TheThe OpenOpen AccessAccess Movement,Movement, Repositories,Repositories, andand MoreMore

TylerTyler WaltersWalters

Associate Director Technology and Resource Services Georgia Institute of TechnologTechnologyy Library & Information Center OpenOpen AccessAccess JournalJournal MovementMovement ¾ WhatWhat isis it?it?

¾ is cost-effective way to disseminate and use information.

z OA permits users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to full texts, crawl for indexing, pass them as data, or use them for any lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers

¾ OA operates within current legal framework of copyright law

¾ OA is intended to be free for readers, not for producers

¾ OA focuses on academic research, has peer review OpenOpen AccessAccess MovementMovement

¾ WhyWhy DoesDoes itit Exist?Exist?

¾ Society benefits from open exchange of ideas

¾ Access to copyrighted materials inspires creativity and facilitates the development of new knowledge

¾ Copyright exists for the public good

¾ Federal investment in R&D is leveraged by access to research results OpenOpen AccessAccess MovementMovement

¾ WhatWhat LimitsLimits Access?Access?

¾ EconomicEconomic TrendsTrends inin ScholarlyScholarly PublishingPublishing

z Expenditures for serials by research libraries increased 210% between 1986-2001 while CPI increased 62%

z In electronic environment, model has changed from purchase of physical copies to licensing of access

z Large bundles of electronic journals offered by commercial publishers will force smaller publishers out of business

z Mergers/acquisitions increase prices, eliminate competition InitiativesInitiatives // ImplementingImplementing ofof OAOA

¾ BudapestBudapest OpenOpen AccessAccess InitiativeInitiative (BOAI)(BOAI) recommends two strategies: self-archiving in institutional/ disciplinary repositories and open access journals http://www.soros.org/openaccess/

z SPARCSPARC (Scholarly(Scholarly PublishingPublishing andand AcademicAcademic ResourcesResources Coalition)Coalition) • promotes both open access journals and the development of institutional repositories. SPARC has a number of open access partners OAOA InitiativesInitiatives

¾ Public Library of Science (PLoS) z grassroots initiative signed by over 30,000 scientists to encourage publishers to deposit their journals in central archives, like PubMed Central, within six months of publication

¾ PubMed Central z digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed, managed, supported by National Center for Biotechnology Information at NLM

z BioMed Central independent commercial publishing house committed to providing immediate free access to peer-reviewed biomedical research. BMC publishes more than 50 online journals in biology and medicine

z arXiv.org e-Print archive fully automated electronic archive and distribution server for in physics and related disciplines, mathematics, computer science, and cognitive science. OAOA InitiativesInitiatives

¾ Disciplinary repositories used by certain academic disciplines to facilitate sharing and storage of research materials. These repositories ("e-print servers") have high rates of participation in their respective fields. Repositories exist in disciplines such as classical literature, history of philosophy, economics, chemistry, cognitive sciences, mathematics, and physics

¾ Institutional repositories are digital archives of intellectual products created by the faculty, staff, and students of an institution and accessible to end users both within and without the institution, with few if any barriers to access

¾ Self-archiving depositing by the author of a digital document in a publicly accessible institutional or disciplinary repository via a web site. Includes articles and preprints by individual researchers OAOA InitiativesInitiatives

¾ Standards: (OAI) develops and promotes interoperability standards that aim to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content

¾ The OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol allows third- party services to gather standardized metadata from repositories and conduct searches against the assembled metadata to identify and retrieve documents

¾ http://www.openarchives.org Needed:Needed: EE--PublishingPublishing ToolsTools

¾ OpenOpen JournalJournal SystemSystem:: (http://www.pkp.ubc.ca)(http://www.pkp.ubc.ca) Univ.Univ. BritishBritish Columbia,Columbia, PublicPublic KnowledgeKnowledge ProjectProject

z Complete journal mgmt./publishing system

z Online mgmt. for each stage of publishing

z Online submission of articles, reviews, other Items

z Comprehensive indexing, each article published

z Email notification and commentary for readers OpenOpen JournalJournal SystemSystem (http://www.pkp.ubc.ca)(http://www.pkp.ubc.ca)

¾ Open source software, freely available to journals worldwide

¾ Make OA publishing a viable option for more journals

¾ OA can increase a journal's readership as well as its contribution to the public good on a global scale

¾ OJS Is To Be LOCKSS Ready (04/23/04) “The LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) archiving management software is being developed to enable users of PKP's Open Journal System to create easily managed archives among participating libraries” EE--PublishingPublishing Tools:Tools: UnderUnder ConstructionConstruction @@ CornellCornell // PennPenn StateState DPubSDPubS v.v. 22 ((http://dpubs.orghttp://dpubs.org)) z Mellon grant ($670,000) to generalize and enhance DPubS system and release improved version under open source license. Development goals for this project include:

z Create a general purpose publishing platform and provide on-line editorial mgmt services to support peer review activities

z Enhance the administrative functionality and interface

z Provide interoperability with systems (DSpace, Fedora)

z Establish a framework for intra-institutional partnership between university presses and libraries. Explore sustainable business models for scholarly publishing within universities

InstitutionalInstitutional RepositoriesRepositories

¾¾ RoleRole ofof InstitutionalInstitutional RepositoriesRepositories inin OAOA

z WhatWhat areare IRs?IRs?

