South Sudan Internally Refugees from South Sudan Refugees in Displaced People in Neighbouring Countries South Sudan 2.0M 2.2M 300K

HUMANITARIAN

2019 NEEDS OVERVIEW PEOPLE IN NEED 7.1M NOV 2018

SOUTH SUDAN INTERNALLY REFUGEES FROM SOUTH SUDAN REFUGEES IN DISPLACED PEOPLE IN NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES SOUTH SUDAN 2.0M 2.2M 300K

South Sudan displacement

SUDAN 764,400

Upper Nile ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! Abyei region

! 144,150

! !

! 129,253

! Malakal

! !

! !. 364,357

! Unity

! ! ! ! ! 9,254! ! ! ! ! !. Bentiu 67,344 Aweil !. 435,924 Northern Bahr el Ghazal ETHIOPIA !. Kuajok Warrap Jonglei Wau 422,240 Western Bahr !. 50,114 el Ghazal 382,906 CENTRAL 162,669 ! Lakes ! 2,933 AFRICAN !. REPUBLIC Rumbek

!. ! 157,475 Bor 2,571 Western Central Equatoria Equatoria 160,124 !^ Eastern Equatoria Yambio 9,330 JUBA !. !.Torit 142,475 41,671 xx Estimated number of IDPs 15,471 KENYA DEMOCRATIC 114,432 Refugees in South Sudan REPUBLIC OF 95,181 xx THE CONGO 785,104 UGANDA xx South Sudanese refugees in neighbouring countries

Source:Source: OCHA OCHA and partners, and partners,Oct 2018 Oct 2018

This document is produced by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) on behalf of the South Sudan Humanitarian Country Team and partners. This document provides the Humanitarian Country Team’s shared understanding of the crisis, including the most pressing humanitarian needs and the estimated number of people who need assistance. It represents a consolidated evidence base and helps inform joint strategic response planning. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the South Sudan maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The final boundary between the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan has not yet been determined. Final status of Abyei region is not yet determined.

Cover photo: OCHA/Emmi Antinoja TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I: OVERVIEW OF NEEDS

Humanitarian Needs and Key Figures 2 Impacts of Multiple Crises 4 Convergence of Needs 9 Severity of Need 13 People in Need 14

PART II: SECTORAL NEEDS Camp Coordination and Camp Management 20 Education 21 Emergency Shelter and Non-Food Items 22 Food Security and Livelihoods 23 Health 24 Nutrition 25 Protection 26 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 28 Operational Needs 29

PART III: ANNEX Methodology 32 Information Gaps 34 End Notes 35 humanitarian needs and key figures

HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND KEY FIGURES The recently revitalized peace process promises to offer new opportunities in 2019 for South Sudan’s women, men and children.1 However, the cumulative effects of years of conflict, violence and destroyed livelihoods have left more than 7 million people or about two thirds of the population in dire need of some form of humanitarian assistance and protection in 2019 – the same proportion as in 2018. While the situation is no longer escalating at a rapid speed, the country remains in the grip of a serious humanitarian crisis.

