FIVE-YEAR REPORT ON Energy IN

2009-2014 Preface What’s in this report? Energy in Manitoba is a report on Manitoba’s energy sector. It provides data on the consumption, production, and supply of energy in the province, and provides examples and comparisons with other jurisdictions to help put those data into perspective. It also provides information on the impacts that result from our relationship with energy. The goal of this report is to explain current and emerging trends in Manitoba and across North America, so that we can prepare for future energy challenges and make informed decisions about how to address them. Historical data is provided throughout the report, with an emphasis on the period from 2010 to 2015.

Where do these data come from? Most of the information in this report was collected from publicly- available online sources. Many of the data were collected from Statistics Canada’s CANSIM database of social and economic information and from Natural Resources Canada’s Comprehensive Energy Use Database. A complete list of the data sources can be found at the end of the report.

Where can I find more information? See Natural Resources Canada’s Energy Markets Fact Book for the broader Canadian perspective on energy. (http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/ energy/publications/6539). For more information on Manitoba government initiatives relating to energy, contact: Manitoba Sustainable Development Energy Branch 1200 – 155 Carlton Street , MB R3C 3H8 Phone: 204-945-3674 Toll-free long distance: 1-886-444-4207 Fax: 204-943-0031 Email: [email protected] www.manitobaenergy.ca

Aussi disponible en français au 204-945-4915 (ou sans frais au 1-866-267-6114). Available in alternate formats upon request at 204-945-3674 (or toll-free at 1-866-444-4207). PAGE ii Glossary Some of the information in this report is presented • Fossil fuels are non-renewable, carbon-rich using technical language. In order to get the most fuels that occur naturally as solids (ex: coal), out of it, the following glossary of terms is provided: liquids (ex: crude oil), or gases (ex: natural gas). They are most often burned in order to harness • A Watt (W) is a unit of power (usually electric their chemical energy; however, this process power), meaning the rate of energy produced also leads to the emission of air pollution and or consumed per unit of time. A smart phone greenhouse gas. might consume power at a rate of about 5 W, while a microwave oven might consume at a rate • Greenhouse gas (GHG): One of the most of about 1,500 W (1.5 kW). The nameplate common ways of assessing the impact of human generation capacities (maximum output under activity on the environment is by tracking the ideal conditions) of Manitoba’s hydroelectric amount of GHG emitted. Human activity that dams range between and 10 MW and 1.34 GW. increases the amount of GHG in our atmosphere disturbs the natural balance of our environment • A Watt-hour (Wh) is a unit of energy (usually and is having significant negative impacts on electricity). It signifies the total energy that human life in many ways. While there are would be produced or consumed in a full different kinds, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most hour at a rate of one watt. An energy-efficient common form of GHG emitted as a result of refrigerator might consume somewhere between human activity, so we typically measure all of our 400 and 700 kWh in a year. emissions as an equivalent to tonnes of carbon generated about 35 TWh of electricity in the year dioxide (tonnes CO2e). A typical personal ending March 31, 2015. motor vehicle might emit somewhere around

• A Joule (J) is also a unit of energy. It is a 5 tonnes CO2e annually. standard unit that can be used to measure and compare electric energy with other kinds of energy, such as chemical (contained in fuels) and thermal (heat). It takes about 350 kJ to boil a litre of water, and cars typically get about 32 MJ out of a litre of gasoline. Metric prefixes The numbers and quantities expressed in this • Degree-days: One way of assessing the amount report are quite large. To make them easier to of energy needed for heating and cooling manage, the following standard metric prefixes in a particular community is to calculate its are used throughout: total annual degree-days. Degree-days are the difference between that day’s average kilo (k) – one thousand (1,000) temperature and a base value of 18°C. By adding mega (M) – one million (1,000,000) up all of the degree-days in a year, you can get giga (G) – one billion (1,000,000,000) an idea of how much work heaters, boilers, and air conditioners have to do in order to keep the tera (T) – one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) air and water at a comfortable temperature in the peta (P) – one quadrillion (1,000,000,000,000,000) buildings in that community.

