Index

agriculture establishment of nationalism 74–5 employment in 28 First Co-operative Society 18–19, 22, machinery protests 119–21, 123 23 struggles 188–9 industry and politics 154–6 workers 33 labour and sectarianism 159–62 see also farmers; rural labourers origins of sectarianism 62–4 Aiken, Frank 263 politics of labour 156–7 Aliens Removal Bill 103, 104 sectarian conflicts 155 All-For- League 191 strikes 187, 193–6; aftermath 196; Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and strike committee 194–5 Joiners 158, 159 City Council 238 Amnesty Association 115, 122 Belfast Conservatives 159 An Claidheamh Solvis 178 Belfast Co-operative Advocate 10, 13 Anderson, James 10 Belfast Fenians 70 Anderson, W.K. 175 Belfast Association 71–2, 74 Andrews, J.M. 235, 240, 241 Belfast Labour Party 157, 230 Andrews, Todd 212, 250 and partition 232 anglicisation of Ireland 30 Belfast Mechanics’ Institute 11 Anglo-Irish Treaty 35 Belfast Morning News on 1879 St anti- 220 Patrick’s Day parade 72 Anti-Corn Law League 87 Belfast Newsletter 6 Anti-Tribute League 215–16, 218 on co-operatives 9, 16 Arch, Joseph 123 critique of Owen 7–8, 20 Archer, Samuel 10 on culture of co-operatives 16 Archer, William 10 on MacCormac 20, 23 Ardagh Labour League 126 on pro-Reform march 20 Arden, John 172 on sectarian riots 64 Arditi, Benjamin 251 on trade unions 22–3 Armagh co-operative movement 13–14 Belfast Protestant Association 157, 158, 163 Ballingarry uprising 106, 108 Belfast Protestant Working Men’s bands, Sandy Row 78 Association 75–8 Barnes, George 164 philosophy of 77 Barr, Andy 234 support for 75–6 Barry, A.P. 96 Belfast 66–8 Barry, Patrick 125 and nationalism 66–8 Bartolini, Stefano 3, 253, 256 Belfast Telegraph 194, 196 Beattie, Jack 236, 237, 238, 239, 241 Belfast Trades Council 32, 156, 158–9 Beatty, Francis 10, 15, 23 Bell, Sam Hanna 232 Beirne, Kate 48 Bennett, Louie 52, 53, 55, 57 Belchem, John 88, 108 Bessborough Commission 126 Belfast 2 Beveridge Report 40, 241, 276 co-operative movement 10; activities Bew, Paul 113, 114 12–13; expansion of 14–15; Biggar, J.G. 71, 133 publications 12–13 black market 265–6

281 282 Index

Black and Tans 197 Catholics Blakiston-Houston, Major 238 middle class 67 Blueshirts 221, 224–5, 249, 255, 259 and 209, 211–12 Bodyke evictions 146 and unskilled trades 156 Bolshevism 180, 182 working class 62, 75; Fenianism 78; Bowman, Alexander 156, 158 nationalism of 78–9 Boyd, John 232 Catholic Truth Guild 182 Braithwaite, Richard 163 censorship (1939–45) 263–4, 265 Breathnach, Fionan 219 Charitable Bequests Board 68 Brien, Ann 47 Chartism 4 Briggs, Asa 91 alliance with Confederation 96–7, British administration 107 1921 collapse 190 Chartist Convention and Irish and hunger strikers’ release 201–2 Confederation 102 British Communist Party 184 Chartist Council address to Irish 92–3 British Labour Party 29, 34, 231, 233 Chartist movement 87 British military, of 202–3 and Catholic Church 94 British Trades Union Congress (BTUC) Charters 89 30–1, 32–3 defeat of 87–8 Broadford estate conflict 188–9 effect of French Revolution 98 Brooke, Basil 241, 242 Irish 91–4 Brosna Labour League 133–4 Irish role in 88–9 Brosna Ladies’ Labour League 129, 133 Irish support 92–3 Brougham, Lord 18 leaders of 88 Bryan, William 96 objectives 89 Bryce, James 48 and repealers 94, 99–102 Buckley, Donal 251 strategy 89 Bull, Philip 113 and tenant right 97 Burns, John 14 Third Charter 87 Butt, Isaac 122, 123, 124, 141 see also Irish Universal Suffrage Byrne, John 10 Chenevix, Helen 52 Byrne, Robert 197 Childers, Erskine 259 child labour 137 Chalan, Cissy 49 Christy, R. 10 Campbell, Sean 259 Church of Ireland Campbell, T.J. 238 and BPWMA 76 Canovan, Margaret 247–8, 252 disestablishment 73 capitalist colonisation 27, 28–30 Citizen Army 29, 52 nationalism as response 28 Civil service, women workers 54–5 Carlow Farmers’ Association 189 Civil War 35 Carney, Winifred 54 lack of class conflict 214 Carpenter, Walter 275 and socialist republicanism 214 Carroll’s tobacco factory strike 44–5 Civitas Dei 180, 181 Castledermot Labour League 132 Claeys, Gregory 89 Catholic Bulletin 177 225, 253 Catholic Church Clarendon, Lord 97, 103 anti-socialism 262 Clarion, The 157 