CEU eTD Collection Second reader:Prof.IlonaSármány-Parsons Supervisor: Prof.GáborGyáni Century: AcasestudyoftheAndrássyandKárolyifamilies’ country The SymbolicRoleofHungarianNobl In partial fulfilment of the houses (Betlér andNagykároly) houses (Betlér Central European University History Department Budapest, Master ofArts Submitted to Zsuzsa Sidó 2010 By requirements ofthedegree

e ArchitectureintheLate19

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CEU eTD Collection made without thewrittenpermission oftheAuthor. any suchcopies made. Furthercopiesmade in Central EuropeanLibrary.Detailmaybeobtainedfr part may bemade accordancewiththein onlyin Copyright inthetextofthisthes is restswiththeAuthor.Copies accordance withsuchinstructionsmay notbe structions givenbytheAuthorandlodgedin om thelibrarian. Thispagemust bepartof by anyprocess,eitherinfullor i CEU eTD Collection The most important sources inmy analysis are the buildings themselves. historical analysisandwiththehelpofc the architecturalmorphologythr buildings, theirinteriorsand fulfilled the symbolic andpractical tasksIshall belooking atthe spatial structure of the with thepastandmodern design.Inorderto interpretation oftheseemingly contradictorych developments. Thisismysecondargument. Thus living (suchascomfort andprivacy)whichwere on theconceptof the andits architecture hadsymbolic political reforms. Inmy understanding, thecountr the Hungarianaristocracyinsecondpartof the19 The aim thesisistoexamine ofthe thesymbolic However, primarily ahome, thecountryhouse architecture parlante.

ontemporary photographsandnewspaperdescription. ontemporary Abstract investigate andunderstand aracter ofthecountryh andpracticalfunctions organized accordingto meanings. Therefore, Ibuildmy firstargument y housewasatoolinthedisplayofpowerfor , thispaperdealswiththeinvestigationand was subordinatedtothepracticalneedsof th century,aperiodofmajor socialand ough arthistoricalandsocial the newesttechnological ouses: permanentdialog thewaycountryhouses of thecountryhousefor ii CEU eTD Collection APPENDI 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... CONCLUSION Modernity andth Representation THE QUESTFOR Ancestryand Symbols Power...... of Ancestry and Hi THE QUESTFO The Representational Function of the Country House...... The SocialPosition of theHungarian Ar The Symbolic Meaningof THE QUESTFO INTRODUC TABLE OFCO II ...... ABSTRACT ...... 70 X...... IN...... 1 TION...... n ofr ...... and Comfort storicism...... itrsu ...... e Picturesque ...... 60 S...... TNS...... III NTENTS...... R POWE R MEANI COMFOR AcietrlFrs...... ArchitecturalForms ...... 27 R...... G...... 9 ...... NG ...... 42 ...... T istocracy in the Second Part ofthe 19 Table ofContents th Cnuy...... 16 Century ...... 28 ...... 43 ...... 57 ...... 34 ...... 9 ...... 24 iii

CEU eTD Collection NógrádCounties) (Budapest, 1987). 1 country houses:permanent dialogw deals withisthe investigation andinterpretation organized accordingtothenewest house wassubordinatedtothepracticalneeds of aristocracy anditsarchitecturehadsymbolic m was contested.Inmy understandi the endof19 country house wastheconditionoftitle. the aristocracy.Itwasa major socialandpoliticalreforms. country housefortheHungarianaristocracyinsecondpartof19 promising fieldofinvestigationforcultural,socialandarthistorians. around thecountryhouse,whichhoweverisnot symbolism behind them. Those unde architect. Evenfewerinvestigate thewaycountry gofurtherandthinkabout Bolsheviks. Fewpeople The viewofacountryhouseforsome peopleis

EdeBadál,Kastélyok,kúriák Pest,HevesésNógrád megyében In thepresent thesis Iwould liketoexamine th century, whenthestructureofsoci sine quanonofaristocraticmembership, inmany casesownershipofa

ng, thecountryhousewasatoolin technologicaldevelopments. The The roleofthecountryhouse asastatussymbol wasvitalfor ith thepastandmodern design. r thespellof Introduction 1 Thissituationdidnotchangesignificantlyevenat eanings. However,primarily ahome, thecountry of theseeminglycontradi houseswereused,theirsocialmilieu andthe living aswell,suchcomfort,whichwere independent from thesocietyandoffersa the symbolic andpracticalfunctionsofthe (Country Houses and Manor House in Pest, Heves and pleasing;othersimmediately turninto family history,ar family “old times” find aseparatelittleworld ety waschanging a main problem thatthispaper the display of power for the thedisplayofpowerfor th ctory characterofthe chitectural styleand century,aperiodof nd theirtopposition 1 CEU eTD Collection Universtity Press, 1979). Universtity Press, 1979). English countryhouse. aristocracy. Thispotentialwasfirstreali 4 3 2 centuries. Each partofthebookcontainssubheadings, which offer asurveyofthegeneral 1620-1920 givesadetailedpictureofthedomestic houses, thenPeterThorntonisamust forinteriordesign. of theFrencharistocracy house. Basedonastructuresimilar tohisfirstb the two,butalsoachanceforanalyzinginfluence ofthesemodels ontheHungariancountry and theEnglish.BywritingthesebooksGirouard House English countryhouses,Girouardcam offers avaluablemodel forthecriticaluseof country houseandabouttheactiv social historicalapproachesas country house. Heisanarchitectural historia and ofsocialeventsGirouardlookedintotheso literature, buildingplansandphotographs)combined country housesofthepastfivecenturies.With theuseofprimary so he drewexemplarily vividpicturesofthear Peter Thornton, Mark Girouard, Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House: a Country House: English Life inthe Mark Girouard, . 3 The researchoncountryhousesoffersa If MarkGirouardprovidesabasicreadingfo Thetwomain modelsfor aristocracy inth Authentic décor: The domestic interior 1620-1920 interior domestic The décor: Authentic Country House, theFrench Life in 2 Girouardoffered amodel for combining visual and writtensources, and with socialinsightandar

well,beingthefirst towrite ities notonlyoftheownersbut e upwithitsFrenchequivalent, zed byMarcGirouardinhisfamousbook, London: Cassell. 2000. Cassell. 2000. London: n, butasthetitleofbooksuggestshebuilton social andarchitectural history, (New Haven: Yale istocracy’s everydaylifethroughthesurveyof literary andvisualsources.Afterhisbookabout ook theauthorsurveyedlifeandlivingspace offered notjustagroundforthecomparison of cial arrangements thatshapedtheplanof chitectural connoisseurship. eir domestic buildingactivity weretheFrench good groundofanalysis withthedescriptionofindividualbuildings r thearchitecturalhi interiors inWester , (London: Weidenfeldand Nicolson, 1985). 4 Authentic décor: Thedomesticinterior about theinnerdynamicsof alsooftheservants.Thebook Life in the French Country Life intheFrenchCountry urces (family archives, story ofthecountry n Europeofthree of the life of the of thelife Life inthe

2 CEU eTD Collection Massachussetts - London, England, 103-125; (1980):pp. 8. romantikus kastélyépítészethez”( Bayern, Österreichund Südtirol In Century) the 19th in in Hungary Architecture House (Country Jahrhundrt” 19. im Architecture.“ at Vép in Vas county), in in at Vépin Vas county), publishinghisopusonthesubjectwrotenumerousJózsef Sisa,who,before articles. synthesis oftheHungariancoun developed inthebeginningof1980s,th to circahundredbuildingsa original useandwith in thefactthattheirauthorssawandphoto-documented thec 8 7 6 5 crucial forthecountryhouseresearch.Thein Rados contemporary aspirations. is richincontemporary publicati considered authentic;noroom survivedin theway utilizes visual images: heusesonly illust Whatarchitecture andfurnishing. architectural andartisticdevelopment, thepl Corvina, 1981). 1981). Corvina, romantika építészete Magyarországon in in Hungary) building house c1931) c1931) Just to mention a few: József Sisa, “A vépi volt Erd Dénes Komárik, “A romantikus kastélyépítészet kezdetei Magyarországon” (The beginnings of romantic country József Biró, Jen ő Rados, Rados, 5 andwascontinuedbythebookofJózsefBiró In Hungarytheresearchaboutcountryhousesstartedin 1930swiththeworkofJen Erdélyi kastélyok Erdélyi Magyar kastélyok The New Hungarian Quarterly New Hungarian The The Architecture of HistoricHungary M ű emlékvédelem Építés-Építészettudomány (Transylvanian Country Houses), (Budapest: Új id (Hungarian Country Houses), (Budapest: M (Budapest: Houses), Country (Hungarian 9 (1987): pp. 203-207. pp. 203-207. 9 (1987):

Addendum to the Hungarian romantic country house building) in building) house country romantic Hungarian the to Addendum nd didnotconcentrateonthe19

1998. chs. 7, 8; József Sisa interior decoration.AlthoughRados and Birólimited theirresearch (Revival architecture in ons aboutinteriordesign,which makesthebookimportant formy try housearchitecture,however, 21 (1977, 3): pp. 170-172; József Sisa, “Adalékok amagyarországi . 23 (1982, 87): pp. 182-185; József Sisa, József 182-185; pp. 87): . 23 (1982, ő rations from thetime becauseonlythosecanbe dy-kastély Vasmegyében” (The former Erd anks toDénesKomárik andAnnaZádor. anning andarrangement a 7 (1975, 3-4): pp. 341-451; Anna Zádor, Zádor, Anna 341-451; pp. 3-4): 7(1975, terest incountryhousesofthelate19 (ed. Dora Wiebenson and József Sisa). Cambridge, it wasfirst designed. Aside from this,the text

Hungary: classicismand romanticism) (Budapest: “English InfluenceHungarian on Romantic 6 . Theimportanceofboththesebookslies ű emlékek Országos Bizottsága, 1939, th hosen countryhousesintheir century, their help megrasptherangeof ő is linkedwiththename of thesisisthewayThornton k, 1997 [c1943]) k, [c1943]) 1997 Arx,Burgen und Schlösserin

“Der Schlossbau in Ungarn nd finallytheinterior ő A klasszicizmus és contribution is dy country house house country dy Ars Hungarica th century 7 The

ő 3 8

CEU eTD Collection Department for History of Architecture and Monuments, 2007. 2007. and Monuments, of Architecture History for Department Economics, and Technology of the Budapest University to submitted dissertation PhD 1720-1920), between Magyarországon Csaba J.Fekete,10 Vince 2007). Kiadó, (Budapest: ageof The historicism) in Hungary: Culture House Country 9 József Sisa, Kastélyépítészet éskastélykultúra Magyarországon: A historizmus kora (Country House-Building and architecture isevenmore pronouncedinthelate19 they havealwaysbeenpartofthearistocr fresh methods andapproachesforthepresentstudy. of therooms withinthebuildingarejustafewcriteriagivenbyCsabaJ.Fekete.Hisworkoffers opposing thetraditions,th transformations intasteonthestructure of focused onthechangesininteriorofcoun development ofrepresentativespacesinaristo structures ofthecountryhouses.CsabaJ.Feke Hungarian aristocracyandtheircountryhouses. sources anddetailedbibliography)makes itabril and itsrichnessindata(listof subject fromtheperspectiveofso architecture. Theauthorisanarthistorian, but because itisanup-to-dateandthe most in-depth studyoftheHungariancountry house Kastélyépítészet éskastélykultúra M Needless tosay,parksareequallyimportant inthecontextofcountryhousebuilding; It isimportant toanalyzenotjusttheexterior andtheinteriors butalsothespatial (Function Constitution and Space Conversion in in Conversion andSpace Constitution (Function Funkciószervezés és téralakítás a reprezentatív areprezentatív éstéralakítás Funkciószervezés e privatevs.semi-public character

architects,buildingsgroupedaccor cial historyaswell. agyarországon: Ahistorizmuskora the spacewithin thebuilding. Thenewfunctions s doctoral dissertation cratic buildings.Inhisdoctoral atic life-. Theuni influenced byGirouard, try house.Heconcentrated liant startingpointfor te isanarchitectw th century,whentheEnglishgardenwasin The bookisapioneeringworkinitsfield Representative Private Architecture in Hungary Private Hungary Architecture in Representative fõúri magánépítészetben az 1720 és 1920 közötti közötti 1920 és 1720 az magánépítészetben fõúri of the country house and the place of thecountryhouseandplace ding todifferentcriteria,listed 9 ty betweennatureand iscentralformythesis, ho isdealingwiththe he tried toanalyze the my researchaboutthe ontheeffectof 10 he he 4 CEU eTD Collection Central European architecture, 1867-1918 architecture, European Central situation. In thiswaythefirstreason whythe regional differencesbetweenthem, whichmanifest comparative basis.When discussingHungarian century modernity. 12 11 building type,whichhadaspecia country housesspeakandwhatdotheysay,one evoke certainfeelingsandreac of countryhousearchitecturecan sporadically intheabovementioned works,wasnot for thisthecountryhou are concerned. style ofpublicbuildingsandtheso is insearchforsymbolic forms. rhetorical power of ornamental elements speak explicitly of thestructure’s purpose or function; it buildings which withtheir overall architectural fo Ledoux, theconceptof attention. vogue. Althoughitisnotcen Galavics, University of Chicago Press, 2006) 2006) Press, of Chicago University buildings speak : architecture as language in the Habsburg Empire and its aftermath, 1867-1933 Especially interesting are Ákos Moravánszky, Moravánszky, areÁkos interesting Especially is Asurvey garden of theEnglish given by Buttlar: Adrian My thesisbuildsontheassumption that Magyarországi angolkertek angolkertek Magyarországi 11 My paperwill deal with twocountryhouses

12 The architecture parlante architecture parlante ses offerafruitfulopportunity.Op tral forthepresentstudy,lands

in Hungary) Gardens (English Thereisalargeamount ofwork tions. Moreimportantly, byan contribute toabett cial message theyconvey,especi (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c1998); Anthony Alofsin, Alofsin, Anthony c1998); Mass.: Press, MIT (Cambridge, l rolefortheHungarianaris Competing visions: aesthetic invention and social imagination in canbeidentified indomes is often usedin theart historical works,referring to Károlyi and Andrássyfamilies arerepresentative can understandthesymbolic importance ofthis aristocracy oneneedstokeepinmind the rm aswell withtheircarefully calculated architecture doesconveyameaning. Since in theirpoliticalviews andintheireconomic explored fully. The examination of this side exploredfully.Theexamination ofthisside Az angolkert Az angolkert er understandingof oftworenownedfamilies, butnotona (Budapest:Balassi Kiadó,1999) portunity which,althoughappearing cape gardeningwillalsoreceive swering thequestionsofhow (The English Garden) s dealingwithth tocracy inthecontextof19 ally asfarnationalstyles tic architecture aswell,and why thesebuildings (Chicago :The e architectural - When Géza th 5

CEU eTD Collection 13 object oftheanalysis.However, since bothcountryhousesunderwent certainmodifications and architectural morphology (theanal arrangement withinthe plan,th the symbolic andpracticaltasksIshallbelooking technological modernity. Inordertoinvestig be examined asaproductof and eclecticism, theself-conscious forms asamanifestation oftheowner’sandth which looksatthedevelopment ofabuildingt country houseasaform ofco bathrooms. Andrássy buildingwaskeptuntilnowadays, which hadtheprimary roleofthedisplay because thestyleofKárolyicountryhousefits the comfort function onthelattercase. Forthisanalysis these twobuildingsaresuitable.First residence, theaccents purposes. Thusatthesame time itispossibletoseeapermanent residenceandasummer/autumn nest,whilethebuildi Nagykároly wasthefamily country houses. impressive: within aperiodof for theNorth-EastHungarianaristocracyTheKáro Sisa 2007, p. 20 The most importantsources inmy analysis Such ananalysishastwoappr 13 TheAndrássyfamily wasnotlessactiv ofanalysisinthecasefi

a greatrevolutioninthestate mmunication ofthearistocracy;an less than hundredyearsthey builtormodifiedmorethanten e relationofthe rooms toeach ysis ofarchitecturalforms). examination ofhistoricalcategor oaches: asocialhistoricalone ate andunderstandthewaycountryhouses fulfilled e architect’svision.The power; secondly, the interior furnishing of the power; secondly,theinteriorfurnishingof ype takingintoconsiderationthearchitectural and hasanimpressive number (twelve)of ng inBetlérwasusedmainly forrecreational at thespatialstructure lyi family’s countryhous intothearchitecturaltrendofperiod, are thebuildings themselves, they arethe rst beingonthesym e inthissense.Thecountryhouse of historicalknowledgeand other) theirinteriors andthe y ofstyleinar d anarthistoricalapproach lookingatth phenomena ofrevivalism of thebuildings,(room bolic function,andon e buildingactivityis chitecture will will chitecture e roleofthe 6 CEU eTD Collection 1500 postcards-specializesin especially valuable forcountryhouseresearch, b pictures suitableforpostcards.Thecollection although thisisrare.Theent illustrations ofchurches, villages, fortresses, countryhouses andsometimes theinteriors, collecting postcardswasinvogueamongwell-to-do 15 14 the authorityandsocialpowerofowner. given –asituationwhichwascloselylinkedwith the function ofthecountryhousestostandfor presentation ofthesocial,econom of thecountryhousefollows, placedinthecontex the issueofhowbuildingcanconveysymbolic the ratherdescriptiveart in viewofthesocialcontext. Thedemonstra atmosphere, colourandusageofspaces.Naturally visitor. They often compensate for thelimitation ground fortheinterpretationofarchitecturalforms, of thephotographerGyörgyKlöszare because thesearethemost fragilepartsof contemporary images. changes infunctiontheexamination would BA thesis submitted to the Babes-Bolyai University to submitted BA thesis Hilda Horváth, Ibolya Erdei, The thesis has three sections.Thefirstone Other significant sourcesarememoirs and A gróf Károlyi család nagykárolyi kastélya Régvolt magyarkastélyok 14 Thelatterare especially important inthediscussion of the interiors, historical methodology,butalso husiasts ofthishobbyevenco