PAGE iii Contents Preface...... ii 1 Introduction: Manitoba’s Energy Picture...... 1 2 Electricity...... 4 3 Heating and Cooling...... 8 4 Transportation Fuels...... 10 5 Energy and the Environment...... 14 6 Emerging Energy Trends...... 16 References...... 17

PAGE iv 1 Introduction Manitoba’s Energy Picture Energy is all around us and it is a central part of our daily lives, yet most of us don’t think much about it. Manitobans depend on energy for a wide variety of applications (see Figure 1A). Modern energy systems are necessary for our natural resources sector, food production, manufacturing and distribution of all sorts of products. We need electricity to light our homes, heat energy for warmth, and transportation energy to move people and products. The energy we use in Manitoba comes from several sources, and the way we use it has significant economic, environmental and social effects. Figure 1B (on page 2) shows where our energy comes from and how we use it. The following chapters of this report will expand on the information in Figure 1B by focusing on electricity (chapter 2), heating and cooling (chapter 3), and transportation (chapter 4). Chapter 5 will discuss the effects of our relationship with energy on the environment. Chapter 6 concludes by identifying energy trends that will bring both challenges and opportunities for Manitoba.

Figure 1A. End Uses of Energy in Manitoba* Freight and o -road Passenger transportation – 15% transportation – 18%

Lighting – 1% Agriculture – 8% Residential appliances – 3% Mining and Non-industrial forestry – 2% equipment – 4%

Manufacturing and other industries – 22% Heating and cooling – 27%

* Five-year average (2008-2012) data.

PAGE 1 Figure 1B. Manitoba’s Energy Sector

MANITOBA IMPORTS

INDUSTRY MANITOBA IMPORTS MB Hydro MANITOBA IMPORTS dams Wind LIGHTING, farms APPLIANCES, Natural INDUSTRYEQUIPMENT, gas Coal INDUSTRYELECTRONICS EXPORTS MB Hydro dams Wind LIGHTING, MB Hydro farms Electricitydams Wind APPLIANCES,LIGHTING, Re ned Natural farms APPLIANCES,EQUIPMENT, petroleum VEHICLES Naturalgas Coal ELECTRONICSEQUIPMENT,HEATING products Coal ELECTRONICS gas EXPORTS & COOLING EXPORTS Electricity Re ned MB HydroElectricity Green heat VEHICLES petroleumRe ned thermal HEATING products (geothermal, VEHICLES petroleum electric HEATING& products solar thermal, generators biomass) COOLING& MB Hydro COOLING thermal Green heat MBMB Hydro Hydro (geothermal, Green heat electricthermalpipelines generators solar(geothermal, thermal, electric solarbiomass) thermal, generators biomass) Blended MB Hydro Biodiesel gasoline MBpipelines Hydro & diesel pipelines End uses of energy in Manitoba Blended Grain- based Biodiesel gasolineBlended Manitoban energy & diesel ethanol Biodiesel gasoline andEnd infrastructure uses of energy & diesel End uses of energy EXPORTS Grain- in Manitoba based Manitobanin Manitoba energy CrudeGrain- Manitoban energy oil ethanolbased exports ethanol andManitoban infrastructure energy EXPORTS Manitobanand infrastructure energy EXPORTS Manitoban energy Crude imports Crudeoil exportsManitoban energy oil exports TransientManitoban energy energy importsManitoban energy imports Transient energy Transient energy

‘Transient energy’ refers to energy products that flow through Manitoba without being produced or consumed here. These are made up mostly by petroleum, coal and natural gas that are transported by pipeline or by rail. Sizes are not to scale.

