basin report

Introduction

The Tamiraparani River Basin is one of the 17 river basins and having 7 sub basins and covers the district of and .Tamiraparani River Basin lies between geographic co-ordinates N. lat.8º 26’ 45” to 9º 12’ 00” and E. long 77º 09’ 00” to 78º 08’30” and falls within the survey of Degree sheets 58G, 58 H and 58 L. The entire basin covers an area of about 5717.08 sq. km and lies in the revenue districts of Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi taluk of in southern . The index map is given in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Index Map of Thamirabarani River Basin The total extent of the basin area is covered within the administrative boundaries of Sankarankoil, Tenkasi, Shencottah, Alangulam, , ,

Sivagriri, Veerakeralamputhu, Palayamkottai & of , and , Ottapidaram, Srivaikundam and Thoothukudi taluks of Thoothukudi District.This basin area is bounded on the north by Vaippar river basin and on the south by Nambiyar and Kodaiyar river basins. The eastern ridges of the which is the interstate boundary of Tamilnadu and Kerela- forms the western boundary of the basin.While the forms the eastern boundary of the basin. The length of basin is about 126 km and its width varies from 20 to 85 kms.

Figure 2 Administrative Map of Thamirabarani River Basin

The sub basins forn=ming the Thamirabarani river basin are Chittar, Uppodai, Gatana, Manimuthar, Pachchaiar, Upper Thamirabarani and Lower Thamirabarani. The base map is given in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Base Map of Thamirabarani River Basin

Drainage

Tamiraparani and its tributaries originate at the eastern slope of Western Ghats ridge connecting Aduppkkal Mottai, Agasthiyamalai and Chemmunji Mottai etc., at an altitude of 1869 m (6132 ft.). More than 12 (Twelve) tributaries join the river as it runs down, of which Servalar, Manimuthar, Gadana nadhi, Pachaiar and Chittar can be termed as major ones. Tamiraparani after travelling a distance of 22 km from its origin is jointed by its tributary Servalar. The Manimuthar originates from the Mukkuttukal and confluence with Tamiraparani at its 36th km. The tributary Gadana nadhi joins Tamiraparani on its left at the 43rd km. The river flows through Town and takes in the next tributary (viz.) pachayaru on its right. Tamiraparani thereafter winds it way through Tirunelveli and at a distance of 73 km from its origin, its tributary Chittar confluence with it near Sivlapperi. From this point, the river flow southwards and then eastwards and at its 96th km, the Srivaikundam anicut spans across the river, Then the river Tamiraparani, after traversing another 30 km drains into the Gulf of Mannar, just south of the village, Palayakayal . The drainage map of Thamirabarani river basin is given in Figure 4. Figure 4 Drainage Map of Thamirabarani River Basin

Geology

Tamiraparani River Basin comprises of crystalline rocks of Archaean age on the western portion and sedimentary rocks of tertiary and quarternary age on the eastern coastal area. The geology map of the Thamirabarani river basin is given in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Geology Map of Thamirabarani River Basin

Subrecent to recent quarternary formations are represented in this area in the form of laterite, Kankar and tufa, shell limestone, alluvium, teri-sands, Aeolian sands coastal alluvium and soils in the extreme eastern part of the basin area.

Lineament

The linears be joints, fractures, foliations, drainage courses or contacts of different formations. Out of these 19 lineaments are controlling the flow pattern and major river course of this basin. Some of them are probable fault, fractured zones and geological contact zone. The lineament map of Thamirabarani river basin is given in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Lineament Map of Thamirabarani River Basin Geomorphology The Tamiraparani Basin area is covered by structural hills in the west and pediplain areas in the middle and a widened coastal plain in the east. Table 1 Geomorphology in Tamiraparani river (Area Coverage Detail) Geomorphic Unit Area in Sq.Km Percentage% Swales 11.29 0.20 Flood Plain (inclusion of Paleo channel) 645.60 11.40 Valley fill 70.08 1.24 Interdunal Depression 14.24 0.25 Sand Dune (Active) 41.66 0.74 Sand dune (Stabilized) 76.12 1.34 Bazada 226.83 4.01 Old River Course 60.53 1.07 Duri Crust 17.72 0.31 Pediment 347.99 6.15 Pediment (Black cotton soil covered) 121.20 2.14 Pediment (predominantly outcrop) 1708.61 30.18 Buried pediment Shallow I 250.92 4.43 Buried Pediment Shallow (Moderate) II 598.65 10.58 Buried Pediment Shallow (Deep) III 349.07 6.17 Buried Pediment (Deep) 37.16 0.66 Composite Slope 388.72 6.87 Structural Hill 630.52 11.14 Tank 39.12 0.69 Back water 24.94 0.44 Total Geographic Area 5717.08 100.00