thiskindofbuildings. ic andpoliticalsituat (Olden Hungarian Coutry Houses) (Budapest: Gemini,1998), p. 7. p. Gemini,1998), (Budapest: Houses) Coutry Hungarian (Olden indispensable totheresearch. Cluj Napoca, History- Department, 2008. 2008. Department, History History-Art Napoca, Cluj a countryhouse.Atthebeginning ofthe20 tion ofmy arguments willbesupportednotonlyby of CountessTeleki,JúliaKende(1864-1937)is ecause her collection –comprising of more than , (The Károly Family’s Country House at Nagykároly), s ofothersources,thus be impossible without original plans and contemporary newspapers.Bothofferagood the interpretationofsourceswillbemade message. Adefinitionofthearistocracyand sincetheywerewrittenbytheusersor gives theframe ofinterpretationaddressing individuals. Thankstothiswehavemany 15 t oftherelevantliterature.Alsoherea ion oftheHungarianaristocracywillbe ThecollectionsofJánosKeglevichand bysociologicalinquiries. mmissioned photographerstomake offering asenseofthe th century 7 CEU eTD Collection However, itisintendedtoofferanewperspective. has itslimitations anditdoesnotdofulljustice illustrative forthewholeHungarian aristocracy. representation. Althoughthe and Iamhopingtoshedlightonthelinks subjectivity thaninthe This phenomenon, inmyopinioncanratherbe postcards the interior of thesebuildings isove increased importanceputonhyg examination pointsare thesize-function-location modernization andtechnological addressed inthenextsection.Thegeneral explain thearistocracy’spassi whole initssurroundingandalso useful frame ofinterpretationforthearchitectur context ofhistoricism, whichasabynowaccepte well, likethe staircaseorthereception hall.To representation, ofdisplay examining thecountryhousesIarguethatex This studyispositioned atthejunctionofarta The coreofmy thesisconsists of twomain parts. Bu The practicalfunctionsofthecountryhouse, context ofhistoricism. power.Tothisfunction paper isbasedoncasestudies,theresu on forhistoricalstyles. by identifyingtheemblematic ar innovation aswellbytheque iene. Asidentified incont framework ofthispartisgivenbythe19 al polyglotism. Looking at the country house as a al polyglotism.Lookingatthecountryhouseasa rwhelmed withfurniture between thearchitecturallanguageandsocial to thesocialsignificanceofcountryhouse. demonstrate thisIwill putmy analysisinthe This approach andinterpretationalframework relationship ofthedifferentrooms andthe d andresearchedarchitecturalstyle offersa putinthecontext terior of thebuildings fulfilled theroleof interior contributed as certain featuresintheinteriorcontributedas toprovidethebest nd architectural history withsocialhistory emporary descriptionsandon ilding onprevious chitectural elements Ihopeto lts oftheinvestigationare st forcomfort.Themain and decorativeobjects. livingconditions,are of individualism and studiesand th century 8 CEU eTD Collection “reading” it. methods, onethinghoweveriscommon:theyallte to theusersoftheirbuildings.Theyhavebeen understood byanalogytolanguage: of meaning. What unitestheseapproaches,howe others wouldinterpret itasaself-contained sign understood asanexpressionoftheunderlyingsocialor architecture -likea archaeologists, historians ofarchitecture,artsoci The architecture asasourceofevidenceha have suchasuggestivepower. more interesting toinvestigate whythebuilding of thecountryhouseasastatussymbol forthe certain socialorder,awayoflife–th about anoldencountryhousesurroundedbyanicepa The reasonwhypeoplethinkwithadmiration, curios

ll thearts -isanemanation of the The SymbolicMeaningofArchitecturalForms The Quest for Meaning a ‘code’capabletocommunicate e countryhousemeans something tothem.Therole system, withitsowngrammar,syntax,andways ologist andhistoriansas s beenstudied and usedbyarthistorians, aristocracy iswithout question. However,itis can inducesuchfeelings,howitispossibleto applyingdifferentap nd tointerpretthemean ver, istheid rk isthatthey ity, romantic feelings der, orasanaspectofdeepculture.Still Zeitgeist. Forothers,itshouldbe associatethe ea thatarchitecturecanbe thearchitect’s‘intentions’ well.For some writers, proaches anddifferent ing ofarchitectureby or withresentment building witha 9 CEU eTD Collection Two. 58 (1999): p. 296. 18 17 16 visual aspect ofaworkart(aesthetic, religi include both“meaning” and“expression”aselemen which isbuiltupbydiverselayersofcommunica recognized intheworks?” societies?” And more importan live beyondtheirtime andseem expressiveandm time, society,orfunction-eventhoughtheyarenot originate asproductsofhuman ac of thesociologyartisque Deinhard givesthedefiningfeatures sociology ofart.Inherbook of decipheringvisualtexts. approach inarthistory,theeval analysis since “images canbearwitnesstowhat isnotput intowords.” Themost important construction, andvisualnarrative. history hasdevelopeddi aesthetic value-system andhasan From theperspectiveofarthistory, architectur to mean with its aesthetic charac Hanna Deinhard, Meaning and Expression: Toward a sociology of art PeterBurke, Alina A.Payne,“Architectural Hi A more favourableapproachtointerpretingar Eyewitnessing:images Theuseof ahistoricalevidence 18 17 scourses andtoolsparticularly Sociologiststendtoconsiderart, Thisisonewayofinterpretingar storyand the History of Arts,”

uation oftheiconogra Meaning andExpression: Towardasociologyofart tly “howcantheageandsoci teristics; that is, itfits toacertainculture’s beauty idealsand tivity withinapa 16 imprintontheviewerwithit stion: Howisitpossiblethat ofasociologyart.Sheargues PeterBurkeisexploringtheva ous, philosophicalorpoli tion. According to Deinhard all works of art tion. AccordingtoDeinhardallworksofart eaningful incompletelyeaningful differentepochsand rticular time andsociet ts. “Meaning” is variable, independent of the ts. “Meaning”isvariable,independentofthe necessarilyproduced as‘worksofart’-can e asaform of art iscapable tomanipulate, phical approach,ispr chitecture isofferedfrom thesideof Journal of the Society of the Society Journal of (London: Reaktion Books, 2001), Chapter Chapter Books, 2001), Reaktion (London: . (Boston:BeaconPress,1970), p.3. relating torepres and thusarchitectureasalanguage chitecture, butnottheonlyone. s technical,visu worksofart,whichalways ety that produced them be ety thatproducedthem be lue ofimages forhistorical that“thepointofdeparture tical), while“expression” y andforaparticular Architectural Historians esented asaprocess entation, image al quality.Art , Hanna 10

CEU eTD Collection organization 23 22 21 20 19 Because thisartimagery belongs tothe rule the MiddleAgesaspecificimagery came tobirthwhichsupported the pageantry andarchitectureallservedth with theprimary roleofpersuasion.Etique usually connected with thepolitical power,asystem ofallegories,symbols whicharecreated ‘reprezentáció’ hasameaning of’reflection’ of the meaning ofavisualorconceptu Latin culture. architecture asatool,media throughwhicht instrument amongthesetofactivi incomplete andpartialperspectiveonthephe organization oflanguagethroughastudypropernouns.” “The attempt to developasemioticsofbuildingsisratherliketryingunderstandthe them incontext.We cannotadequatelyunde interpreted from thisapproach.Themet the problems aroundwhat ‘historical reality’ is; still, wecannotfind a certainhistoricalreality.Letussayweneglect art, thatis,itcanberecognizedasaproductof is identified withthevisualfeatures ofthework. Ellenius, p. 3. and Le Propaganda Iconography, (ed.), Allan Ellenius Preziosi, p.15. Deinhard, p.1-3.

Donald Preziosi, Donald representatio Other sociologistsgofurtherandadmit thedi 21 Representation isthereforecentralto the process by whichmeaning isproduced. In (The Hague:Mouton, 1979), pp. 1-3. Architecture, Language and Meaning: The origins of the built world itssemiotic and world thebuilt of The origins Meaning: and Language Architecture, means illustrating, inEnglishandFrenchtheword‘representation’ carries

ties ofthehuman,” thesolutionPr al image, asymbol orametaphor. hodological issuesseem tobeignored. e purposeofpropagandaandlegitimation.

nomenon. Since“architecture Press, 1998), p. 2. p. Press, 1998), Claredon (Oxford: gitimation rstand anyform ofcomm r orrulinggroupitauto something. The metaphors ofrepresentationare houghts, ideasandfeelingsarerepresentedina tte handbooks, portraiture, ceremonies, court tte handbooks,portraiture,ceremonies, court 19 Thesetwocontributetothetimelessness of fficulty of visual semiotics, trying to put 20 Thisinevitably leads toan eziosi offersistolookat 22 how InHungariantheword unication in a vacuum: unication inavacuum: matically becomes the power representation is theparexcellence architecturecanbe 23 Thussince 11 . CEU eTD Collection “Queen Anne” movement 1860-1900 An Outline of European Architecture European of Outline An 28 27 26 25 24 written languageandwhilethisreadingwaspr history, whichwasbasedontheassumption that instead ofindividualsandfacts. intellectual, social andspiritualactivity” and“concentrating ontheoreticallyconstructed types” warned, thedangersofthisapproachliesin“seekingtotalconsistencythroughallfields buildings: eacharchitecturalstylewasanalog Anne” revival of middle-class identity. the expressionofscholasticism; baroqueand and politicaldevelopments. Pevesner andPanovskyarchitecturalstyleswerepresumed tobeindicativeofsocial,intellectual connected with thename ofHegel,whodevelope is anindexofthespirittime inwhichitwasproduced.However,theterm Winkelmann’s insight into amore systematic theory. “present apicture of themorals andspiritof the eighteenthcentury.Asearly values of specific historical milieu. equivalent ofsupreme quality.Nowart,asa (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, c1994), p. xvi. p. c1994), England, Pressof New NH:University (Hanover, David Watkin, Panofsky, Ervin 6-7. p. Tanner, Jeremy Tanner (ed.), The Sociology of Art: areader Moxey, Holy, Keith Michael Ann Bryson, Norman The ideathatarchitectureconveyedsocial,in , (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, c1977), p. 6-7. 6-7. p. c1977), Press, 1984, Chicago of University , (Chicago: and Architecture Morality Geschichte derKunstdesAlterthums Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism and Architecture Gothic 26 According tothese pioneeringsu

(New Haven and London: Yale London: Penguin Books, 1990); Marc Girouard, Marc Girouard, Books, 1990); Penguin London: 28 as1752,theComte deCaylus Anextstage wasthestructuralist approach toarchitectural 24 Still, thequestion remains: how? 25 Amilestone inarchitectura 27 Hereone canalreadynoticeanextstepinreading Visual Culture. Images and Interpretation Interpretation and Images Culture. Visual

(London, New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 6.. a century,”butwasunable mannerism ofCounter-R ous toalanguage.However,asJohnSummers (New York: Meridian Books, c1957); Nikolaus Pevsner, system embodies thevariouscultural ofsigns, esent earlierinametaphoric sense,nowitwas d theideafurther.Since architecture wasa“sign-system” similar to tellectual andpoliticalmeaning goesbackto (1763),whereheargued University press, 1984) press, 1984) University mmaries gothic architecture was l historywasJohannJoachim had suggestedthatthearts Sweetness and Light:The eformation and“Queen to developthegeneral then throughWölfflin, that apieceofart Zeitgeist is 12 CEU eTD Collection Architectural Press, 1996): p. 124-140. 124-140. p. 1996): Press, Architectural 1965–1995 Theory, Architectural of Anthology An Architecture: for 31 30 29 buildings intofourcategories: portray. Theymean, ifatall,inotherways.” exceptions, architecturalworksdo is: “architectural works[…] areseldom descriptiveorrepresentational. With some interesting Goodman triestogive an answertohow buildingscanmean. Animportant pointismade byhim Vitruvian “triangle” dimensional andprimarily itservedafunctional from otherkindsoftexts.Archit is notthatbuildingscan interpreted. Themetaphor of reading (literally or seem common tobea agreement thatarchitectur forefront andbyaddingittotheanalysisthey meaning. stressing thesignificanceofspace,andby the understandingofarchitecturalmeaning.They the multidimensionality of architecture. Thepost-struc to howbuildingsmean. Theyboth Unfortunately, neitherthe artsoci understood literally. Nelson Goodman, “How Buildings Mean,” Ballantyne, Andrew Georffrey Broadbent, “A Plain Man’s Guide to the Theory of Signs in Architecture,” in One might notice that inspite of alldebates, 30 Theuntilnow forgottenquestionof authorship andreceptionalsocame tothe

Architecture theory: a Reader in Philosophy and Culture synopsis 29 function Theunitsofbuildings(doors,windows, walls, pillars)wereseenaswords. notbeunderstoodastext andstructure

“denotation”,“exemplificati ecture hadalwaysaspecialpo ological nor the semiotic analysis can offer a satisfying answer ological northesemiotic analysiscanofferasatisfyinganswer propose anaspectwhichcanbeuseful,butbothtendtoignore not denote-thatis,do Critical Inquiry Critical support hoped tounderstandthemeaning ofthebuilding. 31 e doesconveymeaning andthismeaning canbe

emphasizing theambiguities ofarchitectural broadly speaking)isapp He groupstheverbsusedintextsreferringto acknowledgedtheimportanceofuses,by s, buttheirverymateri 11 No. 4 (June, 1985): p. 642. 642. p. 1985): (June, 4 No. 11 beauty role, nexttoanaestheticone.Thus onthe different approaches and explanationsthere differentapproaches turalist approach seems tobetheclosest to , ed. Kate Nesbitt (New York: Princeton Princeton (NewYork: , ed. Kate Nesbitt . Thisfunctionacknowledged,Nelson on”, “expression” and “mediated sition withinarts: itwasthree describe, recount,depict,or ality differentiatesthem , (2005), p. 231-242. p. , (2005), lied byall.However,it Theorizing aNew Agenda

13 CEU eTD Collection Reference byabuildingtopropertiespossesse of thisistheSydneyOperaHouse,whereai 34 33 32 meaning of architecture ismultidimensional. T emphasizes theimportance of multiple focuses in thisprocess, since–asmentioned before –the relationship betweenartandsociety. descriptive exercise, rather than explanatoryone in information hastobeputincontext.Without ideologies orbeliefsisnotanymore thepr the endit through itsiconography,ornamentation. Nevertheless, than castlesmay refertopower. a tower,whichinturnexemplifies forms of mediev references,” thatisachainofshorterorlonger can betruemetaphorically. Themetaphorical mean descriptions. While somedescriptions may befals “expression”. “exemplification,” butexemplifi reference.” and Theory William Whyte, “How Do Buildings Mean? Some issues Mean? “How Whyte, Do Buildings William Nelson Goodman, p. 647. Nelson Goodman, p. 644. For analysingarchitectureauseful Every history student isawareof thefact On theselayersofcommunicationabuilding canexpressmetaphorical meaning(s) 45 (May 2006): p. 153-177. p.153-177. 2006): 45 (May represents 32 Thefirstmeans adepictionofsomething, 33 Oneneedstomake adifferencebetween only itself.That itcanmakereferenceto,or

cation ofmetaphorically possessed oblem oflinguistic,but pproach issuggestedbyWilliam Whyte. reference links.Forexample ifacastlerepresents hus, theevolution of thebuilding isimportant of interpretation in the history of architecture,” ofarchitecture,” inthe history interpretation of itartandeventanalysisremainlargelya m ofthearchitectwastorepresentsailboats. e literally (Agothiccathe whichitispossibleto al ruleandnext ing ofabuildingisdeliveredby“mediated thatsources, data, facts, events,every d eitherlite abuildingisprimar a representationofit.Thebestexample literally descriptionsandmetaphorical of historicalmethodology. rally ormeta symbolize properties is what he calls properties iswhathecalls is connectedwithpower, highlight aspectsofthe ily abuildingandat dral thatsings),they people,concepts, phorically is History 34 He 14 CEU eTD Collection from photographs,miniature models, sk distances andangles,from walks from aheterogeneousassortment ofvisualand any otherart,architecture makes usawarethat Of course,justliketranslati 39 38 37 36 35 transpositions inthepresent thesis theaccent is how theusersembody theirvalues vision into thedesign,how thisdesignismodified according totheneedsofcommissioner, buildings thencanbefoundinth drawing tobuilding,frombuildinguse,andfr way inwhichaninitialconceptistranslatedfrom ideatoplan,fromplandrawing, historians. sources asthesegiveaninsighttohowbuildings visual representationsaboutthebuilding(inpa environment and building placed in the studyof personal livesandmore importantly its purpose, decoration,etc.might stillchange, asitsinhabitants’ tastetransforms. Accordingly, the buildings original conception stage isoccupiedbythearchitect(s), number ofoverlapping stages.Thesestagesare from itsdesignandconstructiontouse.Th Nelson Goodman, p. 650. p. 172. Whyte, p. 172. Whyte, p. 171. Whyte, p. 170. Whyte, 37 Thehistorian’sjobistodothe“translation”.“This on, thisprocesscanonlybeunder

e studyofthetranspositions:how might change(oneormore times through theinterior,from climbi followedbydraftsmen orengineers. a culturalcontextareneeded. inthebuilding,etc.In etches, plans,andfrom actualuse putontherole played by thearistocrats. inting, drawings,prints,etc.)followedbywritten om usetointerpretationbyusersandviewers.” e meaning ofthebuildingisformed througha kinesthetic experiences: from viewsatdifferent wereinterpretedbycontemporaries orprevious [its] interpretation […] hastobeputtogether assessed by Whyte as“translations”. Thefirst theexaminationofrelationshipbetween stood initscontext:“Morethan ). Oncethebuilding iserected, ng stairsandstrainingnecks, an architecttranslateshis/her theexamination ofthese 36 about translation:the Nextistheinspection of .” 35 39 Duringthesephases Themeaning ofthe 15 38