and Chartism 94 Clark, George 164, 165 power of 223 Clark, Hugh 10 90, 254 Clark, Samuel 113 campaign 64 Clarke, Kathleen 57 Index 283 class politics 1, 2 Congress of Irish Unions (CIU) 40, 41 absence of 1, 207–10 Connolly, Fiona 184 reason for failure 224 Connolly, James 4, 29, 52, 54, 168, in wartime 263 172–84, 196, 230 class prejudice against labourers 116 beliefs 213 Clerical Union 52, 53 on 27–8 Clonast experiment 267 descendants of 182–4 Cloncurry, Lord 7 and Father Kane 177–8 Clontarf retreat 67, 94–5 integrative socialism 174 Cluskey, Frank 207 Irish Socialist Republican Party 29 co-operative movement 6–23 legacy 181–4, 213–14, 254; and NILP culture, ideology and politics 15–20 232–3; political 173, 174; remade establishment of 8–10 182–4 expansion 13–15 martydom 180 First Belfast 10, 22, 23 political activity 173–4 influence of Owen 17–18 on sectarian violence 167 initial officers 10–11 socialism 172, 173–4; and nationalism political activity 23 177, 178; neutralised 175 Second Belfast 19 socialist republicanism 212–13 Ulster 4 and Walker 166 women in 11, 15 Connolly, Nora 54, 182, 183 Co-operative Trading Company 10 Connolly, Roddy 183, 234, 272 Cobbett, William 91 Connolly, Ross 184 Coercion Act (1833) 89 conscription, campaign against 34, Cole, William 10 190–3 collectivism 243 Conservative Association 156 Colley, Linda 88 Constitution Amendment Act 219 Collins, James 241 Construction Corps scheme 267 colonisation 1 Convery, Father Pat 71 capitalist 3, 27, 28 Conway, Barney 275 of labour 30–3 Cooke, Rev. Dr 65, 66 political 27 Corish, Richard 270 and trade unions 30–3 Cork 140, 141 see also mental colonisation illusion of Parnellite unity 145–6 Combination Acts repeal 28 league 144 Comerford, R.V. 69, 71, 73 nationalism 148–9 Comintern 37 rural strikes 128 Commonwealth Labour Party 241, 242 sectarian hostility 147 communism 37 strikes 142 anti-communist movement 220 unemployment 141 wartime 274 United Trades 142, 143 Communist International 36 Cork Examiner 47, 128 see also Comintern Cork Working Men’s Association 29 Communist Party of Ireland 40, 183, Cosgrave 132 234, 274 Cosgrave, William 218–19 conacre 117 Costello, Séamus 184 Conditions of Employment Act (1935) Council of Action (wage freeze) 269, 55–7 271, 273 Conference on Emergency Conditions Council of Irish Unions (CoIU) 39, 40 273 Council of Three Hundreh 103 Congregated Trades 142–3, 145 Cowan, Peadar 272, 274, 278 284 Index

Cradden, Terry 241 Devlin, Joseph 191, 235 Craig, James 235, 236, 237, 238–9 devolution proposals 165 Crawford, Lindsay 160 Dillon, John 126, 132, 191, 202 Crolly, Dr William 67 Dixon, Daniel 162–3, 164 Cronin, John 198 Doheny, Michael 102 Cronin, Maura 3, 140–53 Donnelly, James S. 113 Crown and Government Security Bill Donnelly, Michael 202 103, 104 Drapers’ Assistants Association 50 Cumann na nGaedheal 36, 37, 207, 208 Drew, Dr 65, 66 and fascism 249, 252 Dublin and Saor Eire 218 trade unionism 28 see also Fine Gael wartime strikes 268 Cuman na mBan 54 Dublin Charter Association 91 Cumine, James 10 Dublin City Council 218 Curran, Pete 158, 163 Dublin Labour Party 269 customs and monetary union with UK Dublin Laundry Company 52 (1825) 28 Dublin lockout (1913), lack of British support 172 Dáil Éireann 36, 176, 190, 202 Dublin Trades Council 31, 32 recognition by Congress 35 Dublin Women Patrols 53–4 Daily Express 198 Duffy, Luke 272 Daily News 202 Dundalk Democrat 44–5 Daly, John 145 Dunphy, Richard 4, 211, 246–61 Daly, Mary E. 46, 55 Dyott, W. H. 92, 93 Daly, Steven 267, 272 D’Arcy, Margaretta 172 4, 52 Davies, W.M. 197 women in 54 Davis, Thomas 95 economic decline 28 Davitt, Michael 31, 132, 133, 134 economic growth 28 de Blacam, Aodh 180–1 election riots 47 de Courcy Ireland, John 274–5, 277 Emergency 262–78 de Valera, Eamonn 37, 38, 40, 212, black market 265–6 219–20, 238 budget 262–78 on break with Sinn Fein 211 censorship 263–4 on conscription bill 191 elections and splits 275–8 ‘Labour Must Wait’ 254 Labour Party 272–5 and land annuities campaign 214, 216 rationing 265 as leader 250, 262 see also Second World War populism 252–3 Emergency Powers Act (1939) 263 decolonisation 33–8 Emerson, James 14–15 deindustrialisation 2, 28, 41 