Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2010. 55:39-53 doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085314 Causes and Consequences of Cannibalism in Noncarnivorous Insects Supplemental Table 1. Data from the primary literature on cannibalism in noncarnivorous insects Richardson et al. Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

Blaberus craniifer Saupe R. 1928. Zeitschr. Blattodea Blaberidae Burm. scavenger Egg mass lab Angew. Ent. 14: 461-500. Rhypharobia Scharrer B. 1953. Cancer Blattodea Blaberidae maderae (F.) scavenger Egg mass lab Res. 13: 73-6.

Buczkowski G, Kopanic RJ anecdotal mention of cannibalism; availability of Jr, Schal C. 2001. J. dying cockroaches were consumed Blattella weak Econ. Entomol. 94: 1229- and insecticide was transferred to Blattodea Blattellidae germanica (L.) scavenger Egg mass conspecifics DI I-fitness decreased unknown 36. the cannibal

Faulde M, Fuchs M, Nagl contact pheromone in the saliva Blattella W. 1990. J. Insect that induced dispersal of adult Blattodea Blattellidae germanica (L.) scavenger Egg mass nymph (adult) unknown Physiol. 36: 353-60. males may prevent cannibalism

high population cannibalistic density, high Guthrie DM, Tindall AR. occasional cannibalism in stage not ambient 1968. The Biology of the cultures; molting nymphs and Blattella specified temperature, Cockroach. New York: St. injured/copulating adults were Blattodea Blattellidae germanica (L.) scavenger Egg mass (nymph, adult) shortage of food DD, DI unknown Martin's Press. consumed

high population cannibalistic density, high Guthrie DM, Tindall AR. occassional cannibalism in stage not ambient 1968. The Biology of the cultures; molting nymphs and Blatta orientalis specified temperature, Cockroach. New York: St. injured/copulating adults were Blattodea Blattidae L. scavenger Egg mass (nymph, adult) shortage of food DD, DI unknown Martin's Press. consumed

Roth LM, Willis ER. 1960. The biotic associations of mating status or cockroaches . Blatta orientalis adult female sex of Washington: Smithsonian females carrying oothecae ate Blattodea Blattidae L. scavenger Egg mass (adult male) cannibal/victim DI unknown Institution. males that attempted to mate availability of cannibalism was rare (except of weak or newly Gould GE, Deay HO. eggs) and only molting individuals Periplaneta molted 1938. Ann. Entomol. Soc. unable to shed exuviae were Blattodea Blattidae americana (L.) scavenger Egg mass adult (egg) individuals DI 10.5 lab Am. 31: 489-98. consumed

high population cannibalistic density, high Guthrie DM, Tindall AR. occassional cannibalism in stage not ambient 1968. The Biology of the cultures; molting nymphs and Periplaneta specified temperature, Cockroach. New York: St. injured/copulating adults were Blattodea Blattidae americana (L.) scavenger Egg mass (nymph, adult) shortage of food DD, DI unknown Martin's Press. consumed

Jaramillo RGI, Gonzalez the insecticide imidacloprid was OR. 2005. Revista transferred among adults by Periplaneta Colombiana Entomol. 31: cannibalism, reducing the chances Blattodea Blattidae americana (L.) scavenger Egg mass adult (adult) I-fitness decreased lab 5-8. that populations would survive

Periplaneta adult female Klein HZ. 1933. Z. wiss. females ate their own eggs even Blattodea Blattidae americana (L.) scavenger Egg mass (egg) DI unknown Zool. 144: 102-22. when food was present

Roth LM, Willis ER. 1960. The biotic associations of adult female cockroaches . females consumed their own Periplaneta (egg, adult Washington: Smithsonian oothecae and adult males that had Blattodea Blattidae americana (L.) scavenger Egg mass male) lab Institution. recently molted Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes Sonan H. 1924. Trans. Periplaneta adult (adult Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa males eaten by females in Blattodea Blattidae americana (L.) scavenger Egg mass male) unknown 14: 4-21. absence of food Sonan H. 1924. Trans. Periplaneta adult (egg, Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa males eaten by females in Blattodea Blattidae australasiae (F.) scavenger Egg mass adult male) DD unknown 14: 4-21. absence of food

partly eaten pupae found in grains Rhizopertha Egg mass or Crombie AC. 1944. J. from which adults had previously Coleoptera Bostrychidae dominica F. unknown single egg adult (pupa) lab Exp. Biol. 20: 135-51. emerged (limited data)

Tahhan O, van Emden HF. when two larvae met in the same Bruchus dentipes concealed high population I-competition 1989. Bull. Entomol. Res. tunnel, one larva always killed the Coleoptera Bruchidae Baudi herbivore larva (larva) density DD reduced 6-16 lab 79: 201-10. other at least 37% of seeds had >1 larvae initially, but only 1 adult Wang R, Kok LT. 1986. per seed emerged; cannibalism Megacerus concealed high population I-competition Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. most common among 2nd and 3rd Coleoptera Bruchidae discoidus (Say) herbivore larva (larva) density DD reduced field 79: 359-63. instars

Story RN, Robinson WH, more than one egg per leaf Taphrocerus Pienkowski RL, Kok LT. encourages cannibalism, only one schaefferi concealed high population I-competition 1979. Ann. Entomol. Soc. larva per leaf survives; anecdotal Coleoptera Buprestidae Nicolay & Weiss herbivore Single egg larva (larva) density DD reduced lab Am. 72: 93-8. mention of cannibalism

more than one egg per leaf encourages cannibalism; cannibalism stabilizes the relationship between host plants and insects by preventing over- consumption of the plant and insuring the survival of larvae when resources are limited; authors could not conclusively Taphrocerus Story RN, Robinson WH. distinguish between cannibalism schaefferi concealed high population P-population 1979. Environ. Entomol. and mortality due to natural Coleoptera Buprestidae Nicolay & Weiss herbivore Single egg larva (larva) density DD regulated 19 field 8: 1088-91. enemies

Hatchett JH, Daugherty DM, Robbins JC, Barry RM, Houser EC. 1975. Dectes texanus concealed high population I-competition Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. only one larva per stem survives; Coleoptera Cerambycidae LeConte herbivore larva (larva) density DD reduced field 68: 209-13. anecdotal mention of cannibalism galleries of larvae intersect, encouraging cannibalism; cannibals had increased weight gain; walls of frass may prevent Enaphalodes Ware VL, Stephen FM. cannibalism; 84% of encounters rufulus concealed high population 2006. Environ. Entomol. among larvae resulted in Coleoptera Cerambycidae (Haldeman) herbivore Single egg larva (larva) density DD I-fitness enhanced lab 35: 443-7. cannibalism Monochamus Akbulut S, Stamps WT, authors speculate that larvae were carolinensis concealed high population Linit MJ. 2004. J. Appl. cannibalistic (they did not directly Coleoptera Cerambycidae Olivier herbivore Single egg larva (larva) density DD lab Ent. 1 28: 17-21. observe it)

tests were conducted with two Dodds KJ, Graber C, larvae in one Petri dish with Monochamus Stephen FM. 2001. limited food; larvae avoided one carolinensis concealed Environ. Entomol. 30: 17- another and were not cannibalistic Coleoptera Cerambycidae Olivier herbivore Single egg larva (larva) shortage of food DD I-fitness enhanced lab 22. until resources became scarce Monochamus Akbulut S, Keten A, authors speculate that larvae were galloprovincialis concealed P-survivorship Stamps, WT. 2008. J. cannibalistic (they did not directly Coleoptera Cerambycidae Olivier herbivore Single egg larva (larva) decreased lab Pest Sci. 81: 115-21. observe it) Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes "chirping" sounds that larvae made by rubbing their mandibles against bark while in their availability of Victorsson J, Wikars L. hibernation tunnel might identify Monochamus concealed smaller 1996. Entomol. Tidskrift territories and prevent Coleoptera Cerambycidae sutor L. herbivore larva (larva) conspecifics DI lab 117: 29-33. cannibalism

Lieu KOV. 1947. Musee Nadezhdiella concealed high population Heu-de Notes d'Entomol. galleries of larvae intersected, Coleoptera Cerambycidae cantori (Hope) herbivore larva (larva) density DD both Chinoise 11: 69-117. encouraging cannibalism Haddan M, Fraval A. 1988. Actes Institut Phoracantha Agronomique et cannibalism was the main cause semipunctata concealed Vétérinaire (Maroc) 8: 27- of mortality of larvae in felled Coleoptera Cerambycidae (F.) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) field 34. trees, but not standing trees

Phoracantha Hanks LM, Paine TD, semipunctata concealed high population P-survivorship Millar JG. 2004. Entomol. Coleoptera Cerambycidae (F.) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) density DD decreased field Exp. Appl. 114: 25-34. larvae aggressively competed high population density, Phoracantha availability of Powell W. 1982. Bull. larger larvae ate smaller larvae on semipunctata concealed smaller P-survivorship Entomol. Res. 72: 645- contact; cannibalism is a major Coleoptera Cerambycidae (F.) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) conspecifics DD decreased both 54. source of mortality of the larvae

Iba M. 1993. Bull. Nat. Psacothea hilariis concealed high population Inst. Sericulture Entomol. high rate of cannibalism in the Coleoptera Cerambycidae Pascoe herbivore larva (larva) density DD field Sci. 8: 1-119. population

Matsumoto K, Irianti RSB, larvae were cannibalistic Xystrocera concealed Kitajima H. 2000. beginning in the 2nd instar when Coleoptera Cerambycidae globosa (Olivier) herbivore larva (larva) lab Entomol. Sci. 3: 33-42. fed an artificial diet

