countries. Mosq. Syst. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 22:196-227. Knight, K. L. and A. Stone. 1977. A catalog of the We are indebted to the mosquitoes of the world. Thomas Say Found. 6:l- Society for support of the project under grant no. 61l. 5249-94, to the Nepali staff, especially S. R. Mattingly, R. E 1970. Contributions to the mosquito Shrestha, K. D. Shrestha, and T. Shrestha, who fauna of Southeast Asia.-VI. The genus Heizman' worked diligently in the field, and to D. C. Wil- nia Ludlow in Southeast Asia. Contrib. Am. Ento- liams for reviewing the manuscript. mol. Inst. (Ann Arbor) 5(7):1-104. Nagpal, B. N. and V. P Sharma. 1987. Survey of mos- quito fauna of Northeastern region of India. Indian REFERENCES CITED J. Malariol. 24:143-149. oflndia. Ahmed, T U. 1987. Checklistof the mosquitoesof Ramachandra Rao, T, 1981. The anophelines Bangladesh.Mosq. Syst. 19:187-20O. Indian Council Med. Res., 594 pp. Barraud, P. J. 1934. Family Culicidae. Tribes Mega- Reid, J. A. 1968. Anopheline mosquitoes of Malaya rhinini and Culicini. The fauna of British India, in- and Borneo. Stud. Inst. Med. Res. Malaya 3l:-1-52O. cluding Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Volume V. 463 Reinert, J.F. 1973. Contributions to the mosquito fau- pp. na of Southeast Asia.-XVI. Genus Aedes Meigen, Bhat, H. R. 1975. A survey of haematophagousar- subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald in Southeast Asia. thropodsin WesternHimalayas, and hill dis- Contrib. Am. Entomol. lnst. (Ann Arbor) 9(5):l- tricts of West Bengal: records of mosquitoes col- 2t8. lected from Himalayan region of Uttar Pradeshwith Tanaka, K., K. Mizusawa and E. S. Saugstad. 1979. ecologicalnotes. Indian J. Med. Res.63:1583-1608. A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Chow, C. Y. 1973. Arthropods of public health im- Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the portancein Korea.Korean J. Entomol.3:31-54. Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Darsie. R. E. Jr. and S. P Pradhan. 1990. The mos- Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. (Ann Arbor) 16:l-987.