Landuse The landuse classification of Thamirabarani river basin is given in Table 2. Table 2 Landuse Classifications in Tamiraparani River Basin SL. LANDUSE CATEGORY AREA IN PERCENTAGE NO. SQ.KM. % Ist Level IInd Level 1 Built up Land Settlement 173.24 3.03

Crop Land Paddy, Sugarcane, Banana 988.46 17.29 2 Dry Land Groundnut, Cholam, 166.46 2.91 floriculture Groves Dense Forest 991.49 17.34 3 Forest Land Dense Forest and Plantation Medium Dense Forest Shrubs Reserve Forest 33.57 0.59

Barren Sand, 39.40 0.69 4 Waste Land Barren land, 1689.95 29.56 Barren Land covered by 1501.92 26.27 Outcrop 40.49 0.71 Duri crust 80.11 1.40 Salt Pan & Sand Dune Tanks & Rivers 11.99 0.21 5 Water Bodies

Total Geographical Area 5717.08 100

The landuse map is given in Figure 7.

Figure 7 Landuse Map of Thamirabarani River Basin

Wasteland

A major portion of wasteland in this basin is falling under barren land area which is blanketing the hard rock terrain (Area 1689.95 sq.km, covering 30 % of total area 5717.08 sq.km) and next comes the sand and sand dunes and salt pan which covers 80.11 sq.km with 1.45 % coverage in the coastal zone.

Table3 Wasteland –Classification in Tamiraparani River Basin Sl. Wasteland Category Area in Percentage No. Sq.Km % 1. Barren Land 1689.95 29.56 2. Barren Land covered by outcrop 1501.92 26.27 3. Barren Sand 39.40 0.69 4. Duri crust 40.49 0.71 6. Sand dune and Salt pan 80.11 1.40 7. Other than wasteland category 2365.21 41.37 Total 5717.08 100

The wasteland map is given in Figure 8.

Figure 8 Wasteland with Lineament Map of Thamirabarani River Basin

Soils

The soil map is given in Figure 9. Figure 9 Soil Map of Thamirabarani River Basin

Population in Tamiraparani River Basin

21% of total area of Thoothukudi District (974 sq.km out of 4621 sq.km) and 70 % of total area of Tirunelveli District (4743 sq.km out of 6810 sq.km) falls in Tamiraparani River Basin. The total population in Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts and population in Tamiraparani Basin in the two districts as per census 2011 is given in Table 4 and 5 below:

Table 4 District wise Population Details of Tamiraparani River Basin

Population in Total Population Name of the Tamiraparani Basin Sl.No (in million) District (in Million) Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

1 Thoothukudi 0.867 0.871 1.738 0.370 0.244 0.614

2 Tirunelveli 1.552 1.521 3.073 1.060 1.280 2.340

Total 2.419 2.392 4.811 1.430 1.524 2.954 Source: Census 2011 Table 5 Sub Basin wise Population in Tamiraparani River Basin

Name of the Sub Population in million Sl.No Basin Rural Urban Total

1 Upper Tamiraparani 0.020 0.048 0.068

2 Manimuthar 0.003 0.020 0.023

3 Gadana Nadhi 0.142 0.067 0.209

4 Pachaiyar 0.047 0.021 0.068

5 Chittar 0.478 0.473 0.951

6 Uppodai 0.214 0.102 0.316

7 Lower Tamiraparani 0.526 0.793 1.319

Total 1.430 1.524 2.954 Source: Census 2011

Population Density

Population density is a measurement of population per unit area.The Sub Basin wise population density of Tamiraparani River Basin is given in Table 6. The population density is higher in Lower Tamiraparani sub Basin (734 persons per sq.km) and lower in Manimuthar sub Basin (128 Persons per sq.km). Table 6 Sub Basin wise population density in the Tamiraparani River Basin