Diabrotica ~37% if 5 Rose RI, McCabe JM. undecimpunctata exposed high population larvae per 1973. J. Econ. Entomol. rearing more than one larva per Coleoptera Chrysomelidae howardi Barber herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) density DD container lab 66: 398-400. container encouraged cannibalism

newly hatched larvae consumed the remains of their egg, infertile Sotherton NW, Wratten eggs, and unhatched eggs; Gastrophysa exposed asynchronous SD, Vickerman GP. 1984. cannibalism is not an important Coleoptera Chrysomelidae polygoni (L.) herbivore Egg mass larva (egg) hatching DI 2 ± 0.5 lab Oikos 43: 301-8. mortality factor

cannibalism observed in field, but percent mortality due to cannibalism was determined in the lab; newly hatched larvae ate eggs, which were full or half-sibs; cannibals develop faster (especially in first instar); 17% of eggs & cannibalism may be adaptive if it 3-5% of 1st increases survival of an individual Labidomera exposed larva (egg, instar larvae Eickwort KR. 1973. Am. under extreme environmental Coleoptera Chrysomelidae clivicollis (Kirby) herbivore Egg mass larva) I-fitness enhanced in lab both Nat. 107: 452-3. conditions 6 (lumped percent mortality due to Labidomera exposed with spider Eickwort KR. 1977. cannibalism decreased with Coleoptera Chrysomelidae clivicollis (Kirby) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) DD predation) field Ecology 58: 527-38. increased dispersal Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

1st-4th instars are cannibalistic; larger clutches resulted in a greater proportion of eggs eaten Labidomera by larval siblings; no kin clivicollis exposed larva, adult high population Dickinson JL. 1992. Ecol. discrimination among cannibalistic Coleoptera Chrysomelidae clivicollis (Kirby) herbivore Egg mass female (egg) density DD field Entomol. 17: 209-18. larvae

1st-4th instars were cannibalistic; no kin discrimination among cannibalistic larvae; cannibalism by adults is rare in the field and only females were observed cannibalizing (and only when the host plant was absent); adult high population 54 (by adult females preferentially ate eggs of Labidomera density, females), 17 other females; percent mortality clivicollis rogersii exposed larva, adult asynchrony with (by adult Dickinson JL. 1992. Ecol. due to cannibalism was calculated Coleoptera Chrysomelidae (Kirby) herbivore Egg mass (egg) host plant DD, DI males) both Entomol. 17: 209-18. from the lab work Schrod J, Basedow T, Leptinotarsa Langenbruch GA. 1996. J. no relationship between density of decemlineata exposed ≤31 (mean = Appl. Entomol. 120: 619- the population and percent Coleoptera Chrysomelidae (Say) herbivore adult (egg) DI 19) unknown 26. mortality due to cannibalism late instar Leptinotarsa exposed larva, adult McCauley DE. 1992. Ecol. Coleoptera Chrysomelidae juncta (Germar) herbivore Egg mass (egg) field Entomol. 17: 142-48. anecdotal mention of cannibalism

larvae cannibalistic ≤24 hrs following hatch; cannibals reached a larger body size, however, large Plagiodera I-fitness enhanced; P- Breden F, Wade MJ. 1987. group size increased survivorship versicolora exposed larva (egg, stereotyped survivorship Environ. Entomol. 16: of brood, so cannibalism also was Coleoptera Chrysomelidae (Laicharting) herbivore Egg mass larva) behavior DI decreased field 1082-6. a disadvantage

larvae cannibalistic ≤24 hrs following hatch; cannibalism may have a genetic basis; cannibalism Plagiodera I-fitness enhanced; P- <45 negated the benefit of large group versicolora exposed larva (egg, stereotyped survivorship hatchling/egg Breden F, Wade MJ. 1989. size on survivorship (see Breden & Coleoptera Chrysomelidae (Laicharting) herbivore Egg mass larva) behavior DI decreased loss both Am. Nat. 134: 35-50. Wade 1987)

I-fitness enhanced; P- Plagiodera survivorship versicolora exposed increased or Breden F, Wade MJ. 1989. cannibals had higher rates of Coleoptera Chrysomelidae (Laicharting) herbivore Egg mass larva (egg) decreased both Am. Nat. 134: 35-50. feeding, growth, and survival

Plagiodera no kin selection; 1st instar larvae versicolora exposed larva (egg, Goff PW, Stevens L. 1995. consumed each other and cannibal Coleoptera Chrysomelidae (Laicharting) herbivore Egg mass larva) I-fitness enhanced lab Anim. Behav. 49: 545-7. became a larger body size cannibalism not influenced by the age of leaves of the host plant; Plagiodera King BH, Crowe ML, variable percent mortality due to versicolora exposed larva (egg, stereotyped Blackmore MD. 1998. J. cannibalism; larvae cannibalistic Coleoptera Chrysomelidae (Laicharting) herbivore Egg mass larva) behavior DI lab Insect Behav. 11: 23-36. ≤24 hrs following hatch

Plagiodera McCauley DE, O'Donnell versicolora exposed asynchronous R. 1984. Behav. Ecol. anecdotal mention of cannibalism; Coleoptera Chrysomelidae (Laicharting) herbivore Egg mass larva (egg) hatching DI lab Sociobiol. 15: 287-91. hatching larvae ate eggs Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

larvae in 41-77% of clutches were cannibalistic in the field over three years; larvae cannibalistic ≤24 hrs following hatch; diminished advantage to living in groups for older larvae because of increased competition between last instars Plagiodera Wade MJ, Breden F. 1986. and possibly increased risk of versicolora exposed larva (egg, stereotyped Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. pupal cannibalism by more slowly Coleoptera Chrysomelidae (Laicharting) herbivore Egg mass larva, pupa) behavior DI both 79: 73-9. developing larvae

study was conducted in outdoor cages (some open); a mean of Epilachna Bernhardt JL, Shepard M. 43% of eggs (and a maximum of varivestis exposed larva, adult high population 1978. Ann. Entomol. Soc. 56%) consumed by interspecific Coleoptera Coccinellidae Mulsant herbivore Egg mass (egg) density DD field Am. 71: 724-7. predation and cannibalism 1.7-6.8% by larvae attacked eggs in same adults; 2.2- Nakamura K, Ohgushi T. clutch; females were the cannibals Henosepilachna exposed larva, adult asynchronous 8.3% by 1981. Res. Pop. Ecol. 23: 91% of times that adult sex was Coleoptera Coccinellidae pustulosa (Kôno) herbivore Egg mass (egg) hatching DI larvae field 210-31. determined; adults eat eggs even

individuals blocked entrance hole to a kernel with silk, which may prevent cannibalism; authors used cannibalism as a numerical modifier in a model of population growth - no actual experimentation; cannibalism Cryptolestes Campbell A, Sinha RN. prolonged development time and ferrugineus larva (larva, I-fitness reduced; P- lab and 1990. Res. Popul. Ecol. reduced numbers of individuals Coleoptera Cucujidae (Stephens) unknown pupa) population regulated 50-70 model 32: 235-54. reaching reproductive age Crombie AC. 1946. P. Oryzaephilus larva, adult P-population Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. adult population limited primarily Coleoptera Cucujidae surinamensis (L.) unknown (egg, pupa) DD regulated lab 133: 76-109. by cannibalism of pupae

day-old larvae consumed one another in a Petri dish; larvae may be cannibalistic under Eluwa MC. 1979. Rev. crowded natural conditions, which Lixus camerunus concealed high population I-competition Zool Africaine 93: 223- limits the number of individuals Coleoptera Curculionidae Kolbe herbivore larva (larva) density DD reduced lab 40. developing in a host plant

adults housed with larvae in lab; adults cannibalistic even when well-fed, but percent mortality due to cannibalism increased with availability of lack of food; adults preferred younger Tripathi AK, Chaturvedi younger larvae, the abdominal Odoiporus concealed conspecifics, P-population ML. 1978. Entomol. News region of their prey, and preferred Coleoptera Curculionidae longicollis (Oliv.) herbivore adult (larva) shortage of food DD, DI regulated >50 lab 89: 88. to feed in the dark

high population Dixon WN, Houseweart cannibalism was a principal Pissodes strobi concealed larva (early density, shortage MW. 1982. Environ. mortality factor in early Coleoptera Curculionidae (Peck) herbivore Egg mass instar larva) of food DD field Entomol. 11: 555-64. developmental stages Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

authors did not observe cannibalism, but speculated that 1 larva will consume 100% of Fava A, Springhetti A. broodmates because there are not Sitophilus concealed larva (egg, high population I-competition 1991. J. Appl. Entomol. enough nutrients in a caryopsis to Coleoptera Curculionidae granarius L. herbivore Single egg larva) density DD reduced 100 lab 111: 406-11. feed >1 larva

cannibalism among larvae is the Sitophilus major factor regulating population zeamais concealed P-population Arakaki N, Takahashi, F. density; only 1 adult emerges Coleoptera Curculionidae Motschulsky herbivore Single egg larva (larva) DD regulated field 1982. Kontyu 50: 588-98. from a grain of rice Dermestes peruvianus Coombs CW. 1979. J. cannibalism may limit the number Laporte de larva, adult Stored Prod. Res. 15: 43- of surviving eggs in the "confined Coleoptera Dermestidae Castelnau scavenger (egg) DD lab 52. experimental arena"

Brown HP, Shoemake CM. 1 aggressive larva consumed a Microcylloepus exposed larva (larva, 1969. Proc. Oklahoma feeble adult and attacked another Coleoptera Elmidae pusillus LeConte herbivore adult) lab Acad. Sci. 48: 15. larva

Popov SY, Misrieva BU. 2007. Izv. Timiryazevsk. cannibalism was the most Meligethes concealed high population P-population Sel'skokhoz. Akad. 4: 93- important mortality factor; larvae Coleoptera Nitidulidae aeneus F. herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) density DD regulated field 100. aggregated in buds of host

Wagner TL, Hennier PB, Flamm RO, Coulson RN. Ips avulsus concealed 1988. Environ. Entomol. Coleoptera Scolytidae (Eichhoff) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) 4-7 lab 17: 181-91.