PAGE 2 All of the electricity we use in Figure 1C. Manitoba’s Energy Balance* Manitoba is produced right here and we export the surplus to our 140,000 neighbours in Saskatchewan, Ontario and the United States. All 120,000 of our petroleum products, mostly gasoline, diesel fuel, and natural 100,000 gas, must be imported from other jurisdictions. Figure 1C shows the 80,000 140,000 balance between local production 60,000 120,000 and imports. Despite producing Terajoules lots of electricity and crude oil in Manitoba, two-thirds of the energy 40,000 100,000 we consume here must be imported from other provinces or from 20,000 80,000 the U.S. 0 60,000 Producing the energy we need and Terajoules Diesel delivering it to where we need it Gasoline Biofuels Electricity Natural gas Green heat 40,000 plays a significant role in Manitoba’s Other fossil fuels Manitoban crude oil economy. The energy sector employs 20,000 nearly 20,000 Manitobans (nearly Produced and consumed Imported Exported in Manitoba three per cent of our workforce), 0 and represents almost six per cent * 2013 data. Other fossil fuels include: gas plant natural gas liquids, aviation gasoline, aviation turbo fuel, kerosene, stove oil, light fuel oil, of the province’s gross domestic Gasoline heavy fuel oil and coal. ElectricityManitoban product (GDP). crude oilNatural gas

However, among energy-related Produced and consumed activities, importing fossil fuels in Manitoba continues to have the biggest impact Figure 1D. Manitoba’s Energy Balance in Dollars* on our economy (see Figure 1D). In fact, Manitoba’s energy sector has a $3.0 trade deficit of nearly $2½ billion $3.0 $2.5 Natural gas every year, and this deficit is $2.5 expected to grow as energy costs $2.0 Diesel continue to rise. $2.0 $1.5 Gasoline

Billions $1.5 $1.0 Electricity Crude oil $1.0 $0.5 $0.5 $0.0 Import costs Export revenues $0.0 * 2013 data. Electricity exports represent Manitoba Hydro’s net export revenues (total electricity export revenues minus expenditures on imported fossil fuel and electricity) for the year ending March 31, 2013.

PAGE 3 2 Electricity One of Manitoba’s greatest energy Figure 2A. Average Annual Residential Electric Bills* advantages is our abundance of clean low carbon electricity. In $2,000 addition to these environmental benefits, Manitobans have also $1,500 benefitted from some of the lowest electricity rates in North $2,000 America (see Figure 2A). This $1,000 is partly because much of the cost to produce our electricity is $500 $1,500 offset by our electricity exports, and partly thanks to past $0 $1,000 investments in reliable, long- AB NS PEI SK ON CAN NL NB BC MB QC term hydroelectric generation 2013 2014 2015 projects. There are currently 15 $500 dams operating in the province * Data for the year ending March 31. For comparison purposes, costs calculated and a 16th, Keeyask, is expected by multiplying average electricity rates in each province by the amount of energy consumed by the average Manitoban non-electric heat residence. to come online in 2021. $0

PAGE 4 Figure 2B. Electricity Generation Those hydro dams are part of another big Manitoban Mixes* energy advantage: that our electricity has been almost entirely produced from renewable energy sources for half Manitoba a century (see Figure 2B). 0.5% 2.6% There are also wind farms in Manitoba, located near St-Léon and St-Joseph. Manitoba Hydro has long-term agreements with both of these independently-owned and operated projects to purchase the electricity they generate. 97.0% In addition to these renewable sources of electricity, Manitoba Hydro operates six electric generators that run on fossil fuels. The two largest are located in Brandon (natural gas and coal1) and Selkirk (natural gas). The remaining four are smaller, diesel-powered generating stations that serve remote northern communities that are Canada not connected to the rest of Manitoba’s electricity grid (Brochet, Lac Brochet, Shamattawa and Tadoule Lake). 16% One of the ways that we keep electricity affordable

2% in Manitoba is by generating more than we need and exporting the excess to neighbouring provinces and states (see Figure 2C). Manitoba Hydro’s current total generation 61% capacity is 5,700 MW, or 122 per cent of the province’s 21% peak demand for electricity in 2015.

40000 Figure 2C. Manitoba’s Electricity Balance 35000 30,000 USA 30000 6% 25,000 25000

20% 20,000 20000 15,000 15000 10,000 10000 Gigawatt-hours 7% 67% 5,000 5000 0 0 2007 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2011 2013

Produced and consumed Exports Imports in Manitoba Hydro Fossil Fuels Other renewables Nuclear * Manitoban and Canadian data are for 2014. 1 The last coal-powered electricity generating station is currently only USA data are from 2013. “Other renewables” used in an emergency. Manitoba has plans to fully phase out coal in Manitoba represents wind power only. electric generation in 2018.

