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Index

Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. aa 170, 172 results 200 Abbabis Complex 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, results discussed 206–207 120, 121, 128, 130, 132 red beds magnetostratigraphy Accra Group 142 methods 198 Aden Gulf spreading centre 344, 346 results 198, 200 Adi Hageray block 86, 87, 103 results discussed 201–206 Adi Nebrid block 86, 87, 88, 101, 102, 103 geodynamics 168–169 Adwa block 86,87 geological setting 169–170, 196–197 Afar Depression 346 Armorica, role in peri- 146, 149 Afar 253, 265, 278, 346 Ashwal, Lewis David 5 Afar volcanic centre 1, 2 140, 344, 347 African Plume Generation Zone 243–247 Atlas orogen 2 superswell and superplume 345, 352 Autseib 108 Airy isostasy 345, 350, 351 , role in peri-Gondwana 145, 151 Al Basin 333, 334, 347 Azeho 87 Alborz 144 Alemzi Formation 170, 173, 174, 176, 178, 185 Bajgan Complex 144 Bancroft Subgroup 70, 72 role in Gondwana 141–142, 155 lava flows volcanism 265, 266 classification 170–176 alternating field (AF) demagnetization 12, 15, 16, see also under Egypt also Argana Basin; 19, 198, 214, 218 Central Atlantic Magmatic Province Amirante Ridge 245, 247 (CAMP); continental flood ; Anaboriana Belt 51, 53, 54, 58, 64 Yatta lava flow Angavo–Ifanadiana Shear Zone 56 Baviaanskloof Formation 143 anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) 143 Central Steep Zone 89,91–93 Bemarivo Belt 51, 52, 53, 54,58 Tarfaya Basin 212, 216–217, 223 350, 352 anisotropy of seismic signal 345, 357–358 Betsimisaraka 51 eastern 358–360 Bie Dome 344, 346, 347 northern, central, western Africa 360 Bigoudine Formation 170, 171, 182, 197–198 360 red bed magnetostratigraphy Antananarivo 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 63, 64 methods 198 , role in Gondwana 145, 149 results 198, 200 Anti-Atlas Mountains 140, 152 results discussed 201–206 Anti-Atlas orogen 2 Billstein Formation 30, 32 Antongil Craton 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,64 zircon age determination 34, 41,42 apatite fission track analysis (AFTA) 289, 344 Boda Event 152 apparent polar wander paths 22, 23, 148 143 Arabian Plate 143, 149 Bouguer anomaly 334, 335 Arabian 2 Bove´ Basin 142 Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS) 85–86 bulk susceptibility 14,16 Arandis Formation 109, 110 Burke, Kevin Charles Antony 4–5 Arcadia Inlier 110, 112 Complex 9, 12, 13, 28, 351 Archaean palaeomagnetism studies for Palaeoproterozoic 16–20, Madagascar 51–58, 59–61 20–22 Rehoboth Province 43 pole positions 22, 23 Argana Basin () Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) 168 Calcaire Rose Formation 72 basalt flow study volcanic line 333, 334, 344, 347, 352, emplacement mechanism 185–186 357, 360 facies model 183–185 149, 350 field observations 176–183 Cape 143 flood basalts compared 187–188 Capricorn orogen 9 geochemistry 173, 174, 175 Carlsberg Ridge 230, 231, 243 methods 170–176 Cedarberg Formation 143 basalt magnetostratigraphy see Neogene; Palaeogene methods 198 Central African 69 374 INDEX

Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) 168–169, East African 286, 289, 295 195, 255 uplift model 296–297 see also Argana Basin (Morocco) East African System (EARS) 265, 266, 285, 289, 303, Central Steep Zone (CSZ) see under 344, 346, 354, 358, 359 , volcanism 266 East African–Antarctic Orogenic Belt (EAAO) 49, 50 333, 334 143 Chad lineament 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 eccentricity cycles 198, 212 characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) 200, 213, Egypt 218, 219, 222 geodynamic setting 267 Chila block 86, 