Sl. Name of the sub Area Total poulation Density No Basin (Sq.km) 2014 (Person/Sq.km)

1 Upper Tamiraparani 514.33 71135 138

2 Manimuthar 191.54 24570 128 3 Gadana Nadhi 446.83 218670 489 4 Pachaiyar 288.53 71244 247

5 Chittar 1662.50 999094 601 6 Uppodai 721.70 330597 458 Lower 7 1891.64 1388030 734 Tamiraparani Total 5717.07 3103340

Average population Density 543

Hydrometeorology

Raingauge stations

The district wise rain gauge stations available in Thamirabarani river basin is given in Table 7.

No. of influencing Sl.No. District Raingauge stations

1 Tirunelveli 12 2 Thoothukudi 4 Total 16

Dependable Rainfall

The 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% dependable rainfall for Tamiraparani basin are tabulated below in Table 9.

Table 9 Dependable Rainfall in mm – Tamiraparani Basin

Sl. Name of the 25% 50% 75% 90% No Sub-basin

1 Upper Tamiraparani 237.86 180.63 131.15 109.26

2 Manimuthar 63.88 48.61 33.49 19.36

3 Gadana Nadhi 119.67 98.89 79.12 60.78

4 Pachaiyar 51.04 38.01 23.01 17.22 247.97 156.84 5 Chittar 415.24 324.46

6 Uppodai 130.21 97.91 68.17 39.61

7 Lower Tamiraparani 338.64 242.05 200.57 112.22

Maximum, minimum and average rainfall The maximum, minimum and average annual rainfall for the seven sub basins have been analysed as given below;

 Maximum Rainfall of this basin is 2969.00 mm [Manimuthar] in the year 1979-80.

 Minimum Rainfall of this basin is 252.63 mm [Uppodai] in the year 1986-87.  Average Annual rainfall of the Tamiraparani basin is 985.77 mm. Aridity Index for Climatic Classification

The aridity Index for climatic classification for Thamirabarani river basin is given in Table 10.

Table 10 Aridity Index (Ia) For Climatic Classification Total Annual Ave. PET Ia deficit S.No. Name of Stations Precipitation (Avg) Aridity Classification P-PET P mm mm Index mm 1 Kayathar 621.96 1521.00 -899.04 -59.11 Semi Arid 2 Kovilpatti Revenue 765.08 1521.00 -755.92 -49.70 Semi Arid 3 Srivaigundam 643.22 1521.00 -877.78 -57.71 Semi Arid 4 771.01 1521.00 -749.99 -49.31 Semi Arid 5 Ayikudi 752.30 1521.00 -768.70 -50.54 Semi Arid 6 Karuppanadhi 766.45 1521.00 -754.55 -49.61 Semi Arid 7 Senkottai 1482.74 1521.00 -38.26 -2.52 Dry humid 8 Ambasamudram 1055.74 1521.00 -465.26 -30.59 Dry humid 9 Gadana Dam 1078.90 1521.00 -442.10 -29.07 Dry humid 10 Sankarankoil 695.11 1521.00 -825.89 -54.30 Semi Arid 11 Nanguneri 729.63 1521.00 -791.37 -52.03 Semi Arid 12 Manimuthar SRG 1196.28 1521.00 -324.72 -21.35 Dry humid 13 Cheranmadevi 755.95 1521.00 -765.05 -50.30 Semi Arid 14 Palayamkottai 704.87 1521.00 -816.13 -53.66 Semi Arid 15 Tirunelveli 584.37 1521.00 -936.63 -61.58 Semi Arid 16 Dam Camp 1512.63 1521.00 -8.37 -0.55 Dry humid

Climate

Two weather stations namely Kalampatti (Uppodai sub basin), Cheranmadevi

(Lower Tamiraparani) are in this basin. With the available data, Potential

Evapotranspiration collected from SG & SWRDC are 1502 mm and 1540 mm for the

Stations Kalampatti and Cheranmadevi respectively. The Location details of weather

stations considered for analysis are furnished in Table 11 Table 11 Weather Stations

Name of the weather Maintained Sl.No District Sub-basin station by

1 Kalampatti Thoothukudi Uppodai PWD

Lower 2 Cheranmadevi Thirunelveli PWD Tamiraparani

The climatological values of this river basin are given in Table 12.