A legacy of conflict, Insufficient basic Destroyed livelihoods Limited access violence and abuse services and eroded coping to assistance and 1 2 3capacity 4protection Five years of the most recent The conflict and associated conflict has forced nearly 4.2 economic decline have eroded Years of conflict, displacement About 1.5 million people live million people to flee their the Government’s ability to and underdevelopment have in areas facing high levels of homes in search of safety, nearly provide consistent basic services limited people’s livelihood access constraints – places 2 million of them within and to its people. Currently, one opportunities, marginalized where armed hostilities, violence 2.2 million outside the country. primary health centre serves women’s formal employment against aid workers and assets, While the intensity of conflict an average of 50,000 people.3 opportunities, and weakened and other access impediments may have reduced recently, and Only 40 per cent of nutrition families’ ability to cope with the render humanitarian activities clashes contained to certain treatment centres have access to protracted crisis and sudden severely restricted, or in some regions, vulnerable people will safe water,4 a gap that puts more shocks, like the death of a wage cases impossible.15 In 2018, earner or loss of cattle.9 The continue to experience the vulnerable people, particularly violence against humanitarian livelihoods of 80 per cent of impacts of the conflict through women, boys and girls, at risk of people are based on agricultural personnel and assets consistently 2019. United Nations reports malnutrition and disease. Only and pastoralist activities.10 accounted for over half of all indicate that all parties to the about one in five childbirths Farmers, who are mostly reported incidents. More than conflict have repeatedly violated involves a skilled health care women, and their families have 500 aid workers were relocated international humanitarian worker5 and the maternal been displaced from their fertile due to insecurity, disrupting the law and perpetrated serious mortality ratio is estimated at lands. Annual cereal production provision of life-saving assistance human rights abuses, including 789 per 100,000 live births.6 has reduced by 25 per cent from and protection services to people gang rape, abductions, sexual Every third school has been 2014 to 2017, leaving a nearly in need for prolonged periods. slavery of women and girls, and damaged, destroyed, occupied 500,000 metric tons deficit for Communities’ inability to access recruitment of children, both or closed since 2013,7 and more 2018.11 Over 80 per cent of lifesaving support risks pushing girls and boys.2 People affected than 70 per cent of children who the population lives below the women, men and children by the conflict, including the should be attending classes are absolute poverty line12 and half deeper into crisis. Many of the more than 300,000 refugees in not receiving an education.8 the population will be severely hardest to reach areas in Unity, South Sudan, repeatedly identify food insecure between January Upper Nile and Western Bahr 13 security among their primary and March 2019, similar to el Ghazal have alarming rates of needs. the same period in 2018. The food insecurity, malnutrition, number of people in IPC Phase and sexual and gender-based 5 is expected to nearly double violence. from the same period in 2018.14

PEOPLE IN NEED SEVERITY OF NEED

Abyei Upper Nile Abyei Upper Nile Northern Unity Northern Unity Bahr el Bahr el Ghazal Ghazal Warrap Warrap

Western Bahr Jonglei Western Bahr Jonglei el Ghazal el Ghazal Lakes People in need (in ‘000) No data

1 - 25 Western Equatoria Eastern Equatoria Western Eastern Central 26 - 50 Equatoria Equatoria Equatoria Central SEVERITY 51 - 100 Equatoria - 101 - 200

200+

Source: OCHA and partners, Oct 2018 Source: OCHA and partners, Oct 2018

2 humanitarian needs and key figures

NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO NEED HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 7.1M16 POPULATION IN COUNTRY

M 11.4BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR (IN MILLIONS) NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY SECTOR (IN MILLIONS)

SECTOR HOST OTHERWISE SECTOR IDPS REFUGEES COMMUNITIES AFFECTED TOTAL

CAMP COORDINATION AND CAMP 1.40 - - 0.30 1.70 MANAGEMENT

EDUCATION 0.89 1.91 - 0.16 2.90

EMERGENCY SHELTER 1.19 0.10 0.30 2.00 AND NON-FOOD ITEMS 0.40

FOOD SECURITY 1.90 3.70 0.20 0.30 6.10 AND LIVELIHOODS

HEALTH - - 3.57 0.30 3.87

NUTRITION - - 1.50 0.30 1.80

PROTECTION 1.95 1.32 2.45 0.30 6.02

WATER, SANITATION 1.90 3.79 - 0.30 5.99 AND HYGIENE

3 Impacts of MULTIPLE crises

IMPACTS OF MULTIPLE CRISES

Even with the advent of the revitalized peace agreement than once, including nearly 2.2 million in neighbouring in late 2018 and the promise of better times to come, the countries and nearly 2 million internally. The population inside cumulative effects of the conflict have translated to sustained the UNMISS Protection of Civilian (PoC) sites has stabilized poverty and persistent humanitarian and protection needs at approximately 200,000 in the past three years, after a peak at for more than 7 million people in South Sudan. This is 224,000 registered IDPs in 2016, to 190,000 in October 2018.18 particularly the case in the Equatorias, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Displacement is both a driver and result of vulnerability. Jonglei, Upper Nile and Unity, where drivers and multipliers of crisis have remained present over time. These include “The biggest problem and challenge we insecurity and violence, local and intercommunal conflicts, ongoing displacement, sparse basic services, disease, climate encounter daily is access. Insecurity and shocks, economic instability and insecure access to food and displacement have made it difficult for us to livelihoods. Yet, prospects for peace and development may provide services.” improve and begin to generate some confidence for durable solutions, including returns, relocations or local integrations, Head of a local NGO although their scope, scale and flows remain difficult to 17 project. Displacement patterns, visualized in the timeline below, In 2018, the conflict continued to force people to remain have been driven largely by conflict dynamics. Internally, on the move and undermine their access to assistance. the numbers displaced have continued to rise, with conflict Almost 4.2 million people have been displaced, often more driving many of the same families having to flee on multiple occasions.19 Greater Upper Nile maintains the largest numbers