87, 101, 102, 103 Palaeogene–Neogene volcanism 265, 266 Chila granite 87 basalt geochemistry climate methods of analysis 267–268 influence of East African Plateau 287 results Neogene of Mount Kenya 303, 316–317 major and trace elements 269–273 climatic cyclicity 198, 212 petrography 268–269 Columbia 9, 10 radio-isotopes 273–278 344, 346, 347, 350 results discussed 278–279 1, 2, 28, 69, 70, 88, 107, 108, 109, 131, 132, Elgon, Mount 303 332, 333, 350, 352 Elim Formation 29, 30, 31 see also Lufilian Arc Eritrea, glaciation 156 continental flood basalts (CFB) 168, 195, 253, 255 rates, Mount Kenya 303 Ethiopian 254 Etendeka 255 lava isotope analysis Ethiopia methods 256 Central Steep Zone (CSZ) 85, 86, 87 results 256–257 tectonic evolution results discussed 258–261 methods of analysis 88 see also Argana Basin mineral chemistry 94–96 see Tarfaya Basin; Seychelles results crustal thicknesses 345, 349–350 geochemistry 93–94 eastern Africa 350 magnetic fabric 91–93 northern, central, western Africa 352 petrofabric 88, 90–91 southern Africa 350–352 results discussed 101–104 Curie temperature 12, 16, 18, 20, 214 results thermometry 96–101 continental flood basalt (CFB) province Dafur volcanic centre 1, 2 volcanic plateau Dahomeyide orogen and Dahomeyides 2, 333, 334 lava isotope analysis Dahro Tekli belt 87, 104 methods 256 Damara Orogen 2, 28, 107, 108, 109, 132 results 256–257 Central Zone results discussed 258–261 deformation and 111–112 glaciation 156 D1 112–113 mantle velocity 353 D2 113–116 Moho depth 364–365 D3 116–119 northern geology 86–88 significance 123, 125, 128–129 volcanic plateau 253, 254 timing 129–132 continental flood basalt province (CFB) zircon dating 255–256 methods of analysis 121, 123 Ethiopian Plateau 286, 345, 346, 354 results 122, 123, 124, 126, 127 Ethiopian Rift 265 geological setting 109–111 Etusis Formation 109, 110, 111 intrusions 119–121 Damaran Supergroup , role in Gondwana 145, 149, 156 Nosib Group 109, 110 Florida, role in peri-Gondwana 146 Swakop Group 109, 110 flow lobes, classification 176 Deccan Traps 231 Fungurume foreland basin 69, 80 age 231–232 Fungurume Group 69 Democratic Republic of Congo, role in Gondwana 143 outcrops Deset granite 87 Kamoya–Kambove 74–77 Dipeta Formation 72, 77, 80, 81 Shituru 72–74 Drakensburg 344, 346 Tenke–Fungurume 77–80 Dwyka Formation 44 stratigraphic significance 81 143, 157 tectonosedimentary history 80–81 dyke swarms Bushveld 12, 16–17, 20–22 Gamsberg Suite 30, 31,45 Phalaborwa 11, 16, 17,20 Gaub Valley Formation 29, 30, 31 INDEX 375 geochemistry see under Egypt Irumide orogen 2 geochronology see isotope analysis also zircon age isostasy 345, 349, 350, 351 Ghademes Basin 142, 347 isotope analysis and dating Ghana, Lower Palaeozoic 142, 156 Egyptian basalts 267–268, 273–278 Ghaub Formation 109, 110 Ethiopian lavas 256–261 glaciation Mount Kenya lavas and sediments 308 156 Seychelles palaeoposition 232, 233–237 Hirnantian 152 see also zircon age Mount Kenya 303–304 , role in peri-Gondwana 145–146 Goas Intrusive Suite 111, 130, 132 Gondwana 1, 8, 10, 22, 28, 350, 351, 355, break-up 255, 346 357, 360 component and 138, 139 see also Bushveld Complex; Phalaborwa Complex Algeria and Tunisia 141–142 Kaigas glaciation 70 Antarctica 145 Kairab Formation 44 Arabia 143–144 Kakontwe Formation 71, 72 central and SW Africa 143 1, 2, 88, 107, 108, 109, 131, 132 E Africa and Madagascar 142–143 Kalule Subgroup 72, 81 Indian Peninsula 144 Kamanjab Inlier 108 and 142 Kambove Formation 72, 81 Morocco and the Meseta 140–141 Kangas Metamorphic Complex 29 NE Africa 142 Kaoko Belt 107, 108 S Africa 143 Karibib Formation 109, 110, 111 S America and Falklands 144–145 