Table 12 Climatological Parameters

Sl. Climatological Parameter Cheranmadevi No (Annual Average)

Average monthly temperature 1 32.66 Maximum in 0 Celsius

Average monthly temperature 2 25.82 Minimum in 0 Celsius 3 Average mean temperature in 0 Celsius 29.24

4 Average relative humidity in % 70.35

5 Average wind velocity in km/hour 2.17

6 Average Sunshine hours / day 5.41

7 Average Pan Evaporation in mm/month 166.31

Sl. Climatological Parameter Kalampatti No (Annual Average)

Average monthly temperature 1 31.97 Maximum in 0 Celsius

Average monthly temperature 2 25.60 Minimum in 0 Celsius 3 Average mean temperature in 0 Celsius 28.79 4 Average relative humidity in % 73.01 5 Average wind velocity in km/hour 3.32 6 Average Sunshine hours / day 7.19

7 Average Pan Evaporation in mm/month 161.34

Eto values (mm/month) of FCS for Thamirabharani basin Name of the basin

& FCS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Average Thamirab arani 115 113 126 136 144 130 125 124 117 124 118 123 125 basin - Kalampat .4 .8 .8 .8 .8 .4 .1 .6 .1 .8 .6 .7 .2 ti FCS

Surface water potential

The Tamiraparani system is one among the oldest irrigation systems in Tamilnadu. The river basin is divided into 7 sub basins namely Upper Tamiraparani, Manimuthar, Gadananadhi, Pachaiyar, Chittar, Uppodai and Lower Tamiraparani. There are 8 anicuts across Tamiraparani Main River. There are 17 anicuts across Chittar, 12 anicuts across Pachaiyar, 7 anicuts under Gadananadhi, 9 anicuts under Ramanadhi and 56 anicuts in the tributaries of Chittar. The last anicut i.e., Srivaikuntam anicut was constructed in 1873 and other anicuts were constructed well before this. The irrigation System Map showing the locations of Reservoirs and Anicuts are given in Figure 10.The Tamiraparani and flow diagrams are given in Figure 11 and Figure 12. Figure 10 Irrigation System Map of Thamirabarani River Basin

Figure 11 Flow Diagram of Thamirabarani River Basin

Figure 12 Flow Diagram of Chittar River Basin Reservoirs

Tamiraparani irrigation system is one of the major systems in Tamil Nadu with a command of about 1, 28,779 ha. Tamiraparani river has a perennial flow regulated by Papanasam and Servalar reservoirs, which impound the flows of Tamiraparani and Servalar rivers. Flows are regulated to meet out irrigation demands and to produce hydroelectric power. The details of the reservoirs, anicuts, tanks and channels are given in the tables 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.

Table 13 Reservoirs details of Tamiraparani River Basin

Sl. Name of the Capacity Catchment Water Spread Ayacut No. Dam/Reservoir MCM Sq. Km Area (Sq.km.) Ha. 1. Papanasam 155.76 193.02 2.24 34848 2. Servalar 35.00 110.00 100.00 34848 3. Manimuthar 156.00 162.00 9.398 8093.89 4. Vandalodai 1.64 13.33 0.48 49.15 5. Gadana 12.14 46.46 0.797 3794.54 6. Ramanadhi 4.30 16.60 0.31 2000 7. Vadakku Pachaiyar 12.51 35.09 1.85 3050 8. Gundar 0.71 9.92 0.14 454.06 9. Mottaiyar Reservoir 0.19 3.45 0.04 904.4 10. Adavinainar Koil 4.92 15.54 0.26 3093.14 11. Karuppanadhi 5.24 29.34 0.39 3850.57 Total 388.41 634.75 115.905 94985.75