emigration 117 Democratic Confederátion of Barnsley wartime 266–7 101 Emmet, Robert 73 Democratic Programme for Dáil Éireann Ennis, Daniel 122–3 176 ethnic autism 169 Democratic Trade and Labour evangelical ministers and sectarian riots Federation 134 65–6 demonstrations Evening Mail 125, 192 and Congregated Trades 142–3 Evicted Tenants’ Fund 146 reception for Parnell 141, 144 evictions of rural labourers 117 Denvir, Dr Cornelius 67 Ewart, William 78, 156 Index 285 false consciousness, nationalism and Finland 3 unionism as 168, 213 First World War 34 famine 104, 105 Fisher, Joseph 127 farmers Fitzpatrick, David 114, 192 conflict with estate owners 188–9 Flinn, Hugo 276 and numbers of labourers 113–14 flour raids 47 see also rural labourers food riots and women workers 47 Farmers’ Club 134 Foran, Thomas 176 Farmers’ Freedom Force 189 Forward 4, 172, 234 Farming Society 8 Connolly and Walker debate 166 Fenian movement 29, 62, 69–71 Franchise Act (1884) 156 Catholic working class 78 Frederick, Prince of Holland 7 composition of 69, 70 Freedom, on 1920 general strike 200–1 and labourers’ activism 122 Freeman’s Journal 93 merging with Ribbonism 70 French Revolution 97–9, 107 and militarism 70 nationalism of 70, 71 Gabbett, Daniel Fitzgerald 152 rural labour participation 115, 117, Gagelic League 177, 183 119 Gageby, Robert 166 sporting events and meetings 69–70 Galway, Mary 49, 50 strength of 69 Gardner, Edward 13, 18 and violence 88 Gavan Duffy, Charles 95, 98, 101, 105 Fenlon, Thomas 132 Geehan, Tommy 234 Fenor, battle of 189 Gemmell, Hugh 233, 234, 241 Fianna Fáil 4–5, 37, 38, 41, 207, 208, gender discrimination 11 209 Geoghegan, Vincent 4, 6–26 1943 election 277 George V, King 251 appeal to working class 253–9 German revolutionary movements censorship 263–4 187 and Connolly’s ideology 183 Getgood, Robert 241 and de Valera 250, 252–3, 262 Gibbon, Peter 76 economic policy 251, 252 Gill, Henry J. 152 effect of Blueshirts 259 Gladstone 156 hostility to class politics 224 Going, James Dennison 188–9 ideology 210–11, 250–1 Goldstein, David 182 and Labour Party 210–12 Goodbody’s tobacco factory 52 and Labour split 258, 278 Goulding, William 147 and land annuities campaign 215–16 Government of Ireland Act (1920) 229 nationalism of 251 Grant, William 235 politics of neutrality 263–4 Grattan, Henry 73 populism of 247, 249–53, 262 Gray, Malachy 240 representing working class 224, 225 2, 28, 104, 114 social welfare 258 effect of 117–18 strategies 246, 259, 262 Great Labour League of Ireland 132 success of 210, 212, 246 Greaves, C. Desmond 214, 221 and trade unions 252, 258; causing Gregg, Tresham 65 splits 255 Grehan, James F. 133 wartime election strategy 276–7 Grey, Sir George 101 and working class 246–61 Griffin, C. J. 197, 198, 199 Fine Gael 275, 278 Griffith, Arthur 181, 191, 195, 202 1943 elction 277 Griffith, John 71 286 Index

Grimshaw, James 14, 18, 19 industrial working class 2 Grocers’ and Wine Merchants’ Working see also urban working class; working Men’s Society 29 class industrialisation 2 habeus corpus suspension 105–6 industry and politics, Belfast 154–6 Halpin, James 128 integrative socialism 174 Hanna, Hugh 66, 157 Irish Agricultural Labourers’ Union Hanna, John 196 (IALU) 123–4 Harbison, William 69 Irish Citizen 53 Hardie, Keir 161, 164 Irish Citizen Army 173, 213 Harland and Wolff yard 154, 155 Harris, Alice Kessler 57 Ballingarry uprising 106, 108 Harris, Mathew 133 and Chartism 96–7; alliance with Harris, Ruth Ann 46 99–102, 107 Harrison, J.F.C. 6 and Chartist Convention 102 Hartley, J. 10 divisions in 97 Harvey, Julian 98 establishment of 96 Hazelkorn, Ellen 258 growth of 102–3, 104 Henderson, Arthur 163, 164, 165, 230 revolutionary threat 103–6 Hepburn, A.C. 74 Irish Congress of Trade Unions 41 Herds’ Association 127 Irish Convention 191 Heron, Archie 184 Irish Council Bill 165 Heron, Brian 184 Irish Democratic Trade and Labour Hewitt, John 232 Federation 134 Hibernian Philanthropic Society 7 Irish Farmer 189 Hirst, Catherine 4, 62–86 Irish Free State 28 Hishon, Daniel 126, 127, 129, 132, 133 stability of 208, 209 Holywood, William 98 Irish Labour and Industrial Union Home Government Association 115, (ILTU) 132 124 dissolution of 