larvae avoided other larvae and eggs when elongating galleries in natural conditions, which presumably would prevent cannibalism; a high density of eggs lead to cannibalism of larvae 0.62% ± 0.81 (when mines converge), pupae, of eggs, and adults; temperature did not larva (larva, 35.4% ± 6.8 Wagner TL, Scott WC, influence percent mortality due to pupa), adult of larvae, Flamm RO, Coulson RN, cannibalism; adults inadvertently Ips calligraphus (egg, pupa, high population 5.1% ± 0.9 of Pulley PE. 1987. Environ. ate their brood when excavating Coleoptera Scolytidae (Germar) unknown teneral adult) density DD pupae lab Entomol. 16: 484-496. galleries anecdotal mention of cannibalism; opportunistic cannibalism may larva (victim Aukema BH, Raffa KF. enhance nutrition and result in concealed stage not high population 2002. Oecologia 133: 483-shorter development time of Coleoptera Scolytidae Ips pini (Say) herbivore Egg mass specified) density DD I-fitness enhanced lab 91. cannibal high population density, Scolytus availability of larger larvae ate smaller larvae multistriatus concealed smaller I-competition Beaver RA. 1974. J. that they encounter when Coleoptera Scolytidae (Marsham) herbivore larva (larva) conspecifics DD reduced both Anim. Ecol. 43: 455-67. elongating their galleries high population density, availability of larger larvae ate smaller larvae Scolytus scolytus concealed smaller I-competition Beaver RA. 1974. J. that they encounter when Coleoptera Scolytidae (F.) herbivore larva (larva) conspecifics DD reduced both Anim. Ecol. 43: 455-67. elongating their galleries Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes high population density, availability of larger larvae ate smaller larvae Tomicus concealed smaller I-competition Beaver RA. 1974. J. that they encounter when Coleoptera Scolytidae piniperda (L.) herbivore larva (larva) conspecifics DD reduced both Anim. Ecol. 43: 455-67. elongating their galleries

adults consumed larvae of competitors and complete infanticide can result; reproductive output of resident female decreased when an intruder on an animal corpse was Nicrophorus female, whereas the resident pustulatus adult (egg, high population I-competition Trumbo ST, Valletta RC. female remated with an invading Coleoptera Silphidae Herschel scavenger Egg mass larva) density DD reduced ≤100 lab 2007. Ethology 386-93. male

parents laid many eggs, and after they hatched, the parents apparently could estimate how many larvae the animal corpse could support and they cannibalized all extra larvae, which may prevent competition Nicrophorus Bartlett J. 1987. Behav. among kin and ensure survival of vespilloides high population P-population Ecol. Sociobiol. 21: 179- all larvae on the resources that Coleoptera Silphidae Herbst scavenger Egg mass adult (larva) density DD regulated lab 83. were available Menon M, Putnam SJ. Blaps kollari high population 1988. Ann. Entomol. Soc. cannibal had enhanced success of Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Seidlitz unknown Egg mass larva (larva) density DD I-fitness enhanced 50 lab Am. 81: 836-43. eclosion

cannibal had higher reproductive Weaver DK, McFarlane JE. capacity; this species may be a Tenebrio molitor exposed high population 1990. J. Insect Physiol. concealed herbivore in natural Coleoptera Tenebrionidae L. herbivore Egg mass larva (pupa) density DD I-fitness enhanced lab 36: 531-6. environments

cannibalistic larvae had enhanced fitness and consumed more eggs than did adults, but seldom consumed pupae; cannibalistic adults had higher reproductive success and reduced competition for their progeny; there was a positive correlation between egg cannibalism and a tendency to prey on eggs of other species of tenebrionids; larvae tended to consume conspecific eggs over heterospecific eggs (nutritional profile of eggs more closely matches the predator), but adults tended to consume heterospecific eggs over conspecific eggs; larvae Alabi T, Michaud JP, of this species consumed more Arnaud L, Haubruge E. eggs than the other 6 species of Tribolium anaphe larva, adult I-fitness enhanced, I- 2008. Ecol. Entomol. 33: tenebrionids also compared in Coleoptera Tenebrionidae (Hinton) unknown Egg mass (egg, pupa) competition reduced lab 716-26. Alabi et al. (2008) Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

cannibalistic larvae had enhanced fitness and seldom consume pupae; cannibalistic adults had higher reproductive success and reduced competition for their progeny; adults more cannibalistic of eggs than larvae; pupae have chemical defense; there was a positive correlation between egg cannibalism and a tendency to prey on eggs of other species of tenebrionids; larvae tended to consume conspecific eggs over heterospecific eggs (nutritional profile of eggs more closely matches the predator), but adults tended to consume heterospecific eggs over conspecific eggs; adults of this species consumed more eggs (an average of ≥ 40 eggs) than the other 6 species of Alabi T, Michaud JP, tenebrionids also compared in Tribolium Arnaud L, Haubruge E. Alabi et al. (2008), but not brevicornis concealed larva, adult I-fitness enhanced, I- 2008. Ecol. Entomol. 33: significantly more than T. Coleoptera Tenebrionidae (LeConte) herbivore Egg mass (egg, pupa) competition reduced lab 716-26. confusum

Sokoloff A, Albers JC, Cavataio P, Mankau SK, McKibben S, Mills S, Tribolium Perkins R, Roberts LD, no food provided to beetles other brevicornis concealed Sandri JJ. 1980. Res. than eggs; percent of mortality Coleoptera Tenebrionidae (LeConte) herbivore Egg mass adult (egg) shortage of food DI lab Popul. Ecol. 22: 1-12. due to cannibalism was very low

cannibalistic larvae had enhanced fitness and seldom consume pupae; cannibalistic adults had higher reproductive success and reduced competition for their progeny; adults attacked pupae at high rates; there was a positive correlation between egg cannibalism and a tendency to prey on eggs of other species of tenebrionids; larvae tended to consume conspecific eggs over heterospecific eggs (nutritional Alabi T, Michaud JP, profile of eggs more closely Tribolium Arnaud L, Haubruge E. matches the predator), but adults castaneum larva, adult I-fitness enhanced, I- 2008. Ecol. Entomol. 33: tended to consume heterospecific Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass (egg, pupa) competition reduced lab 716-26. eggs over conspecific eggs Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes authors used experimental data from other sources for mathematical modeling; Tribolium larva (egg), Desharnais RA, Liu L. demographic oscillation if larvae castaneum adult (egg, P-population 1987. J. Anim. Ecol. 56: ate eggs, but stability if adults ate Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass pupa) DD regulated model 885-906. eggs or pupae

3.16-6.62% of individuals were cannibalistic of a wild type and 2.2-5.24% of individuals were cannibalistic of a mutant type; authors removed antennae of beetles and found no effect on cannibalism; antennapedia gene may reduce rates of cannibalism Tribolium Englert DC, Thomas WH. and put a population at a castaneum genetic 1970. Trans. Illinois State disadvantage if it cannot limit Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass adult (egg) predisposition DI lab Acad. Sci. 63: 51-6. itself through cannibalism Tribolium Hagstrum DW, Gilbert EE. castaneum high population P-population 1976. Environ. Entomol. Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass (egg) density DD regulated lab 5: 445-7.

cannibal has higher fecundity; this Tribolium species is more cannibalistic than castaneum Ho FK, Dawson PS. 1966. Tribolium confusum ; older larvae Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass larva (egg) I-fitness enhanced 97.5 lab Ecology 47: 318-22. more cannibalistic 8-38% pop loss; 75% of eggs consumed in moderate cannibalism of larvae that pupate larva, mature crowding the earliest may have contributed Tribolium adult (egg, situations; to selection towards longer larval castaneum pupa, prepupa, high population P-population ~10% pupae McCauley DE. 1978. development time; genetic basis Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass callow adult) density DD regulated consumed lab Evolution 32: 398-415. of cannibalism cannibals developed faster; pupal Tribolium Mertz DB, Robertson JR. cannibalism reported by other castaneum high population I-fitness enhanced, P- 1970. Ecology 51: 989- papers may be an artifact of lab Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass larva (egg) density DD population regulated 99 lab 98. handling

high rate of cannibalism at all population densities (cannibalism is not density dependent); young beetles (15 days of adult age) were not important cannibals of eggs, but their propensity to consume eggs increases, peaking at 105 days, before declining with ~100% of old age; most important Tribolium larva, adult asynchrony eggs; 71- Mertz DB. 1969. Ecol. cannibalistic interactions were castaneum (egg, pupa, within P-population 100% of Monogr. 39: 1-31. adults eating eggs, adults eating Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass callow adult) populations DI regulated pupae lab pupae, and larvae eating eggs

study focuses on population larva, adult models, not experiments with Tribolium (egg, pupa, Mertz DB. 1972. Annu. cannibalism; cannibalism is major castaneum larva, callow P-population Rev. Ecol Syst. 3: 51-78. factor affecting population growth Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass adult) DD regulated ≥99 lab in the model Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

cannibalism rate decreased with high population density, but total number of eggs consumed increased; 30.5-49.8% of eggs eaten by adults, 33-56.7% of Park T, Mertz DB, pupae eaten by adults, 50.7- Tribolium larva, adult Grodzinski W, Prus T. 71.7% of eggs eaten by larvae, castaneum (egg, pupa, 1965. Physiol. Zool. 38: 6.4-20% of pupae eaten by Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass callow adult) DD see notes lab 289-321. larvae.

cannibalism is major source of mortality that regulates the population density of adults when isolated from other species of Tribolium Park T, Mertz DB, Tribolium ; percent mortality of castaneum high population P-population Nathanson M. 1968. cannibalism was higher near the Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass adult (pupa) density DD regulated ≥97 lab Physiol. Zool. 41: 228-53. bottom of the substrate 0-10, but fewer a mutant strain pupated individuals synchronously, providing no with the opportunity for slowly developing Tribolium asynchrony mutant larvae to eat faster developing castaneum within P-population genotype Wool D. 1969. Res. larvae that pupate earlier; genetic Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Herbst mixed diet Egg mass larva (pupa) populations DI regulated consumed lab Popul. Ecol. 11: 40-4. basis

cannibalistic larvae had enhanced fitness; cannibalistic adults had higher reproductive success and reduced competition for their progeny; adults attacked pupae at a high rate; there was a positive correlation between egg cannibalism and a tendency to prey on eggs of other species of tenebrionids; larvae tended to consume conspecific eggs over heterospecific eggs (nutritional profile of eggs more closely matches the predator), but adults tended to consume heterospecific eggs over conspecific eggs; larvae of this species consumed fewer eggs than the other 6 species of tenebrionids also compared in Alabi et al. (2008), but not significantly less than T. destructor ; adults of this species consumed more eggs (an average of ≥ 40 eggs) than the other 6 Alabi T, Michaud JP, species of tenebrionids also Tribolium Arnaud L, Haubruge E. compared in Alabi et al. (2008), confusum larva, adult I-fitness enhanced, I- 2008. Ecol. Entomol. 33: but not significantly more than T. Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Jacquelin du Val mixed diet Egg mass (egg, pupa) competition reduced lab 716-26. brevicornis Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