CEU eTD Collection Hungary Hungary from Age of Reforms the World until Wa France. Aristocracy”. György Kövér, in social history) inthe Hungarian eliteresearch and Karády, “Az elitr Elite, (NewYork: Oxford University Press,c1956); Vikor Power Mills, The C. Wright 209; 192- pp. 2): (1942, in Austria-Hungary, landowner richest the of one considered 44 43 42 41 40 of asmall circle of great families whosemember society, thus upholding aspecialgroupidentity. Th Wasson. features of thearistocracy can be notedand oldest, most prominent eliteinso social reproductionfunctions,etc. role theyhaveinsociety,whatthedifferen Ellis Wasson, EllisWasson, to a Just mention few: István “Elités Bibó, Károlyi, Mihály newspaper the of editor affairs foreign (1876-1945), Tardieu André Leopold Berchtold (1863-1942), diplomat, foreign minister of the (1912-1915), he was The SocialPositionof theHungarianAris asked Berchtold: “In 1909Iwas atKarlsbadspawith There isanongoingdiscussionin 44 Itsmain characteristicwastoseeitselfasse Magyarországtársadalomtörténete a reformkortól világháborúig aII. ő Aristocracy and the modern world,(NewPalgrave York: Macmilla -I wouldstillremain whatIam: anaristocrat.” - Andiftheempire wouldceaseto - Thesideof the . - Butwhatsidewouldyoutakeiftherew - Iam Viennese-answeredBerchtold. Because Austriannationality doesnot exist. German,-In factwhatnationality doyouconsideryourself? Hungarianor Czech? the Monarchy? the Monarchy? l és az elit kutatásának kérdéseirl ésaző elit kutatásának Hit, illúziók nélkül Hit, illúziók

(Faith without illusions), (Budapest: Európa Könyvkiadó, 1982), p. 9. p. 1982), Könyvkiadó, Európa (Budapest: illusions), (Faithwithout 43 ciety untilthebegi Onething,however,isagr szociális érzék” (Elite and social sense) in in social sense) érzék”(Eliteand szociális thehistoriographyofelites r II) (Budapest: Osiris, 2006), pp. 221-223. 221-223. pp. Osiris, 2006), r II)(Budapest: l a magyar társadalomtörténetben,” (About the question elite of the question (About társadalomtörténetben,” l amagyar myrelative,LeopoldBerchtold Sic Itur AdAstra, ce betweenpoliticalandpower eliteis,howtheir tocracy in theSecond Partofthe19 a useful definition is givenbyhistorian Ellis exist?-insisted onTardieu. s constantly occupied thetop positionsinthe e aristocracy had acompact basis consisting parate from totherestof andsuperior nning ofthe20 ould beaconflictbetweenthepeoplesof Le Temps (1995, 1-2): p.130-144; Gábor Gyáni- 42

, laterthree of timesminister prime eed: thearistocracywas about who they are, what about whotheyare,what , (Thesocialhistoryof th n, 2006), chapter “Defining Társadalomtudomány century.Certain core 40 . OnedayTardieu th Century , 16 41

CEU eTD Collection 47 46 45 legally equal, inpractice thearistocracy meant position in society. of hereditaryorigin which byitsbirth, wealth,titlesandranks the what thearistocracywas,Ishal that themeaning ofthewordsisinconstant discussion oftheHungarianaris comprises theeliteand whatitscharacteris in Hungary,thusthisstudythereisnone membership. to beemphasized thatowners for membership inthearistocracy,lik bankruptcy. Complementing the monarch thatpreservedlands,castles,andc fashion. Thelatterwasfacil aristocrat, anindividualhadtocommand greatwea order toconservetheirinheri The socializinghabitsofthearis and economic–wereinterchangeablethus political, military andeconomic life.Positions with Press, 1986, Edition Abridged ed.), p. 7. 2010 2010 March hitbizomány, entail, Aviticity, Pallas Nagy Lexikona Lawrence Stone &Jeanne C.Fawtier Stone, Pallas NagyLexikona The position ofthearistocracywithin societyand otherelitegroupswaslegallydefined 47 , 1893, s.v. “Arisztokrácia”, , 1893,s.v. Theencyclopaedianotesthatalthough majorate, foedum talliatum foedum majorate, in1893,thearistocracyisapo itated bytheenactment ofa these objective distinctions, there were also more subjective criteria

hip ofacountryhousewas ted socialcapital.Havingati l beginwithacontemporary defini tocracy (firstofallmarriage) tocracy canbeneglec e life-style,education,housing,taxation. An Open Elite? England 1540-1880 England Elite? An Open http://mek.niif.hu/00000/00060/html/index.html change. Inordertohaveabetterunderstandingof tics are.Thisdoesnotmean, however,thata only theprinces,,ba the aristocracypossessedamonopoly ofpower. ed to go into the far-flung debate over what ed togointothefar-flungdebateoverwhat . ontents ofbuildingsagainstforcedsaleand lth andnotleast the abil in these threestructures -political, military ted, especiallytaking fideikommisse, sine quanonmarker ofaristocratic themembers ofthenobilitywere litical rulinggroupbasedupona tle wasnotenough were limited withinthegroupin tion oftheword.Accordingto , (Oxford: Oxford University 45 acontractgrantedby occupies aprivileged rons and theirfamily ity toliveinagrand 46 into consideration Finally,itneeds accessed accessed 7th -tobean 17 CEU eTD Collection The Slavonic and East European Review European East and The Slavonic 53 52 51 50 49 48 the requirement 1885LawontheUpperHous ofthe holdings, occupiedmore than32 nobility. In1895estatesover1400 however, notallnobleswerelando thelandowningelite.Landowning who formed of theHungariansocietyoneneedstomake adi of thecountry’sinhabitantsco Hungarian nobilitycomparedwith Crown. Theresultwasanunusualcomposition oftheHungarian society–the number ofthe status, land andotherprivileges among theEuropeanpowers.Stabilitywasse result of theCrown’sinterest tomaintain the needed. not besatisfiedwiththecontem aristocrats. Simply put,allcommonlyconsideredaristocr were excludedfrom thearistocracyandevenam in thesociallife,” members; thosewhooccupied“t 1974), pp. 41-42. Iván T. Berend, György Ránki, Ránki, György T.Berend, Iván their and the Aristocracy, Péter,“The László aristocracy and nobility between cut-off point The “nemességnek színe javát” “legfényesebb szerepet játsszák azélettársas érintkezéseiben” “legkiválóbb helyet foglalják el” The specialpositionoftheHungariannobili 51 However,becauseofthe 49 andwere“thecream ofthenobility.” Hungary, aCenturyof

uld showpatentofnobility. totheelites,who became partne he mostdistinguishedplace,” per centofthe porary definitionandacloseranal , Vol. 70, No. 1(Januay,1992), otherEuropeannobilitywasim wners, whichcreatedasocial acres,whichrepresented0,2 de jure is inevitably a somewhat arbitrary one. isinevitably one. asomewhat arbitrary Parliamentary Tradition in in Tradition Parliamentary – Economic Development political stability inthe empire anditsposition country’s land. stinction betweenthearistocracyand thegentry, cured bytheCrownthroughconferringnoble de facto ong them therewasastricthierarchicalorder. ats werenobles,butnot was closelyconnectedwiththenobility; ty within the was the ty withintheHabsburgMonarchywas e, whichrestrictedmembership tothose opposition inthe explanation, onecan 52 50 Inordertounder

Thenobleswithouttitlesgenerally .7. 79. p. 48 53 “playedthemost luminousrole Anotherreasonforthegapwas andeconomic gapwithinthe , (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, & Charles, David Abbot: , (Newton pressive: nearlyfivepercent pressive: rs, ratherthan clientsofthe ysis ofthesocialhistoryis per centofth Nineteenth-Century Hungary” stand thedynamics allnobleswere e number of 18 CEU eTD Collection Modern History (ed.), Rendi társadalom, polgári társadalom 14 percentaristocracy,48nobili Hungarian aristocracythattheChamber ofDe analyzing theNationalCasinomemb Upper Housemembership wasthemosttrustedma nobles. former wascomposed byCatholic speaking, therewasareligiousdifferenceaswe 59 58 57 56 55 54 argumentation followstheadmission ofthenobles “court nobility” as hecalls it-inthe Dualistperi 19 role ofthetraditionaleliteisunquestionable.A represented . princes,158werecounts 8were 204families). Outofthem and38were two hundredfamilies, becauseinthatyear698 period. Godsey puttogetheratentativelist of 474aristocr nobles weredeprivedoftheirhereditary Werb magnates who paidatleast3000fl.landtaxa Gyáni- Kövér, 2006, p. 118. p. 118. 2006, Kövér, Gyáni- p. 116. 2006, Kövér, Gyáni- p. 101. 2006, Kövér, Gyáni- of Era”in the Dualist in the SocialComposition Aristocracy D. “The Habsburg Godsey, William aspectThisis not researcheddepth. in Károly Vörös, “A f th centuryhalfofthelandwa őczy’s 56 55 William Godsey’sarticle isinvestigating the social composition of thearistocracy – There isno precisedataconcerning th Theclosestestimation Tripartitum , vol. 71, no.1 (March, 1999): p. 62 p. 62 1999): (March, , vol. 71, no.1 ő rendiház 1885. évi reformja”(The Reform ofthe Upper House in 1885) in László A. Varga in1514allnoblesofHungaryhade

s inthehandsof1%th of theHungarianaris titled nobles,whilethelatterof (Salgótarján: Nógrád Megyei Levéltár, 1987), 1987), pp. Levéltár, 401-403. Megyei Nógrád (Salgótarján: ership list.Onecaninfergrea ty and 29percentothercategories. rightsofUpper puties intheperiod1887-1910wascomposed of proof oftheireconomic poweristhatinthemid- nnually. Thismeant that od from theperspectiveoftheirendurance. His e number of Hungarian aristocracy. William ll betweenthearistocracyandgentry.The peers wereinvitedto theUpperHouse(they atic families inAustria rk of ; thiscanbesupplementedrk ofpeerage; by into court offices and tocracy isthatin e population-thearistocracy. House’s membership. qual rights,72-74percentofthe mostly Protestantprovincial t dealaboutth 1885 therewerearound , althoughaccordingto Hungary intheDualist he concludesthatin 58 Thusthepolitical The Journalof e roleofthe 54 Generally 59

19

57

CEU eTD Collection 63 62 61 60 declared equaltaxation, inheritance wasabolished,thesystemofr 1848 were“asocialprogramme,than es rather noble statusandaviticitywasabolished. to be formed. According totheprinciple of le gradually undermined hereditary reforms: amodernsystemofprivateproperty the differentiatedmentality ofthearistocracy. the family jewelcollection andsometimes evenan invariably includedatleastonecastle,thefurniture, pictures,books,andartobjects,aswell immutability of time thatseems tohave marked itsmentality.” which contributedtothe“aristocracy’scollec venerable socialpositionovermany institution of theentailed estate furnished the best means bywhichafamily couldmaintain a great estateseems tohavepreceded andfacilita followed thesuccessin financialorcommercial in discussionremained landowning.While forthe aspects oftheeconomy, the between themselves andthenewsocialgroups. spite thearistocracy’sconnecti László Péter, p. 82. 82. Péter,p. László 81-82. Péter,pp. László pp. 81-82. Godsey, pp. 86-88. Godsey, In themiddle of the19 the nobilityasalegalstatuswasnotannulled. basis ofaristocratic

on tomodern economy, theymaintained ascepticaldistance th privileges andaconsti centurythesocialstructures generations. Thisgaveasense 62 However,asLászlóPéter oyal landdonationremained andalthoughthelaw gal equality,landowners ted theirinvolvement in thebusiness world.The was introduced,theprinci tive identityandbuttresseditssenseofthe Weltanschauung 60 markets, for thearistocracyproprietorshipof tablished legalfact,” becausealthoughclan urban ,whichwerepartofwhatshaped Despitearistocratic involvement inmodern nouveau richeacquisitionofanestate tutional system ofgovernment wasabout 61 Inaddition toacreage, theentail ofHungaryunderwentmajor andprestigeduringtheperiod of continuity and permanence of continuityandpermanence has argued,thesereforms in 63 hip wasnolongertiedto In spiteof the fact that ple oflegalequality 20 CEU eTD Collection 68 67 66 65 64 especially usefulandchallengingframework fo only thefieldofeconomy;hischapter“Official society wasrelativelyweakinindustrial entrepreneurship spite ofthiscriticism, theoryoffers Mayer’s all partsofEuropeandthemajority ofland approach towardstheEuropeanbourgeoisie,wh Warkeep powerthatledtoWorld I. aristocracy inallofthe Europ because the middle classeswerepolitically divi development oftheeconomy. Becausetheyowne dominant classintheeraofmode nobility’s capacity tosurvive untilWorld War II. ministers onlyonecame tooffice oligarchy ofnoblelandowners.” population. NowonderthatLászló Péter callsHungary’snewpolitic the proportionofelectorate traditional autocratic power, the 1848 franchise political reforms didnotbringdifferentresult the socialstatusoftitled after 1867 ‘legalequality’starte Although it must be mentioned that acompre that mentioned itmust be Although Mayer, pp. 4-5, 17-18, Mayer, Arno (1848-1921) Sándor Wekerle 88. Péter,p. László These figuresareinline withamuch critici The Persistence of the Old Regime nobility, andevenoftheordinary

ean countriesheldfartoomuch d to acquireafirm placein the 64 without thepatentofnobility. remained for seventyyearsaroundsixpercentofthetotal rnity and emphasized their importa Intheperiodbetween1867 67 However,thistheory waschallenged for itsgeneralizing hensive survey about this was not wasnot written yet. this about survey hensive , (New York: Pantheon, 1981). 1981). Pantheon, York: (New , aworkingbasisformy study,sincetheHungarian was notownedeverywherebythearistocracy.In was notextended during theDualistera and thus r thediscussionofcountryhouses.Henotes ich asweknownowwa High CulturesandtheAvant-Gardes”offersan ded andundeveloped, Mayerthought thatthe 66 s either: the monarch retained much of his Mayerarguedthatthenobilityremained zed theory ofArno Mayerwhichstresses the d themajorityoflandinEuropeand inthisperiod. nobility,was notundermined. The 65 power, anditwasth

vocabulary ofpoliticsand law, and 1918outofsixteenprime nt roleinsociety andinthe al system a“parliamentary s notunderdevelopedin 68 Mayeraddressednot eir effortsto 21 CEU eTD Collection 72 71 70 69 Hungarian case.Acomprehensivetestwoul Moreover, theseworksofferatheorytobetested comparative synthesisaboutthearistocracyone generalize aboutthewholeEuropeanaristo arguments ofthetwobookshaveinevitabl well, butthe generalizations they century, ratherthanpeteringoutwiththeFirstWorldWar. the aristocracy asapolitical, approach. The more recent bookofEllisWasson arguesalong thesamelinesbymeans of lines thatthe wereheldtogetherbytheirsenseofmission asarulingclass.The accommodated andsuccumbed tothe competition of aristocracies -notwithstanding its -of Br nobility insistedontime-honour reservoir ofsymbols withwhichtoglorif served tothwart and disguisethepresent and to order.” societies,” andinform, contentandstylethearte that thehighcultureofEurope“mirrored thepe Wasson, pp. pp. Wasson, Dominic Lieven, Mayer, pp. 190-191. Mayer, p.189. 69 Dominic Lieven’s Inthiswaythehistoricalstyleswerepart Aristocracy andtheModernWorld The Aristocracy in Europe, 1815-1914 in Europe, Aristocracy The Aristocracy inEurope1815-1914

cultural andsocial forcethat ed metaphors and emblems. containaretrueonlyasregard y andreinvigorateits d gobeyondthescopeofpresentstudy; rseverance of thepre-indu , (New York: Macmillan, 1992) 1992) Macmillan, , (New York: cracy. Knowing thedifficultyof writinga facts “celebrated traditions supportiveoftheold facts “celebratedtraditions itain, theGerman state andRussiaresisted, provide the aristocracy andadjustedtothespecial conjuncture ofthe encompasses thewhole ofEurope, presenting ofthestorehousesymbolsandimages that e weaknessesofasynthesis:theytendto can applaudtheinitiativeoftheseauthors. theindustrial class, andargued alongthe 72 , 71 Boththesebooksingeneralread endured wellinto thetwentieth addressestheissueofhow privilegedposition. s thehighest aristocrats. The strial civil andpolitical with aninexhaustible

a comparative 70 Landed 22

CEU eTD Collection évekt 1935) in in 1935) 75 74 73 the aristocracycouldcontinueit benefited: thenewrichtemporary obtainedthestatussymbol of simply because itowned the majority of land. From thiscontractual relation both parties aristocracy, eventhoughlackingtheentreprene aristocracy onwhichtheyoftenes in themid 19 Puskás elaboratesontheroleofJewishrent indirectly offerinformation a emerging social groups,especially question ofaristocraticendurance. nevertheless, lookingatthe roleofthecountry were essentially prestige-maximizers their estatesandtousetheincome economy- forexample bybuildinglarge,opulenthomes Stone, Stone, p. 75. Julianna Puskás, “Zsidó haszonbérl The studies of Péter Hanák, Vera Bácskai, Gábor Gyáni, ő l 1935-ig” (Jewish l 1935-ig” renters(Jewish oftheH inthe process There isalargeamount ofli Századok th (1992, 1): pp. 35-59. century. TheJewsinvestedtheiraccumu bout thearistocracyaswell.

