Research Article [Vishwakarma, 4(3): March., 2013] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCES

Limnochemical characteristics of , , Santosh Vishwakarma Govt. Science & Commerce College, Benazeer, , (M.P.) - India

Abstract The present paper deals with the monthly interval variation of limnochemical characteristics of river Betwa during October 2011 to August 2012. Five major sampling station (10 sites) were selected, station- I Jhirri (1 to 2 sites), station- II Nayapura (3 to 4 sites), station- III (5 to 6 sites), station- IV Bhojpur (7 to 8 sites), station- V (9 to 10 sites). Various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hardness, Dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were measured, and standard methods were apply in the present work. Studies revealed high values of hardness, BOD and COD at station II Nayapura and station III mandideep, and low values of DO and pH at the station, where station I Jhirri, IV Bhojpur, and Vidisha low values of hardness, BOD and COD. High value of hardness, BOD and COD indicate the river water polluted at station II Nayapura and station III Mandideep.

Key-Words: Betwa river, mandideep, Nayapura, Physico-chemical parameters

Introduction Rivers have always been the most important fresh The water quality in the stretch of the river Betwa water resources and most developmental activities extending from its origin near Mandideep industrial are still dependent upon them. Rivers play a major area up to Bhojpur remains poor because of the role in assimilating or carrying industrial and regular inflow of domestic waste of the Bhopal municipal waste water, manure discharge and runoff city through the Kaliyasot river and water from agricultural field, road ways and streets industrial/domestic waters from Mandideep (Kori et. which are responsible for river pollution (Ward and al ., 2006). Study of different physico-chemical Elliot, 1995). The Betwa is a river Northern India, parameter revealed that the intensity of pollution and tributary of the Yamuna originating in the increased as the river was subjected to sewage and Kumra (Jhirri) village in dirtrict of Madhya industrial waste. In order to manage the pollution Pradesh, India. The river Betwa plays a significant load of river Betwa that pass nearby Mandideep role in the human life of the villages located in and Nayapura, it is recommended that various Mandideep, Nayapura and Bhojpur areas. It has methods of sewage industrial waste treatment become polluted at some places of Mandideep due should be used before disposal of effluents. to industrial activities and the confluence of Material and Methods sewage, domestic wastes and industrial effluents of Study area (sampling sites) many big and small enterprises with various types On the basis of the survey conducted and of organic compounds and heavy metals deterioted literature available, five station and ten (10) to human health and aquatic organisms. Urban monitoring sites were selected to sample water. areas, farms, factories and individual households – The sites were selected mostly on the basis of all contribute to the contamination of this river. various activities occurring on surrounding area of the river. Samples were taken at the following points during alternate month: * Corresponding Author Station I : River Betwa at Jhirri (1 to 2 sites). Email:[email protected], Station II : River Betwa at Nayapura village (3 to 4 [email protected] sites). Mob.: +91-9981780713 Station III : River Betwa at Mandideep where

industrial Nallah confluence with river water (5 to

6). Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 4, Issue 3: March: 2013, 2454-2457 2454

Research Article [Vishwakarma, 4(3): March., 2013] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Station IV : River Betwa at Bhojpur (7 to 8). and industrial waste. This gives valuable Station V : River Betwa at Vidisha (9 to 10). information about the pollution potential of Measurement of physico-chemical parameters: The industrial effluents and domestic sewage (Gupta et. physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, al ., 2003). In the present study the value of COD pH, dissolved oxygen, Biological oxygen demand and varies from 8 to 81.5mg/l. highest value of COD Chemical oxygen demand etc. were measured as per indicates that most of pollution in study zone in (APHA 1976) . Betwa river in caused by industrial effluents