Tribolium Crombie AC. 1946. P. confusum larva, adult P-population Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. numbers of adults limited most by Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Jacquelin du Val mixed diet Egg mass (egg, pupa) DD regulated lab 133: 76-109. cannibalism of pupae

anecdotal mention of cannibalism; larva (egg, may be a chemical basis to larvae, pupa), cannibalism (only mentions the Tribolium adult (egg, Daly PJ, Ryan MF. 1983. effect of the strain of beetle and confusum pupa, callow high population P-population Res. Popul. Ecol. 25: 210- humidity) basis, but not details Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Jacquelin du Val mixed diet Egg mass adult) density DD regulated 0-40 lab 19. given by author

genetic basis of cannibalism; strains with high rates of cannibalism had poor survivorship when eggs were limited; Giray T, Luyten YA, survivorship of highly cannibalistic Tribolium MacPherson M, Stevens L. strains approached that of strains confusum larva, adult genetic P-survivorship 2001. Evolution 55: 797- with low rates of cannibalism Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Jacquelin du Val mixed diet Egg mass (egg) predisposition DI decreased lab 806. when eggs were provided

Tribolium confusum Ho FK, Dawson PS. 1966. older larvae were more Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Jacquelin du Val mixed diet Egg mass larva (egg) 98.8-99.3 lab Ecology 47: 318-22. cannibalistic

study focuses on population larva, adult models, not experiments with Tribolium (egg, larva, Mertz DB. 1972. Annu. cannibalism; cannibalism is major confusum pupa, callow P-population Rev. Ecol Syst. 3: 51-78. factor affecting population growth Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Jacquelin du Val mixed diet Egg mass adult) DD regulated ≥99 lab in the model 22.3-76% of eggs eaten by adults, Park T, Mertz DB, 25.5-54.5% of pupae eaten by Tribolium larva, adult Grodzinski W, Prus T. adults, 5.5-28.5% of eggs eaten confusum (egg, pupa, 1965. Physiol. Zool. 38: by larvae, 0.4-3% of pupae eaten Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Jacquelin du Val mixed diet Egg mass callow adult) see notes lab 289-321. by larvae

cannibalism is major source of mortality that regulates the population density of adults when isolated from other species of Tribolium Park T, Mertz DB, Tribolium ; percent mortality of confusum high population P-population Nathanson M. 1968. cannibalism was higher near the Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Jacquelin du Val mixed diet Egg mass adult (pupa) density DD regulated ≥58 lab Physiol. Zool. 41: 228-53. bottom of the substrate larvae less likely to cannibalize kin; used larvae as model of social behavior inducing evolution; genetic basis; exposed Tribolium feeding niche, but concealed confusum genetic P-population Wade MJ. 1980. Evolution erbivore in presence of cracked Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Jacquelin du Val mixed diet Egg mass larva (egg) predisposition DI regulated 10-30 lab 34: 844-55. grain Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

cannibalistic larvae had enhanced fitness and seldom consumed pupae; cannibalistic adults attacked pupae at high rates, had higher reproductive success, and reduced competition for their progeny; adults more cannibalistic than larvae of eggs; there was a positive correlation between egg cannibalism and a tendency to prey on eggs of other species of tenebrionids; larvae tended to consume conspecific eggs over heterospecific eggs (nutritional profile of eggs more closely matches the predator), but adults tended to consume heterospecific eggs over conspecific eggs; larvae of this species consumed fewer eggs than the other 6 species of Alabi T, Michaud JP, tenebrionids also compared in Tribolium Arnaud L, Haubruge E. Alabi et al. (2008), but not destructor larva, adult I-fitness enhanced, I- 2008. Ecol. Entomol. 33: significantly less than T. Coleoptera Tenebrionidae (Uyttenb) mixed diet Egg mass (egg, pupa) competition reduced lab 716-26. confusum

cannibalistic larvae had enhanced fitness and consumed more eggs than did adults, but seldom consumed pupae; cannibalistic adults increased their reproductive success and reduced competition for progeny; adult seldom consume pupae; there was a positive correlation between egg cannibalism and a tendency to prey on eggs of other species of tenebrionids; larvae tended to consume conspecific eggs over heterospecific eggs (nutritional profile of eggs more closely matches the predator), but adults tended to consume heterospecific eggs over conspecific eggs; adults of this species consumed fewer eggs (an average of 1 egg) than Alabi T, Michaud JP, the other 6 species of tenebrionids Tribolium Arnaud L, Haubruge E. also compared in Alabi et al. freemani larva, adult I-fitness enhanced, I- 2008. Ecol. Entomol. 33: (2008) but not significantly fewer Coleoptera Tenebrionidae (Hinton) unknown Egg mass (egg, pupa) competition reduced lab 716-26. than T. madens Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

cannibalistic larvae had enhanced fitness and consumed more eggs than did adults, but seldom consumed pupae; cannibalistic adults increased their reproductive success and reduced competition for progeny, but seldom consumed pupae; larvae tended to consume conspecific eggs over heterospecific eggs (nutritional profile of eggs more Alabi T, Michaud JP, closely matches the predator), but Arnaud L, Haubruge E. adults tended to consume Tribolium larva, adult I-fitness enhanced, I- 2008. Ecol. Entomol. 33: heterospecific eggs over Coleoptera Tenebrionidae madens (Charp.) unknown Egg mass (egg, pupa) competition reduced lab 716-26. conspecific eggs Hastings A, Costantino P-population RF. 1991. J. Anim. Ecol. Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Tribolium spp. unknown Egg mass larva (egg) regulated model 60: 471-82.

authors mentioned that larger Zophobas atratus P-population Tschinkel WR. 1981. larvae also ate eggs and small Coleoptera Tenebrionidae (F.) scavenger Single egg larva (pupa) DD regulated ≤92 field Anim. Behav. 29: 990-6. larvae, but data are "unpublished"

larvae dispersed to secluded areas before pupating and defended areas aggressively from other larvae; an immobilized larvae was eaten by any invading larvae; percent mortality due to cannibalism of active larvae in a dispersarium experiment is normally ≤ 1, so active defense or avoidance must usually prevent cannibalism; larvae thrashed, asynchrony fought, and bit to avoid being Zophobas larva (larva, within Tschinkel WR. 1978. cannibalized; larvae are Coleoptera Tenebrionidae rugipes Kirsch scavenger prepupa, pupa) populations DI ≤1 lab Physiol. Zool. 51: 300-13. commonly aggregated in nature cannibalism was the major mortality factor; a lower population density resulted in increased pupal weight; prey counter-attacked the predator with their mouthparts, so both Agromyza Quiring DT, McNeil JN. prey and predator may die; frontella concealed high population I-fitness enhanced; I- 1984. Can. J. Zool. 62: cannibalistic only in first two Diptera Agromyzidae (Rondani) herbivore Single egg larva (larva) density DD fitness decreased lab 421-7. instars

cannibalism reduced exploitative competition and cannibalistic larvae developed faster and had increased pupal weight; both the Agromyza I-fitness enhanced; I- Quiring DT, McNeil JN. cannibal and prey may die during frontella concealed Egg mass or competition reduced; 1985. Ann. Entomol. Soc. an encounter; only first 3 instars Diptera Agromyzidae (Rondani) herbivore single egg larva (larva) DD I-fitness decreased lab Am. 78: 429-32. were cannibalistic Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

study was conducted in a greenhouse; larvae were always cannibalistic but was density dependent when there was > 1 larva per cm²; cannibalism was only identifiable source of Petitt FL, Wietlisbach DO. mortality; 3rd instar larvae Liriomyza sativae concealed high population I-competition 1992. Environ. Entomol. changed direction of feeding to Diptera Agromyzidae Blanchard herbivore larva (larva) density DD, DI reduced 6.6 (mean) lab 21: 136-40. avoid contacting another larva

offspring of females that arrived late to manure were consumed by Lam K, Babor D, Duthie other larvae; bacteria oviposited asynchrony B, Babor E, Moore M, with eggs produced chemicals that Musca domestica within Gries G. 2007. Anim deterred oviposition by Diptera Muscidae L. scavenger Egg mass larva (larva) populations DI I-fitness decreased lab Behav. 74: 81-92. conspecifics

anecdotal mention of cannibalism; 4th instars and pupae may use a combined chemical and mechanical defense against cannibalism; pupae flicked Lutzomyia Dougherty MJ, Hamilton abdomen quickly and repeatedly longipalpis (Lutz larva (larva, JGC. 1996. Bull. Entomol. and then contracted when Diptera Psychodidae & Nieva) unknown pupa) shortage of food lab Res. 86: 11-6. attacked

3-4 (mean = 3.3 ± 0.4; with Phlebotomus food); 97-99 Srinivasan R, Panicker papatasi (98 ± 0.8; KN. 1992. J Bombay Nat. Diptera Psychodidae (Scopoli) unknown larva (larva) DD without food) lab Hist. Soc. 89: 386-7. Werner D, Pont AC. 2003. high population P-population Med. Vet. Entomol. 17: Diptera Simuliidae unknown larva (larva) density DD regulated field 115-32.