ő k amagyarországi mez s luxuriouslifewithout themiddle classandthenewri tobuildlarger andmore elegant houses, itwasbecause they rather than tablished modernfarming systems. terature aboutthe ungarian agricultural development from the 1850s until until 1850s from the development agricultural ungarian ers inthedevelopment of profit-maximizers. houses willshedlight oncertainaspects ofthe urial spirit,benefitedfrom themodernization, György Kövér, Pál Léderer need to be mentioned here. ő gazdaság fejl gazdaság beingdirectlyinvol . If peoplestrovetoenlargethesizeof. If 73 social andeconomic lifeofthenew lated wealthinrentinglandfrom the For example, inherarticleJulianna ő désének folyamatában az 1850-es the aristocracy–land,while ch entrepreneurialgroupwhich 75 Hungarianagriculture 74 Inthis waythe ved inthemodern 23 CEU eTD Collection building complex;atthe endofthe15 historical periodschangeditsexactmeaning. Orig situation toinvestmoney in The simple reasonforthisisthatnexttoth century thecountryhouse fortifications inmost of thecases were owned survey onthedevelopment ofthisbuildingtype being, ofnobleliving. expenses could buildaluxurioushome. Inth Hungarian societywasbasedonagriculture,onlythosewhohadenoughlandtocoverthe country house wasastatussymbol -butnoton entrepreneurs, whooftengotnoble aspired tobuildaneleganthome, notto importance ofthecountryhouseisshownalsobyth direct; inthiswayevenasm The relationbetweenthe The landandthecountryhousenot The Hungarianterm

In ordertounderstandtheimportance ofa The Representational FunctionoftheCountryHouse architecture hadaleading size oftheestateand elegant,largebuildings. kastély aller landholdingrequiredtheconstr titleafter acquiring land a isderived from theLatin only offeredsecurity,butalso th centuryitdenoted a noble home, becausethe e clergy,onlythearistocracywasinfinancial by aristocracy. Itsprimar is waythecountry housebecame amark ofwell mention theGerman, JewishorHungarian follows.InHungary,untiltheturn ofthe19 ly- oftheHungarianaristocracy. Becausethe inally, inthemiddle agesitmeant afortified role, apartfrom theeccl e factthatevennobleswithoutlargeestates country houseforthearistocracyabrief of thecountryhousewasnotalways nd buildingacountryhouse.The castellum uction ofacountryhouse.The signifiedpowerandstatus. y functionwastoprovide , whichduringdifferent esiastic architecture. 24 th

CEU eTD Collection characteristic ofmilitary ar practical functionofprotectingfrom theenemy; 79 78 77 76 prestige. Thiswasespeciallycharacteristic in many casesalarge building waserected on arelatively small land for thesole reason of between thesizeofpropertyand thesizeof countryhouse was producedinthefarms aroundthecountry helped tosupportthese from wherethemanagement oftheseveralthou means forlivingthelifeofacountrygentleman. patrimony andtheexternalsymbol of thedignityandau house hadspecialsocialdesignations:onthe designed architectureand definition of thecountryhouseinlate19 English iscountryhouse ceremonial baroquepe (castle) parted,andthelatterreceivedarepr secure shelter inthetimes ofth Vanbrugh as“state,beauty andconvenience”. functions thecountryhousehadtopossessthree qualities,aptlysummedupbySirJohn Quoted: Stone, 1986, p. 199. 1986, p. Stone, Quoted: Hilda Horváth, castle. Fortified country house The countryhousehadadministrative functions The countryhouseisafree standingnoblehome whichhasoneormore floors,haswell- could be another alternative, however it tend Régvolt magyarkastélyok riod. Becausethe at anditsinhabitants.A gooddeal 77 is surroundedbyapark. chitecture. Lateron,inthe17 sothis term willbe usedin this study.Now, Ishallturnto the

e Turkishattacks.Therenaissance , (Old Hungariancountry houses) (Budapest: Gemini Kiadó, 1998), p. 9. p. 1998), Kiadó, Gemini (Budapest: houses) Hungariancountry (Old , kastély th century. 79 for theAustriannobility,asPrincessEugenie esentational function,itspeakoccurringinthe sand acreswascarriedout one handitwastheembodimentofancestral is situated inthe coun house. As alreadymentioned,house. As theconnection s to mean asmaller, lessrepresentative seat. To fulfilthesesymbolic however,itkeptitsbastionsandtowers, 78 Duringtheeighteen thority ofitsowner, : itwasthecenteroflandedestate th century,the of foodanddrinksforconsumption was notalwaysdirect,because várkastély vár (fortress)andkastély tryside its equivalent in , therevenuesofwhich aswellpractical andontheother-a century thecountry 76 alreadylost its 25

CEU eTD Collection 81 80 with thepublic rooms wherethe formal entertainment isoffered. attention given tothefaçadeandreceptio impress the visitor. This wasachieved bysuch f function. Thecountryhouse wasashowcase forthe example Italianrenaissancesculptures. not cheaphobbies,tomention landscapegard recreational functionsofthecount the hallmark of agentleman, inspiteofth contracts. Besides of having peopletotalkwith, thearistocracy considered generous hospitality of displayinggenerosityandauthorityinparttofacilitate useful political ormatrimonial Sonnenuntergang.” Odescalchi notesinhermemoirs somewhat ironical The case of the Károlyi country house in Füzérradvány is an outstanding example. example. isan outstanding in Füzérradvány house country case theKárolyi The of Eugenie Odescalchi, In short,thecountryhousehadtobepleas 80 Egy hercegn Hospitality waspart of the function of sociability. This inpart wasameans ő

emlékezik ry house,suchasriding,hunting, (A Princess(A Remembers)(Budapest, 1987), p.23. 81 Thelattertwoactivitiesc e factthattheeconomic costswerehigh.The n halland byhavinganimposingstaircaselinked ing tolookatandpracticallivein. eatures as being ly: “Ja,erhateinSchlossmit einemschönen display of powerandprestige:itwasbuiltto ening, privatezoosandcollectionsof,for built onahilltop withspecial tennis, billiar onnoted arepresentational d, bowlingwere 26 CEU eTD Collection Corvina, 2005) 2005) Corvina, Amagyar Emese 2003); Révész, historizmus Kiadó, Kossuth (Budapest: print, 2001); építészet kialakulása Austro-Hungarian Monarchy) (Budapest: Corvina, 1990), Miklós Kalmár, tiszteletére, Critique ofHistoricism) in Fülep’s (Lajos historizmuskritikája” 83 82 symbols frame ofrepresentationpowe inthe – anargument whichwillbe supported by the investigation andinterpretation of the“feudal” argument inthischapter isthatneo-gothicfulf building and whatwecandeducefromtheinte or hisarchitect, ArthurMeinigchoose thatth Betlér country housesand Iwilltrytofindan it. debate anddescription of whathistoricism of,especiallybecause consists therearefineworkson occupies itswelldeservedplacein important architectural style, especially by the art historian LajosFülep, historical term, notasahist First, adiscussionoftherole for conveyingamessage throughiconography. there. This chapter addresses the issue of symbolic architectural forms andwillexplore thetools attention tothecasestudies andsee howthesesymbolic andpracticalfunctionswerepresent After havingsketchedth Ilona Sármány-Parsons, Lajos Fülep, 83 Iwillengage in the interpretation of thech Ferenc Vadas ed. (Budapest: Hild-Ybl Alapítvány, 2004), p. 525-531. Magyar építészet. Klasszicizmus, Historizmus Magyar m (Historicism, Turn of the Century: The development of bourgeois architecture), (Budapest: K ű Historizáló építészet az építészet Historizáló vészet e generalframework ofthefunctions () (Budapest: Athenaeum, 1923); Árpád Tímár, “Fülep Lajos

oriographic approach.Althoughit historicism follows.Herehistoric The Quest for Power art historical writing. Therefore itisneedless to enter into the

Osztrák-Magyar Monarchiában illed aspecialplaceinco e neo-gothicstyleforthetransformation ofthe (Hungarian Architecture: Historicism), Pál Ritoók ed., Ritoók Pál Historicism), Architecture: (Hungarian r andprestige.Moreover,thepopularityof osen architecturalstyle for the Nagykároly and swer tothequestionwhy CountIstván Károlyi resting stylistic mixture atBetlér. Mymain Romantikus kastély: tanulmányok Komárik Dénes , (Hungarian Historicism)(Budapest: of thecountryhouse Historizmus, Századforduló:a polgári was questionedasanequally ism willbediscussedasanart , (HistoricistArchitectureinthe untry housearchitecture 82 bynowhistoricism let usturnour 27 ő - CEU eTD Collection m 85 84 the economic andsocialconditionof commissioner. Thiswasthetime whentherewas Secondly, theperiodof historic mentioned later,orGyulaAndrássytheElde outstanding caseisCount EdeKárolyi’sc building sincearchitectural plans from abroad.Theindividualtasteofth development oftherailwaymade itpossibletotraveleasier andtobring home architectural aristocrats, thusmany ofthem awell had had thefinancial means for it.Architecture wa taste ofthecommissioner: persona country houserepresenteda ones according to new aesthet country housestheybuilt.However,alargepartof aristocracy during the dualist period wasstillsi As alreadydiscussedinthefirstchapter,theeconomic, socialandpoliticalpowerofthe picturesque. neo-gothic islinkedwiththeaspirationof aristocracytothemostmodern trend,the architects were trained. Architecture and Engineering, thusma Palatine József Technical University Technical József Palatine András Hadik, “Kastélyépítészet Ma ű emlékvédelem elméleti és gyakorlati kérdései

special typeofreside

education inHungarywasnotdevelopedtheperiod. king itinHungary the ic and comfort criteria. gyarországon (1867-1918)” (Country House Architecture in Hungary) in in Hungary) Architecture House (Country (1867-1918)” gyarországon ism gaveunprecedentedfreedom started theeducation of architects on l pretences and architectural ideal Ancestry and Historicism thecommissioner drewthelimit. , (Tusnád, 1996), p. 36. 36. p. 1996), , (Tusnád, e commissioner wasevenmorepronouncedonthe grounded knowledgeinit.Addingtothis,the ountry houseatFüzérradvány,whichwillbe r’s influenceonhiscountryhouseatTiszadob. gnificant and this ispr ntial building.Firstly,it no canonsetforthestyleofbuildingsandonly first, and until thenineties theonlyplace where s anaturalpartofth the buildingactivitywa 84 Duringthewhole 19thcenturythe ly in 1871 at the Department of to boththearchitectand s wererealizedbecause s/he oved bythenumber of mirrored theindividual

e educationofmale s modification ofold Mixing architectural 85 An A 28 CEU eTD Collection 168-179. 168-179. third andthe fourth Idon’teven is of the result building sides of the four letters:“the his of 89 88 87 86 Count IstvánSzéchenyi’swritings.Hewasthe because ofthe“anglomania” power ofthearchitecture.Firstly,gothicwas thesocialpositionofth understanding oftheconnectionbetween Nagykároly. neo-gothic aretheAndrássycountryhouseat the endof19 century French andGerman neo-renaissance countr the Brunszvikcountryhousesin English neo-gothicmodels, astheexamples of according towhatmessage theywanted tocomm coexisted withoutclash.Thearis 1830s onwardsantique,gothic,renaissance,baroqueandrococoarchitectureinteriordesign conscious, calculateddecision because ithad po the HungarianAcademy ofScience. important”, arguedarthistorian was designeddifferently according toits symbolic role. styles wasconsiderednaturalbythepeopleof )(Budapest, 1909), p. 146. László Országh, “‘Anglomania’ in Hungary, 1780-1900” 1780-1900” in Hungary, “‘Anglomania’ László Országh, András Hadik, 1996, p Emese Révész, Nyírábrá in house country Eördögh The There arethreeanswerstothis question, an What made theneo-gothicstylepopular? (The Hungarian Historicism), (Budapest: Corvina, 2005), p. 17. 17. p. 2005), A magyar Corvina, hitorizmus (Budapest: Historicism), (The Hungarian th centurytoFrenchneo-gothic. . 36.

know what is it.” Dr. János Váczy, 89

thatcanbetraced inHungary as Imre Henszlmann (1813-1888) inth tocracy couldchoosethearchitecturalstyleofcountryhouse ny is anearlyexample; Ferenc Kazi Martonvásár show.Nevertheless,

87 Thusthestyle,asaform of the periodanditoftenhappenedthateachfaçade the Nádasdycountryhouse 88 four different tastes: one is Greek, the is tastes:one theGreek, four other different gothic, one topromotefirstth TiszadobandtheKárolyicountryhouseat The New Hungarian Quarterly New The Hungarian litical andideologicalconnotations. From the Thetwomost wellknown a fashionablearchitectural unicate. Inmost casestheypreferred ofthe y housesappeared,just togiveplaceagainat swers whichwillallco 86 Ferenc Kazinczy levelei “Thequestionofthestyleismost earlyastheageofreforms and nczy wrote frustrated about it in one e aristocracyandthesymbolic expression,wasth e debateoverthebuildingof in thesecondpartof e modernequipment and inNádasdladányand , 21 (1981, No. 82): pp. pp. 82): No. (1981, 21 , , examples ofFrench

trendoftheperiod vol. 9 vol. ntribute toabetter

(The Letters of (The Letters e resultofa 29 CEU eTD Collection 62. Christianity andtruthfulness the gothic, asaresultofthewritings ofPugi innovations, butthearchitectural It isnotasurprisethattheHungarianaristocrac 93 92 91 90 often ofthesurroundingsettlement. IntheplaceofKárolyicount further securedthisbelief.Thecountryhouseorig are ruling from God’sgraceandnothing cantake theirpower away.Thesystem ofaviticity superhuman. Thisfaithwasplantedintothem by old Esterházychildhisgoverness, society manifested intheir attitude as well:“Streben Herrschaften auch?” -askedonesevenyear groups. Thebeliefthat theyhadebeenplaced by incorporates thefirmbeliefofaristocracy to connubialconnections. Hungary, butthewholeCentralEurope,asDénes neo-gothic style.Thepopularity oftheneo-got considered itselftheleaderof arranged separatelyaccordingto it should be warm inwinter a healthy homeshouldbesituatedinasilentsurrounding,odourlessandwithoutsmoke; functional organizationofthecountryhousein Károlyi, 1982. p. 9. p. 1982. Károlyi, 1975, 451. p. Komárik, p. 1979, 273. Girouard Count István Széchenyi, The exterioroftheneo-gothicbuildingte -pesti porés sár 92

the society,firstofallbyshow nd cool in summerwith asmuch theirfunctionwereeasilycl frame withinwhichthesewereplaced.Moreover,inEngland thus withexemplary behaviour. 93 illustratingtheconvictionof (Dust and Mud in Buda-pest) (Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, 1995), p. n andRuskinbecame increasingly associated with hic wasnotan isolatedphenomenon reachingonly y wantedtotakeovernotjustthetechnological as beingonadifferentlevelthanothersocial the Catholiceducation,a providence intheir positio Hungary.Accordingtohimacomfortable, inally servedtheprotectionoffamily and Komárik pointedoutasearly1975,thanks nds tospeakinasymbolic languagewhich ing agoodexample, welcomed the eanable, airingwithoutdraught. light as possible; the rooms lightaspossible;therooms 91 aristocratsthattheyare Thearistocracy, which ry houseinNagykároly ccording towhichthey n ofauthorityinthe 30 90

CEU eTD Collection be addressedindividuallyinth used byneo-gothic designs. How,these(forex be identifiedonacountryhouse,whichoriginate walls. Thusthebuilding became amark ofauthor court. Those whowantedtobeacceptedin thecour paternal great-great-grandparentsan court andtooffices.Onlythosewhoc genealogical treeto beasoldpossible, each course themoreproud.However,apracticalreason honoured thearistocratwasandof family titlewas,themore glory ofthefam prominence andareminder forthe it wasusedasapromoter ofthe with thestyleof theancestry,thus architecture wasitsassociation widely forcountryhouse neo-gothic stylewasusedso a 16 Betlér, wherethe19 there wasafortifiedcastle becau th centuryfortifiedcastles.Incaseofdangerth Another reasonwhythe ily. Theolderthe th centurycountryhousewaserectedbytheunificationofa15 e right placeofthechapter. se theregionwasoftenplace d fourmaternal great-grandparent Pic. 1.TheKárolyicountryhousefrom north-west. ould producetwelvenoblequarterings(i.e.eight ample thetower) became symbols ofpowerwill member havingtitlewastogainaccessthe ity andcontrol.Certainsymbols ofpowercan e peoplecouldfindshelte t neededtopresent thei from medievalarchitect why thearistocratswere ofwar.Sowasthecase in ) hadtherighttoattend r ancestral threetothe ure andwerewidely trying to prove their tryingtoprovetheir r inside thefortified th century and century 31 CEU eTD Collection impressed them withhisoutfit,whichobvi and made diligent notesandsketchesaboutwhattheysaw.Oneoftheirhosts, “CountF.” here. representation. Therearemany exemplarycases to romantic affinity tothe middle ageswasin 97 96 95 94 thanks primarilytothe growinginterest language inarchitectureorigin became thesymbol ofnationalpr an architectural movement startedinthemiddle ofthe19 glorious pastofHungary.However, way neo-gothicarchitecturebecame asymbol of a countryhouseinthe“styleofancestors” every case,andinmany casesdocument forgeries nobly bornancestors(i.e.al requirement. Petitionersforadmission hadtosu Great Chamberlain. Hungary) Hungary) Sisa 2007, p. 56. Dénes Komárik, “A gótizáló romantika építészete Ma Ibidem. p. 66 Godsey, inches inthe dress his rankasamagistrate andmember ofanoble with Sándor,andreturned shortly,inallth “Our host,seeingoureagerne In 1891twoEnglishladiesvis A lesspersonal interpretation was thatof the association of theneo-gothicwith the Építés-Építészettudomány 14 Építés-Építészettudomány 94 TheStar-CrossOrderforwomen aristo , andlookedlikesome majestic l great-great-grandparents).