133, 134 home rule 62, 71–5, 78 growth of 133 ILP and 168 Irish Labour Defence League 222 Irish Opinion on 177 Irish Labour League 134 and nationalism 73 Irish Labour Party and Trade Union see also Parnellism Congress (ILPTUC) 34, 37, 179, 204 Home Rule Association 72 and general strike 200 Home Rule Bill defeat 78 membership decline 36 Hoppen, K.T. 118 and military boycott 202, 203 House League 144 Irish Land and Labour Association, Hovell, Mark 89 (ILLA) 135 Howell, David 166 Irish League 105 Howison, William 120 Irishman, The 128, 130, 131 hunger strikers, release strike 199–202 Irish National Land League and Hynes, Tina 50 Industrial Union 129 (INL) 71, 72, 133 incorporation 3, 132, 133, 135 Irish National Teachers’ Organisation Independent Labour Party 157, 168, (INTO) 50 195, 230, 232 Irish Opinion 176–7, 179 and aftermath of Belfast strike 196 Irish Parliamentary Party and Independent Orange Order 160 conscription 191 industrial exhibitions 141–2 Irish Party 29 Index 287

Irish Progressive League 182 Johnson, Thomas 33, 35, 36, 37, 167, Irish Reform Association 161 175, 181, 210 Irish Repeal Association 87 and conscription bill 191, 192 Irish Republican Army 35, 69, 190, Johnston, William 75, 76, 77–8, 156–7 215 Jones, Ernest 98 drift to left 216, 217–18 Jordan, Donald E. 113 establishment of Saor Éire 214, 218 and Fianna Fáil’s election victory Kane, Father 78, 177–8 219 Kanturk Labourers’ Club 121–4 retreat from radicalism 219, 220 membership 123 shift to left, opposition to 219 Kennedy, Liam 169 Irish Republican Brotherhood 69, 71, Kerr, George 23 116 Kettle, Andrew 127 Irish Republican Socialist Party 184 Kilkenny city 119–21 Irish Socialist Republican Party 29 Kilkenny Journal 120 Irish Times 192, 207 Kiltyclogher Labour League 130 Irish Trade Union Congress (ITUC) 30, Kinealy, Christine 4, 87–112 31–3, 34, 40–1, 167, 265–6 Kinvarra 47 change to ILPTUC 34 Kissane, Bill 2, 208, 209 colonised mindset 32 Knights of the Plough 134–5 growth in affiliates 188 Kostick, Conor 4, 187–206, 214 and NILP 241 Kyle, Sam 196, 233, 234, 237, 241 see also Irish Labour Party Irish Trade Union Congress and Labour labour Party (ITUCLP) 173, 179 colonised 30–3 Irish Transport and General Workers’ and nationalism 28, 168 Union (ITGWU) 29, 32, 33, 44, 173, partial decolonisation 33–8 182–3, 268 Labour Chronicle 161, 162 disaffiliation from Labour 277 Labour Electoral Association 31, 159 growth in 188 labour leagues 129–30 Voice of Labour 35–6 map of distribution 130–1 Irish Universal Suffrage Association labour movement (IUSA) 91–2 as last refuge of scoundrel 178–9 working-class support 92 and nationalism 3 Irish Women Workers’ Union 49, 51–3, support for Sinn Fein 179 55, 56, 57, 191 see also Irish Labour Party; Labour alliance of middle and working class Party; Northern Ireland 52 Labour Opposition 234 Irish Women’s Reform League 53 Labour Party Irish Worker 33, 51, 53–4, 172 1922 election 36 Irish Worker League 37, 256 1923 election 36 Irish-Ireland movement 33–4 1943 election 277 1950 reunification 278 Jackson, Archibald 269, 275 amalgamation with ITUC 34 Jacob’s biscuit factory strike 51 division 40 Jacotot, Joseph 18 election successes and failures 207 James Connolly Literary Society and Fianna Fail 210–12 (Boston) 182 ineffectiveness 210 Jardine, John 10 lack of radicalism 210 Johnson, P.F. 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, lack of support for IWWU 56, 57 129, 132 lack of unity 1920s/1930s 257–8 288 Index

Labour Party – cont’d. Irishing 33 mistakes by 41–2 and ITGWU 182–3 move to left 35 new unionism 167 and nationalism 34 Larkin Jr, Jim 36, 269 O’Brien–Larkin feud 275 Larkin, Peter 36 red scare 257 Law, Andrew 10 separation from Congress 38 Leach, James 102 support for neutrality 272 League of Nations 56 support for Sinn Féin 35 Lee, J.J. 208, 214 surrender to nationalism 3 Leeburn, William 241 and Trade Union Act (1941) 270 Leeds Times 101 wartime 272–5 Lemass, Sean 39, 56, 253, 255, 271, wartime elections and splits 275–8 277 wartime expulsions 277 Lenin 181, 213 withdrawal from 1918 election 34, Leo Guilds 177 180, 254 letter writing by women 47 see also Irish Labour Party and Trade Lichfield House Compact 90 Union