Anicuts

Table 14 Details of Anicuts, Channels, Command Area and Tanks in Tamiraparani River Channel Command Area (Ha) No. Sl. Name of Name of the Length of No. Anicuts Channels (Km) Direct Indirect Total Tanks North 18.51 513.98 393.38 907.36 20 Kodaimelalagian 1 Kodaimelalagian South 8.64 357.06 -- 357.06 -- Kodaimelalagian 2 Nadhiyunni Nadhiyunni 11.55 1133.75 -- 1133.75 -- 3 Kannadian Kannadian 33.95 4181.20 879.82 5061.02 16 4 Ariyanayakipuram Kodagan 29.04 1147.71 1280.46 2428.16 17 5 Pazhavoor Palayam 42.46 1335.02 2509.06 3844.08 59 6 Suthamalli Tirunelveli 29.14 1034.85 1559.16 2594.00 23 Melakkal 19.84 1843.62 3329.86 5173.48 16 7 Marudur Keelakkal 17.92 1202.89 1952.60 3155.49 15 South Main 33.87 1090.28 4075.71 5165.99 15 8 Srivaikundam North Main 36.32 1330.77 3850.61 5181.38 6

Table 15 Anicuts across the River in Tamiraparani Basin:

Sl.No. Name of River No. of Anicuts 1 Tamiraparani 8 2 Manimuthar 1 3 Gadana 7 4 Ramanadhi 9 5 Jambunadhi 4 6 Pachiyar 12 7 Chittar Main 17

Table 16 Tributaries of Chittar

Sl.No. Name of River No. of Anicuts 1 Ayndaruviar 4 2 Hariharanadhi 8 Gundar (Sub tributary) 7 3 Aludhakanniar 8

4 Hanumanadhi 15 Karuppanadhi (Sub tributary) 6 5 Uppodai 3 Total 109

In Tamiraparani basin, most of the big tanks are provided with shutters on the surplus weir, which are manually controlled. There are very few tanks with uncontrolled weirs. However, the surplus weirs of all the small tanks are uncontrolled. These tanks do require periodical and annual maintenance. Table 17 Tank Details of Tamiraparani River Basin

Total Tanks Sl. Name of the Sub basin No. Nos. Capacity in Mcum Ayacut in Ha

1 Upper Tamiraparani 66 13.67 1063.23 2 Manimuthar 9 0.52 187.45 3 Gadana 120 15.16 2934.12 4 Pachaiyar 62 15.94 2364.14 5 Chittar 429 113.40 29708.3 6 Uppodai 29 25.28 2078.18 7 Lower Tamiraparani 344 210.13 22890.39 Total 1059 394.112 61225.8

Surface Water potential:

Surface water potential is computed by three methods. A. Rainfall-runoff coefficient method In this method, a coefficient of 0.15 for the plains and 0.20 for hilly terrains was used to arrive at the basin yield. The basin yield works out to 848.53 Mcum B. Surface water potential by Monthly Runoff Simulation (MRS) model According to this model, the basin yield works out to 883 Mcum C. Surface water potential by NWDA Approach According to this method, the basin yield works out to 875.61 Mcum Total surplus across Srivaikundam anicut at 75% dependability is 57.60 Mcum. So the total surface utilizable surface water potential is 825.4 Mcum

As the MRS model considers individual monthly rainfall values for analysis, the 75% dependable Annual Surface water potential, calculated using MRS model is taken for Water Balance calculations.