ated earlierthanthemid 19 , (1982: 3-4), p. 277. 277. p. 3-4), , (1982: ide, ofnationalarchitecture. notonlyinHungary, ss tosketchanythingandever ited andtravelledthroughthe inarchaeologyand positivist historiography. ously hadaneffectonhisattitude: gyarországon” (The Gothic-Romantic Architecture in Architecture (TheGothic-Romantic gyarországon” bmit documented proofofdescentfrom sixteen could beusedtosupportthedocument. Inthis the ancestry, ofthecontinuityrank. close connectionwiththe desireofpersonal took place.However,buildingortransforming e splendourofthe nationalcostume befitting illustrate this.Twoofthem willbementioned family. Heseemed tohavegainedseveral 95 Obviously,thiscoul but inotherEuropean th th century,butitreached itspeakthen centuryunderwhic creature whohadsuddenlystepped 96 crats hadno lessstrictadmission Thequestforaspecificnational ything, withdrewincompany Austro-Hungarian Monarchy d notbeprovenin countriesaswell h theneo-gothic 97 The 32 CEU eTD Collection 2007), p. 214. 214. p. 2007), Andrássy House (1864-1869): The letters of an English governess), András Cieger ed. (Budapest: General Press noble men’s wear: the previous sourcecanbefoundinheraccount fo from theSándorPalace, wheretheAndrássyfamily wasthenliving.A similar fascinationasin years between1864and1869;inthiswayonJune8,1867shecouldseethecoronationmarch governess ofCountGyulaAndrássyandCounte of theeventiscoming againfrom anEnglis history, thecoronationofFrancisJosephasKingHungary 99 98 continuity ofthetitleincas was announcingthegloriouspastofHungari Károlyi countryhouse.Thequestionnowisifa well. Letusturnnowtothemanifestation of The preferencesformedieval customs andgarments Indeed, the secondexampleisfrom themost famous occasion ofthelate19 72. MaryElisabeth Stevens, Margaret Fletcher, the sunlight;andsuchaspectacle, Iamtol regiment ofnobles, mounted on horsesdrapedin but thecolour andjewelsvarywiththefam Magyars. Thesegarments areonlywornupon and firelatentinhiseasy-goingface,toha most shapelylooktohislegandfoot.Thedre the heavyfoldsofhisshoulders,whilegoldta from themiddle ages;the slant raysofthes gilded andsilveredbrocade, a Esterházy’s harnessandsaddle-clothwasfull Wenckheim hadawonderfulplumed haton hardly anybodywhodidnothavesome speci accoutrements. From thisviewonecanimag “The lordswerewaitingjust Sketches of Life and Character in Hungary Levelek azAndrássy házból (1864-1869). Egy angol nevel

e of the Nagykároly country house? e oftheNagykárolycountryhouse? underourbalconysoIhadpl ll coloursofvelveteverywhere.” h lady.MissMaryElisabethStevensonwasthe thisfondnessforneo-gothicinthecaseof nd howthefortifiedcastletypeofcountryhouse d, isstilltobeseenonroyaloccasions.” ss KatalinKendeffy’sthreechildrenforfive an nobility,thecultof un gildingthewhite eagle r themedieval atmosphere oftheHungarian ily. Icanhardlyimagine sightthana afiner ve suddenlyarousedthereversesideof the wereofcoursecompletedbyarchitectureas which hugeemeralds werehanging;Prince ss seemed calledtolifeallthepride tohave , (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1892), p. 71- p. 1892), Co., & Sonnenschein Swan , (London: ine oneselfinthemiddle ages.Therewas sselled top-bootsofacunningcut,gave with gem; andtheirclothes!Icould see state occasions.Theform neverchanges al accessory,jewellery,fur,etc. theirrespectivecolo in 1867.Thefollowingdescription enty time toexamine their 99 ő n ő levelei the ancestorsand th ’s featherinhiscap, centuryHungarian urs, ridingalongin (Letters From the 98 33 CEU eTD Collection 183-184. 183-184. Sebastian Rosenstingl. representative residence matchi date back to 1783.CountAntal one oftheplansformodification modifications allserveddefencepurposes,beca family domain,wheretheyhadabuildingoriginatingfrom the14 101 100 was build inthe 17 past Hungarian Monarchy.Itsimportance, however,lie The KárolyicountryhouseatNagykárolyisone Park Planing Activity in the Service Service Antalof Károlyi) the in Activity Planing Park and Szatmárnémeti. Hungar County Kristóf Fatsar,“ (ed.), Samu Borovszky whichweresoimportantforhistoricistarch Franz Rosenstingl kerttervez Rosenstingl Franz Szatmár vármegye és Szatmárnémeti. 101 th century,whichthenunderwen

y’s counties and cities), and (Budapest: y’s counties

ng hiswealthandnobility from Ancestry and SymbolsofPower Károlyi orderedaplanforre is especiallyinterestingfrom ő i tevékenységeKárolyi Ars Hungarica use Nagykárolywasabordercastle.However, itecture. TheNagykárolyestatewasthemain s notonlyinitssizebutalso Magyarország vármegyéi és városai. of thelargestthis , 27 (1999, 2): p. 298. 298. p. 2): (1999, 27 ,

Országos Monografiai Társulat, 1908), pp. 1908), Társulat, Monografiai Országos t differentmodifications. Antal szolgálatában modelling hiscountryhouseasa our pointofview,eventhoughit the Viennesearchitect,Franz

th century.Afortifiedcastle house, 1783. the Károlyicountry Rosenstingl, planfor Pic. 2.FranzSebastian typeintheAustro- ,”(Franz Rosenstingle’s (Szatmár history and 100 These 34 CEU eTD Collection Nagykároly), (Budapest:Franklin Nyomda, 1913), p.53. Hornyánszky, 1891-1914), s.v. “Károlyi Antal”, Szinnyei, SeeJózsef finantially. 2010). 2010). 104 103 102 not havehadanythingelseinmind thanthedisplayofpower. considered importanttobuilda József Károlyilivedthere-theyon of theresidenceasastatussymbol forthear and receivehisguestsfittingwealthdignity.” description “wastransformed intoacomfortable between 1793-1795, whichaccording tohisteacher reception hall.CountJózsef Károlyi,sonofAnta of thebuildingparts.Th ground plan,butalsobythedesiretoimpress the owner’s socialandeconomic power leading tothemain gateinthesame form. landscape designerpaidattention tothesurroundingaswella heraldic bird. to theplantwosectionsofbuilding sparrow hawkfrom thecoatofarmKárolyi family. Accordingtoth Thedesignfollowsthebaroqueplant of theowner. Although notrealised, (donations for building schools, churches, water regulation Gábor Éble, the country life social of part the active in took titlesand numerous had (1732-1791) Károlyi Antal Count See p.13. What weseehereiswhat Goodman calledmeaning by“denotation.” A nagykárolyi gróf Károlyi család leszármazása család Károlyi gróf A nagykárolyi the planshows theaspirationforan e arms ofthebuildingwereleadin Magyar írók életeésmunkái

stately countryhouseattheperi ly visitedtheestate a couple of 103 wasachievednotonlybyth http://mek.niif.hu/03600/03630/html/index.htm istocracy. Moreover,even The functionofthebuildingasspeakingfor are stretchingdiagonallylikethewingsof and even for the court)whic visitor withthesizeandsophisticatedhierarchy palace inwhich he[JózsefKárolyi]couldlive l carriedout themodern (The and Life WorksHungarian of Writers)(Budapest: ype, butitismore than (The GeneologyCount ofthe Károlyifamily from 104 andpersonaladvisor, LászlóHenyei’s Thisisanotherpr g –most probably–toasumptuous “architecture parlan phery ofthecountry.Theycould nd arranged the line of trees nd arrangedthelineoftrees times intheir lives -theystill thoughneitherAntalnor e symbolic shape of the h shows he was well situated h hewas shows well situated oof fortheimportance ization ofthebuilding that. Itsymbolizesthe e descriptionattached 102 te” from theside (accessedJune 2, Thearchitect- 35 CEU eTD Collection 108 107 106 konyvt/mpgy/alm/al901_06/98.htm 105 than thestartofconstruc country houseatTiszadob. already pointedoutonesourceof consideration thealready described inclinationof thetime fo left from whichwouldexplai him out oftheoldfamily seat.Hischoicefellon reputation, itdoesnotcome asasurprisethat being anaristocratheisthinkingwiththesoulofaHungarian.” To topthisin1903the Vasárnapi Újság among thearistocrats as several Governing Board,aswell asadeputyofSzat JockeyClub, the NationalCasino,member ofthe when hemarried CountessMargitCsekonics. Countess KarolinaZichyinFlorenceandfora Thecountwhomoved backtotheoldfam abandonment wasIstvánKárolyi (1884, 42.) p. 670. Erdei p. 23. “A nagykárolyi kastély,” (The country House in Nagykároly) Iván Relle, “A trónörökös-pár Nagy-Károlyban,” (The Crown Prince in Nagykároly) in Albert Sturm (ed.), Magyar Országgy comfortable onthefieldsas “He isamanful lord,gallantandelegan his dependents,ajustmaster horse perfectly;thegamewhichhetargetsrare industry.” whereheispresentedasth 106 Szalon 108 tion inNagykárolystartedandwa (accessedJune 2, 2010).

Thiswascompleted threeyear magazine wrote:“IstvánKárolyi,ashisspeeches prove, inspiteof descriptions show. Asomewhat idealized portrait isdrawn inthe ű (1845-1907). Afterhavinglivedforawhilewithhismother, n hischoiceofstyle,itisnot lési Almanach 1901-1906 lési Almanach inspiration for István Károlyi could have beenthe Andrássy ofhisclerksandanarde the salon’sparquet.Heisha e perfectHungariannobleman: 105 the neo-gothicstyle.Alt he aspiredanddecidedtobuildasplendidhome már County intheParliament. Hewaspopular Hehadanactive social t; good host and good foreman whomovesas t; goodhostandforeman year inParishereturnedtoHungary1867, and oftheHungarianAcademy ofSciences’ Szalon Újság ly escapes.Besidesheislikeaparentto ily seatafteralmost hundredyearsof , s. v. “Károlyi István” r the Middle Ages. As IbolyaErdei r theMiddleAges.As s earlier(between1886and1890) s designedbythesame architect, , 8 (1903, 12.), p. 6. 6. p. 12.), (1903, , 8 hardtounderstandtakinginto nt supporteroftheHungarian ndling thegunandriding hough therearenosources 107 life beingthedirectorof Having such a good a such Having http://www.ogyk.hu/e- 21. 21. Újság Vasásnapi 36 CEU eTD Collection 112 111 110 109 without beingaggressive. because asopposedto porticoesandfortificati is thesymbol ofancestry. a widely used symbolic-heraldic element, whichre element onthebuilding whichiscentral for thepresent argumentation is thetower.Thetoweris TheNagykárolycountryhousewasimitating the15 castellated architecture, numerous towers,watermoat andcrenellations. Themostdominant period. from theexpertiseofArthur impressive; theonlydifferenceisthatKárolyi who asmentioned alsospentone the countryhousesonLoire-Valleyduringhisex Arthur Meinig. the Eötvös Lóránd Tudományegyetem, Art History Department, 2001, p. 59. 1971. 1971. Girouard 1979, p. 274. p. 1979, 274. Girouard Colonnade) Cupola, (Tower, kolonnád,” Miklós, “Torony, kupola, Mojzer József Rozsnyai, Sisa 2007, p. 224. 110

109 Meinig Arthur építész építész munkássága Arthur Meinig Moreover,justlikeCountGyulaAndrá 112 111

MarcGirouardarguesthattheto

Meinig; hewasconsidered the“countryhouse year inParis.Thesimilarity (Architect Arthur Me country houseislarger. ons itoffereddignified, prestigiousoutlook present to the continuityof the family titleand ile inFrance,sodidCountIstvánKárolyi ssy theElderwhogotinspirationfrom th century Frenchchâteauxwithits wer wasanidealsignofdignity, inig’s Activity), BA thesis submitted to to BAthesis submitted Activity), inig’s M between thetwobuildingsis ű vészettörténeti füzetek füzetek vészettörténeti

Both ofthembenefited south-east. house from Károlyi country Pic. 3.The specialist” ofhis I. Budapest. 37 CEU eTD Collection winged dragonbitingitsowntail. century intheirblazon.The 113 among all.“Fromitsseventowersonerisesabove architectural element wasafortifiedtower,havi cantilevers. Inthiswaythepl balcony wasdesignedwhichtoppedbyatent battlement withloopholes,andalsoasymmetric made betweentheoldandne theconnection the symbol ba ofcounts,titlereceivedin1712.The theyus received theirtitleofbaronin1609and all three floors. Thecoat ofarm ofthefamily wasplaced alsoonthistower.TheKárolyi’s Therefore, thewindowsoftoweronrightsi romantic character of thebuilding wasemphasi side andabastion-liketoweronth the façadefacing thetown ofNa enriched withseveraltowersandotherdecora the same principle. The majority of theold wall Count IstvánKárolyiorderedthemodificationof was inlinealsowiththecultofcastles 379. BélaKempelen, The country houseinNagykároly hadtowerson all thefaçades. Thepopularity oftowers The façadefacingtheparkisas monument Magyar nemescsaládok ain façadeacquiredadynamic look.

sparrow-hawk, holdingaheartin gykároly andwasemphasized bya

e leftside.Accordingtothemain 113 (Hungarian NobleFamilies) (Budapest: Arcanum,2001), 5. vol., p. Laterthiswascomplemented bytheninepearledcrown, tive additions.Thenewentrancewasopenedon ed theirsymbol, thesparrow-hawk,from14 Hungary asthecarriersofnationalglory.Thus, ally positionedwindows.Abovethemain gatea s ofthebuildingwereke hisnewlyinheritedcountryhouseaccordingto ng crenellationonthetop;thiswastallest de ofthemain façadehaddifferentshapeson w frontfaçade.Underitsconicroofithad zed bythevarietyofarchitecturaldetails. stion typetowerontheleftsideoffaçade the otherslikeabastion.When thelordisat roof andhadtwosmaller towersplacedon al asthemain façade.Thedominant its claws is surrounded by a itsclawsissurroundedbya three floortoweronthe right principleofhistoricism, the pt and the architecture 38 th

CEU eTD Collection 116 115 114 large Englishgardenwerealsohiddenthere. This wasthecaseinNagykároly,where theelectr combine dignitywithusefulness and thewaterta of theKárolyicountryhousewaspa “truly pointed styled” chapel to original drainpipecanbeseenwh there isalargesparrow-hawkincorporated inthe flanked bysmall pilastersanddecoratedwithclimbing leaves.Ontheforthflooroftower of thewindowsonthistowerfollowedgothic interesting example ofhownewtechnologyisputin home aflagis swinging onit.Atnight (Chicago: The University of Anthony Alofsin, Idem. p. 184 Samu Borovszky, When Buildings Speak: Architecture in the Habsburg Empire and Szatmár vármegye monográfiája Chicago Press, 2006) ch. 1. ch. 1. 2006) Press, Chicago

complete theneo-gothicpicture. ich haddragonshape.Atthe left rt ofthelanguagehistory. itiswonderfullylitbyelectriclights.” The sparrow-hawkwasnotmissing fromitstop. (Monograph of Szatmár County) (Pest, 1908) p. 184. p. (Pest,1908) County) Szatmár of (Monograph nk couldbeplacedinthe serviceofplumbing. coat ofarm. Onthenorthsidefragmentsof ic centerandthewater model: theyhadtheshapeofpointedarches the“serviceofpast”.Theornamentation

115 corner oftherearfaçadeis The towersdominated picture 116 Towers,moreover, could

its aftermath, 1867-1933 its aftermath, tank forirrigatingthe

from south. country house Andrássy Pic. 4.The 114 Thisisan , 39 CEU eTD Collection Andrássy andhisarchitectSándorFort 121 120 119 118 117 Betlér, however, another pointneeds tobementi the main entranceandthe towerswereanunmistakable tool for this.Inthe caseof thetowersin surprise thathealsopaidattentiontothepower heightened. TheCountwasfamous renaissance asthe style of the building, the already existing towers werekept andeven of Bebek main entrancearestandingbastions house arecopyingthe‘NeBojsza’towerfrom the corners ofthebuilding.According additional floor andatowerfor the staircase. 1882 andfrom thenonitwasusedasasummer were made onit.Thebuildingsoldin1824 family receiveditas fortified buildings,onedatingfromthe15 explained? Again,alittlearchitectural history is building, evenamonumental onewhichcontaine architectural program. Still,thecountryhousein mixture ofneo-baroqueandneo-renaissance, at the 13. Transylvanian Student’s Scientific Conference, Cluj Napoca, May 14-16, May2010. 14-16, Cluj Napoca, Conference, Scientific Student’s Transylvanian 13. at the Budapest) (Budapest:Rubicon Könyvkiadó, 2005), pp.53-54. Miklós Markó, “A betléri kastély” (TheCountry House in Betlér) in 16 the until building the who owned the family name of Bebek was the Fort’s activity isstill under research. See Beáta Bordás, Sisa 2007, p. 200. BeatrixBasics, The Andrássy countryhouse atBetlérwasnotbu (The Building Activity of the Szentkereszty Familyin the Szentkereszty Activity of (TheBuilding 120 andcoatofarm withtheyear1547onit.” Az Andrássyak világa: Betlér és Krasznahorka BetlérésKrasznahorka Azvilága: Andrássyak a royaldonationinthe16

to acontemporary description“Thefivetowersofthecountry withcannons,onecannonisBo for hisinterestsciencesan 119 th , theotherfrom16 connectedthetwoexisting buildings withan th was boughtbackbyCountManóAndrássyafter ofsymbolic architecture In addition, twoothertowerswerebuiltonthe centuryandfrom then residence,butalsoinhuntingperiods. needed.On the estate inBetlér there weretwo A Szentkereszty család 19. századi építkezései (Árkos, none ofwhichstyleshavetowers intheir oned, which willbeaddressedindetail inthe Betlérhadtowerson castle ofVajdahunyad. the 19th Centry: Árkos, Budapest), paper presented d themain staircase.Howcanthisbe (The Andrássy World:Betlér and Krasznahorka), ilt inneo-gothic style. Itwasbuiltina Vasárnapi Újság 121 th century. century. AlthoughtheCountchoseneo- d history,thusit snian, theotherhasname th century. continuous modifications . Thecanonsinfrontof XLII. 1895, vol. 45, p. 743. 743. p. 45, vol. 1895, XLII. all thecornersof On thesidesof 117 TheAndrássy comes asno 118 Manó 40 CEU eTD Collection 122 landlord’s home. although withalostits functionitwaskeptas hanging onthepast.BothinNagykárolyand members. Besideofthetraditional portrait galle 19 historicism. Thedifference is that while originally country housenotesfurthersymbols ofthenobility: main hobbyofanobleman:collectin reception space stuffed withcandelabra, antique and woodentracerydecorationwithpointedarches style. However,theinteriorof the wholebuildingusesamixtur left sideofthemain façadeandhasamansard roof the bathrooms werelocated inthem. next chapter.AsinNagykároly’s Markó 1895, p. 744. 744. p. 1895, Markó th century itstarted tobeusedindomestic As mentioned, themain staircase isinthef The techniqueofstainedglas coat ofarms depicted.” Batthyány, RebekaNádasdy,Erzséb maternal ancestorsGabriellaPálffy,Et there aretwoblazons:anancestor ofthe decorated withcoatsof arms, made inEdeKratzmann’s workshop.Oneverywindow “In thestaircasefivesmall andthree