Congress: Northern Liebknecht, Karl 172 Ireland Labour Party Limerick 140, 141 Labour Representation Committee 160 1918 May Day rally 192 Walker and 163 brewery scheme 144 Labourers Act (1883) 118 Congregated Trades 142–3, 145 Labourers’ Society 29 illusion of Parnellite unity 145 Ladies Land League 47–9 league 144 Lalor, James Fintan 97, 212, 213 nationalism 148–9 Lamartine, Alphonse de 98, 99 sectarian hostility 147 land soviet 35, 187, 197–9; authority of inheritance 114 198; food and transport 197–8 nationalisation 71 Treaty Stone 148 reform and O’Connor 90 unemployment 141 254 Livesey, Joseph 87 (1870) 73, 122, 123 Lloyd George, David 187, 191 land annuities campaign 214–18 Lovett, William 21, 90 Land Bill (1881) 127 Loyal National Repeal Association 87, Land League 75, 126, 129 92, 93 activities of 125 Luddy, Maria 4, 44–61 objectives 124 Lurgan Hemmers’ and Veiners’ Trade opposition to 125 Union 50 and rural labourers 124–9 Lynch, John 159 suppression 129 Lynch, John (ITGWU) 192 land struggle 114, 124, 188–9 Lyons, F.S. Leland 160 and women workers 4 women’s role 48–9 McCarthy, Justin 132 Lane, Fintan 1–5, 113–39 McCarthy, Michael J.F. 115–16 Lane, Pádraig 113 McCashin, Dr 73 Lanyon, Charles 75 McClure, Thomas 75, 77 Larkin, Delia 51 McColl, Malcolm 241 Larkin, Jim 29, 51, 176, 256, 269 MacCormac, Henry 10, 16 on aftermath of Civil War 204 An Appeal on Behalf of the Poor 21 break with Moscow 37 in Belfast Newsletter 20, 23 instigation of split 36 and Owen 12, 13, 20–1 Index 289

and rights of women 11 and conscription strike 192–3 social views of 11–13 Limerick 197 McCoubrey, Margaret 234 Military Service Bill 191 McCracken family 70–1 Miller, William 10 McDermott, Martin 98 Mitchel, John 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, MacDonald, Ramsay 161, 163, 164 101, 102, 103 MacEntee, Seán 252, 268, 269, 271, 277, transportation 104 278 Mitchell, Leslie 87 McEvoy, Thomas 67 Mitchelstown ‘massacre’ 146 McGarry, Fearghal, 4–5, 207–28 Molony, Helena 49, 51–2 McIlwaine, 65, 66 Moore, Maurice 215 McKay, Charles 194 Moreland, Thomas 10, 16–17 McKean, Henry 14, 18 Morgan, John Minter 18 McMahon, Edward 152 Moriarty, Theresa 44 McMahon, Peadar 192 Morris, Michael 47 McMullen, William 237 motor permits strike 35 and NILP 232, 233, 234 Mountjoy Jail 200, 201 Macready, General 203 Mulholland, John 75, 76, 77 Magowan, John 14 Munster Labour League 127, 128, 131 Mahon, Catherine 50 Murphy, T.J. 33 Manchester Guardian on 1920 strike 200, 201 Nannetti, J.P. 32 Manchester Martyrs 72, 145 Nashoba community 18 Mann, Michael 255 Nation 95, 97 Markievicz, Countess 195 National Agricultural Labourers’ Union Marquand, David 243 123 Martin, John 95 National Association 115, 118 Martyr commemorations 149 National Federation of Women Workers Mathew, Fr Theobald 87 52 Meagher, Thomas Francis 96, 98, 100, National Labour League, 135 102 National Labour Party 40, 41, 277, 278 arrest of 101 National League 75, 133, 135 mental colonisation 3, 27, 29–30, conflict with trades 144 32 National Trades Political Union 29 middle class National Union of Clerks 52, 53 Catholics 67 National Union of Dock Labourers 33 interference 54 nationalism 62 and Limerick soviet 199 basis in Belfast 74 and nationalism 3 and Belfast Repeal Association 66–8 women and IWWU 52 as biased towards middle class 3, 135 and womens’ rights 57–8 of Catholic working class 78–9 Midgley, Harry 159, 167, 168 and class politics 2 and NILP 230, 231, 232, 234, 235–6, Connolly on 172 237, 239–41 of Fenian society 70, 71 Milan, J. 194 and home rule movement 73 militancy Irish-American 181–2 rural labourers 189 and labour 3, 168 working class 135, 187–204 and Labour Party 34 militarism and Fenian society 70 militant 149 military intervention parades 72–3 and Belfast strike 195 Parnellism 148–9 290 Index nationalism – cont’d. O’Connell, Daniel 4, 27–8, 29 and 222 and Chartism 90–1, 94 as response to colonisation 28 and Clontarf 93–4 and sectarianism 74 on Owen 8 and socialism 177, 178 and repeal 28, 92, 95, 96, 107 Tipperary uprising 87 Repeal Association 87 and trade unions 29, 30 and Young Irelanders 67, 68 Navan 192 O’Connell, John 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, Neilan, Patrick