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DISPLACEMENT

Internally displaced people Refugees from South Sudan to neighbouring countries 4.2 million 5M displaced 5M 2.2 million South Sudanese refugees who have 4M fled into 4M neighbouring countries (as of Oct 2018) 3M 2 million 3M estimated people internally displaced since 15 Dec 2013 2M (as of Oct 2018) 2M

1M 1M

South Sudanese refugees 115,000 before 15 Dec 2013

0 76,700 internally displaced people prior to 15 Dec 2013 0

August 2018 July 2016 November 2017 May 2018 Signing of the 22 January 2014 May 2014 January 2015 August 2015 February 2016 February 2017 April -May 2017 October 2014 March 2015 Fighting breaks out in Juba and Fighting in Equatorias displaces tens Thousands displaced cessation of Cessation of Hostilities Agreement on the Fighting breaks out in Localized famine declared in Fighting intensifies in Parties to the conflict sign Bentiu town Fighting Fighting in the spreads to multiple locations in of thousands while intercommunal due to continued hostilities and agreement signed by Resolution of the Conflict in Malakal PoC, Pibor, Wau, Koch, Leer and Mayendit. northern Jonglei and the the Recommitment on attacked. intensifies Greater Upper the Equatorias, as well as Unity. violence in Jonglei left 45 people clashes in Unity power-sharing parties to the conflict. the Republic of South Yambio and Mundri West western bank in Upper Nile. Humanitarian Matters of around Renk Nile region Tens of thousands are displaced. dead and displaced over 2,000 including Mayom, agreement by all Sudan signed by parties to causing destruction and Thousands displaced. the Cessation of Hostilities and Kaka. intensifies. people from Duk Payuel to Poktap. Rubkona, Guit, Koch, parties to the Agreement. the conflict. displacement. conflict. 15 December 2013 August 2014 October 2015 August-November 2016 March 2017 September 2017 Leer and Mayendit. May 2015 April 2016 February 2018 Over 40,000 people Fighting erupts in Juba and Aid workers Fighting resumes in Unity. Tens of thousands flee to Uganda Six aid workers are killed in 12 September 2018 February 2014 Aid workers are forced Formation of the The number of South IPC analysis estimated 6.3 reported to be quickly spreads to Jonglei, killed in Humanitarian partners suspend and DRC as fighting escalates in an attack while travelling Revitalised Agreement on Fighting breaks out in to relocate from Leer, Transitional Sudanese refugees passes million people, or 57 per cent of displaced to the Unity and Upper Nile. Maban operations and withdraw staff the Equatorias. Clashes in Unity from Juba to Pibor. the Resolution of the Leer Town, Unity, Ganyiel, Nyal, Government of the 2 million mark, 1 the population of South Sudan, swamps in Meer, Pap, Thousands of people flee their County, from Leer. Fighting in Western cause thousands to flee to remote Conflict in the Republic of and Malakal town, Mayendit, Koch, Melut National Unity of million are in Uganda would be severely food insecure Kok, Dir and Toch-Riak homes. Upper Nile. Equatoria leaves thousands swamps and bushes. South Sudan was signed by Upper Nile. and Kodok due to the Republic of alone, as insecurity from February to April 2018. in Leer County. displaced and threatens key parties to the conflict in fighting and insecurity. South Sudan. continues in the Addis Ababa. humanitarian supply routes. Equatorias. 4 Impacts of MULTIPLE crises