Karoo flood basalts 255 W Africa 142 Karroo Supergroup 143, 157, 161 formation 1, 49, 88, 108 Katanga Supergroup 69 geological history by period 148–149 70–72 149–151 see also Fungurume Group Carboniferous 156–158 Katangan megabreccias 69, 81 Devonian 153, 154–156 Kenya 151–152 mantle velocity 354, 358 Permian 158–161 see also Yatta lava flow 149 Kenya Dome 347, 350 Silurian 152–154 Kenya, Mount 301–303 see also peri-Gondwana geological setting 303–304 Gop Rift 230, 231, 243 palaeosols in interbedded volcanics Grand Conglomerat 69, 70, 71, 72, 73 chemistry 311 gravity anomaly methods 304, 306 defined 329 results East African Plateau 286 mineralogy 311–312 north- 329, 330, 331, 334–336 palaeomagnetism 308 Chad Lineament 336–339 parent rock weathering 306–307 see also Bouguer anomaly particle size distribution 308–311 gravity signal for mapping see mapping SEM 312–315 gravity-gradient field stratigraphy 307–308 north-central Africa 329, 330, 332, 334, 336 results discussed and palaeoclimatic significance Chad Lineament 336–339 316–317 gravity-gradient tensor see Marussi tensor Kenya Rift 287–288 Guba Group see Nguba Group Kenyan Dome 303 , Lower Palaeozoic 142, 151 Keraf–Kabus–Sekerr Suture 86 Gu¨nau Terrane 28 Kgwebe Formation 32 Khan Formation 109, 110, 116 Hoggar Craton 333 Kheis Province 28 344, 347 Khomas Sea 109 hot 142 Kitwe Subgroup 70, 72 Hun 319, 320, 321 Kiubo Subgroup 72, 81 Klipheuwel Group 143 Iberia, role in peri-Gondwana 145–146, 151 Konkiep Group 32, 44 , Hirnantian 152 Konkiep Terrane 28,44 Ida Dome 110, 112, 115, 116, 118, 121 Koras Group 32, 44 Ikakern Formation 170, 171 Kufra Basin 142 Indian block 88 Kuiseb Formation 109, 110 Indian Peninsula, role in Gondwana 144, 149 Kundelunga Group 70, 72, 75, 81 Iranian Terrane 144 50, 88 376 INDEX

Landsat imaging 321, 322 Milankovitch cycles 198, 212 Langberg Formation 31, 44 Mindola Subgroup 72 zircon age determination 32–33, 34, 41,42–43 Mines Group 72,77 large igneous provinces 167–168 Moghrebian Formation 211 large low shear-wave velocity province (LLSVP) 230, 247 Moho depth lava flows see volcanic rocks eastern Africa 363–364 Laxmi Basin 230, 231, 243, 244 Ethiopia 364–365 Leo Shield 332, 333 southern Africa 362–363 Lesotho, role in Gondwana 143 western Africa 363–364 Levant Plate 143 Moldanubia, role in peri-Gondwana 146 Liberia, Lower Palaeozoic 142 Molopo Farms Complex 44 Libya Monwezi Subgroup 72, 81 role in Gondwana 142 Mooiriver granodiorite 30, 31 Tripolitania 319–320, 324 Morocco field evidence 321–324 role in Gondwana 140–141, 149 implications for Mediterranean 324–326 see also Argana Basin; Tarfaya Basin Landsat 321, 322 (MB) 86 volcanism 265, 266 Mozambique Ocean 50 Likasi Subgroup 72 Mufulira Formation 70, 72, 81 Limpopo mobile belt 9, 28, 350, 351, 360 Muombe Subgroup 81 Lufilian Arc 69, 70, 71, 81 Murzuq Basin 142, 333, 334 Mutoshi Formation 72, 80, 81 McLaughlin cycles 198 Mwashya Subgroup 70, 71, 72, 77, 81 Madagascar, role in Gondwana 142–143, 149 Madagascar (central and north) Nafka Terrane 103, 104 crustal domains Nama Group 143 Archaean 51–58 Namaqua Natal Mobile Belt 350 Neoproterozoic 58–59 Namaqua Natal orogen 2, 28 evolution Archaean 59–61 role in Gondwana 143 Neoproterozoic 61–63 see also Damara Orogen; Rehoboth Province Palaeoproterozoic 61 Nankluft Complex 108 summary 63–65 Natal Group 143 magnetic susceptibility 14,16 natural remanent magnetism (NRM) 12 Central Steep Zone 89,91–93 Argana Basin 198, 200 magnetostratigraphy see Bigoudine Formation Bushveld Complex 14,16 Magondi orogen 2 Phalaborwa Complex 14 Mai Kental block 86, 87, 88 Tarfaya Basin 216, 217–220 Main Ethiopian Rift 265 Nauzerus Group 30, 31, 