PAGE 5 Figure 2D. Electricity Consumption (per person) As our population grows, so does our demand for electricity. Provinces 100 100 90 where electric90 space heating is 80 more common,80 like Manitoba and 70 Québec, tend70 to consume more than 60 others (see Figure60 2D). 50 However, Manitoba50 continues to 40 implement a 40series of initiatives in 30 order to help30 us consume energy Gigajoules per capita 20 more efficiently,20 such as Manitoba 10 Hydro’s Power10 Smart programs. 0 Over time, these0 initiatives reduce our per capita electricity 2007 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2011 2013 Québec Manitoba Canada BC Ontario consumption, freeing up more electricity for export and delaying the need to buy and install new generation and transmission equipment. So far, we have reduced Figure 2E. Manitoba’s Electricity Efficiency our demand for electricity by over Savings 2,000 GWh (see Figure 2E). To 12,000 put that12000 into perspective, that’s 10,000 more10000 than half of the total annual power produced last year by all six 8,000 8000 of the hydro dams located on the 6,000 Winnipeg6000 River. 4,000 4000

Gigawatt-hours In addition to operating generating 2,000 stations2000 generators and delivering 0 energy efficiency0 programs, Manitoba Hydro also maintains 2007 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2011 2013 over 13,000 km of high-voltage Demand o set through Domestic demand for transmission lines and 76,000 km eciency policies and electricity (growth of local distribution lines in order to programs since 1992) deliver this electricity to consumers. That is more than enough power line to go around the Earth twice! Figure 2F (opposite) shows where Manitoba’s electricity is generated and how it gets to us.

PAGE 6 Figure 2F. Manitoba’s Electricity Infrastructure

Churchill Lac Brochet Tadoule Lake

Brochet

Missi Falls

Lynn Lake South Keewatinohk Indian Lake Henday Laurie Limestone River I & II Keeyask Long Spruce Kettle Radisson Thompson Kelsey Shamattawa Notigi Pukatawagan Wuskwatim

Flin Flon God’s Lake Jenpeg

Red Sucker Lake Island Lake Transmission: Bipole I & II Grand Rapids Bipole III Poplar River Other transmission lines Converter stations Import/export connections

Little Grand Rapids Thermal generation: Selkirk (natural gas) Pine Falls Great Falls Brandon (natural gas and coal) McArthur Falls O -grid communities (diesel) Dauphin Seven Sisters Wind generators Pointe du Bois Slave Falls Hydro infrastructure: 150 MW Selkirk Small dams (less than 200 MW)

Dorsey Medium dams (200 – 1,000 MW) Riel Brandon 200 MW Large dams (over 1,000 MW) St. Leon Water level control structures St. Joseph Water ow diversion channels

*Items in green are under construction 2175 MW

PAGE 7 3 Heating and Cooling Over 70 per cent of the energy consumed in non-industrial buildings in Manitoba is used to keep the air temperature comfortable and provide hot water for our use. To do this, we use both renewable energy and conventional fossil fuels (see Figure 3A). In Manitoba, we are working to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels by lowering our overall consumption of energy for heating and cooling, such as by retrofitting our buildings to improve their insulation performance. Through building codes, efficiency standards, and Power Smart programming, Manitoba’s total energy efficiency savings equalled about 0.6 per cent of our demand for natural gas heating in 2014. Many Manitobans are also switching from fossil fuel to renewable green heat options. These include installing geothermal heat pumps, solar thermal, and biomass technologies that provide heat from renewable energy sources, such as biomass residues (e.g.: waste wood) and the sun. Although natural gas is currently the dominant source of energy for heating, Manitoba continues to make substantial progress towards greater adoption of green heat. For example, Manitobans are installing geothermal heat pumps at nearly three times the average per capita rate in North America (see Figure 3B). Existing geothermal installations in the province range from individual homes to large commercial buildings to entire

Figure 3A. Manitoba’s Heating and Cooling Energy Sources* Green heat – 4% Other fossil fuels – 2%

Electricity – 29% Natural gas – 65%

* 2012 data. Other fossil fuels include heating oil, light fuel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, coal and propane.