author compared 2 artificial diets and larvae consumed eggs when fed the nutritionally inferior diet; capacity of this species to adapt to a diet based on animal protein may be maintained by the occasional practice of cannibalism Zucoloto FS. 1993. during periods of competition for Ceratitis capitata concealed P-population Entomol. Exp. Appl. 67: food; cannibalism may prevent Diptera Tephritidae (Wiedemann) herbivore Egg mass larva (egg) shortage of food DD regulation lab 119-27. overpopulation in fruit

nonteneral adults did not cannibalize; authors suggested nymph (nymph, Tachikawa S, Schaeffer that cannibalism may result from Parastrachia exposed adult), teneral CW. 1985. Ann. Entomol. diminished food supply, but did Hemiptera Cydnidae japonensis Scott herbivore Egg mass adult (adult) field Soc. Am. 78: 387-97. not investigate this availability of nymph (egg, weak or newly Root RB. 1986. Proc. Lygaeus kalmii exposed nymph), adult molted Entomol. Soc. Wash. 88: cannibalism may be an important Hemiptera Lygaeidae Stal herbivore (egg, adult) conspecifics DI lab 201-14. cause of mortality in the field Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

no evidence of cannibalism in the field except at high densities; hatchlings consumed unhatched high population eggs in the lab, which usually density, shortage Root RB, Chaplin SJ. were parasitized, thus reducing of food, I-fitness enhanced, P- 1976. Ecology 57: 132- the rate of parasitism; hatchlings Oncopeltus exposed nymph (egg, asynchronous survivorship 40. also consumed eggs from other Hemiptera Lygaeidae cingulifer Stǻl herbivore Egg mass teneral nymph) hatching DD increased both clutches if they were nearby

no evidence of cannibalism in the field except at high densities; hatchlings consumed unhatched high population eggs in the lab, which usually density, shortage Root RB, Chaplin SJ. were parasitized, thus reducing Oncopeltus of food, I-fitness enhanced, P- 1976. Ecology 57: 132- the rate of parasitism; hatchlings unifasciatellus exposed nymph (egg, asynchronous survivorship 40. also consumed eggs from other Hemiptera Lygaeidae Slater herbivore Egg mass teneral nymph) hatching DD increased both clutches if they were nearby

cannibalism and carnivory may be abnormal, but only one individual availability of El-Dessouki SA, El-Kifl survived if multiple were kept in a weak or newly AH, Helal HA. 1976. J. single cage; adults also sucked Nesidiocoris exposed molted Plant Dis. Prot. 83: 204- hemolymph of heterospecifics that Hemiptera Miridae tenuis Reut. herbivore adult (adult) conspecifics DD, DI lab 20. were smaller or weak and inactive

individuals cannibalistic during early growth stages of soybean before suitable food is available Stam PA, Newsom LD, (i.e., soybean seeds); cannibalism Lambremont EN. 1987. was a major source of predation, Nezara viridula exposed nymph, adult asynchrony with Environ. Entomol. 16: but rate of cannibalism decreased Hemiptera Pentatomidae (L.) herbivore Egg mass (egg) host plant DI field 1211-6. when food was available

first instars cannibalized eggs but Jadera not other nymphs; penultimate haematoloma asynchrony Ribeiro ST. 1989. Ann. instars cannibalized younger (Herrich- exposed nymph (egg, within Entomol. Soc. Am. 82: nymphs and molting nymphs, Hemiptera Rhopalidae Schaeffer) herbivore nymph) populations DI lab 466-75. sometimes attacking as a group

early hatching larvae ate others in Holmes ND, Nelson WA, the stem until only one larva was Peterson LK, Farstad CW. left; parasitized larvae are eaten, Cephus cinctus concealed larva (egg, high population P-survivorship 1963. Can. Entomol. 95: thus reducing the rate of Hymenoptera Cephidae Norton herbivore Single egg larva) density DD increased field 113-26. parasitism

cannibalism may select for early season activity; winter wheat has Morrill W, Kushnak G. become a host for this insect Cephus cinctus concealed larva (egg, 1996. Environ. Entomol. species because individuals are Hymenoptera Cephidae Norton herbivore Single egg larva) P-evolution field 25: 1128-32. active earlier in the season Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

early hatching larvae ate others in the stem until only one larva was left; parasitized larvae are eaten, thus reducing the rate of high population Weaver DK, Nansen C, parasitism; cannibalism may be a density; Runyon JB, Sing SE, key factor influencing population Cephus cinctus concealed asynchronous P-survivorship Morrill WL. 2005. Biol. dynamics and may confer a Hymenoptera Cephidae Norton herbivore Single egg larva (larva) hatching DD, DI increased field Control. 34: 1-11. nutritional benefit

many eggs oviposited on a single stem of wheat, but only 1 larva survived per stem; parasitoids of Cephus concealed larva (egg, high population Smith, RW. 1959. Can. this species may be consumed Hymenoptera Cephidae pygmaeus (L.) herbivore Single egg larva) density DD field Entomol. 91: 697-700. since their host was cannibalized

when bees were gregarious, some Hoplitis individuals usurped nests, ate the anthocopoides adult female high population Eickwort GC. 1975. eggs, and oviposited; their larvae Hymenoptera Megachilidae (Schenck) other Single egg (egg) density DD unknown Evolution 29: 142-50. developed on the provisions

size variation among larvae caused by asynchronous hatching may be an important factor encouraging cannibalism; high population cannibalism may increase fitness density, Jasieński M, Jasieńska G. according to other studies cited in exposed larva (egg, asynchronous 1988. Entomol. Gen. 13: this paper; newly hatched larva Lepidoptera Arctiidae Arctia caja L. herbivore Egg mass larva) hatching DD, DI lab 87-93. also ate their own chorion

5th instars were cannibals, but are solitary in nature; cannibalistic females slit the dorsal vessel of males with their mandibles; cannibals had higher fecundity, lower weight, higher levels of sugar, protein, and mating status or Banerjee TC, Mahapatra phenols, and a higher ratio of Argina cribraria exposed larva (male sex of I-fitness enhanced, I- AK. 1987. Insect Sci. protein to phenols; cannibalism Lepidoptera Arctiidae (Clerck) herbivore larva, pupa) cannibal/victim DI competition reduced lab Appl. 8: 211-15. can remove competitors availability of larvae deficient in pyrrolizidine chemically- Bogner F, Eisner T. 1991. alkaloids (defensive compounds) Utetheisa concealed defended J. Chem. Ecol. 17: 2063- fed preferentially on conspecific Lepidoptera Arctiidae ornatrix (L.) herbivore Egg mass larva (egg) conspecifics DI I-fitness enhanced both 76. eggs that contained the alkaloids;

larvae deficient in pyrrolizidine alkaloids (defensive compounds) fed preferentially on conspecific pupae that contained the availability of alkaloids; pupating away from chemically- host plant may reduce Utetheisa concealed defended Bogner F, Eisner T. 1992. cannibalism; cannibalism not Lepidoptera Arctiidae ornatrix (L.) herbivore Egg mass larva (pupa) conspecifics DI I-fitness enhanced lab Experientia 48: 97-102. motivated by hunger

leaf extract from Swertia chirata 10% on put on host plant increases untreated cannibalism, probably because leaves, 36.7% Singh H, Pandey PN. larvae avoid the extract, are Utetheisa exposed P-survivorship on treated 1979. J. Appl. Zool. 66: underfed, and resort to Lepidoptera Arctiidae pulchella L. herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) shortage of food DI decreased leaves lab 15-20. cannibalism Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes Dalcerides ingenita H. Epstein ME. 1997. Trop. Lepidoptera Dalceridae Edwards unknown larva (egg) unknown Lepidoptera 8: 49-59.

Dindo ML. 1987. penultimate instar parasitized by Bollettino dell'Istituto di Pseudogonia rufifrons Wied. Entomologia della (Diptera: Tachinidae) were more Galleria parasitization of Universita degli Studi di cannibalistic; starvation did not Lepidoptera Galleriidae mellonella L. other Egg mass larva (pupa) cannibal DI lab Bologna 41: 315-24. increase propensity to cannibalism

larvae parasitized by Pseudogonia Dindo ML. 1989. rufifrons Wied. (Diptera: Bollettino dell'Istituto di Tachinidae) were more larva (victim Entomologia della cannibalistic, but this effect Galleria stage not parasitized Universita degli Studi di decreased as age of host at time Lepidoptera Galleriidae mellonella L. other Egg mass specified) cannibal DI lab Bologna 43: 37-42. of parasitization increased

larvae may kill conspecifics and not eat them; cannibal did not have increased pupal weight; cannibalism may have selected for oviposition near base of leaf because these offspring were more likely to win aggressive encounters since they fed outward from the base of the leaf and I-competition approached a victim from behind concealed high population reduced, P-population Faeth, SH. 1990. J. Anim. (the victim could not turn around Lepidoptera Gracillariidae Cameraria sp. herbivore Single egg larva (larva) density DD regulated 20.1 field Ecol. 59: 569-86. in their mine) Furuta K. 1970. Jap. J. larval mortality increased with camphor leaf concealed high population P-population Appl. Entomol. Zool. 14: increasing density of eggs on a Lepidoptera Gracillariidae miner herbivore larva (larva) density DD regulated unknown 64-70. leaf

larvae only crossed mines of other larvae under very crowded conditions, resulting in cannibalism; the invader typically won an encounter because it Condrashoff SF. 1964. attacked its victim from the rear Phyllocnistis concealed high population Can. Entomol. 96: 857- and the victim could not easily Lepidoptera Gracillariidae populiella Cham. herbivore Single egg larva (larva) density DD both 74. turn to avoid injury larvae were cannibalistic when mines converged; ~1% mortality due to cannibalism in older larvae and ~10% in younger larvae; much of the mortality was Phyllonorycter Sekita N, Yamada M. unaccounted for, so percent ringoniella concealed high population 1979. Appl. Entomol. mortality due to cannibalism may Lepidoptera Lithocolletidae Matsumura herbivore larva (larva) density DD 1-10 field Zool. 14: 137-48. be higher larva (victim Cacyreus exposed stage not Russo L. 2004. Linn. Belg. larvae cannibalistic in early Lepidoptera Lycaenidae marshalli Butler herbivore specified) unknown 19: 387-392. instars authors placed 3 larvae in a plastic container and supplied asynchrony Rajagopalan A. 2005. J. food; 2 larvae consumed the first Rathinda amor exposed within Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. larvae that immobilized and Lepidoptera Lycaenidae (F.) herbivore larva (larva) populations DI lab 102: 240-1. started to pupate Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