32, 45 Malagasy Orogeny 50 Neogene see Egypt; Ethiopia volcanic plateau; Malawi, role in Gondwana 143 Kenya, Mount; Yatta lava flow Malvinokaffric Province 156 Neoproterozoic Manampotsy Belt 51, 53, 54, 58, 60, 64 Gondwana 149 mantle velocity 345, 352–353 Katanga Supergroup 69, 70–72 eastern Africa 353–355 see also Fungurume Group northern, central, western Africa 357 Madagascar 58–59, 61–63 southern Africa 355–357 338–339 mapping with gravity signal see also Central Steep Zone north-central Africa 329, 330, 332, 334, 336 Neotethys Ocean 161 Chad Lineament 336–339 Newark Basin (NJ) 197–198, 203 Mareb granite 88 Nguba Group 70, 72, 81 Marienhof Formation 29, 30, 31 Nguba rift basin 69 Marinoan glaciation 70 Niger, role in Gondwana 142, 152, 154 Marussi tensor 329, 330, 332, 334 , belt 336 Mascarene Basin 245 North Zanilei orogen 2 Mashonaland Sills 22, 23,24 Northern Metamorphic (Eritrea) 86, 88 Masora Craton 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,63 Nosib Group 109, 110 mass extinctions, Triassic 169, 195 Nubian Shield 2 Mauritanide orogen 2 Nu¨ckopf Formation 30, 31, 44, 45 Meseta, the, role in Gondwana 140–141, 149 Mesoproterozoic ocean anoxic event 211 Damaran Supergroup 109, 110 Okahandja Lineament Zone 108 Rehoboth Province 30, 32, 44–45 Okwa Basement Complex 44 see Cretaceous; Triassic olivine, behaviour in mantle 358, 360 INDEX 377

Omaruru Lineament 108 Perunica, role in peri-Gondwana 146 Orange River dyke swarm 12 Petit Conglomerat 69, 70, 71, 72 orbital forcing 196, 198, 212 Phalaborwa Complex 9, 10, 11 Otihorongo Thrust 108 palaeomagnetism studies for Palaeoproterozoic 12–16, 17, 19,20 P-type flow lobes 176 pole positions 22, 23 pahoehoe lava 172, 175 Piksteel Suite 30, 31 Pakhuis Formation 143 Pilbara craton (WA) 9, 10 palaeoclimate see climate and climatic cyclicity pillow lava 172 Palaeogene Plateau Group 70, 72, 81 unconformity 343 Pratt isostasy 345 see also Egypt; Seychelles precessional cycles 198, 212 palaeogeography of Gondwana pyroxenites, Phalborwa 12–16, 17,20 Cambrian 150 Carboniferous 158 Rama granite 87 Devonian 153, 155 red beds see Bigoudine Formation Ordovician 141 Red Sea, opening 143 Permian 159, 160 Red Sea spreading centre 344, 346 Silurian 147 Rehoboth Group 29, 31 palaeomagnetism Rehoboth Province 28,29 Argana Basin 198–207 evolution 43–45 Bushveld Complex 14, 16–20, 20–22 Rehoboth Basement Inlier 27, 108 Central Steep Zone 89,91–93 Mesoproterozoic 30–32 Mount Kenya lavas and palaeosols 308 Palaeoproterozoic 29–30 Phalaborwa Complex 12–16, 20 zircon age determination reconstructions for Africa 140 methods of analysis 33–34 Seychelles 237, 239, 241–242 results 31, 34, 35–40, 41 Tarfaya Basin results discussed 34, 42, 43 methods of measurement 213–214 sampling 32–33 results 214–221 Re´union mantle plume 231 results discussed 221–225 Rheic Ocean 161 Palaeoproterozoic Roan Group 70, 72, 77, 81 Damaran Supergroup 109, 110 Roches Argilo-Talqueuses (RAT) Group 72, 75, Kaapvaal Craton see Bushveld Complex; Phalaborwa 77, 78 Complex 9, 49, 64, 109 Madagascar 61 Ro¨ssing Formation 109, 110, 116 Rehoboth Province 29–30, 43–44 Rotekuppe granite 111, 132 palaeosecular variation (PSV) 198, 220–221, Rwenzori block 350 224–225 palaeosol studies see Kenya, Mount S-type flow lobes 176 Palaeozoic Saharan Metacraton 2, 332, 338, 339 Gondwana geological history 148–149 Saionia Scarp Group 142 Cambrian 149–151 Saldanian Orogeny 149 Carboniferous 156–158 Sanand Terrane 144 Devonian 153, 154–156 River Dykes 23 Ordovician 141, 151–152 Sattima Fault 289 Permian 158–161 Saxothuringia, role in peri-Gondwana Silurian 147, 152–154 146, 149 see also Damaran Orogen; Fungurume Group