Results and Discussion discharged by industrial units. Similar results were Temperature influences the life of all biological also reported by Pande and Sharma (1998) (Table organisms. During the period of study temperature No 1). was recorded ranged from 16 to 31 0C. The Acknowledgement variation is mainly related with the temperature of The author is thankful to Dr. Alok Varma and Dr. atmospheric and weather condition (Adebowale et. Geeta Saxena for their valuable suggestions and al., 2008). pH expresses the intensity of acidity or facilities providing me during this work. alkalinity of an aquatic environment. The pH References ranged from 5 to 9.2, the water was acidic at 1. Adebowale, K.O., F.O. Agunbiade and B.I. station II Nayapura and station III Mandideep. The (2008) Olu-Owolabi,.Impacts of natural and change in pH values of station II and III. It was anthropogenic multiple sources of pollution on observed that pH decreased. The reduction in the pH the environmental conditions of Ondo State of river Betwa could have been due to the Costal Water Nigeria. EJEAFChe, 7 (4): 2797- discharged industrial effluents. This result agrees 2811. with the reports by previous scientist (Edema et.al. , 2. APHA, (1976). American public Health 2006 ; Rim- Rukeh et.al ., 2006). Hardness is often association. used to assess the quality of water. Hard water 3. Edema MO, Omenu AM, Fapeta OM. contains large concentrations of alkaline earths (2006)Microbiology and physiological analysis dissolved from the drainage of calcium deposits of different sources of drinking water in (Wetzel, 1975). In the present study the observed Abeokuta. Nig.J. Microb., 13(1): 57-61. values ranged from 14.6 to 58.6 mg/l. The increase 4. Gupta,S., M. Bhatnagar and R. Jain,. (2003) in hardness can be attributed to the decrease in Physico-chemical characteristics and analysis water volume and increase in the rate of of Fe and Zn in tubewell water and sewage evaporation at high temperature, high loading water of Bikaner City. Asian J. Chem., 15: organic substances, detergent, chlorides and other 727. pollutants (Rajgopal et.al .,2010) (Table No 1 ). 5. Kori,R., Shrivastava, P.K., Upadhyay,N., Dissolved oxygen very crucial for the survival of Singh,R. (2006). Studies on presence of heavy aquatic organism, Yakub and Ugwvmba,(2009). The metals and halogenated hydrocarbons in river DO ranged from 2 to 12.3 mg/l. minimum DO was Betwa (M.P), India.No2/3: 147-153. recorded station II and III Nayapura and 6. Pande, K.S. and S.D. Sharma, (1998).Studies Mandideep. Minimum dissolved oxygen due to of toxic pollutants in Ramganga river at effluents discharge, Emongor et. al ., 2005, suggested Moradabad India. Envtal Geo., 1(2): 93-96. that the industries were releasing some organic 7. Rim-Rukeh A, Ikhifa GO, Okokoyo PA. substances that were high oxygen demanding (2006) Effects of agricultural activities on the wastes. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is an water quality of Orogodo River, Agbor, Nig. J. important parameter which is widely used to Appl. Sci. Res., 2(5): 256-259. determine the pollution load of waste water. The 8. Rajagopal T., Thangamani A., Sevarkodiyone aim of BOD test is determine the amount of bio- S. P., Sekar M. and Archunan G., (2010), chemically oxidisable carbonaceous matter (Gupta et. Zooplankton diversity and physicochemical al ., 2003). BOD value of river water ranged 2 to conditions in three perennial ponds of 15mg/l. high value of BOD recorded at station II Virudhunagar district, Tamilnadu. Journal of and III. These were due to higher rate of Environmental Biology 31:265- 272. decomposition of organic matter at higher 9. Sanap, R.R. Mohite, A.K. Pingle, S.D. and temperature, turbidity and less water current (Sanap Gunale, V.R, (2006) evaluation of water et.al ., 2006). Chemical oxygen demand is a test qualities of Godawari river with reference to which is used to measure pollution of domestic Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 4, Issue 3: March: 2013, 2454-2457 2455

Research Article [Vishwakarma, 4(3): March., 2013] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 physicochemical parameters, dist. Nasik 11. Wetzel, R.G. (1975). Limnology . W B. Saundrs (M.S.), India. Poll. Res., 25(4), pp 775-778. Co., Philadelphia , p. 980. 10. Yakub, A.S. and Ugwumba, A.A.A.(2009). 12. Ward A.D., Elliot W.J. (1995). Enviornmental Study on the macroinvertebrates fauna of Hydrology. Lewis publishers, Boca Radittaton, cower Ogun river at ishasi, Ogun state south Florida. west Nigeria. The Zoologist Vol.7: 65-74.