Table 12: 75% Dependable Surface Water Potential for the Thamirabarani River Basin 75% Dependable Surface Water Potential in Sl. No. Name of Sub basin Mcum SW NE NM Annual 14.14 86.76 30.25 131.15 1. Upper Tamiraparani 8.40 14.30 10.79 33.49 2. Manimuthar 8.96 81.07 8.86 98.89 3. Gadana Nadhi 4.52 8.27 10.22 23.01 4. Pachaiyar 28.71 156.85 62.41 247.97 5. Chittar 6.60 51.96 9.61 68.17 6. Uppodai 19.36 105.04 76.18 200.57 7. Lower Tamiraparani Total 90.69 504.25 208.32 803.25

South West Monsoon Potential 90.69 (or) 91 Mcum North East Monsoon Potential 504.25 (or) 504 Mcum Non Monsoon Potential 208.32 (or) 208 Mcum Annual Potential 803.25 (or) 803 Mcum

Inter Basin Transfer of Water (from Tamiraparani River Basin to Kallar)

Formation of flood carrier canal from Kannadian Channel to drought prone area of , Thisaiyanvilai by interlinking Tamiraparani, Karumeniyar and Nambiyar rivers in Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts of Tamil Nadu The scheme is proposed for interlinking of rivers Tamiraparani, Karumeniyar and Nambiyar by diverting surplus flood water from Tamiraparani river, through its existing Kannadian channel to drought prone areas of Sattankulam and Thisayanvilai. It is proposed to utilize 2765 Mcft of water out of 10800 Mcft of water which goes to sea as surplus water from Tamiraparani river. Due to implementation of this scheme 23040Ha of lands benefitted besides fulfilling the drinking water problem in this area.

Ground water potential

Occurrence of groundwater in sevensub basins of Tamiraparani River Basin

Table 18 presents the number of wells in every sub basin of Tamiraparani Basin and the geological formations in which these wells are sunk. The observation wells data reveals that the geological formations in Tamiraparani Basin commonly comprises of Charnockite, Gneiss, Calcareous Gneiss, Granitic Gneiss, Alluvium/Sand and Gondwana.It is obvious that most of the wells are sunk in Charnockite, Gneiss, Calcareous Gneiss,Granitic Gneiss and Alluvium formations.

Table 18 Extent of hilly area and number of observation wells in geological formations Hilly % of Sl. Geological formations & no. of observation wells Sub Basin Area Hilly No. (Sq.Km) Area ALV CGN CNK GGN GNS GWA GRT Upper 1 409.43 79.60 - - 1 - - - - Tamiraparani 2 Manimuthar 168.28 87.86 - - 1 - - - - 3 Gadana 103.53 23.17 - - 6 - 1 - - 4 Pachaiyar 94.12 32.62 - - 1 - 1 - 1 5 Chittar 259.65 15.62 - 1 9 1 12 - - 6 Uppodai 1.27 0.18 - - 3 - 6 - - Lower 7 30.57 1.62 5 1 6 - 17 - 1 Tamiraparani Total 1066.86 5 2 27 1 37 - 2

Note:

ALV - Alluvium/Sand CGN- Calcareous Gneiss GNS - Gneiss

CNK - Charnockite GGN -Granitic GneissGWA- Gondwana

GRT - Granite

Ground water potential in the basin The sub basin wise groundwater potential is presented in Table 19.

Table-19 Ground Water Potential Calculation as on Mar 2013 Ground Area Name of District Net water water covered covered available potential in % District wise

Thirunelveli 76.3 90839.84 69310.8

Thoothukudi 23.28 50683.95 11799.22

Kanyakumari 0.41 23958.61 98.23

Total 81208.25 Ha.m 812.0825 M.cum

Categorisation of blocks

The Change in classification of blocks in Tamiraparani Basin based on the level of Ground Water Development from 2003 to 2009 is given in Table 20.

Table 20 Categorization of blocks in Thamirabarani river Basin Sl. Categorisation Categorisation Block District No. of Block (2003) of Block (2009) 1 Alankulam Semi Critical Semi Critical 2 Ambasamudram Safe Safe 3 Cheranmadevi Safe Safe 4 Kadayam Safe Safe 5 Kadayanallur Tirunelveli Semi Critical Semi Critical 6 Kalakkadu Safe Safe 7 Keelapavoor Semi Critical Crtical 8 Kurivikulam Semi ctitical Over Exploited 9 Manur Safe Safe 10 Meenalithanallur Over Exploited Over Exploited 11 Nanguneri Safe Safe 12 Palayamkottai Safe Safe 13 Pappakudi Tirunelveli Safe Saf 14 Sankarankoil Over Exploited Over Exploited 15 Senkottai Safe Safe 16 Tenkasi Safe Safe 17 Vasudevanallur Semi Critical Semi Critical 18 Alwarthirunagar Safe Safe Thoothukudi Semi Critical Safe