122 the main staircaseispure neo- thewatertank-tower, e ofstylisticelements from g antiquities.Thecontemporary s hasitsroots in theMiddle et Balassa,ZsófiaSerédiésBetzhavetheir ry thiswasanewmeans forrepresentation, architecture aswell,commemorating family Betléramoatsurroundedthebuilding,which itwasfittingtotheimagery oftraditional furniture, statues, and artefacts showing the it wasused inecclesiastic architecture, inthe elka Szapáry,ValburgaCsáky,Szerafin . Theexteriorofthetower,as our floorhightower,whichisplacedonthe large windowshavecolouredstainedglass Andrássy family andhiswife.Among the . Theredmarble stairsleaduptothemain the towershadaverypracticalfunction: gothic, usingcofferedtimber roof renaissance, baroqueandTudor- Ages andhadarevivalinthe description oftheAndrássy 41 CEU eTD Collection issue, thekeywordofperiodwas“comfort”. and notthenostalgic“lookingback themselves. Nevertheless, thesearrangements intheprivate rooms thelatest reflected fashion economic sense.Therichnessandsophisticat offers anotherconfirmation thatthe aristocracy wasstillon thetoppositionof thesocietyin 124 123 think interms offunctionand technology.Furniture the caseswecanseel other welltodopeople.Ifwelookatthecont propagation ofrichandcolourful Exhibition inViennaandespeciallythe1876 London thetechnologicalinnovations Theanalysisoftheinteriorco the latesttechnologicalinnovations. complemented withthemost modern furniture functional organization of therooms, the sometimes themuseum likeinteriors were opened tothepubliccontained subordinated totheprestigedi important markerforsocio-economicstatusandes As alreadydemonstrated inthefirstchapter,sp Edward Lucie-Smith p. p.;Sisa 2007, 79. 1979, Girouard If oneconsiders theinterpretation of furniture, regardless of theperiod /s/heneeds to , Furniture: a concise history uxury oftheseinteriors.

splay, theyprimarily functionedaslivingspaces.Therooms The Quest for Comfort forComfort The Quest interiors. Allthesewereprimarily used bythearistocracy and symbols ofnobility,butthearch tothepast.”Asarguedbymany dealingwiththis authors spreadallaroundEurope.Addingtothisthe1873World untry housesfrom thesecondpartof the19

(London: Thames and Hudson, 1993), p. 8-12. p. 8-12. 1993), ThamesHudson, and (London: emporary descriptionsandphotographsinmost of and most importantlytheywereequippedwith ed arrangement of the interiors speak for ed arrangement interiorsspeakfor ofthe ite ofthefactthat Munich ArtExhibitioncontributedtothe pecially theexteriorarchitecturewhichwas isalsoanindicatorofsocial status. 123 Thankstothe1851World Exhibitionin itects paid attention tothe country houseswerean th century 124 This 42 CEU eTD Collection found inthecountryhousesunderdiscussionhe when exploringthemeanings andfunctionsofvari comfortable. Thisinseparability of symbolic an can notbe divorced. Unliketheoutside, theinside The main argument of thischapter isthatin century modernism. 125 Nagykároly andBetlércountryhouses had animportant role. Theaim of thischapter is to offer a description of the interiors in style offurniture.Inthefurnishinginte aspect oftheroom arrangement canoneundersta isolated piecesofoldfurniture choices existingintheperiodled established itselffirmly inthesecondpartof19 subjectivity inroom furnishingwaspr Arts and Crafts Movement, theDe Stijland the Ba individual. be examined isthewayitusedtomake role inthecase of thearistocracy as well. A aspect is the most evident in the case of those (Budapest: CEUPress) pp. 66-70. Idem. p. 12.; Gábor Gyáni,

125 Peopletendtothinkabout“individualis ParlorKitchen and :

acquired special value.Onlywithtaking intoconsideration this to thebreakdownofpreviouslyfixedcategoriesandsometimes Representation andComfort andinterpretthem inthe opagated alreadyattheendof18 Housing and Domestic Culture in Budapest, 1870-1940 Budapest, in Culture Domestic and Housing nother categoryinwhichfurnitureandinteriorscan the caseoftheinterior, riors thecontemporaryguidebooksfordecoration climbing thesocial ladder, personalandsubjective re isbynomeansrandom. Itcombines a d functional roleswillbe theguiding principle nd theseemingly clutteredmixture ofvarious ous partsoftheinterior uhaus, but as wewillsee in this chapter the shouldbenotonlyre ed” furnitureandinteriorsonlyafterthe th century. Themultiplicity of stylistic context ofhistoricism and19 representation andfunction s. Themix offurniture but itplayedacentral statements aboutthe presentative, butalso th centuryand , modern 43 th

CEU eTD Collection Ausstattung der Wohnung der Ausstattung 127 126 they areinaspecialplace,spacewhere the power andexoticism waspresent: presence oftwostuffedanimals wasmeant toamaze Andrássy countryhousenotjust style. Theroleofthereception ha function. Thusasalread thus theyplayed aroleintherepresentation and aswesaw,neo-gothic style wassuitable forthis library andinthechapel.Thesespaceswere gothic when usedintheinteriors,itappeared a comfortable, cosyatmosphere withthelarg representational purpose,but background. “garment of itsinhabitants”thatwouldem conditions, or words ofJakobvonFalkeinteriordeco the modern notionofcomfortand way offurnishingthespace according to Markó, 1895, p. 743. 1895, p. Markó, Jakob von Falke, divans, coveredwithexpensivecarpets,b Oláhpatak estate,theotherin cards. Bothofthegiantanimals wereshot his openedmouththereisan basket, asifheisaskingfortheguests’vi “Here stands ontwofeethigh The neo-gothicstylewas popularintheexte Volksgeist Die Kunst im Haus: geschichtliche und kritisch-ästhetische Studien über die und Decoration Studien kritisch-ästhetische imDie Kunst und Haus: geschichtliche , (Wien: [s.n.], 1871) p. xxiii. xxiii. p. 1871) [s.n.], , (Wien: y mentioned themain staircasein . 126 itwas rarely used for theinterior Justlikeanoutfittheinterior

the hallwaspackedwithartwor ll asthefirstspacetoimpress the traditional aspiration torepresent social status. Inthe opened woodenbox,inwhichhe giant stuffedblackbear,holding the East.Beside thewalls th ration, likedress,isareflectio individual e pointedarchwindowsandmassive furniture.Neo- accessible foreverybodywho body theirvalues,social in thepublicrooms, inthereception hall,inthe ear-, tiger-,panther-andotherskins.“ sit card;thereisalso by countManóAndrássy,oneofthem inthe taste. Inthiswaythefurnitureembodiesboth the guests.Bythis the rior ofthebuildingformentioned Betlérwasdesignedinneo-gothic . Itwasbynomean design ofthehouseisasort ks, buttheprobablysurprising the visitorwascrucial.In ere areshort, cosy eastern n ofasetla in oneofhispawsaflat a hugecrocodile,andin also awaitsthevisitors’ standingandcultural entered thebuilding, visitors realizedthat s easytocreate rger societal 127

44 CEU eTD Collection 129 128 presence ofthebilliardtablein “I neveroncesawflowersuseddecoratively” 1880s. composition of plantswithapalm treeinthecenter. Palms became increasingly dominant inthe leather deep-buttoned sofa suitewithanoval was soimportant. The“living-hall”inNagykároly passing throughitfromonesideof and itwasdifficulttoheatit.Alsoasin live inandtoreally use, aside from summertime. in hereveningsplendour a livingroom.Althoughthespacewith contemporary photographs testify,this hallwasnot the lightiscoming inthroughth the MiddleAges.Thesehallsaresometimes top-li was entereddirectlyfrom thefr multiple functions asthecontemporary photographs changed, making thecommunication betweenthespaces easierandobtainingalarge roomwith supported by arcades. With thecreation ofthe that thebaroqueinnercourtyard hall isknown tobethelargestinHungarianc grand staircase,aswellfortheItalianmarble Fletcherp. 12. p. 339. Thorthon, The same function inNagykárolywasfulfille 128 Although MargaretFletcherduringhervisi to thepartybelow,mostprobably

ont doorthroughaves the southern corner of thehall andthesitting suitemakes itto was roofed-in,thustheownerobt ree largeneo-gothicwindowswithviewonthepark.As thehousetoother,thusitdidnotofferprivacy,which thestaircasefitted 129 a centralposition,itwas hall thewhole composition and room hierarchy table. Inthemiddle oftheroom therewasa ountry housearchitecture. fireplaces withthefamily’s coat of arm. This Itssize made itunfitting tosettle comfortably hadaneo-renaissancest t, butinthecaseofKárolyicountryhouse Nagykárolyseems tobeanexception.The used only forballsand receptions butalsoas testify it. Thehallhadacentral location and t throughHungaryin1892mentioned that d bythe hall, whichwastheplacefor tibule (forprotecting perfectlytothede it wasnotthemost comfortableto ained atwostoreyhighhall hard to prevent people hard topreventpeople yle darkredcoloured The reasonforthisis scent ofthemistress from draught) asin 45 CEU eTD Collection achieved primarily bythedarkwainscot.In Betlér the walls are decorated withthirty-six 18 floor hasaninteresting decorati Unfortunately thereisno information survived of thepublicrooms, towhichthechapelwasatt from theeasternpartofhall.Thiswasse is more likely thatitfulfilledtheroleofr guest rooms, it ishardto imagine thatthehallse gallery onthefirstfloorformed thepassagethat eclectic picture withthedominance oftheneo country house wasneo-gothic,therepresentative mention one inagothicstyle.Inspiteofthef and armchairs. Scatteredaroundtheroom thereare have amore manly character.Infrontofthefi The diningroom inBetlérwhichislocatedon on. Itisthoughtabout this room tohaveamanly character, eception andrepresentation. Thedining room opened abouttheinteriorde replace aninglenook iscreat cond largestroom inthebuildinganditwaspart -renaissance inthemain receptionhall. Asthe rved asaplaceforsmall chatsandgatherings.It act that the outsidearchitecture of theKárolyi ached onthe north-eastern interior spaces were not; they showed atypical ledtothesalon,bedrooms andtothe different typeofchairs,itisnoteworthyto the south-easterncorner of thein first sign ofthisroom. ed withalittletable side ofthebuilding.

Nagykároly “living-hall” in Pic. 5.The 46 th

CEU eTD Collection modifications in this paper, because they fell outside my period of examination. the on portrait in hall the gallery library and the into 130 other elements contributedtothecolourful space. country house,thenextto furniture can beidentified. Tocontinuewiththe publicrepresentative rooms intheAndrássy a descriptionfrom 1895therooms belocated can gothic staircasethepublicrooms dividedbe were residence hepaidattentionto guestsvisi Count ManóAndrássyoftenhadfamous country house.Thebuildingwasprimarily used adjacent tower wasfurnishedasthe character of theroom. Awhiteporcelainstove isstanding inoneofthecorners. Thelittle on thesideofwallsandwithscenesfrom cover. Thisrareinteriordesignofthediningro table with early 18 I, waspartoftheNádasdycavalrymen. Moreover Count ManóAndrássyboughtback the factthatcountryhouse and similar uniform. Theexplanatio century portraitsof soldiers, thesocalled Náda In 1910 CountGéza An 130 chamber filled withrarities,likecoppe chamber filled “After climbinguptheredmarble stairswith ornatebalustrade , wefindthelarge As mentioned weareinabettersituation Thepresenceofthetwostuffedanimals wa th centurystuffeddining-chairswhichha drássy, theson of Manó mademodifications on bepresentedistheha

the representativefunctionsof in Betlér wasinthepossession of theNádasdyfamily. When thebuildinghekeptthisr credenza n ofwhythesepainti mixture betweenthepastandpresent. the first floor was changed. I will not deal with these withthese I firstdeal waschanged. will not the floor forthesilver and glasswear. the SevenYears’War abovethedoors,fitting om iscomplemented bycarvedrenaissance chests sdy cavalrymen. Thesoldie ll onthefirstfloor,whic as asummerresidenceandinhuntingperiods. tween thefirstandsecondfloor.Thanksto onthegroundplanandmo r andwrought-ironchandeliers,enormous ting, thuseventhoughitwasnotayearround , theroomhasvaluablefurnishing:anoval concerning thefurnishingofAndrássy s alreadymentioned, nowletsusseewhat ngs arehereand arra ve decorativeprin thehouse: painting gallery was turned the house.Asideofmain neo- oom, sinceoneAndrássy,Charles h wasatrulyhistoricist rs havethesame pose nged inthisway is ted-painted leather st oftheiroriginal 47 CEU eTD Collection 132 131 visited Betlérwithhi on theguestrooms whenahighrankvisitor for thearrangement oftherooms foraccommodating guests. Anevenbiggeremphasis wasput family members, butwereoftenfrequentedbypolit can bereadonthewallsofcountryhouse. activity andwasasignificant part of thearistocrac The wholehousewasfullofhis North Africa,spentlongtime inIndiaandCh 743. 1895, p. Markó, Betléri vadászatok It iswellknownaboutCountManóAndrássythathetravelledthroughWesternEurope, furniture, coming from WorldExhibitions.” candelabrum, flowerstands,Easternore-vesselsandgreatestpiecesofappliedarts (Huntings in Betlér), (Rozsnyó, 1908). pp. 38-44. 38-44. pp. 1908). (Rozsnyó, Betlér), in (Huntings s sonforbearhunting.

collection andhuntingtrophies Pic. 6.ThereceptionhallinBetlér. 132 Today’s teasalon was ina making sketchesandcollectingcontinuously. was expected.In1887theSerbianKingMilan

These occasionswerenotexclusivelyforthe y’s social life.InBetl 131 ical figuressospecial attention wasrequired . Huntingwasaspecialnoble named afterKingMilan. ér achronicleofhunting

48 CEU eTD Collection 136 135 134 133 interest oftheowner). the family canleadbackitsancestors)and functions asanintroductiontothe the kindisportrait gallery of that whatwe see is the emblematic portrait galle hall. Theindividualscannotbe about thehallandcan Magyarország ésanagyvilágconfirmed. toa like lifestyleasthefamous“Answer considered anexception, becausetheHungarianar tourist guideswerewrittenpromoti it. many rareartworks thatitwouldbeapityfor in some cases touristsaswell.Accordingto collection wasan important part of therepres Andrássy alreadyhadarich same period astheNationalMuseumandbefore the 19 the picture.Thearistocracywascollectingthesein M ű József Sisa, Sisa 2007, p. 132. 23. p. Wasson, 126. Basics, p. 133 emlékek Állami Gondnoksága, 2004). 2004). Államiemlékek Gondnoksága, ThefactthatthecountryhousewasopenforpublicfollowsanEnglishpattern,where th The reception hallwasnoexceptiontothisaswe canseefrom thedescriptionandfrom centurythematically organized, carefully ar A nádasdladányi Nádasdykastély be seenonthephotographisfamily The interiorconveysbothsocialstat

collection openforthepublic identified because of the quality the Nádasdyfamily atNádasdladány. family’s past(theportraitsof ng themostfamous countryhouses. (The Nádasy Country Housefrom Nádasdladány), (Budapest: 135 Whatisnotmentioned inthe1895description entation whichnotonlyno present (thecollectionsspeakforthehobbyand the contemporary pressth Democratic Letter”publishedin1898the the touristtravellingthroughthisregiontomiss ry ofthe family ancestors.Themost famous of the FineArtsMuseumwasestablished,count previous periods istocracy wasconsideredtolive amimosa- ranged collectionswere us andexoticism atthesame time, portrait galleryonthewallsofthis . Asideofbeingahobby,this theancestorspoi of thepicturebut too, butinthesecondpartof ble guestscouldseebut e country house had so e countryhousehadso 136 ThespaceinBetlér put together.Inthe 134 This canbe nt tohowfar itisobvious 49 CEU eTD Collection 139 138 137 about theCount’sinterestnotjustinexoticobjectsbutalsopainting.Incountryhouse This list,butespeciallythe The listandthedescriptionofgalleryca chronicle about thenewacquisitions oftheCount: newspaper sourceweknowwhatpaintingscould renaissance styleoffurnishing into alibrary, room withinthebuilding.Fortunate Thenextroom intheAndrássycountry housewhichfulfilledarepresentative function was thepainting gallery whichwaslocated atthe the modern conceptofdomestic spacearrangement. expressing theindividual characterof theowner Hungary’s counties an counties Hungary’s 92. Markó 1895, p. 743. 743. p. 1895, Markó Rozsnyói Híradó,June 4,1886, Samu Borovszky, superb roundinlaidtableisstanding depictingNapoleonwithhisgenerals.” there areoilbattlescenesfrom the1848-49 busts. Aboveboththepaintinggalleryand paintings ofGyulaandManóAndrássy,their Andrássy: copy), Ligeti, are the art works.Further paintingsarefrom Madarász “The magnificent paintinggalleryhas Italian, Netherlanders, recent FrenchandGerman Hungarian countryfair “ A femaleportrait The ElectionofÁrpád Two WomenfromJ.N.Broze.” 137 ’s Death,TheCoronationofQueenElisabeth thusweknowthatthegallerywaslitfrom aboveandhadaNorthern Gömör-Kishont vármegye. Magyar Two homelesschildren on thestreet d cities), d (Budapest: ofMunkácsypaintedinMünchen,a number ofpaintingstodayscatte