PAGE 8 neighbourhoods (where a single district geothermal Despite these climatic conditions, Manitobans system serves multiple buildings). consume no more energy for heating and cooling Manitoba has some of the greatest heating and than the Canadian average (see Figure 3D). This cooling energy needs in North America. This is largely because of relatively stringent regulation is mostly because we have extreme seasonal of the efficiency of buildings, furnaces and temperature changes and long heating seasons. small boilers. For example, Winnipeg’s needs are more than double those of Vancouver (see Figure 3C). 90

80 Figure 3B. Geothermal Heat Pumps* Figure 3C. Average Annual Heating 70 * 90 and Cooling Needs 60 80 Vancouver 70 50 60 Toronto 40

50 Edmonton 30 40 Winnipeg 20 30 10 20 Thompson 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 Installations per 10,000 inhabitants 0 Heating degree-days Cooling degree-days Manitoba Canada USA * 25-year average (1990-2014). * 2011 estimates.

Figure 3D. Heating and Cooling Energy Consumption*

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 Gigajoules per capita 20 20 10 10 0 0 2006 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2008 2010 2012 Saskatchewan Canada Manitoba Québec * Heating and cooling energy consumption is for all residential, commercial, and institutional spaces (ex: does not include industrial spaces).

PAGE 9 4 Transportation Fuels 1.0 0.9 Transportation is responsible for Figure 4A. Passenger Transportation Energy Efficiency 0.8 about one-third of total energy 0.7 consumption in Manitoba, and 0.6 0.6 we consume more every year as 0.5 0.5 our population grows. 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 For this reason, more Manitobans 0.2 0.2 are choosing alternative per travelled 0.1 megajoule of fuel

person-kilometres 0.1 transportation modes such as number of Average 0.0 0.0 riding a bike or taking the bus. 2006 Personal vehicles such as cars, 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2008 2010 2012 SUVs, vans, and passenger Canada Manitoba trucks, which consume more than three‑quarters of the energy 300 used for passenger transportation Figure 4B. Fuel Efficiency of Freight Transportation in Manitoba, are becoming by Road 250 more fuel efficient. These trends 200 200 have contributed to making the movement of people more 150 150 energy‑efficient in Manitoba 100 (see Figure 4A). 100

travelled per travelled 50

Efficiency is also important in of fuel gigajoule 50 Average kilometres Average the transportation of freight by 0 road, where Manitoba compares 0 2006 favourably to Canada (see 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2008 2010 2012 Figure 4B). Canada Manitoba However, our fuel consumption continues to grow even faster 100 than our population in spite of Figure 4C. Manitoba’s Transportation Fossil Fuel 90 these efficiencies (see Figure 4C). Consumption 80 This is in part we are moving 70 60 ourselves, and the products we 60 50 consume, over longer distances 50 40 than ever before. 40 30 30 Nearly all of our transportation 20 20 needs (over 95 per cent) are 10 10 Gigajoule per capita currently met by burning 0 0 imported fossil fuels such as 2011 gasoline and diesel (see Figure 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2013 4D). As shown in Figure 4E, Gasoline Diesel fuel Aviation fuels

PAGE 10 Figure 4D. Manitoba’s Transportation Fuel Mix* the cost of these fuels is both volatile in the short-term and Aviation fuels – 9% steadily rising in the long term. Biodiesel – 1% Supporting the adoption of active and public transportation options is one part of Manitoba’s strategy for reducing our Diesel – 32% Gasoline – 55% dependence on fossil fuels. Another is supporting the electrification of transportation. There were roughly 4,600 conventional hybrid-electric Ethanol – 3% vehicles registered in Manitoba in 2015, as well as over 130 * 2012 data. electric personal vehicles and five electric buses. Biofuels are another low carbon Figure 4E. Average Weekly Fuel Prices at alternative to fossil fuels that Winnipeg Pumps can be produced locally. In Manitoba, we are working 160 towards160 capitalizing on our 140 strong agricultural140 sector to 120 produce120 made-in-Manitoba 100 biofuels,100 including biomass and plant-based ethanol. 80 80 60 Manitoba60 has mandated Cents per litre Cents minimum biofuel content 40 40 in transportation fuels. Fuel 20 suppliers20 in the province have 0 been required0 to replace at 2007 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2011 2013 2015 Gasoline (regular) Diesel