•• “a“a digitaldigital archivearchive ofof thethe intellectualintellectual productproduct createdcreated byby thethe faculty,faculty, researchresearch staff,staff, andand studentsstudents ofof anan institutioninstitution andand accessibleaccessible toto endend usersusers bothboth withinwithin andand outsideoutside ofof thethe institutiinstitution,on, withwith fewfew ifif anyany barriersbarriers toto access.access. TheThe content…content… isis institutionallyinstitutionally defined,defined, scholarly,scholarly, cumulativecumulative andand perpetual,perpetual, andand openopen andand interoperable.”interoperable.” (Rick(Rick Johnson,Johnson, SPARC)SPARC)

z CollectCollect // OrganizeOrganize // DistributeDistribute contentcontent IRsIRs

¾ RoleRole ofof InstitutionalInstitutional RepositoriesRepositories inin OAOA

z …As a source of content for OA journals

z …As an access point or “home” for OA journals

z Many systems are available: • DSpace (http://www.dspace.org) • Fedora (http://www.fedora.info/) • Digitool (http://www.exlibris.co.il/digitool.htm) • Bepress (http://www.bepress.com) • E-prints (http://www.eprints.org) • And more…

CopyrightCopyright // IntellectualIntellectual PropertyProperty

¾¾ CreativeCreative CommonsCommons (http://creativecommons.org/)

¾ …offers…offers aa flexibleflexible rangerange ofof protectionsprotections andand freedomsfreedoms forfor authorsauthors andand artistsartists

z Built on the "all rights reserved" of traditional copyright

z Creates a voluntary "some rights reserved" copyright

z Nonprofit, CC tools are free

PreservationPreservation

¾¾ ……ofof OAOA JournalsJournals andand IRIR Content:Content:

DigitalDigital PreservationPreservation “software:”“software:”

LOCKSSLOCKSS ((http://www.lockss.orghttp://www.lockss.org)) LOCKSSLOCKSS

¾ HOWHOW ITIT WORKS:WORKS: A library uses the LOCKSS software to turn a low-cost PC into a digital preservation appliance that performs four functions:

¾ CollectsCollects newlynewly publishedpublished contentcontent fromfrom thethe targettarget ee-- journalsjournals usingusing aa webweb crawlercrawler similarsimilar toto thosethose usedused byby searchsearch enginesengines

¾ ContinuallyContinually comparescompares contentcontent itit collectscollects withwith samesame contentcontent collectedcollected byby otherother appliances,appliances, andand repairsrepairs anyany differencesdifferences LOCKSSLOCKSS

¾ ActsActs asas webweb proxyproxy oror cache,cache, providingproviding browsersbrowsers inin thethe library'slibrary's communitycommunity withwith accessaccess toto publisher'spublisher's contentcontent oror thethe preservedpreserved contentcontent asas appropriateappropriate

¾ ProvidesProvides webweb--basedbased administrativeadministrative interface,interface, allowingallowing librarylibrary staffstaff toto targettarget newnew journalsjournals forfor preservation,preservation, monitormonitor thethe statestate ofof thethe journalsjournals beingbeing preserved,preserved, andand controlcontrol accessaccess toto thethe preservedpreserved journalsjournals Preserving and Auditing • LOCKSS servers use the Internet to continually and slowly audit preserved content •At intervals servers take part in polls, voting on the digest of some part of the content they have in common. If the content on one server is damaged or incomplete that server will lose the poll, and it can repair the content from other servers •This cooperation between servers avoids the need to back them up individually. It also provides reassurance that the system is performing its function and that the correct content will be available to readers when they try to access it •More organizations preserving content = stronger guarantee for their continued access Providing Access • LOCKSS servers provide transparent access to the content they preserve • Institutions run web proxies to allow off-campus users to access their journal subscriptions, and web caches, to reduce the bandwidth cost of providing Web access to their community • Their LOCKSS server integrates with these systems, intercepting requests from the community's browsers to the journals being preserved. When a request for a page from a preserved journal arrives, it is first forwarded to the publisher •If the publisher returns content, that is what the browser gets. Otherwise the browser gets the preserved copy Administering • Library staff administer their LOCKSS server via a Web user interface. •The interface allows for targeting the server to preserve new journals, monitoring the preservation of existing journals, controlling access to the server and other functions ThanksThanks forfor ComingComing Today!Today!

Contacts:Contacts:

TylerTyler WaltersWalters 404404--385385--44894489 work

[email protected]@library.gatech.edu