high population 2nd instars were cannibalistic density, shortage El-Kifl AH, Nasr ESA, when starved or crowded; older of food, Moawad GM. 1972. Bull. larvae cannibalized each other asynchrony Soc. Entomol. d’Egypte and smaller larvae in all situations Agrotis ipsilon concealed within 56: 123-6. (not just when starved or Lepidoptera Noctuidae (Hufn.) herbivore Single egg larva (larva) populations DD, DI lab crowded) larva (victim Agrotis segetis exposed stage not Richter P. 1986. Biol. Zbl. cannibalism may be under control Lepidoptera Noctuidae Hübner herbivore specified) shortage of food lab 105: 615-9. of a single gene

cannibalism was rare and prepupae were cannibalized most often; Introduction states that Agrotis segetum Sherlock PL. 1979. infectious diseases are spread via (Denis & concealed larva (larva, Entomol. Exp. Appl. 26: cannibalism, but no citation is Lepidoptera Noctuidae Shiffermüller) herbivore prepupa) 5-10 lab 245-51. given; feed on roots Moscardi F, Leite LG, Anticarsia Zamataro CE. 1997. An. gemmatalis exposed high population Soc. Entomol. Brasil 26: anecdotal mention of cannibalism Lepidoptera Noctuidae Hübner herbivore Single egg larva (larva) density DD lab 121-32. as a source of mortality Ballal CR, Singh SP, Joshi Helicoverpa exposed S, Rao NS. 1998. Lepidoptera Noctuidae armigera (Hubn.) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) lab Entomon 23: 307-12. anecdotal mention of cannibalism

Bilapate GG. 1988. Journal of the Helicoverpa exposed Maharashtra Agricultural Lepidoptera Noctuidae armigera (Hubn.) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) lab Univresities 13: 186-8. anecdotal mention of cannibalism

healthy caterpillars were the least likely to be cannibalized; availability of caterpillars infected with nuclear weak or newly Dhandapani N, Jayaraj S, polyhedrosis virus were consumed Helicoverpa exposed molted Rabindra RJ. 1993. Insect at a higher rate and the cannibal Lepidoptera Noctuidae armigera (Hubn.) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) conspecifics DI I-fitness decreased 40-45 lab Sci. Appl. 14: 427–30. became infected

cannibals raised on high quality food had a low pupal weight and success of pupation and prolonged larval development; cannibals raised on low quality food experienced similar effects, but had a higher pupal weight; cannibalism may be adaptive under conditions of low quality food by removing conspecifics high population Kakimoto T, Fujisaki K, competing for food; young larvae density, poor Miyatake T. 2003. Ann. fed on leaves, older larvae Helicoverpa exposed nutritional quality I-fitness enhanced or Entomol. Soc. Am. 96: tunneled heads into seeds, but left Lepidoptera Noctuidae armigera (Hubn.) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) of host DD, DI decreased lab 793-8. posterior protruding from the seed Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

larvae that consumed conspecific eggs fed less on their host plant (this effect was greater on sorghum than corn); 7% of larva consumed eggs in the field; amount and type of plant material and dispersion of eggs (higher 21-37% on rate with higher density of eggs) sorghum (but influence percent mortality due to 8% when in a cannibalism; young larvae fed on larger cage ), Sigsgaard L, Greenstone leaves, older larvae tunneled Helicoverpa exposed high population P-population 4-12% on MH, Duffield SJ. 2002. heads into seeds, but left Lepidoptera Noctuidae armigera (Hubn.) herbivore Egg mass larva (egg) density DD regulated pigeonpea both Biocontrol 47: 151-65. posterior protruding from the seed

at high population densities, 1st Twine PH. 1971. instars are most cannibalistic; at Helicoverpa exposed high population P-population Queensland J. Agr. Anim. lower population densities the Lepidoptera Noctuidae armigera (Hubn.) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) density DD regulated ≤94 lab Sci. 28: 153-57. onset of cannibalism is delayed Caron RE, Bradley JR Jr., Pleasants RH, Rabb RL, anecdotal mention of cannibalism; Stinner RE. 1978. cannibalism may be an important Helicoverpa zea P-population Environ. Entomol. 7: 193- factor limiting production of late- Lepidoptera Noctuidae (Boddie) mixed diet Single egg larva (larva) regulated field 6. instar larvae

larvae fed Bt corn were more cannibalistic than larvae fed non- Bt corn; cannibalism may help compensate for negative nutritional effects of feeding on Bt corn; 91% of pairs were cannibalistic; this paper cites other studies that show larvae are Chilcutt CF. 2006. J. always cannibalistic and normally Helicoverpa zea poor nutritional Econ. Entomol. 99: 728- only 1 individual will emerge from Lepidoptera Noctuidae (Boddie) mixed diet Single egg larva (larva) quality of host DI lab 32. an ear of corn

larvae were cannibalistic of same or younger instars; younger instars may attack older instars, but only wounded them and sucked hemolypmh; individuals availability of moved away when molting to weak or newly Dial CI, Adler PH. 1990. avoid cannibalism in the lab, but Helicoverpa zea molted 75% (citing Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. this might not be possible within Lepidoptera Noctuidae (Boddie) mixed diet Single egg larva (larva) conspecifics DI another paper) lab 83: 258-63. an ear of corn

incapacitated prey provided to larvae by authors; cites other studies where larvae are cannibalistic in the field and mortality due to cannibalism can availability of exceed 75%; cannibals had weak or newly I-fitness enhanced, P- Joyner K, Gould D. 1985. shorter developmental time, Helicoverpa zea molted survivorship Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. greater survivorship, and greater Lepidoptera Noctuidae (Boddie) mixed diet Single egg larva (larva) conspecifics DI increased lab 78: 24-8. pupal weight than noncannibals Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes larvae fed Bt corn were less cannibalistic perhaps because O'Rourke PK, Hutchison fewer larvae develop past the 3rd Helicoverpa zea poor nutritional WD. 2004. J. Entomol. instar, which is when most larvae Lepidoptera Noctuidae (Boddie) mixed diet Single egg larva (larva) quality of host DI field Sci. 39: 294-7. are cannibalistic Sannino L, Espinosa B, Lombardi P. 1996. Boll. larva (victim Lab. Entomol. Agrar. Heliothis exposed stage not Filippo Silvestri, Portici Lepidoptera Noctuidae peltigera Schiff herbivore specified) unknown 52: 63-88.

cannibalism might cap population density and decrease variance and mean of emergence dates of adults; variation in propensity to cannibalize among strains due to variation in aggressiveness (genetic basis); aggressiveness Gould F, Holtzman G, may help this species compete Rabb RL, Smith M. 1980. better with Helicoverpa zea ; Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. confinement to small spaces may Heliothis genetic P-population 73: 243-50. not be a prerequisite for Lepidoptera Noctuidae virescens (F.) mixed diet Single egg larva (larva) predisposition DI regulated ≤95 lab cannibalism cannibals may gain increased nutrition and growth rate and remove competitors; high availability of Semlitsch RD, West CA. population density is not an Litoprosopus exposed smaller I-fitness enhanced, 1988. Oecologia 77: 286- important factor influencing the Lepidoptera Noctuidae futilis (G. & R.) herbivore larva (larva) conspecifics DI competition reduced both 8. propensity to cannibalize larva (victim Mamestra exposed stage not Richter P. 1986. Biol. Zbl. cannibalism may be under control Lepidoptera Noctuidae brassicae L. herbivore Egg mass specified) shortage of food lab 105: 615-9. of a single gene

author crushed head capsules and offered them to larvae; if prey were infected with polyhedrosis Vasconcelos SD. 1996. J virus, it gets transferred to the Mamestra exposed Invertebr. Pathol . 68: 269 cannibal; larvae infrequently Lepidoptera Noctuidae brassicae L. herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) DI I-fitness decreased lab 274. cannibalized other larvae

Mohite AS, Tembhare DB, Othreis materna exposed Umarkar SP. 2004. J. Lepidoptera Noctuidae L. herbivore larva (larva) shortage of food lab Entomol. Res. 28: 37-45. anecdotal mention of cannibalism

cannibalistic females had higher Al-Zubaidi FS, Capinera fecundity; a nitrogen (protein) Spodoptera exposed poor nutritional JL. 1983. Environ. shortage in larvae may be Lepidoptera Noctuidae exigua (Hübner) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) quality of host DI I-fitness enhanced lab Entomol. 12: 1687-9. eliminated via cannibalism cannibalism could remedy problems associated with crowding, but a cannibal took Chapman JW, Williams T, longer to develop and had lower Escribano A, Caballero P, pupal weight; sex of the individual Spodoptera Cave RD, Goulson D. and availability of food did not frugiperda (J.E. exposed I-fitness enhanced or 1999. Behav. Ecol. 3: 298-influence the propensity to Lepidoptera Noctuidae Smith) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) DD decreased lab 303. cannibalize Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes Chapman JW, Williams T, Martínez AM, Cisneros J, fewer heterospecific predators Caballero P, Cave RD, attracted to plants with less leaf Spodoptera Goulson D. 2000. Behav. damage, so cannibalism may be frugiperda (J.E. exposed P-survivorship Ecol. Sociobiol. 48: 321- adaptive by reducing the risk of Lepidoptera Noctuidae Smith) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) increased 40 field 7. predation

older caterpillars were resistant to nuclear polyhedrosis virus and cannibalized infected conspecifics (sharp increase in cannibalistic tendencies in 5th and 6th instar); younger caterpillars were more Chapman JW, Williams T. susceptible to NPV and were less Escribano A, Caballero P, likely to cannibalize; the Spodoptera high population 40-80, lower if Cave RD, Goulson D. transmission of disease may frugiperda (J.E. exposed density, shortage more food or 1999. Ecol. Entomol. 24: suppress the propensity to Lepidoptera Noctuidae Smith) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) of food DD I-fitness decreased lower density lab 268-75. cannibalize in natural populations

authors could not isolate mortality Ferguson HJ, Eaton JL, due to cannibalism from other Spodoptera Rogers CE. 1997. J. causes of mortality; cannibal may frugiperda (J.E. exposed high population Agric. Entomol. 14: 369- have increased weight or nutrition Lepidoptera Noctuidae Smith) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) density DD I-fitness enhanced lab 84. (due to gaining lipid reserves)