of displaced, accounting for 60 per cent of all internally by access to work, school, and critical infrastructure in areas displaced in the country. For areas of the country where of return.21 Return movements are likely to result in a need for information on IDPs has been systematically collected, data immediate, temporary humanitarian assistance, before longer- indicates that a quarter of them have been in protracted term support on durable solutions. In 2018, the Displacement displacement since 2013-2014, whilst more than a third Tracking Matrix (DTM) identified more than 658,000 returnees have been unable to return to their habitual residence since in the nearly 60 per cent of the country covered, of which 42 2015-2016. The remainder has been displaced since January per cent had returned during 2017 from locations in South 2017, two thirds of them in the first half of 2017 alone. Those Sudan and abroad. Returns from Uganda and Kenya show an newly displaced in 2018 account for just 6 per cent of IDPs.20 upwards trend as a percentage share of total returns since the Communal clashes have become an increasingly prominent second half of 2017, whereas returns from Sudan and South factor in triggering new displacement, especially in Kapoeta Sudan have been more static.22 South, Duk, Aweil South and Jur River. Further macroeconomic and climatic shocks, such as sudden market failure “I had to flee my home at the beginning of or flooding, exacerbated by the conflict, have resulted in many populations migrating out of South Sudan to seek access to the crisis in 2013 because of the violence. We services and economic opportunity elsewhere. sought safety by coming here. I have been An increasing number of IDPs is expected to seek durable displaced ever since. Our life is hard. We lack solutions in 2019, although movement will continue to be many things but we have nowhere to get fluid as people explore options for return, relocation or them. We cannot explain our problems to local integration. Especially at the outset, people may return temporarily or seasonally to farm and access assistance, and to anyone and we have nowhere to go.” check on the status of their property or evaluate their options Displaced woman in Central Equatoria regarding housing, land and property; access to livelihoods, services and support available; as well as confidence in safety Attacks on civilians and violations by all parties to the and security. Some of the returns in particular may not be conflict continue to undermine the survival and outlook sustainable due to insecurity. General improvement of the for South Sudanese people, particularly women, adolescent security situation in areas of return, and assurances from girls and children. Between December 2013 and April 2018, government on safety, are the most prominent pre-condition the conflict was estimated to have caused about 382,000 excess 23 for return cited by IDPs in a study earlier this year, followed deaths, approximately half from violence. This pattern has