19 Karunkulam 20 Kayathar Over Exploited Semi Critical 21 Kovilpatti Over Exploited Semi Critical 22 Ottapidaram Over Exploited Over Exploited 23 Satankulam Thoothukudi Over Exploited Over Exploited 24 Srivaikundam Semi Critical Safe 25 Thiruchendur Semi Critical Safe 26 Tuticorin Over Exploited Critical 27 Udangudi Over Exploited Over Exploited

Present and future water demands Domestic water demand The population of Tamiraparani River Basin arrived is projected and the domestic water demand for the present year 2017 and the target years 2020, 2030, 2040 & 2050 are given in Table 21. Table 21 Domestic water demand projection for Thamirabarani Basin

Year Population Demand

Urban 614000 2011 MLD M.cum Rural 2340000 2011 (As given by Urban 1364558 132.60 71.61 local bodies) Rural 1589442 63.58

Urban 1536714 149.26 2017 79.56 Rural 1717518 68.70

Urban 1630773 158.40 2020 83.88 Rural 1785376 71.42

Urban 1987903 193.09 2030 100.14 Rural 2031534 81.26

Urban 2423243 235.38 2040 119.66 Rural 2311631 92.47

Urban 2953920 286.93 2050 143.13 Rural 2630347 105.21 Rural=> Corporation +Municipality + Town Panchayat

Industrial water demand The estimated value of Industrial Water Demand in Tamiraparani River Basin for the present year and for the target years 2020, 2030,2040 and 2050 are given in Table 22. The total Industrial water demand of Tamiraparani River Basin for the years 2017,2020,2030, 2040 & 2050 is estimated as 63.24 Mcum, 79.98 Mcum, 172.04 Mcum, 371.06 Mcum & 801.63 Mcum respectively

Table 22 WATER DEMAND CALCULATION FOR SMALL, MEDIUM AND LARGE INDUSTRIES BASED ON INDUSTRY CENSUS AS TAKEN FROM IWS Average 2014 2017 2020 2030 2040 2050 Rate of Sl. Type of Water No. of No. industry consumption industry as given in as per Water No. of Water No. of Water No. of Water No. of Water No. of Water IWS m3/day IWS Demand industry Demand industry Demand industry Demand industry Demand industry Demand Small scale 1 industry 2.5 1033 0.94 1301 1.19 1639 1.5 3539 3.23 7640 6.97 16495 15.05 Medium & large scale 2 industry 2500 54 49.28 68 62.05 86 78.48 185 168.81 399 364.09 862 786.58 Total Demand in M.Cum 50.22 63.24 79.98 172.04 371.06 801.63

Total water demand The total water demand of Thamirabarani basin for the present year 2017 and the projected target years 2020, 2030 & 2040 are worked out as 1256.94 Mcum, 1277.46 Mcum, 1385.10 Mcum & 1604.22 Mcum respectively. Table 27

Demand of water in various sectors (MCM) Water availabilty (MCM) Area of Quantit Surplu Quantit Name of the No. of Surface Ground y of s / Sl. Yea y of the basin Sub Live Other water water recycled Deficit No r Irrigation Domestic Industries Total water Total basin (in basins stocks s potentia potentia water in from Sq.Km) l l from Mcum desilting Sewage 2017 1054.57 79.56 63.24 59.57 0.00 1256.94 883.00 812.08 123.81 44.88 1739.96 483.02

Thamira 2020 1054.57 83.88 79.98 59.03 0.00 1277.46 883.00 812.08 123.81 44.88 1739.96 462.50 1 5717.08 7 barani 2030 1054.57 100.14 172.04 58.35 0.00 1385.10 883.00 812.08 123.81 44.88 1739.96 354.86

2040 1054.57 119.66 371.06 58.93 0.00 1604.22 883.00 812.08 123.81 44.88 1739.96 135.74