38.6% when feeding on percent mortality due to kidney bean cannibalism was higher on bean Spodoptera seedlings, than corn leaves; the lower frugiperda (J.E. exposed poor nutritional 17.7% on corn Raffa KF. 1987. Environ. palatability of bean may induce Lepidoptera Noctuidae Smith) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) quality of host DI I-fitness enhanced seedlings lab Entomol. 16: 672-5. cannibalism

Spodoptera high population Williams T, Hernandez O. a pathogen is transmitted via frugiperda (J.E. exposed density, diseased 2006. Ecol Entomol . 31: cannibalism and survival of the Lepidoptera Noctuidae Smith) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) victim DD, DI I-fitness decreased both 106-13. cannibal reduced 30-50%

4th instars were most cannibalistic; no cannibalism if larvae were well-fed, but shortage of food causes cannibalism under all situations (e.g., shortage of food plus high ambient temperature or humidity, or lack high population of space increased rate of density, high cannibalism); rate of cannibalism ambient was higher at 35ºC than at lower temperature, low temperatures, higher at 30-40% ambient Abdel-Salam F, El-Lakwah relative humidity than 70-80%; Spodoptera exposed humidity, F. 1973. Z. Angew. lower rate of cannibalism while Lepidoptera Noctuidae littoralis (Boisd.) herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) shortage of food DD, DI lab Entomol. 74: 356-61. larvae were molting

high population Tignor KR, Eaton JL. paper investigated how rearing Trichoplusia ni exposed larva (larva, density, shortage 1986. J. Entomol. Sci. 21: this species in the laboratory Lepidoptera Noctuidae (Hübner) herbivore Single egg prepupa, pupa) of food DD lab 68-82. changed their behavior Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

authors did not conduct an experiment; dense, multilayered clusters of eggs have higher survival in low ambient humidity, but sparser clusters have higher survival in high ambient humidity (presumably cannibalism is higher in high ambient humidity and high dispersion of eggs prevents it); Chlosyne lacinia exposed high population Clark BR, Faeth SH. 1998. parents have reduced classical Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Geyer herbivore Egg mass larva (egg) density DD I-fitness decreased <10 lab Evol. Ecol. 12: 543-52. fitness

larvae gained weight more quickly by being cannibalistic; aristolochic acids on the surface of eggs and pupae stimulate cannibalism; Nishida R, Fukami H. cannibalism may regulate Atrophaneura exposed larva (egg, 1989. J. Chem. Ecol. 15: population density in the absence Lepidoptera Papilionidae alcinous (Klug) herbivore pupa) DI I-fitness enhanced lab 2549-64. of heterospecific predators

cannibalism resulted in high mortality when larvae were Hadena perplexa Peschken DP, Derby JL. aggregated on a host plant, so the Denis & exposed 1990. Entomophaga 35: authors raised larvae singly on Lepidoptera Phalaenidae Schiffermüller herbivore larva (larva) DD lab 653-8. plants to prevent cannibalism Courtney SP, Chew FS. Anthocharis belia exposed larva (egg, 1987. Oecologia 71: 210- Lepidoptera Pieridae L. herbivore larva) field 20.

females deposited pheromone on flowers where they oviposited eggs, which acts as an oviposition deterrent; females do not deposit eggs on flowers with conspecific eggs to avoid cannibalism; only Anthocharis exposed larva (egg, high population I-competition Dempster JP. 1997. one larva develops per flower Lepidoptera Pieridae cardamines L. herbivore Single egg larva) density DD reduced 100 field Oecologia 111: 549-56. head

earlier-hatching larvae cannibalized unhatched eggs; early-eclosing females laid eggs first, thus eggs had higher survival; however, colder weather Anthocharis exposed asynchronous Kinoshita M. 1998. inhibited flying and ovipositing of Lepidoptera Pieridae scolymus (L.) herbivore Single egg larva (egg) hatching DI I-fitness enhanced field Oecologia 114: 31-6. early-eclosing females (trade-off)

asynchronous hatching influenced the propensity to cannibalize and this is most likely in large groups of eggs (>80 eggs); cannibalistic behavior may have evolved from Barros-Bellanda HCH, feeding on chorion of eggs (which Ascia monuste exposed asynchronous Zucoloto FS. 2001. Ecol. this species also does) and Lepidoptera Pieridae (Godart) herbivore Egg mass larva (egg) hatching DD I-fitness enhanced lab Entomol. 26: 557-61. provides nutrients to the cannibal Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

cannibalism was frequent and opportunistic (larvae were cannibalisitic even when there was no food shortage); adult females avoided ovipositing on plants with damage caused by feeding of larvae, but not where other eggs Barros-Bellanda HCH, are laid; newly hatched larvae Ascia monuste exposed Zucoloto FS. 2005. J. also ate their own chorion and old Lepidoptera Pieridae (Godart) herbivore Egg mass larva (egg) DI both Ethol. 23: 133-8. exoskeletons

cannibalism is a common behavior in this species; propensity to cannibalize increased with age perhaps because older larvae have morphology which allowed them to break chorion of eggs and ingest eggs faster; individuals that were cannibalistic during the first instar had a shorter pupal stage (probably because they high population gained extra protein during early density, I-fitness enhanced; P- development); cannibalism may asynchrony population regulated; Zago-Braga RC, Zucoloto regulate populations and decrease Ascia monuste exposed larva (egg, within P-survivorship 55.9-88.9% FS. 2004. Rev. Bras. the risk of predation and Lepidoptera Pieridae (Godart) herbivore Egg mass larva) populations DD, DI increased of eggs lab Entomol. 48: 415-20. parasitism for survivors Courtney SP, Chew FS. Euchloe ausonia larva (egg, 1987. Oecologia 71: 210- Lepidoptera Pieridae Hübner mixed diet Single egg larva) field 20. Courtney SP, Chew FS. Euchloe belemia larva (egg, 1987. Oecologia 71: 210- Lepidoptera Pieridae (Esper) mixed diet larva) field 20. Courtney SP, Chew FS. Euchloe falloui larva (egg, 1987. Oecologia 71: 210- Lepidoptera Pieridae Allard mixed diet larva) field 20.

hatching larvae ate their own eggs before consuming neighboring Watanabe M, Yamaguchi eggs; cannibalism may provide Pieris melete exposed asynchronous H. 1993. Jpn. J. Ecol. 43: nutrients and allow survival on Lepidoptera Pieridae Menetries herbivore Single egg larva (egg) hatching DI I-fitness enhanced field 181-88. limited resources

Bogner F, Eisner T. 1991. larvae did not cannibalize eggs if exposed J. Chem. Ecol. 17: 2063- the eggs had been experimentally Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae (L.) herbivore Single egg larva (egg) lab 76. treated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids

hatching larvae ate their own eggs before consuming neighboring Watanabe M, Yamaguchi eggs; cannibalism may provide exposed asynchronous H. 1993. Jpn. J. Ecol. 43: nutrients and allow survival on Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae (L.) herbivore Single egg larva (egg) hatching DI I-fitness enhanced field 181-88. limited resources Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

hatching larvae ate their own eggs before consuming neighboring eggs; larvae may gain nutrients by eating an entire egg, but nibbling on the chorion (which kills the neonate within), may be a strategy to eliminate competitors when the host plant is a limited resource; siblicide is Watanabe M, Oh’ura T. probably rare in the field since the Pieris rapae exposed asynchronous 1997. J. Lepidopterists’ female lays eggs singly; cannibals Lepidoptera Pieridae crucivora L. herbivore Single egg larva (egg) hatching DI I-fitness enhanced lab Soc. 51: 304-15. grew faster and are more active Courtney SP, Chew FS. Pontia daplidice exposed larva (egg, 1987. Oecologia 71: 210- Lepidoptera Pieridae (L.) herbivore larva) field 20. Courtney SP, Chew FS. Zegris eupheme exposed larva (egg, 1987. Oecologia 71: 210- Lepidoptera Pieridae Lederer herbivore larva) field 20.