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DISPLACEMENT

1M 1M

South Sudanese refugees 115,000 before 15 Dec 2013

0 76,700 internally displaced people prior to 15 Dec 2013 0

included human rights abuses such as widespread sexual “People are suffering, there’s widespread violence and targeted killings, and destruction of livestock and property. A joint OHCHR-UNMISS report,24 covering hunger. Market prices are too high for Southern Unity during the period of April-May 2018, people to afford, plus the insecurity of last documented the killing of 232 civilians, including 50 women year made it very hard to many people to and 35 children. It reported 25 women were hanged and 32 civilians were burned alive, while at least 120 women and girls, cultivate in the last season.” including pregnant and lactating women and girls as young Man in Eastern Equatoria as four years old, were raped and gang raped. In addition, at least 15 incidents of abduction involving 132 women and At the same time, the scale and severity of food insecurity girls subjected to sexual slavery were documented. The report continues to deepen in specific areas where access to food identified the main perpetrators as SPLA government forces, and humanitarian services remain limited and where people armed groups aligned with the SPLA-IO, and youth militia. are already made vulnerable by displacement and conflict. A subsequent report25 by the same authors, covering Western People in settlements assessed in hard-to-reach areas have Equatoria over the April-August 2018 period, found that 505 reported unsafe access to land as their main reason for women and 63 girls were abducted by opposition forces and insufficient food. Conflict and displacement have undermined reported 43 cases of rape or gang rape, as well as sexual slavery. an already compromised agricultural production, destroying Gender-based violence (GBV) cases, including sexual violence, farmers and herders’ livelihoods and causing food shortages are under-reported by survivors due to stigma, shame, low to communities, whose purchasing power and market access confidence in the rule of law to ensure justice for perpetrators,26 have been declining with continued conflict. In September, limited service availability, and reliance on informal justice it was expected that some 47,000 people were in Catastrophe structures – which due to cultural norms can be an impediment (IPC Phase 5) in Leer and Mayendit in former Unity state, Yirol to resolving some of the cultural issues around GBV. The nearly East and Yirol West in former Lakes state, Canal/Pigi in former 2,300 reported cases of all forms of GBV by mid-2018 therefore Jonglei state, Panyikang in former Upper Nile state, and Greater likely represent a small share of what is a deep-rooted and Baggari in Wau in former Western Bahr El Ghazal state. For widespread problem. Rates of violence against boys are also not January-March 2019, Catastrophe (IPC Phase 5) is expected well understood, due to the deep stigmatization that boys and in Pibor and Canal/Pigi in Jonglei and Leer and Mayendit in men face in discussing sexual and gender-based violence. Unity.28 A convergence of factors, including severe food insecurity “The situation is difficult for women in this and inadequate health and water, sanitation and hygiene camp. Many children cannot go to school, so (WASH) services, has resulted in continued high it affects them. There is no hospitals. There is malnutrition rates. The experience of South Sudan’s localized famine29 in early 2017 and continued scope of severe food not enough food.” insecurity demonstrate the compounding impact of multiple needs, including food security, nutrition, health and WASH. Displaced woman in Central Equatoria Malnutrition is driven by poor access to public health, poor access to and availability of food due to dysfunctional Despite large-scale humanitarian assistance, the conflict markets and reduced farm production, and poor caregiving pushed more people into hunger in 2018 than ever before.27 practices on food utilization. Without sufficient access to According to IPC analysis released in September 2018, some health services, emergency nutrition support and clean water, 6.1 million people (nearly 60 per cent of the total population) infectious diseases spread in food emergencies. The conceptual faced severe food insecurity at the peak of the lean season framework, below, explains the basic, underlying and between July and August due to disrupted humanitarian immediate causes of malnutrition. assistance as a result of poor or intermittent access to people The protracted conflict and economic crisis have left millions in need, prolonged conflict and displacement – compared to of people without sufficient public health and WASH 6 million during the same period in 2017. This number was services and made them more susceptible to disease and projected to decrease to 4.4 million in the October-December malnutrition. One primary health centre serves some 50,000 2018 harvest period before increasing to 5.2 million by people and 60 per cent of nutrition sites do not have access to January-March 2019 – compared to 5.1 million during the clean water. Before being halted, the longest-running cholera same period in 2018. The IPC analysis shows that the food outbreak in the country’s history had persisted from mid- security situation is now deteriorating at a slower pace than 2016 to February 2018, transcending usual seasonal patterns before, due in part to improvements in the effectiveness of and reaching new, previously unaffected areas – and without multi-sectoral humanitarian assistance. In the short term, even a marked increase in health and WASH services, the disease if safe, unhindered access to people in need can be achieved, remains a significant threat. The threat of Ebola Virus Disease IPC projections show a continuation of acute food insecurity transmission from the Democratic Republic of the Congo is into 2019. heightened because the drivers for contagion are present in the Equatorias region bordering the country. These include

6 Impacts of MULTIPLE crises

UNICEF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF MALNUTRITION displaced and lost their livelihoods. Disrupted trade flows, heavy reliance on oil – accounting for more than 80 per cent of all revenues, and skewed expenditure toward defense at the expense of poverty reduction, continue to expose many households to food insecurity and displacement.33 Pressures on people are high in more populated areas in and around MATERNAL AND CHILD PoC sites, where employment opportunities are limited and MALNUTRITION largely provided by the aid sector. Youth contention over local employment opportunities and payment structures within and outside PoC sites and refugee camps has led to increased tensions in Bentiu, Malakal and Maban among other locations, affecting delivery of basic services. The revitalized INADEQUATE DISEASE DIETARY INTAKE peace agreement may lead to increased aspirations for