from LajosÉbner, covered withtextile having apalmette decoration. From two

Országos Monografiai Társulat, 1903), p. 37, published in Sisa 2007, p. in Sisa 2007, p. 37,published p. 1903), Társulat, Monografiai Országos ly wehaveaphotographofthein (from anAustrianpainter),neatpaintingfrom CountManó n becomplemented from the1895article: 138 ország vármegyéi és városai

which isthus organizedaccording to Falkeand center of thesecond fl have beenseenthere.The1886articleisa all otherrooms’ doorsonthesecondfloor freedom fight. In the Sheeps fromBélaPálik, wives’ paintingsandthekingqueen’s , Lotz,Vajda.Interes . Itisworthmentioning thetwolife-size red intherooms areconvincing , theCongressofBerlin Landscape terior beforeitwasturned ( Gömör-Kishont oor andwasthelargest center of the room a center oftherooma ting andlargepieces The Plain from Mészöly, 139 County. from from (in 50 CEU eTD Collection opening fromthegallery. representative spaces(hall, dining room, chapel sector, whichwaslocatedinthesouth- completely changed.We candivide thesections of thebuildinginto threeparts: theservice aspects. the twobuildingsseparately; nevertheless where suitable itwill make cross references tothekey arrangement andthelifestyles of the aristocrats. according togender. The modern technological i owners’ wingsand,ontheother,tendency The guidingframework willbe In whatfollows, thethesis willturn itsattention tothepurely functional organization of space. there arepaintings fromthe17 In Nagykároly,thankstothecreationof Pic. 7.ThepaintinggalleryatBetlér thedivisionbetween,ononehand,serv th century onwards. The family ar centuryonwards.Thefamily western wingofthegroundfloor,public andthesalon)whichhad amore limited access, Thelineofnarrationwi nnovations werealso influencing thespatial that therooms weredividedandfurnished central hall,theoldenfiladesystem was chive waskeptintheroom ll describeandanalyse

ants’ andthe 51 CEU eTD Collection with thetapestry whichhaslarge flowers onit. a potentialcallersitthat close proper conversation.Courtingsofa known alsoasa“gossipbench”or“courtingsofa”itenabledtheoccupantstoconduct The groupofLouisXVstylechairs salon inwhichwecanseethesc directions, hersandthecount rooms. centerofthiswingtherewasthe Inthe count andthecountess.Theyocc organization wereespeciallyonshow wastheservants’wing. was designedtoaccommodateguest.Thearea laundry, bakeryandthebedrooms oftheservants) the south-western partofthe structure oftheplansmooth flowofdaily mistresses. Thereisnoexactinformation about bell system, thanks towhich the maids andservants them havingtheirownprivacy.Thiswasthere According tothecontemporaryfashionservantswereseparatedfrom theowners,bothof 142 141 140 since itwaslocatedonthefirstfloorandfina House) Girouard 1979, p. 176. p. 1979, 176. Girouard József Sisa, The description is following the plan of Arthur Meinig from 1892. Korunk On thefirst floor thestructure of the newpartwastransformed satisfying theneedsof the vol. 16 (2005, 12): p. 30-37. 30-37. p. 12): vol. 16 (2005, A szolga és a gyerek akastélytársadalmában

to one's daughter.Thefemale characteroftheroom isaccentuated ’s suiteopened.There isaco old buildingwaskeptforthese upied thenorth-easternwing,wh attered, scarcelygroupedseat-furniturewithfloralupholstery. was something ofamisnomer asfewmothers woulddarelet and armchairs wascompleted bya lly, theprivaterooms ofthecountandcountess. activities cannotbeimagined withoutone.While a bellsystem inNagyká ofacountryhouseinwhichtechnologyand sult ofthetechnologicaldevelopments likethe salon ofthecountessfrom where,inthetwo (1840-1914) (The Servant and the Child in the Country intheCountry Child andthe Servant (The (1840-1914) the remaining rooms of thesouth-easternpart didnotneedtolivene 141 ntemporary photographaboutthe Ithadbegungrowingbigger. rvice rooms (kitchen,pantry, ile theotherrooms wereguest roly, butlookingatthe téte-a-téte xt totheirmasters or whichwas 142 140 52

CEU eTD Collection 143 them therewasapaintingofCrow called “Úriszoba”whichwasthemale werefullwithpaintings, among salonorstudy.Thewalls bathrooms, andtherewas anotheroneforthegue intimacy. Thecount’srooms openedfrom theothersi The small nicheoftheboudoirwas and hadaboudoirattached.Thewasconsider with littleputties.Thebedroom ofthecountess in Nagykárolyopenedfrom thesalontoeast country houseaparlouronthefirstfloor hasa rounded andcomfortableinanageofgreatdom rug. Therococogainedthewidestacceptanceofa The roomismade evenmoresophisticatedbya Borovszky Samu, p. 184.

n PrinceRudolfpainted by Benczúr. situated inthecornertower, rococo paintingbyZsigmond Vajdaontheceiling fine RococostandingclockandalargePersian ll stylesforinteriordecoration.Itsforms were sts inthethirdwing.Thecounthadso esticity theywereimport de ofthesalon.Both ofthem hadseparate ed atypicallyfemale room, asmall salon. thusofferingprivacyand 143 Thepackedroom has ant. IntheAndrássy

Pic. 8. Nagykároly in Salon 53 CEU eTD Collection where therewasapianoaswell.Accord eastern sideofthebuil floor, whilethecountessonsecondfloor.Both spiral staircase. had hisrooms onthegroundfloorandwifejust move theapartments closer,usuallyontwosepara separate wingsofthebuilding.Thisdidnotch the previousperiod,whenhusband andwife were having suites sometimes even inthetwo not justamong theViennese people. Thedivision vegetal anditcanbeputinc a deskwithmodern chair.Thetapestrymost stands ahuge,overwhelmingly beautiful Rákóc “To theleftfrom thestaircasethereisan In Betlérthebedrooms wereput ding. Inthecenterofcount’sap onnection withthe“Makartstyle” ing tothecontemporary description ontwofloors,thecountha ange significantly,but probablyhadadarkernuance,butitisalso anteroom decorated withfamily portraits, here of spaceaccording toge of theirapartments werelocatedonthesouth- above it. The two were connectedbyasmall aboveit.Thetwowere te floors.Inthesecasesusuallythehusband zy-case, decoratedwith paintings. From artment therewasthebilliardroom whichwaspopularinthe1870s d hisapartmentonthefirst there wasatendencyto

nder isinherited from at Nagykároly Pic. 9 . “Úri”szoba 54 CEU eTD Collection 144 thebathrooms.function ofaccommodating Inthis architectural languageofthebuilding,butthey motifs. Asalreadymentioned in Betlér: thebathrooms. Thereweretwelveinto accommodated init. right sidefrom thegrandsalonopens portraits. Thisdrawingroom tower,which isconnectedwiththe isfurnishedasaboudoir.Tothe Count GyulaAndrássy,ManóAndrássy’s furnished” andcontainedportraitsofCountKáro From thegrandsalontoleftopeneddraw great viewfrom thebalconytofountainin made oflarch.Thedescriptiondoe the secondfloor,nexttopaintinggallery armoury. Thebedroom hadalarge“Arabianbedstead” collections connectedwithhunting.Thetoweronth room andbathroom. Thedescriptioninthe To theright from thebilliard room openedthe Miklós Markó, 1895, 743 1895, p. Markó, Miklós Valburba Csáki(wifeofcountJózsef Andr and oldfamily portraits,amongst them Madonna-likegrand-grandmother: thecount’s sculpture onthetopofit.Onwallstherecan there isapiano,intheothercornerhugeol one witholdandpreciouspipesfrom thegreatestcraftsmen’s workshops.Inonecorner glass-doors catchthe eye; thefirst one isfu here totheleft wearrive into a billiard Here isthetime tomention themost importa

the previous chapter the towers s nottalkaboutthefurnitureinsalon,butmentions the was thegrandsalonwhichhadamosaic ceiling study notednumerous trophies,gunsandother King Milansalon,asdur room, wheretwoextraordinary carvedcases with front ofthecountryhouseandtomountains. study andthe bedroom togetherwith adressing tal and had fine decoration of Dutch landscape tal andhadfinedecorationofDutch ing room ofthecountess,which“waslavishly ly Andrássyandhiswife,EtelkaSzapháry, of ássy), whodiedin1797,attheageof28.” remained andtheyserv ll withobjectsfrom theBronzeAge,other way every apartment had abathroom, stillthe d whitemarble stovewithatallmythological is cornerofthebuilding wasfurnishedasan nt element oftheAndr and hiswifeGabriell or half-testerbedwith beseentheportraits in Betlér did notfit into the ing hisvisithewas ed theverypractical ássy countryhousein a Pálffy’slife-size of historicalfigures blue silkcover.On 144 55 CEU eTD Collection 145 picturesque. last, because itaffects theexteriorand the interior of thebuildingsimultaneously: the characterized thecountryhouse.Onemore shortas In thedescriptionabovetwoke preparation andapparently this aspect. ForthevisitofRudolfandhiswife This isavaluablepieceofinformation sincethecontemporary photographscannotcapturethis regarding notjustthearrangement ofacouple everybody withcomfortable accommodation. bathrooms. Because many guestswerecoming inthehuntingseason itneeded toprovide a permanent residence. Thiscanbeoneofthee the countryhouse.TheAndrássy housepr important privacywasprovidedto odour andotheruncomfortable factorsremained (1884, 42.), p. 670. p. 670. 42.), (1884, Iván Relle, “A trónörökös-pár Nagy-Károlyban” (The crown prince in Nagykároly) in reading roomhavingmanynewspapersa dining room, whichisseparatedintotwobya satin, theprince’sisdecorated withsimple brownandyellowsuite.Thesixthroom isthe two rooms: salonsandtoilette-r on therightside,prince’s oftheluxury.Theprincess’roomsfurniture, withadelicatealcoveisthequintessence are his wifecanbeenviedbyanypalace.Themiddle bedroom withitslightrosecoloured comfort withpracticality.Thosesixrooms wh decorative objectsandfinery, “The Count[IstvánKárolyi]setforthforsumptuousness; thenewfurniture,carpets, Thanks tothevisitofCrownPrinceRudolf craftsmen Inthecountryho from Nagykároly.

affected thecountry houseaswell: each guest. Hospitality wasan ywords ofthisthesisappear: carriages areextollingthe ooms. Thefirstfurniturecove the left side. Eachof their in1884thewholetownwasmaking flutter nd magazines onthewideoaktable.” xplanations forthesurpri imarily fulfilled thisfunction,since itwasnot isolated from otherrooms. Moreover,theso rooms, butalso theco pect oftheanalysisismissing whichisleft in Nagykárolyforhuntingwehavedetails ich arefurnishedforthecrownprinceand ich flower stand.Thesmaller partservesasa use lavishiscombined withtasteand important func Hungarian industryandthe lavish apartments iscomposed of red withbluesilkand . XXXI. Újság Vasárnapi singly highnumber of andpractical lour scheme in them. lour scheme inthem. tion servedby 145 which 56 CEU eTD Collection architectural elements. Theneo-gothic wasperceived as a disorganized architecturalstyle, which asymmetry andthe romantic character achieved through aputting together of different the most meaningconnected toth The firstargument waspartlydi understood asaprogressinplanning. the past.Onotherhand,irregularityofth battlements, pointedwindowsandcuriousmouldings canbeseen asanosta and intheframework ofhistoricism. Onth through theexteriorarchitecture. Picturesque manifested itselfintwowayswithin time itaimed atawayofcomposing the concept wastheplayfulness, asymmetry, jagged connection withtheGothicRevi Lorrain, whocreatedthe“natural picturesque architectureandlandscapedesignasamatter offact visited Italyandmade sketches oftheGrandTour sensibility ofthe18thcentury.Thankstopopularity and intheconceptofirrationalbeautypercepti house architecturestarted At theendof18 th centuryinEnglandanew aesthetic to gainpopularity.The picturesque scussed inthecontextofneo-got val movement andthe Modernity andthePicturesque and paintingsabouttheantiqueruins.Thus,originof Its interpretationcanbemade ” landscape.Thepopularityofth e pastglory.Themain princi that wasinharmony withnature. e onehand,countryhous on; ithadstrongconnectionswiththeromantic thecountryhouse:thro e planandthedifferenceinroom sizescanbe profilesandcontrasti castle revival.Theunderlyingideabehind ideal ingardenplanningandcountry has itsoriginsinantiquarianism hic asthestylewhichembodied can befoundinthepaintingsof in the framework ofmodernityin the ple ofthepict e picturesqueisinstrong ugh thegroundplanand more andmorepeople ng scales. Atthesame es withpicturesque lgic manifestation of uresque was the uresque wasthe 57 CEU eTD Collection 146 and oftheroundtable out ofthe centreof the room andcontinued withmixed setsofchairs.First being disposedinasimilar irregularmanner. The house soonaffectedthewaypeoplelookedatits furnishings,whichinturnledtothefurniture visitors. the nurseryandguests.Bachelorswere in wings thedifferentcomponentsofhousehold– irregular picturesqueplan.Inabu privacy. Inthiswaythedemand forgreaterco bedroom andespeciallytheboudoirofcounte part aredifferent.Thusthesalon In Nagykárolyeventhoughtheoldenfiladesystem ambulatories intheparkarel the largeparkthereareChinesepavilions, grot to mask itself intoapicturesquebuilding,butth convey themessage ofbeingamedi surrounding aswell.EmbeddedinanEnglishga readable. Nevertheless, theaim tocreatearo original formal character,butifonelookedat skin-deep. Thetowers,battlements andgothicarch although convincingandconsistentin was bornspontaneouslyandcarri

Magyarország és a Nagyvilág Acceptance ofthepicturesque ofthepicturesquecanbe The manifestation 146

, III.-1898, Budapest, December 31, 31, 8. December p. Budapest, , III.-1898, eading throughtheselocations.

is thelargestas itisameeting placeformorepeople,whilethe ilding withdifferent sections one ed themessage ofromanticism. TheKárolyicountryhouse, eval castle.TheAndrássycountry itsexteriorarchitectureatfirstsight,wasnotmore than concept ofirregularity and toes, ahermitage and afreemason pavilion. The the planbaroqueenfiladesystemwaseasily e fashionableEnglishgardenwasnotabsent.In ss havemuch smaller sizeofferingtherequired mantic chivalric look wasfacilitated bythe mfort andprivacywasideallyservedbythe process begunwiththea rden, thebuildingatNagykárolymanaged to turnkeptseparatedfromunmarriedlady the family, theservantsandservicearea, the family, followed onthe planof the building as well. es masked quite successfully the building’s is visible,thesizeofrooms inthenew couldhiveoffintoseparate asymmetry intheplanofa houseinBetl rrival ofthe sofa-table ér didnottry 58 CEU eTD Collection 147 times.” you coucheditintheGothicstyle,making itlookasifpartshavebeenaddedatvarious if youwantedtocreateanewbuildingthatwa picturesque manifested itselfin perfectly acceptable.Inshort, styles offurnitureweremixed andinthe“antiquarian interior” such mixe of allfurniturewaspulledoutfromthewallan Girouard, 1979, p.150. p.150. 1979, Girouard, 147

insidethebuilding,asidefrom thesizeofrooms, the the organizationoffurniture and decorationaswell:“Indeed, s trulypicturesqueyouco d organizedinadisorder uld notgofar wrongif ly manner. Also, many d stylesweretobe 59 CEU eTD Collection 148 especially suitable forthisanalysisbecause the symbolic function,andonthecomfortfunction used mainly forrecreationalpurposes,whichputsthe accentofanalysisintheformer case onthe the perioditbecomes evidentthat only tothisbuilding,butifone the factthatonemillion florinwasspentontheKárolyicountry house. house buildingactivity.Noth fact thattheyarerepresentative comparative basis. Thereasonforthe case selecti Moreover, thearchitectural activity ofthesepe the aristocracy did survive –themodernizing fo role, placeandstatuswithinsoci basic researchonthattopicis In westernscholarshipthereare under investigationofthisthesis house inthesecondpartof19 In thepresentthesisIexamined thesymbolic Erdei, p.25. The countryhouseinNagykároly was thefam My paperdealtwithtwocountryhouses ing canprovebettertheeconomicwe

missing. Forthisreason,paper looks atthewholec fortheNorth-East Hungarianar talkaboutthebourgeoisieand ety mainly througharthistoricalin works aboutthe“survival”of th the aristocracywasnotlosingpower. century.Mostofthesocialhi Conclusions ople tendstospeakinanargumentative way. and practicalfunctionsoftheHungariancountry style oftheKárolyicoun on of the Károlyi and Andrássyfamilies isthe in thelattercase.Thesetwobuildingsare

ountry housebuildingac rces did notchange e of two renowned families, but not on a of tworenownedfamilies, butnotona ily nest,whilethebuildinginBetlérwas its climbing onthesocialladder. the aristocracy,butinHungary storical studiesabouttheperiod istocracy withtheirimpressive ll beingofthearistocracythan terpretations. Itturnsoutthat investigates thearistocracy’s 148