PAGE 11 least 8.5 per cent of their gasoline Figure 4G shows the infrastructure available for sale with ethanol since in Manitoba that is dedicated 2008, and to blend two per cent exclusively to extracting and renewable fuel content in their transporting fossil fuels. Fossil fuels overall diesel sales since 2009 are increasingly transported using (see Figure 4F). shared road and rail infrastructure, We produce more local ethanol in which are not shown here. For Manitoba than we consume using example, more than 150,000 rail grain harvested by local farmers. cars were used to transport over However, we do not currently 14 million tonnes of coal and produce any biodiesel or renewable petroleum to, from, or through diesel alternatives, so we have to Manitoba in 2012 alone. import it.

Figure 4F. Manitoba’s Biofuel Consumption 200000 200,000,000 180000 180,000,000 160000 160,000,000 140000 140,000,000 120000 120,000,000 100000 100,000,000 Litres 80000 80,000,000 60000 60,000,000 40000 40,000,000 20000 20,000,000 0 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Biodiesel Ethanol

PAGE 12 Figure 4G. Manitoba’s Fossil Fuel Infrastructure*

Swan River

Roblin Natural gas pipelines: Riverton TransCanada Mainline Dauphin (200,000,000 m3/day) Arborg Manitoba Hydro transmission line Centra Transmission Holdings line Petroleum pipelines: Enbridge Mainline 3 Warren Selkirk (368,000 m /day) Enbridge Bakken/Westspur 3 Beausejour (30,000 m /day) Cromer Brandon Winnipeg Enbridge Southern Lights (29,000 m3/day) TransCanada Keystone St. Claude (94,000 m3/day) Steinbach Melita Morris Pumping Station Oil eld Killarney Morden Truck and rail loading pipeline terminal Emerson * Natural gas pipelines have been included here, however it should be noted that natural gas is used primarily for heating in Manitoba, not for transportation.

There are crude oil extraction Figure 4H. Manitoba’s Crude Oil Extraction projects here in Manitoba 350000 3,500,000 (see Figure 4H).2 However, 300000 we have no refineries in the 3,000,000 province, so our crude must 250000 be shipped elsewhere to be 2,500,000 processed into products we 200000 can use. As a result, all of the 2,000,000 fossil fuels we consume in the 150000 1,500,000

province must be imported metres Cubic 100000 from another province or 1,000,000 from the USA. 50000 500,000

0 0 2 Crude oil resources are regulated by 2007 Manitoba Petroleum Branch. 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2011 2013

PAGE 13 5 Energy and the Environment Our production, distribution and use of energy has many important impacts on the environment we live in and on our health. For example, in an average year in Manitoba, the fossil fuel industry reports at least one fire or explosion and about 100 oil spills and gas leaks. Hydroelectric dams also cause the flooding of land and the disruption of waterways. Currently, one of the most common ways we try to assess the environmental impact of our activities is by estimating how much greenhouse gas (GHG) we emit, which is a key driver of climate change. Figure 5A shows where Manitoba’s energy-related GHG emissions come from.

Figure 5A. Sources of Manitoba’s Energy-Related GHG Emissions* Residential – 10%

Commercial and Institutional – 11% Light-duty road – 28% All other Transportation road – 19% Industrial – 12% – 62% O -road, rail, air and marine – 15%

Mining, oil and gas – 5% Electricity generation – 1%

* Five-year average (2009-2013).