Table 1: Studies of different parameters of River Betwa, Bhopal, (M.P.) Months Sites 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 M Temperature Oct. 21 20 20.5 21 21.4 22 20 21.1 22 22.4 21 Dec. 19 18 19.4 19 17.3 18.3 19.2 20 20.5 17.7 18.6 Feb. 16.3 17.5 17.2 18 16.5 18.5 19.2 17 19 18.5 17.5 Apri. 23 23.5 24.3 22 23 24 21 23 23.2 23.5 23 Jun. 30 30.2 31.3 29.5 32 31 31.6 30.2 32.2 31.2 31 Aug. 24 24.3 23 22 24 23 21 23.2 23 24.3 23.1 pH Oct. 7.3 7.1 6.2 6.4 5.4 5.8 7.5 6.7 8.9 7 6.8 Dec. 7.4 7.8 5.5 6 5.8 6.3 7.4 8.3 6.8 7.5 6.8 Feb. 7.2 7 6.3 6.5 5.7 5.3 8.2 8 7.8 7.1 7 Apri. 8.1 8.4 6.2 6.1 6 5.5 7.6 6.7 7.3 8.2 7.2 Jun. 7 7.2 6.4 6.3 6.1 6 7.7 7.4 8.2 8.5 7 Aug. 8.8 8.4 5.6 5 5.3 5.5 8.1 7.4 6.8 7.2 6.7 Hardness Oct. 16 16.2 40 40.4 52.4 50.5 20.2 20.5 22 22.6 30.8 Dec. 15 15.8 42.4 42.8 50.5 52.2 18.4 18.9 20.2 20.8 34 Feb. 14.2 14.8 38.2 36.8 48.4 48.6 20.4 20.6 24.5 24.4 29 Apri. 15.6 15.9 35.6 35.8 50.5 50.8 22.4 22.8 21.4 21.6 29.2 Jun. 18.4 18.8 36.2 36.5 58.4 58.6 24.4 24.6 24.8 24.9 32.5 Aug. 16 16.8 35.4 35.6 54.8 54.2 22 22.4 21.5 21.8 30 Dissolved oxygen Oct. 8.4 8.2 2.1 2.2 2 1.8 7.6 8 8.2 7.5 5.6 Dec. 10.2 12.3 2.4 2 2.1 2.5 10 10.7 9.8 9.7 7 Feb. 8.8 9.9 2.2 2. 3 3.1 7.2 8.2 8 8.4 5.7 Apri. 7.1 7.2 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.1 7.8 8.3 7.5 7.1 5.4 Jun. 5.8 6.2 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.3 6.2 6.9 6.5 6.1 4.3 Aug. 6.8 6.5 2.2 2.4 3.2 3.4 7.6 7.8 6 6.5 5.2

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Research Article [Vishwakarma, 4(3): March., 2013] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Biological oxygen demand Oct. 2.4 2.5 7.4 7.5 12.3 14.6 2.5 2.4 4.2 3.4 6 Dec. 3.4 2.2 8 8.5 10.2 12.3 4.7 4.4 2.8 2.5 6 Feb. 2.5 2.9 8.5 8 9 11.5 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 5.1 Apri. 3.2 4.4 10.5 10.2 9.8 10.4 3.5 4.8 2.5 2.8 6.2 Jun. 4.4 4.2 11 10.5 10.6 11.8 2.1 3.8 2.5 3.5 6.4 Aug. 3.5 3.8 9.4 9.2 12.1 14.6 2.5 2.6 4.4 4.2 6.6 Chemical oxygen demand Oct. 10.1 11.4 42.3 42.2 70.5 71.2 12.5 12.2 11.6 11.5 29.5 Dec. 8.4 8.5 38.6 38.2 78.9 72.5 11.3 13.5 12.2 13.8 29.5 Feb. 9.5 9.8 39.2 40 60.6 64.2 10.6 10.5 10.8 10.4 26.5 Apri. 10.5 10.6 42.5 40.3 64.2 68.5 11.4 10.3 11.5 12.2 28.2 Jun. 12.5 12.2 43.3 41.4 82.5 82.2 10 10.4 11.5 12.4 28.8 Aug. 11.5 10.3 42.8 40.6 80.8 81.8 12.5 12.4 13.2 13.6 31.9

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