Thisinformation refers try housefitsintothe ssentially its status. tivity inHungary 60 CEU eTD Collection medieval outlook. and pavilionsinthepark,waterditches,little but inarchitecturalorganization neo-renaissance seems tobethefavourite style following JakobvonFalke’sadvise,whopropagated Nagykároly. Theendof19 in practicebytheEnglish landscapegardens,whichwaspresentbothinBetlér andin and “naturalness” than theirregularityofgo the picturesque,ofasymmetry. Nootherarch architecture, gardening,clothing,etc.What they to doit.Correspondinglytheyhadthechance developments untiltheturnofcenturyforth the newesttechnologicaldevelopments. The of living,amongwhichthemost importantwasthe However, beingprimarily ahome, thecountryhous but alsopersonalachievements. past wassupportedbyusingthisstyle,which the oldandnewatsame time.Theaspira symbolic meanings.Theneo-goth The countryhousewasatoolinthedisplayofpow until nowadays andisexemplary tothequest of thearistocracy for comfort. architectural trendofthe periodand theinterior The researchalsoshowedthetendencytofu th centuryfavouredthepicturesquede as well.Asymmetry inthe architectural masses, artificial ruins ic styleservedadoublefunction: Thus, itserved asaperfecttoolforsocialrepresentation. for interiorfurnishing.There arenumerous pieces balconies wereallsubordinatedtotheromantic, e simple reason that they thic. The“back tothenature”principle wasput saw –mostly inEngland–wasthepopularityof furnishingoftheAndrássybuildingwaskept tion ofthearistocracy forlegitimacy fromthe aristocracy wasinitiatingthetechnological itectural style could better express playfulness the symbol ofnotjustnationalgloryandpride, e wasalsosubordinated comfort; henceitwasor rnish therooms according to individual taste, er forthearistocracyanditsarchitecturehad travelandexperiencethelatesttrendsin the neo-renaissancest sign notonlyinga itwasthemanifestation of hadthefinancialmeans to thepracticalneeds ganized accordingto yle themost.Thus, rden planning 61 CEU eTD Collection these twobuildings. a consciouscollection which fitted intheperiod’s houses. Itismorelikelytothinkthatthemixture of question howmuch hehadanimpactofthear it intheinteriorfurnishing.SinceFalkewrot development ortheyfollowedFalke’sadvice, primarily toserve thecomfort oftheuser.Itremains whetheritwasaspontaneous aquestion house withanurbanpalacesisindispensable. houses. Especiallyasfarcomf to theurbanism, asthearistocracy the people visiting itand tothe the countryhouse.However,Ibelievethatitshed lighttothewayacountryhousecouldmean to framework adoptedhasitslimitation and thelifeofasmaller region. Iamawareof could bethecenterofanotherre just inthecontextof and showstheexceptionalcharacterofCountMa fact thatitwasopenforthevisitorsmakes it of bathroomsmade theAndrássy the genuine renaissance furniture is thecomfort level. The 19 of furniturethekindinth The research also showedthatthecollection of his countryhouses,butal e Nagykárolycountryhouse,but owners. Thedirectionofthefurthe search toseeinwhatwayape ort isconcernedtheexaminati countryhouseauniquebuildingin livedadual life, partly inthe s anditdoesnotdofulljustic a specialcasewithintheHungariancountryhouses whounambiguously pronouncedhispreferencefor e hisbookfor andaboutth so inthecontextof19 the fact that theapproach andinterpretational nó Andrássy.Heplayedanimportant rolenot obsession for antiquities, atleast inthecaseof istocracy’s waysoffurnishingtheircountry furnitureexistentintherooms istheresultof raritiesand thesurprisingly large number on andcomparison ofthecountry rsonality affectsthedevelopment the differencebetweenthem and th capital, partlyintheircountry century furniture was made wasmade furniture century e tothesocialsignificanceof r analysisiscertainlyleading theHungariancontext.The th centurymodernisation. It e bourgeoisieitisa 62 CEU eTD Collection “A nagykárolyikastély,” (ThecountryHouseinNagykároly)SzalonÚjság , 8(1903,12.) Betléri vadászatok Iván Relle,„Atrónörökös-párNagy-Károlyba Miklós Markó,“Abetlérikastély” Newspaper articles Képeslap1945előtt,011,Nagykároly Hungarian NationalLibrary, CollectionofSmall Prints 2018.1953Nagykárolyhall 78.32Betlérfoyer 78.15 Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum (HungarianNational Betlér Plans oftheKárolyicountryhousefrom 1892signe Magyar OrszágosLevéltár(NationalArchivesofH Archival sources XXXI. 1884. 42. p.670 XXXI. 1884. 1895, vol.45,pp.743-744. Képeslap 1945előtt,010,Nagykárolyhall Képeslap 1945előtt,009,Nagykároly Képeslap 1945előtt,007,Nagykároly 101. the Károlyicountryhousefrom 1783signe (HuntingsinBetlér),(Rozsnyó, 1908) (The CountryHouseinBetlér) Bibliography n” (The crown prince inNagykároly)VU n” (Thecrownprince Museum), HistoricalPhoto Collection d byFranzSebastianRosenstingl:T20,No. ungary), GrófKárolyicsaládtervtára,Planof d byArthurMeinig(k Vasárnapi ÚjságXLII. ept inthebuilding) . 63 CEU eTD Collection Burke, Peter.Eyewitnessing:Theuseof im Bryson, Norman, MichaelAnnHoly,KeithMoxey,VisualCulture. ImagesandInterpretation. Broadbent, Georffrey.“APlain Borovszky, Samu (ed.). Bordás, Beáta.ASzentkeresztycsalád19.századi Biró, József. Erdélyikastélyok Bibó, István. “Elitésszociális ér Berend T.,Iván,Ránki,György. Basics, Beatrix. Ballantyne, Andrew. Badál, Ede. Alofsin, Anthony.WhenBuildingsSpeak: Architect Secondary sources Magyarország ésaNagyvilág pp. 192-209; aftermath, 1867-1933 2001. Hanover, NH:UniversityPressofNewEngland, c1994. 1995, ed.KateNesbitt,New York:PrincetonArchitecturalPress, 1996,p.124-140 AnthologyofArch Theorizing aNewAgendaforArchitecture:An Országos MonografiaiTársulat, 1908. városai. 14-16, 2010. presented atthe13.TransylvanianStudent’s Activity of theSzentkereszty Family inth David &Charles,1974 Krasznahorka). Budapest:RubiconKönyvkiadó,2005. House inPest,HevesandNógrádCounties).Budapest,1987. [c1943]. Kastélyok, kúriákPest, HevesésNógrádmegyében (Szatmár CountyandSzatmárnémeti. Hunga Az Andrássyakvilága:BetlérésKrasznahorka Architecture theory:aReaderinPhilosophyandCulturesynopsis Szatmár vármegyeésSzatmárnémeti.Magyarországvármegyéi . Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress,2006. , III.-1898, Budapest,December 31 (TransylvanianCountry Man’s GuidetotheTheoryof SignsinArchitecture” in zék” (Eliteandsocial sense). 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its , (2005) 64 CEU eTD Collection Girouard, Mark.LifeintheFrenchCountry House Girouard, Mark.LifeintheEnglishCountryHouse Girouard, Marc. Fülep, Lajos. Magyarm Fletcher, Margaret. Fekete J.,Csaba. Fatsar Kristóf. “ Falke, Jakobvon.DieKunstimHaus:geschichtlicheundkr Erdei, Ibolya. Ellenius, Allan(ed.). Éble, Gábor. Deinhard, Hanna. Clouser, Roy.“ACritique ofHistoricism,” Buttlar, Adrianvon.Azangolkert 1720 és1920közöttiMagyarországon Károlyi familyfrom Budapest: Nagykároly). FranklinNyomda,1913. 29, No.85(Apr.,1997),pp.41-64. and London:YaleUniversitypress,1984. Co., 1892. History ofArchitectureandMonuments, 2007. submitted to theBudapestUniversity ofTechnologyandEconomics, Department for Representative PrivateArchitecturein 2. (1999)pp.293-308. Rosenstingl’s ParkPlaning ActivityintheService of AntalKárolyi). Decoration undAusstattungderWohnung History-Art HistoryDepartment, 2008. at Nagykároly). BAthesis submitted toth 1998. 1970. angolkertek Haven: YaleUniverstity Press,1979. 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Vol. , 27.No. ” (Franz 65 CEU eTD Collection Moravánszky, Ákos. Mayer, Arno.ThePersistenceof theOldRegime Lucie-Smith Lieven, Dominic. Komárik, Dénes.“Agótizálóromantika építés Komárik, Dénes.“Aromantikus Kempelen, Béla. Károlyi, Mihály. Karády, Vikor.“Azelitr Kalmár, Miklós. Horváth, Hilda. Hadik, András.“Kastélyépítészet Gábor Gyáni,ParlorandKitchen Gyáni, Gábor–Kövér,György.MagyarországtársadalomtörténeteareformkortólII. Goodman, Nelson. “HowBuildingsMean.” Godsey D.,William. “TheSocialComposition of theHabsburg Aristocracy intheDualist Era.” of theCentury:Thedevelopment ofbour II). Budapest: Osiris,2006. European architecture,1867-1918 Architecture inHungary). pp. 341-451. Romantic CountryHouseBuildinginHungary). 1982. Astra, (About thequestionofeliteandrese Kiadó, 1998. Hungary) in világháborúig The JournalofModernHistory 2001), V.vol.,p.379. Budapest: CEU Press,2002. , Edward.Furniture:aconcisehistory (1995, 1-2):pp.130-144 Régvolt magyarkastélyok Magyar nemescsaládok(HungarianNobleFamilies) (Budapest: Arcanum, Hit, illúzióknélkül (Faithwithoutillusions) Historizmus, Századforduló:apolgáriépítészetkialakulása The AristocracyinEurope,1815-1914 A m Competing visions:aesthetic inventi (Thesocialhistory ofHungaryfr űemlékvédelem elméleti ől ésazelitkutatásánakkérdéseir kastélyépítészet kezdeteiMagya Magyarországon(1867-1918)”(CountryHouseArchitecturein : Építés-Építészettudomány 14 Housing and DomesticCultureinBudapest,1870-1940 . vol.71,no.1(March,1999):pp.56-104. (OldHungariancountryhous . Cambridge, Mass.:MITPress,c1998. Critical Inquiry. zete Magyarországon”(TheGothic-Romantic geois architecture). architecture). geois és gyakorlati kérdései . NewYork:Pantheon,1981. arch intheHungarian . London:Thames andHudson,1993. om theAgeofReforms untilWorld War Építés-Építészettudomány . NewYork:Macmillan, 1992. on andsocialimagination inCentral ő l amagyar társadalomtörténetben” . Budapest:Európa Könyvkiadó, 11No.4(June,1985):p.642. , (1982:3-4),pp.275-319. rországon” (TheBeginningsof Budapest:K socialhistory). . Tusnád,1996,pp.36- es). Budapest:Gemini (Historicism, Turn 7(1975,3-4): ő-print, 2001 Sic IturAd . 66 CEU eTD Collection Rozsnyai, József. Ritoók, Pál(ed.). Révész, Emese.Amagyarhitorizmus Rados, Jenő.Magyarkastélyok(HungarianCountry Houses). Budapest:M Puskás, Julianna.“Zsidóhaszonbérl Preziosi, Donald. Pevsner, Nikolaus.AnOutlineof EuropeanArchitecture. Péter, László.“TheAristocracy,theGentrya Péter Hanák,VeraBácskai,Gábor Payne, AlinaA.“ArchitecturalHistoryand Panofsky, Ervin.GothicArchitectureandScholasticism. Pallas NagyLexikona Országh, László.“‘Anglomania’ inHungary,1780-1900” Odescalchi, Eugenie. Mills, C.Wright ThePower Elite Mojzer, Miklós.“Torony,kupola,kol 35-59 Hungarian agricultural development from the1850suntil1935). folyamatában az1850-esévektől1935-ig”(Jewishrentersintheprocessof semiotic organization. (1981, No.82):pp.168-179. thesis submitted totheEötvös Lóránd T Historicism). Budapest:KossuthKiadó,2003. Bizottsága, 1939[c1931]. 1992): pp.77-110. Century Hungary.”TheSlavonicandEastEu (September, 1999):pp.292-299. the SocietyofArchitecturalHistorians. http://mek.niif.hu/00000/00060/html/index.html füzetek I. Budapest.1971. Magyar építészet.Klasszicizmus,Historizmus Architecture, LanguageandMeaning:The origins ofthebuiltworldandits Meinig Arthurép Egy hercegn , 1893,s.v.“Arisztokrácia”, TheHague:Mouton,1979 . New York:OxfordUniversityPress, c1956. ő emlékezik Gyáni, GyörgyKövér,PálLéderer ítész munkássága ő k amagyarországi mez (TheHungarianHistoricism). Budapest:Corvina,2005. onnád” (Tower,Cupola,Colonnade)

the HistoryofArts:ASuspendedDialog.” nd TheirParliamentary TraditioninNineteenth- (APrincessRemembers). Budapest,1987. Vol. 58,No.3,ArchitecturalHistory1999/2000 udományegyetem, ArtHistoryDepartment, 2001. (ArchitectArthurMeinig’sActivity).BA ropean Review.Vol.70,No.1(January, NewYork:MeridianBooks,c1957. London: PenguinBooks,1990. The NewHungarianQuarterly őgazdaság fejl (HungarianArchitecture: Századok M ődésének űemlékek Országos űvészettörténeti (1992,1):pp. Journal of , 21 67 CEU eTD Collection Thornton, Peter. Tanner, Jeremy(ed.). Szinnyei, József. Széchenyi, CountIstván. Stone, Lawrence&JeanneC.FawtierStone. Stevens, MaryElisabeth. Sisa, József. Sisa, József. Sisa, József. Sisa, József. Sisa, József.“Adalékokamagyarországi romanti Sisa, József.“AvépivoltErd Sisa, József.“Aszolgaés Sármány-Parsons, Ilona. Hungarian romantic countryhousebuilding). Architecture intheAustro-Hungarian Vép inVascounty).M Nicolson, 1985. http://mek.niif.hu/03600/03630/html/index.htm Budapest: Hornyánszky, 1891-1914s Kiadó, 1995. Press,1986,EditionAbridgeded. Oxford University András Ciegered.Budapest:GeneralPress2007. (Letters FromtheAndrássyHouse(1864-1869) Quarterly Bayern, ÖsterreichundSüdtirol Child intheCountryHouse,1840-1914).Korunk Vince Kiadó,2007. house-building andcountryhousecultureinHung Nádasdladány). Budapest:M “EnglishInfluenceonHungarian “DerSchlossbauinUngarnim 19.Jahrhundrt.” Kastélyépítészet éskastélykultúra A nádasdladányiNádasdykastély Authentic décor:Thedomesticinterior1620-1920 . 23(1982,87):pp.182-185. Magyar írókéleteésmunkái(The LifeandWorksofHungarianWriters). The SociologyofArt:areader Historizáló építészet az Buda-pesti poréssár Levelek az Andrássyházból a gyerekkastélytársadalmába ődy-kastély Vasmegyében” (The former Erd ű emlékvédelem. űemlékek Állami Gondnoksága,2004. 9 (1987):pp.203-207. , s.v.“KárolyiAntal”, An OpenElite?England1540-1880 Monarchy). Budapest:Corvina,1990. Romantic Architecture.“ 21(1977,3):pp.170-172. (TheNádasyCountryHousefrom (DustandMudinBuda-p Magyarországon: Ahistorizmuskora

Osztrák-Magyar Monarchiában kus kastélyépítészethe . London,NewYork:Routledge,2003. Ars Hungarica (1864-1869). Egyangolnevel : ThelettersofanEnglishgoverness), 16(2005,12):pp.30-37. ary: Theageofhistoricism). Budapest: n, 1840-1914”(TheServantandthe Arx, BurgenundSchlösserin . London:Weidenfeld and 8.(1980):pp.103-125. z” (Addendumtothe The NewHungarian est). Budapest: Balassi ődy countryhouseat , (Historicist . Oxford: ő (Country nő levelei 68 CEU eTD Collection Zádor, Anna.Aklasszicizmusésroman Wiebenson, DoraandJózsefSisa(eds.). Whyte, William. “HowDoBuildings Mean? Some Watkin, David. Wasson, Ellis.AristocracyandtheModernWorld Vörös, Károly.“Af Váczy, János.FerencKazinczylevelei Tímár, Árpád. “FülepLajos historizmuskritikája” (LajosFülep’s Critique of Historicism) in Hungary: classicism andromantic Massachussetts -London,England,1998. architecture.” Megyei Levéltár,1987,pp.401-403 Rendi társadalom,polgáritársadalom Romantikus kastély: tanulmány (Budapest: Hild-YblAl Morality andArchitecture őrendiház 1885.évireformja”(The Reform History andTheory apítvány, 2004),p.525-531. , vol.9 ok KomárikDénestiszteletére, tika építészete Magyarországon TheArchitectureofHistoricHungary . 45(May2006):p.153-177. ism). Budapest:Corvina,1981. . Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1984,c1977. (The LettersofFerencKazinczy).Budapest,1909. , LászlóA.Varga(ed.),Salgótarján:Nógrád . NewYork:PalgraveMacmillan, 2006. issues ofinterpretation inthehistory of oftheUpperHousein1885) FerencVadased. (Revival architecture in . Cambridge, 69 CEU eTD Collection

I. a.Thegroundfloorplanof theKárolyicountryhouse. Appendix

70 CEU eTD Collection

I. b. ThefirstfloorplanoftheKárolyicountryhouse.

71 CEU eTD Collection

Betlér II. a.Groundfloorplanin

part century building Sala Terena 9, 10,11,12,23: 31, 32:15 2, 3,5,6,8,12, bathroom 16, 19,33: 1: balcony building part 21: 16 13, 14,17,18,20, th century th

72

CEU eTD Collection II. b.

FirstfloorplaninBetlér rooms 11, 12, 14, 15, 16: guest 6: spiralstaircase 25: count’s bedroom 27: armoury collection 26: study room 4: 3: dining room 2: billiardroom 13, 17, 19, 24: bathroom 10: balcony Vajda’s ceilingpainting 9: parlourwith Zsigmod 8, 22: hall 21: centralstaircase credenza

73 CEU eTD Collection

Betlér II. c.

Secondfloorplanin unidentified rooms 9, 10,15,17: 5, bathroom 23,26: 20, 16, 11, salon 12: countess’ small rooms 24, 25: King Milan 4: boudoir salon3: countess’ 1: balcony 2: grandsalon 13: familyarchives 8: painting gallery 21: vestibule 22: centralstaircase 74

CEU eTD Collection

The staircase withthefamily portraitgallery inBetlér The diningroom inBetlér

75

CEU eTD Collection

Bathrooms in Betlér

76

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tallest towerinNagykároly Gothic windowsandthe

The chapel

The grandstaricasein

Nagykároly 77