Joseph 135 104–5 neutrality in wartime 263–4 O’Connell, T.J. 38 compromised 267 O’Connor, Arthur 90 New Harmony Community 20 O’Connor, Emmet 3, 27–42, 221 Newry Examiner 13 O’Connor, Feargus 4, 87, 88, 89–90, 94, No Tribute campaign 215–16 96, 98, 99, 100 Nolan, John 122 O’Connor, Gerald 178 Noonan, Joe 272 O’Connor, James p. 10 Northern Ireland Labour Party 1924–45 O’Donnell, Peadar 212, 215, 254 5, 229–43 land annuities campaign 215, 216, 1945 election 242 217 anti-partitionism 233 O Drisceoil, Donal 1–5, 262–79 and Connolly’s legacy 232–3 O’Dwyer, Bishop 145 elections 237–9 O’Gorman, Richard 97, 98, 100 external relationships 230 O’Hegarty, W.R. 56 factions within 234, 240 O’Higgins, Patrick 91, 99, 100, 102, 107 and local government 239 O’Higgins, Rachel 88 and national question 238, 239 O’Keeffe, Francis 152 organisation 230–2 O’Kelly, Sean T. 264–7, 268 origins 230 Old Ireland 95, 98 policy and ideology 232–6 O’Mahony, John (Fenian) 107 and social welfare 235, 236, 237, 241, O’Mahony, John (Sinn Féin) 201 242 O’Mara, Stephen 152 and use of devolved powers 235–6, One Big Union 177, 180 242 Operatives of Sheffield 23 Walker’s legacy 233 O’Rahilly, Alfred 277 war years 239–42 Orange Order 62, 75, 78 Northern Star 88, 90, 91, 93, 101 attack on pro-Reform march (1831) Northern Whig 15, 16, 19–20 19–20 Norton, William 37, 39, 40, 258, 270, and Belfast elections 156–7 273, 276, 277 and establishment of 100 160 Nunan, Thomas 123 and nationalist processions 72–3 riots 65–6 support for 63–4 Oastler, Richard 90 view of 1848 uprising 108 O’Brien, James Bronterre 88 O’Riordan, Florence 122, 126 O’Brien, William 36, 191, 202, 258, 270, O’Shaughnessy, Richard 152 278 O’Shea scandal 140, 149–50 and Labour split 40 O’Sullivan, Cornelius P. 143 and Larkin 36, 176 O’Sullivan, Mortimer 65 union reform plan 39, 268, 269 O’Toole, George 132 O’Callaghan, Timothy 129 Owen, Robert O’Connell, Cardinal 181–2 Belfast Newsletter critique 6–7, 8, 20 Index 291

on co-operative movement 21–2; prejudice: British against Irish 108 influence on 8–15, 17–18 Price, Michael, 269, 272, 276 ideas of 7–8 process servers 48 MacCormac on 12, 13 Profintern 37 support for 7 proportional representation 237–8 Owens, Gary 103 abolition 242 Protestant Operatives’ Association 65, 66 Parnell, Anna 48 Protestant Repeal Association 98, 108 Parnell, Charles 29, 31, 71 Protestant working class 62, 75 arrest of 129 influence of evangelical ministers 65–6 and election candidates 145 skilled trades 156 and ILIU 132, 133 public house opening hours 143–4 Land League 125–6, 127 publications of Belfast co-operative O’Shea scandal 149–50 12–13 release of 73–4 Purdie, Bob 168 Parnellism 140–53 and Catholic clergy 140 Quinlan, Patrick L. 182 differing interpretations of 150 Quinn, J.P. 133 illusion of unity 145–6 internal tensions 145–6 racial oppression 11 nationalism of 148–9 radicalism and religion 146–8 in interwar period 207–25 and trade unions 141–4 marginalisation of 210 partition 2, 229 neutralised 254 export of conflict to North 208 railway munitions strike 35 Party Processions Act 65–6, 75, 76 railworkers Patterson, Henry 4, 154–71, 222 and boycott of British military 202–3 Peace Resolutions 95–6 and Limerick soviet 198 Peel, Sir Robert 93–4 Ralahine Community 8 Pelin, Benjamin 134–5 rationing, Emergency 265 Penn Gaskill, Peter 125 Redemptorists 144 Phelan, Nicholas 189 red scare tactics 218–20, 262, 277 Pilot 93 Redmond, John 28, 29, 32 Pirrie, William 164 Reform Act (1867) 75 Podmore, F. 22 Reform Bill (1832) 18 political march of supporters 18–20 activity and women 46–9 Reilly, Tommy 267, 272 agency and rural workers 115–16 religion 1 mobilisation 253–4 and Parnellism 146–8 political union with UK (1800) 28 see also Catholics; Protestant populism Repeal Association 5, 97 definitions 247–8 repeal movement and politics 249 and British radicalism 90 and power structures 248 and Chartists 92, 99–102 Post Office Workers’ Union 38 and craft unions 28 poverty 89 divisions 96 Armagh 1830s 14 and 95 Dublin needlewomen 50 repeal of union 94–7 during Emergency 264–5 Republican Congress 214, 220–2, 223–4 MacCormac on 20–1 ideology 221–2 rural labourers 118 support 221 292 Index republicanism 