IMMEDIATE CAUSES IMMEDIATE employment and other socio-economic opportunities. This could in turn lead to increased tensions between and among IDPs and local communities over employment and resources. Unhealthy household Household food INADEQUATE Approximately 1.5 million women, men and children insecurity environment and lack CARE of health services live in areas facing severe access constraints – places where the presence of armed groups and other access UNDERLYING CAUSES UNDERLYING impediments make humanitarian activities impossible or severely restricted.34 These people are in 18 counties: Mororo INCOME POVERTY in Central Equatoria; Koch, Mayendit and Leer in Unity; Inadequate financial and human resources Panyikang, Maban, Longochuk, Maiwut, Luakpiny/Nasir and Ulang in Upper Nile; Tambura, Nagero, Ezo, Yambio, Mundri

Inadequate access Social, cultural and BASIC CAUSES East and Mundri West in Western Equatoria; and Raja and political context to services Wau in Western Bahr el Ghazal. Of these 1.5 million people, nearly 80 per cent are located in Upper Nile, Unity and Western Bahr el Ghazal. In January-March 2019, more than population movement, weak border monitoring systems, 950,000 people in IPC Phase 4 are estimated to be located in limited health, water and sanitation services along border areas, highly access constrained areas. Protection, food security and and multiple border points located in opposition-controlled livelihoods, and WASH sectors have the highest prevalence of areas to which humanitarian access is already constrained. people in need in highly access constrained areas. Environmental factors have also taken a toll on communities Access constraints often further drive and magnify whose coping capacities are already weakened by years of humanitarian needs by cutting people off much-needed armed conflict. In a country where the livelihoods of more than assistance and protection. Tenuous access and a lack of safety 80 percent of people are based on agricultural and pastoralist assurances regularly prevent emergency assessment and 30 activities, the effects of dry spells and floods are marked. response, as was the case in mid-2018 to an estimated 100,000 In Upper Nile, a shortage of water in an area where it has people in central Unity and 28,000 people in the greater Baggari traditionally been available is resulting in the local community, area in Western Bahr el Ghazal. Insecurity and violent acts especially women and children, engaging in negative coping against humanitarian staff and assets regularly obstruct access mechanisms, such as having to travel longer distances and or force the relocation of staff and suspension of operations, putting their security and safety at risk in order to access as was the case in Maban in July 2018. Consistently, nearly water for the family. At the same time, flooding in areas like half of reported access incidents are violent in nature35 and Bor, Twic East, Duk, Akobo, Pibor, Ayod and Pagil in Jonglei South Sudan continues to report the highest number of violent and Ganyiel in Unity, leaves people with recurring needs incidents against humanitarians globally, including casualties.36 each rainy season. Livestock diseases, such as the Contagious The vast majority of these are against South Sudanese staff. Bovine Pleuropneumonia, a bacterial disease that afflicts the Operational interference, restrictions of movement and lungs of cattle and which resulted in the deaths of cattle in bureaucratic impediments also persistently challenge and delay locations above, severely disrupts pastoral livelihoods, incites access to reach people in need. Consistent, safe and unhindered 31 inter-communal violence and changes migration patterns. humanitarian access is critical to allow for close monitoring Additionally, an outbreak of Rift Valley Fever was declared and provision of assistance in priority areas to prevent a further 32 in Yirol East, Yirol West and Awerial. Fall Army Worm has decline in humanitarian indicators. become a significant threat to food production and livelihoods, especially in Greater Equatorias and Jonglei. Declining economic opportunities and rising inflation have contributed to people’s needs over time and have become amplified over 2018, particularly as communities have been

7 Impacts of MULTIPLE crises

PEOPLE IN NEED

Abyei Upper Nile

Northern Unity Bahr el Ghazal Warrap

Western Bahr Jonglei el Ghazal

People in need (in ‘000) No data

1 - 25 Western Eastern 26 - 50 Equatoria Central Equatoria 51 - 100 Equatoria 101 - 200