anecdotal mention of cannibalism; cannibalism reduced the fitness of the parent; fewer oviposited eggs per host plant may help avoid cannibalism, but authors suggest that abortion of the flower by the plant may be the true reason Tegeticula concealed Huth CJ, Pellmyr O. 1999. behind selective oviposition rather Lepidoptera Prodoxidae yuccasella (Riley) herbivore larva (larva) shortage of food DD I-fitness decreased field Oecologia 119: 593-99. than cannibalism

authors did not directly observe cannibalism; 1st instars consumed by 2nd through 4th instars, but females place eggs at random in nature so high larval densities are unlikely; 5th instars consumed pupae that had not hardened, but Gordon DM, Stewart RK. pupae and larvae are spatially Cadra cautella exposed larva (egg, high population 1988. J. Anim. Ecol. 57: separated in nature; larvae were Lepidoptera Pyralidae (Walker) herbivore larva, pupa) density DD lab 627-44. fed wheat flakes in lab

when 2 or 4 larvae were reared in diapause-averting conditions per cup, there was ~50% and ~71.4% mortality due to cannibalism, respectively; there were higher levels of cannibalism under diapause-inducing conditions; eggs laid in clusters on corn whorls, so larva may interact before boring; larvae that high population develop faster may be density, Breden F, Chippendale cannibalized when they molt; asynchrony GM. 1989. J. Kansas males also develop faster, and so Diatraea concealed larva (larva, within Entomol. Soc. 62: 307- may be victims more often, Lepidoptera Pyralidae grandiosella Dyar herbivore Egg mass pupa) populations DD, DI P-skewed sex ratio 50-71.4 lab 15. skewing the sex ratio Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

only one larva can overwinter per stalk of the host plant; a cannibal may just kill other larvae and not Knutson AE, Gilstrap FE. eat them; cannibals and victims Diatraea concealed high population I-competition 1990. Environ. Entomol. were large individuals of the 2nd Lepidoptera Pyralidae grandiosella Dyar herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) density DD reduced 27.3-43.1 field 19: 684–96. generation

no benefits of cannibalism - cannibals do not become larger or develop more quickly; 5th and 6th instars had double the 7-30% mortality due to cannibalism; females were more cannibalistic; cannibalism varies geographically - Tarpley MD, Breden F, crosses between groups with a Chippendale GM. 1993. high and low rate of cannibalism Diatraea concealed genetic Entomol. Exp. Appl. 66: resulted in progeny with an Lepidoptera Pyralidae grandiosella Dyar herbivore Egg mass larva (larva) predisposition DI 7-30 lab 145-52. intermediate rate of cannibalism

when 2 or 4 larvae were reared in diapause-averting conditions per cup, there was ~11.1% and ~59.1% mortality due to cannibalism, respectively; there were higher levels of cannibalism under diapause-inducing conditions; eggs laid in clusters on corn whorls, so larva may interact before boring; larvae that high population develop faster may be density, Breden F, Chippendale cannibalized when they molt; asynchrony GM. 1989. J. Kansas males also develop faster, and so Ostrinia nubilalis concealed larva (larva, within Entomol. Soc. 62: 307- may be victims more often, Lepidoptera Pyralidae (Hübner) herbivore Egg mass pupa) populations DD, DI 11.1-59.1 lab 15. skewing the sex ratio Bjornstad ON, Begon M, Stenseth N, Falck W, Sait Plodia SM, Thompson DJ. 1998. younger instars eaten by older interpunctella exposed Egg mass or larva (egg, P-population lab and J. Anim. Ecol. 67: 110- instars; cannibalism may regulate Lepidoptera Pyralidae Hübner herbivore single egg larva) regulated model 26. cycles of abundance the granulosis virus was transmitted via cannibalism and younger cannibals were more susceptible; cannibals tended to eat younger instars than Plodia themselves unless victim is interpunctella exposed Egg mass or Boots M. 1998. Ecol. infected (thus moribund and Lepidoptera Pyralidae Hübner herbivore single egg larva (larva) diseased victim DI I-fitness decreased lab Entomol. 23: 118-22. unable to defend itself) Plodia no evidence of kin discrimination interpunctella exposed Egg mass or Boots M. 2000. Evol. using 3rd instar cannibals and 2nd Lepidoptera Pyralidae Hübner herbivore single egg larva (larva) lab Ecol. Res. 2: 251-6. instar prey

Plodia Reed DJ, Begon M, interpunctella exposed Egg mass or P-survivoship Thompson MJ. 1996. parasitized caterpillars were Lepidoptera Pyralidae Hübner herbivore single egg larva (larva) parasitized victim DI increased lab Oecologia 105: 189-93. cannibalized Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

Reed DJ. 1998. Larval competition and cannibalism in the Indian meal moth, Plodia Plodia interpunctella . interpunctella exposed Egg mass or larva (egg, Ph.D. thesis. Lepidoptera Pyralidae Hübner herbivore single egg pupa) unknown University of Liverpool.

cannibalism only in ≥3rd instars; Carmenta Cordo HA, DeLoach CJ, larvae actively and fiercely haematica concealed high population I-competition Ferrer R, Briano J. 1995. attacked others, so few developed Lepidoptera Sesiidae (Ureta) herbivore Single egg larva (larva) density DD reduced ~100 both Biol. Control 5: 11-24 in a single plant larvae cannibalized eggs when Argyrotaenia Rock GC. 1968. Ann. deprived of other food; author velutinana exposed Entomol. Soc. Am. 61: does not think larvae are Lepidoptera Tortricidae (Walker) herbivore larva (egg) DD lab 1034. cannibalistic in nature high population density, high ambient temperature, availability of Gastrimargus weak or newly Majeed Q, Aziz SA. 1977. transversus exposed nymph, adult molted J. Entomol. Res. (New cannibalistic even when food was Orthoptera Acrididae Thunberg herbivore (nymph, adult) conspecifics DD, DI lab Delhi) 1: 164-7. not scarce Hieroglyphus Pradhan S, Peswani KM. nigrorepletus exposed 1961. Indian J. Entomol. a female will "nibble at its freshly Orthoptera Acrididae Bolivar herbivore Egg mass adult (egg) DD lab 23: 79-105. laid eggs" late instar high population Hieroglyphus nymph, adult density, high nigrorepletus exposed (disabled ambient Rizvi SKA. 1967. Mushi cannibals had higher fecundity Orthoptera Acrididae Bolivar herbivore Egg mass individuals) temperature DD, DI I-fitness enhanced both 41: 71-3. and longevity availability of weak or newly Bhatia DR, Singh C. 1959. Locusta exposed molted field/cage Indian J. Entomol. 21: cannibalistic even when food was Orthoptera Acrididae migratoria L. herbivore Egg mass conspecifics DI 14-45 s 210-3. not scarce Locusta migratoria cannibalistic migratorioides stage not Duarte AJ. 1938. Bull cannibals ate individuals that were (Reiche & exposed specified high population Entomol. Res. 29: 425- molting, especially during the last Orthoptera Acrididae Fairmaire) herbivore Egg mass (nymph) density DD lab 56. 2-3 instars Locusta migratoria availability of migratorioides weak or newly Faure JC. 1932. Bull. (Reiche & exposed molted Entomol. Res. 23: 293- Orthoptera Acrididae Fairmaire) herbivore Egg mass conspecifics DI unknown 425.

Nomadacris only newly hatched nymphs were septemfasciata exposed high population Smee C. 1936. Bull. cannibalistic and they consumed Orthoptera Acrididae Serville herbivore nymph (nymph) density DD field Entomol. Res. 27: 15-35. other hatching nymphs availability of weak or newly Bhatia DR, Singh C. 1959. Patanga exposed molted field/cage Indian J. Entomol. 21: cannibalistic even when food was Orthoptera Acrididae succincta L. herbivore Egg mass individuals DI 8-24 s 210-3. not scarce Cause of cannibalism: Ultimate density consequences of dependent cannibalism to the Percent Lab Life stage of Factors that (DD) or cannibalistic mortality due versus Feeding Mode of cannibal (and encourage independent individual (I) or to field Order Family Species guild oviposition victim) cannibalism (DI) population (P) cannibalism study Citation Notes

cannibals were 1st instars, and occasionally older nymphs, and consumed newly hatched or molted nymphs during a drought; being cannibalistic allowed low rainfall; individuals to survive the drought; Schistocerca shortage of food; first instars were cannibalistic gregaria exposed asynchronous P-survivorship Ashall C, Ellis PE. 1962. even if food was not scarce and Orthoptera Acrididae (Forskål) herbivore Egg mass nymph (nymph) hatching DI increased 50 both Anti-locust Bull. 38: 1-59. they hatched synchronously Bazazi S, Buhl J, Hale JJ, Anstey ML, Sword GA, threat of attack by conspecifics Schistocerca Simpson SJ, Couzin ID. was the principal cause of gregaria exposed high population P-coordinated 2008. Curr. Biol. 18: 735- collective movement among Orthoptera Acrididae (Forskål) herbivore Egg mass nymph (nymph) density DD migration lab 9. locusts availability of Schistocerca weak or newly Bhatia DR, Singh C. 1959. gregaria exposed molted field/cage Indian J. Entomol. 21: cannibalistic even when food was Orthoptera Acrididae (Forskål) herbivore Egg mass individuals DI 58 s 210-3. not scarce

cannibals usually ate molting Schistocerca high population Husain MA, Mathur CB, individuals and the weak and sick; gregaria exposed nymph, adult density, shortage Roonwal ML. 1946. Indian individuals overcame a shortage Orthoptera Acrididae (Forskål) herbivore Egg mass (nymph, adult) of food DD I-fitness enhanced both J. Entomol. 8: 141-63. of food by being cannibalistic poor nutritional when reared on a diet low in quality of host, van Huis A, Woldewahid nitrogen and they usually ate Schistocerca nymph availability of A, Toleubayev K, van der nymphs that were molting; adult gregaria exposed (nymph), adult molting Werf W. 2008. Entomol. females were cannibalized while Orthoptera Acrididae (Forskål) herbivore Egg mass (adult) conspecifics DI lab Exp. Appl. 127: 144-56. laying eggs, regardless of the

high population density, high ambient temperature, low ambient humidity, Spathosternum shortage of food, prasiniferum exposed poor nutritional Iqbal M, Aziz SA. 1976. early instars were more likely to Orthoptera Acrididae (Walker) herbivore Egg mass quality of host DD, DI lab Indian J. Zool. 4: 43-5. cannibalize anecdotal mention of cannibalism; dispersal may help prevent Scapteriscus concealed Fowler HG. 1988. cannibalism; this species feeds on Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae tenuis (Scudder) herbivore adult (nymph) lab Entomol. Gen. 13: 15-20. roots

population outbreaks and deficiencies of protein and salt high population induced migratory bands; mobility density, shortage increased the propensity to of food, cannibalize; injury reduced availability of Simpson SJ, Sword GA, mobility and made an individual weak or newly Lorch PD, Couzin ID. vulnerable to cannibalism; adults Anabrus simplex exposed molted 2006. Proc. Nat. Acad. avoid being eaten by moving with Orthoptera Tettigoniidae Haldeman herbivore Egg mass adult (adult) conspecifics DD I-fitness enhanced both Sci. 103: 4152-6. migratory groups