37, 38 success of action 135–6 Revolution in Ireland 214 wage rates 118, 120–1 Revolutionary Socialist Party of Ireland rural working class 2, 113 195–6 see also rural labourers revolutions (1848) 87, 88 Russell, Charles 178 Ribbon society 62, 64, 75, 78, 116 Russian Revolution, influence of 176, 187 membership 68 Rveherford, Thomas 10 merger with Fenians 70 Ryan, Desmond 240 rural labour participation 115, 118–19 Ryan, Frank 223 strength of 63 Ryan, W.P. 175 Rights of Women 18 Rylett, Rev. Harold 127 riots 1864 Belfast 155 St Patrick’s Anti-Communist League 220 1872 home rule parade 77 St Patrick’s Day (1879) parade 72–3 1886 78 Sandy Row 62, 63, 65 against agricultural machinery and BPWMA 76 119–21, 123 occupation and voting patterns 76–7 anti-communist 220 opposition to home rule 78 anti-Irish in Britain 88 Saor Éire and Fenian society 70 as blasphemous 218–19 rural labourers 189 establishment of 214, 218 sectarian 62–3, 64, 65–6 and red scare 218–20 ‘Twelfth’ 62–3, 65–6 Saunderson, Colonel 32 and women workers 47 Saville, John 87–8 Robinson, Mary 207 Scottish chartists 89 Roney, Frank 69, 70–1 seamstresses, powerlessness of 50 rosary bead industry 268 Searson, Henry 10 Royal Irish Constabulary 48 ‘Second Reformation’ 62 rural labourers Second World War activism 119–22; Catholic clergy hardship 39–40 opposition 122 politics of neutrality 263–4 class prejudice against 116 politics and working class 262–78 conflict 188, 189; with farmers 117, socio-economic impact 264–7 129 see also Emergency difficulties in organising 208–9 sectarian violence 62–3, 64 and Fenian movement 115, 117, Belfast 155 119 and evangelical ministers 65–6 hostility towards farmers 128 Walker and Connolly on 167 involvement with Ribbonism 115, sectarianism 118–19 MacCormac on 12 lack of political mobilisation 254 origins of 62–4 and Land League 124–9 Walker on 162 march against farmers 129 Wright on 169 numbers of 113–14 Seeds, Robert 78 political activity 115; factors Self-determination and Labour 35 hampering 116; and Parnellites Sexton, Thomas 72, 133 133 Shawe-Taylor, John 161 protests at new machinery 119–21, Shanavests 41 123 Sheehy Skeffington, Andrée 272 social status of 115–16 Sheehy Skeffington, Hannah 182 strikes 128, 189 Sheehy Skeffington, Owen 272, 273, 276 Index 293

Sheffield Regeneration Society 23 against conscription 34, 187, 190–3 shipyards 154 Belfast 193–6 craft unions 155 Carroll’s tobacco factory 44–5 Sigerson, Selma 181, 182 Cork 142 Simmons, John 31 female involvement 49 Sinn Féin 174–5 growth in number (1915–20) 188 1918 landslide 34–5 Harland and Wolff 158 and Belfast strike 195 hotel and restaurant workers 52–3 and conscription bill 191, 192 involvement of women 52–3 courts 190 for release of hunger strikers 187, on Labour Party 178–9 199–202; success of 201–2 Labour Party support 35 rural labourers 128, 189 and socialism 176–7, 178, 180, 181 wartime 267, 268; Dublin 268 Sloan, Thomas 160, 161, 166 working hours 187, 193–6, 229 Smith, Brian 247 Sturgis, Mark 203 Smith, F. E. 165 suffrage Smith O’Brien, William 95, 96, 100, 107 campaign for universal 91–2 arrest of 101, 104 women’s 53–4 transportation 106 Sullivan, T. D. 133 visit to France 98, 99, 103 Swift, John 269, 274, 275 Smyth, P.J. 123, 125 social conflict 188–90 Taylor, Henry 123 social welfare 235, 236, 237, 241, 242, Tebrake, Janet K. 48 258 temperance movement 87, 143 socialism Tenant League 118 British lack of support 172 tenant right 97 and Catholicism 209, 211–12 Textile Operatives’ Society 50, 158 Connolly’s 172, 173–4, 175 Third Charter failure 87 historical weakness 1 Thompson, Bob 241 integrative socialism 174 Thompson, Dorothy 88, 90 and nationalism 177, 178 Thompson, William 4, 12, 18, 22 and Sinn Fein 176–7, 178, 180, 181 Times, The 106 Socialist Party of Ireland 173 Tolpuddle Martyrs 23 Socialist Party of Northern Ireland 232 Tone, Wolfe 71, 73, 181, 214 socialist republicanism 212–14 Torch 269 socio-economic impact of war 264–7 Trade Boards Act (1909) 33 South of Ireland Labour Union 143 Trade Union Act (1941) 39, 258, soviets 176, 188, 204 269–71 1920 general strike 200 opposition campaign 269, 274 Belfast strike 193 Trade Union Congress see Irish Trade