200+ Source: OCHA and partners, Oct 2018

ACCESS CONSTRAINTS

A U N N U B W

W B

DEFINITIONS OF SEVERITY OF ACCESS CONSTRAINTS

L : No or very few access constraints present. Armed groups, checkpoints, bureaucratic or other access impediments may be W E E E present, but these rarely or only occasionally result in restrictions on humanitarian activities. Partners are C largely able to operate. With adequate resources, partners E would be able toreach all or nearly all targeted people in need. M : Moderate access constraints present. Armed groups, checkpoints, bureaucratic or other access impediments are present and regularly result in restrictions on humanitarian activities. Operations continue in these areas with regular restrictions. With adequate resources, pa rtners would be able to reach roughly half of targeted people in need. : Signiﬁcant access constraints present. Access is extremely difﬁcult or impossible. Armed groups, checkpoints, bureaucratic or other access impediments are present and actively restrict humanitarian activities. Operations in these areas are often severely restricted or impossible. Even with adequate resources, partners would be unable to reach more than a minority of targeted people in need. Source: OCHA, South Sudan Humanitarian Access Severity Overview, Sept 2018

8 convergence of needs

CONVERGENCE OF NEEDS

Certain groups of populations are more affected by the humanitarian crisis because of their particular vulnerability and exposure to specific protection risks, or their relative lack of capacity, resources and access to positive coping mechanisms.

While male youth and adults face particular protection malnourished. Nearly half of IDP individuals are children, risks and psychosocial harm related to the armed conflict more than half of them 5 years of age or younger, raising and insecurity, women, children, people with disabilities concerns around the effect of displacement on children’s and older people bear most of the impacts of the crisis wellbeing and access to services. due to their particular vulnerabilities to conflict and other Women, men and children with disabilities and older people shocks. They often have fewer coping mechanisms, increased are also particularly vulnerable. The number of persons with exposure, or are directly targeted by various types of threats, physical and mental disabilities is estimated to be as high as 1.2 such as violence and abuse, coercion and exploitation, and million – every tenth person of the population.41 Women, men deliberate deprivations. They feel the effects of conflict, and children with impaired mobility and disabilities are often related displacement and limited access to basic services more unable to flee from conflict and are frequently left behind.42 acutely and deeply over time. They compose most of the IDP They are also more difficult to reach and identify, and are at and affected civilian populations in need of assistance from greater risk of severe hunger, disease or abuse.43 humanitarian organizations.37 Mental and physical health issues are amplified after years The situation for children has continued to deteriorate over of exposure to violence and traumatic events. An increase 2018. More children are out of school than ever: three out of in youth male suicides in PoC sites, while complex and four are missing out on years of education and opportunities, multilayered in the intricacies of the situations, may have been as schools continue to be destroyed or remain unusable and compounded by extremely close and harsh living quarters, teachers have fled violence and economic stress.38 Girls are desperation and lack of options for the future. The situation more likely than boys to be excluded from education.39 The is compounded by an environment where qualified mental number of children associated with armed and force groups health professionals are sorely lacking – aside from limited is estimated to be 19,000. A total of 955 children, including humanitarian resources, there is reportedly only one national 690 boys and 265 girls, were formally released across South qualified psychiatrist working in the country. Although the Sudan between January and October 2018, and will require inspiring work of leaders in community health who continue significant psychosocial and other support. Since the beginning to run clinics in areas like Maban – where a local doctor this of the conflict, grave violations against children have increased, year won the Nansen Award for running a hospital that serves including abuse and exploitation, affecting more than 9,000 over 144,000 refugees from Sudan’s Blue Nile state44 – hospital- children.40 Nearly 1 million children under age five are acutely

DISPLACEMENT INCREASE200 OF PRICES FOR STAPLE FOODS EDUCATION

150 5 out of 10 out of children are people1 has been3 forced 100 out of school to ﬂee their homes

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2015 2016 2017 Source: MAFS, FAO, WFP, Concern WorldWide, Source: OCHA, UNHCR and partnersSource: Maize ﬂour - 1Kg: Juba, Central Equatoria Source: Education Cluster, Oct 2018 AECI, FEWS NET, ACTED, AVSI, IRC, NPAID, NBS Source: Education Cluster, Oct. 2018 Source: MAFS, FAO, WFP, Concern WorldWide, AECI, FEWS NET, ACTED, AVSI, IRC NPAID, NBS 9 convergence of needs