seismic studies Palmenhorst Dome 110, 112, 114, 117, 129 anisotropy 357–358 Pan African orogeny and orogenic belt 1, 49, 50, 149 eastern Africa 358–360 Pangea northern, central, western Africa 360 break-up 1, 168, 195, 197, 255 southern Africa 360 formation 9, 145, 156, 158, 159, 161 broadband stations 347, 348, 349 Paynesville Formation 142 crustal thicknesses 345, 349–350 peri-Gondwana 137 eastern Africa 350 components northern, central, western Africa 352 Armorica 146 southern Africa 350–352 Avalonia 145 mantle velocity 345, 352–353 Florida 146 eastern Africa 353–355 Iberia and Italy 145–146 northern, central, western Africa 357 Moldanubia and Saxothuringia 146 southern Africa 355–357 Perunica 146 signatures 345 Turkey 146 summary 360–362 378 INDEX

Seychelles 229–230 topography and uplift 285, 287–289, 296–297, 343–345 palaeoposition study for Cretaceous–Palaeogene overview in Africa age determinations 232 eastern 345–346 40Ar/39Ar 233–237 northern, central, western 346–347 U/Pb 237 southern 346 palaeomagnetism 237–242 Trans-Saharan Fold Belt 333 sampling 232–233 Triassic 169, 195, 197–198 significance of results see also Argana Basin age 242–243 Tripolitania see under Libya plate reconstruction 243–247 Tsaliet Group 87 relation to India Tsaratanana Complex 51, 52, 54, 56, 58, 64 age of Deccan traps 231–232 Tunisia, role in Gondwana 141–142 island geology 232 Turkana Depression 346, 350, 355 ocean opening 230–231 Turkana volcanism 265 Shibta granite 88, 104 Turkey, role in Gondwana 146, 149 Shiharo block 86, 87, 103 Shire granite 88, 104 Ubendian Belt 350 Shuos Formation 109, 110 unconformity, Oligocene 343 Sierra Leone, Lower Palaeozoic 142 uplift see topography and uplift Sinclair Supergroup 30, 32, 44, 45 142, 321, 347 9, 10 SLAMIN terrane 85, 104 Van Houten cycles 198 Somali Basin 244, 245 velocity measurement see mantle velocity volcanic rocks role in Gondwana 143 see also Argana Basin; basalt lava flows; Central see also Bushveld Complex; Kaapvaal Craton; Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP); Phalaborwa Complex continental flood basalts; Egypt; , role in Gondwana 144–145, 149 Kenya, Mount; Yatta lava flow South Pole 138, 141, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, Vredevort Impact 22, 23 153, 154, 155, 158, 246 Southwestern Metamorphic Terrain (Ethiopia) 86 Waterberg Group 23,24 Stinkbank granite 111, 130 Weener Igneous Complex 30, 31 Sturtian glaciation 70 1, 2, 332, 350 155, 266 west and central African Rift System (WCARS) 333, Suwanee, role in peri-Gondwana 146 334, 336 Swakop Group 109, 110 Yatta lava flow 289–291 Table Mountain Group 143 modelling emplacement Tanezzuft Formation 154 methods 291–293 Tanzania, mantle velocity 354, 358 results 293–295 1, 289, 295, 355, 358 results interpreted 295–296 142, 332, 333, 347, 350 plateau uplift theory 296–297 Tarfaya coastal basin 211–212 Turonian palaeomagnetism Zager belt 86, 87, 104 methods of analysis 213–214 Zagros Belt, role in Gondwana 144, 161 results 214–216 Zalla Graben 319, 320, 321 AMS 216–217 Zambezi orogen 2 NMR 217–220 , role in Gondwana 143 PSV 220–221 , role in Gondwana 143 results discussed 221–225 9, 28, 360 Tasguint Formation 170, 173, 174, 176, 178, zircon age determinations 181, 185 Damara Orogen thermal (TH) demagnetization 198, 217 methods of analysis 121, 123 thermomagnetic analysis (TMA) 12, 14, 16, 18,20 results 122, 123, 124, 126, 127 thermometry, Central Steep Zone studies 96–101 Rehoboth Basement Inlier 344, 347 methods of analysis 33–34 Tibesti volcanic centre 1, 2, 333, 334 results 31, 34, 35–40, 41 Timezgadiouine Formation 170, 171 results discussed 34, 42–43 140, 142 sampling 32–33