Limerick 35, 187, 197–9 Union Congress Spaight, James 147 trade unions Spain, comparisons with 208–9 1916–1920 revival 34 Spálpín 178–9 1939–45 increase 241 Spanish Civil War 236 achievements 28 Irish response 222–3 anglicisation of Ireland 30 Special Constabulary 196 Belfast Newsletter on 22–3 Standard 277 conflict with league 144 Stephens, James 107 and Fianna Fáil 38, 258 Strange, Laurence Charles 132 growing assertiveness 142 strikes 35, 175, 256 growth in membership 188 294 Index trade unions – cont’d. United Trades Association 142, 143 mergers with British unions 30 upper-class support for Owen 7 and nationalism 29, 30, 41 Upton, William 126, 127, 129 and Parnellism 141–4 Uncle Pat’s Cabin 132 rationalisation 39 urban working class 2 resistance to 143 and lack of class politics 208, 209 wartime 268 weakening of 29 Vandeleur, John Scott 8 women and 49–53 Victoria, Queen 154 Trades and Citizens Committee 96, 97, Vindicator 67, 68, 93 98 violence see riots trades councils 142 transport workers 187 wage freeze 269, 270, 271 Travelling community 115 wages Trench, Paddy 272, 276 rural labourers 118, 120–1 Trew, Arthur 157, 160, 163 of women 54–5 Trotsty, 181 Wales, Prince of 145, 147, 149 Tsar of Russia 149 Walker, Brian 74–5 ‘Twelfth’ riots 62–3, 65–6, 75 Walker, Graham 5, 229–45 Twomey, Moss 218, 219 Walker, William 4, 154–71, 230 Tynan, Katharine 48 and British Labour Party 165–6 Tynan, Robert 269 campaign issues 162–3 Connolly’s criticism of 166 Ulster contesting elections 1905–7 162–5 co-operative movement 4, 6–23 as Edinburgh candidate 166 polarising politics 166 election defeat 165–6 Ulster Labourers’ Union 134 on home rule 161, 165 Ulster Landlord Party 162 as ILP speaker 157–8 Ulster Loyalist Anti-Repeal Union 78, on land reforms 162 155 legacy of 167–9; and NILP 233 Ulster Unionist Council 161 and LRC 160, 161, 163 Ulster Unionist Labour Association 164 on sectarian divisions 162, 167 Ulster Unionists 32, 33, 155, 235 trade union work 158, 159 Uncle Pat’s Cabin (Upton) 132 on unionists 162 Unemployed Workers’ Movement 267 Wallace, J. Bruce 157 unemployment 141 Wallace, R.H. 166 wartime 266, 267–8 Walsh, James 120 working women 55 War of Independence 4, 187–204 unemployment benefit and NILP 235 Waterford Federated Trades’ and Labour unionism 1, 2, 62 Union 29 origins 66, 155 Webb, William 13 and working class 164–5 West Belfast elections 237, 240 Unionist Party 5 Wheeler, Anna 18 unionist/nationalist divide 62, 78–9 Whitehouse Co-operative Society 13, Belfast 74–5 14, 18, 19, 20 Origins of 62, 78 William IV 19 130, 131 Willowfield by-election 240, 243 United Irishman 97, 99, 103 Wilson, Henry 187–8, 190–1 United States 98 Woggon, Helga 4, 172–86 Irish-American nationalism 181–2 women support for Sinn Fein 176 in civil service 54 Index 295

in co-operative movement 11, 15, 18 current political affiliations 225 MacCormac on 11 divisions 143–4 and Nation 95 and Fianna Fáil 246–61 rights of 18 involvement in British movements 89 as rural labourers 120, 137 Irish and British solidarity 92–3 suffrage 53–4 lack of political mobilisation 254 and trade unionism 49–53 lack of revolutionary aspirations 217 women workers 44–61 and politics in Belfast 156–7 alliance with middle class 52 sectarianism 168–9 class distinctions 51 skilled/unskilled political affiliation definitions 45–6 156 difficulties in organising 49–50 and Unionism 164–5 and food riots 47 and wartime politics 262–78 and land struggle 4 see also rural labourers; urban working and political activity 46–9 class restrictions on right to work 54–5, 56 Workman Clark yard 154 and social policy 56–8 Workshop Regulation Act (1867) 50, 51 solidarity 51 Wright, Frances 12, 18 strike 44–5 Wright, Frank 76, 169 types of work 45–6 Wyndham Land Act (1903) 161 unemployment 55 Wyse, Jennie Power 57 wages of 54–5 Wyse Power, John 133 Words of James Connolly 184 Workers’ Action 269–70, 273 Yeates, Pádraig 51 Workers’ International League 272 Young Ireland 67, 68, 106, 107 Workers’ Party 225 effect of French Revolution 98 Workers’ Union of Ireland 36–7, 256, leaders 95 269 and Old Ireland 96; merger with 104 working class 1 and repeal movement 95 absence of class politics 207–10, 224 support base 96