PAGE 14 40 35 We are always looking for ways to Figure 5B. Energy Related GHG Emissions 30 reduce the impact of energy use 25 on the environment. Figure 5B 25 20 e shows that Manitobans’ per capita 2 20 emissions are slowly decreasing, and 15 15 that we consistently outperform the 10 10 per capita

Canadian average. CO Tonnes 5 5 The bottom line is that there are 0 0 impacts on the environment when 2010 we produce energy, when we move it, 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2012 and when we use it. Canada Manitoba

PAGE 15 6 Emerging Energy Trends The energy sector is always changing. New technologies will become available and current technologies will become more efficient. Renewable alternatives will appear as non-renewable resources are depleted. More than ever before, we are aware of the negative impacts of our energy consumption on our environment and human health. Perhaps the greatest challenge in Manitoba’s near future is minimizing our consumption of non-renewable resources. Like most jurisdictions around the world, Manitoba is taking steps to minimize the negative social, economic, and environmental impacts associated with our dependence on fossil fuels in two ways. Over the next five years, we can expect world prices for oil and gas to remain low. Renewable energy resources and technologies, such as advanced biofuels and electric vehicles, are expected to be used more and more. Manitoba’s energy sector should be prepared for these types of market transformation, and the search for low carbon alternatives to non-renewable energy resources and conventional energy technologies. Second, Manitoba’s population is growing steadily, and this growth is expected to increase our overall energy demand. We can offset some of this growth in demand by becoming more efficient in our use of energy, however Figure 6A shows that our overall energy consumption has remained steady over time. More must be done to continue Manitoba’s trajectory as a leading jurisdiction for energy efficiency and demand side management programs.

Figure 6A. Manitoba’s Overall Energy Consumption 250 250

200 200

150 150

100 100

Gigajoules per capita 50 50

0 0 2007 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2011 2013

PAGE 16 References Chapter 1 Chapter 3 End uses of energy in Manitoba Heating and cooling energy sources • Natural Resources Canada’s Comprehensive Energy • Natural Resources Canada’s Comprehensive Energy Use Database Use Database Manitoba’s energy balance • Manitoba Energy Branch • Statistics Canada’s CANSIM table 128-0016 Heating and cooling needs • Manitoba Energy Branch • Environment Canada Economic impact of Manitoba’s energy sector • Natural Resources Canada’s Comprehensive Energy • CANSIM tables 379-0030 and 383-0031 Use Database Manitoba’s energy balance in dollars Chapter 4 • CANSIM tables 128-0017, 129-0003 Transportation energy consumption • Natural Resources Canada’s Fuel Focus and efficiency • Manitoba Hydro’s annual reports • CANSIM table 128-0016 • Manitoba Petroleum Branch • Natural Resources Canada’s Comprehensive Energy Use Database Chapter 2 • Manitoba Energy Branch Electricity costs • U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics’ National • Manitoba Finance Transportation Statistics table 1-40M • Manitoba Hydro’s annual reports Transportation fuels Electricity generation • Natural Resources Canada’s Comprehensive Energy • CANSIM tables 127-0001, 127-0002, 128-0017 Use Database • U.S. Energy Information Administration’s • Manitoba Energy Branch Monthly Energy Review table 7.2a • Natural Resources Canada’s Fuel Focus • U.S. Energy Information Administration’s Electric • Manitoba Public Insurance Power Annual table 1.2 Manitoba’s fossil fuels • International Energy Agency’s Key World • National Energy Board Energy Statistics Canadian Pipeline • Manitoba Hydro’s annual reports Transportation System Energy Market Assessment • Manitoba Hydro Electricity consumption • Canadian Energy Research Institute’s Ribbons of • CANSIM table 128-0006 Steel: Linking Canada’s Economic Future • Manitoba Hydro’s 15-Year Power Smart Plan • Manitoba Petroleum Branch 2014-2029 – Supplemental Report • Manitoba Hydro’s annual reports

PAGE 17 Chapter 5 Fossil fuel industry incidents • Manitoba Petroleum Branch • National Energy Board Greenhouse gas emissions • Environment Canada’s National Inventory Report 1990-2013 • U.S. National Inventory Report 1990-2013

Chapter 6 • CANSIM tables 127-0007 and 128-0016 • U.S. Energy Information Administration’s Monthly Energy Review tables 2.1, 10.3, and 10.4 • U.S. Energy Information Administration’s Electric Power Monthly table 1.1 • Manitoba Energy Branch • Natural Resources Canada’s Energy Markets Fact Book

Population estimates • CANSIM table 051-0001 • Manitoba Bureau of Statistics • U.S. Census Bureau

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