level care is sparse. Community health work is becoming and livelihoods of the communities. In 2018, Abyei faced new more critical, particularly as many of the small core of trained small-scale emergencies, including new armed clashes and national health professionals have departed the country over floods which resulted in displacements. Movements observed the course of the conflict. between South Sudan and Sudan at Amiet Market originated primarily from within the Abyei Administrative Area and Twic People seeking refuge in South Sudan from neighbouring in Warrap, with 70 per cent of migrants headed to Khartoum. countries are also affected by conflict, poverty and the They cited uncomfortable living conditions and necessity humanitarian crisis. South Sudan maintains a favourable to seek healthcare facilities as main reasons for movement. open-door policy for refugees45 and, as of September 2018, Half intended to stay between 4-6 months, with over 40 per hosted some 300,000 refugees, of whom over 278,000 cent departing for more than 6 months. Two thirds of those originated from Sudan, nearly 15,500 from the DRC, some interviewed reported travelling with their entire household. 4,000 from Ethiopia and almost 2,000 from the Central African Family reunification was cited by over 90 per cent of those Republic. They reside in 21 camps and settlements and in returning from Sudan.50 The United Nations and partners have urban locations in Upper Nile, Unity, Western Equatoria, identified about 182,000 vulnerable people in the Abyei Area Central Equatoria and Jonglei. Some 55 per cent of refugees, in need of humanitarian assistance, including 87,000 people especially in the northern camps, remain under emergency from the Ngok Dinka communities and returnees; 15,000 Ngok or makeshift shelters after years of displacement, with little Dinka displaced within the Abyei Area; 9,000 people displaced self-capacity to shift to semi-permanent shelters.46 Continued from South Sudan; 34,000 Misseriya communities; and 37,000 clashes in conflict-affected areas leave refugees vulnerable to seasonal Misseriya migrants who entered the area in October attacks and drive them to areas where their access to food and 2017 and returned in mid-2018. basic resources and livelihood options are limited. Refugees’ protection needs include prevention of recruitment of children by armed elements and GBV. The risk of epidemics among Geographic focus refugees continues to be high. Results from the most recent In Greater Upper Nile, a region with some 3.7 million nutrition surveys conducted in late 2017 showed an average people, repeated attacks against civilians, multiple sustained global acute malnutrition (GAM) prevalence of 6.2 per cent displacements and the continued deterioration in the scant and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) prevalence of 0.8 per cent provision of basic services drive humanitarian need across among children aged 6-59 months for the refugee camps, both all sectors, as the potential for conflict to re-emerge remains below the emergency threshold.47 In addition, 30 per cent of the high. Since 2015, Greater Upper Nile has been an epicentre of daily kilo calorie needs of refugees are not being met through conflict. In 2018, conflict continues, with large-scale fighting UNHCR/WFP food security interventions.48 Education in Central and Southern Unity and inter-communal clashes in opportunities for refugee children remain limited, in Juba as Eastern Jonglei and South Eastern Upper Nile forcing people to well as in refugee camps disrupted by conflict and insecurity, flee into less populated areas, and away from what scare services like in Lasu. Competition over scarce resources has led to were still being provided after years of conflict. Multiple years of 38 high tension between refugee and host communities, further conflict has destroyed livelihoods in Leer and Mayendit and the aggravating refugees’ needs.49 risk of a re-emergence of famine is high. Due to restrictions on humanitarian access, in September 2018 19,000 people were in There are still humanitarian and early recovery needs Humanitarian Catastrophe (IPC Phase 5). This was not limited in the Abyei Area, as a result of continued population to Southern and Central Unity; populations in Phase 5 were movements, intercommunalUn tensions,de lack of basic public identified in both Jonglei and Upper Nile states. The impacts services, and the presence ofag earmed 5 elements and explosive of violence are not limited to food security. The destruction remnants of war. The current challenging economic situation and looting of infrastructure has left many nutrition, health in Sudan and South Sudan have further affected the services 3,307 and education centers unusable and abandoned, leaving people cases 58 deaths

FOOD INSECURITY HEALTH ACCESS TO SAFE WATER

Access to improved water source in less than 30 minutes Nearly 6 out of10 people out of are expected to be severely food insecure health1 facilities5 are 34% 66% of the population non-functional of the population have access to do not have access improved to improved water source water source

H H H H H Source: WASH cluster, Oct 2018 Source: IPC, Sept 2018 Source: Health Cluster, Oct 2018 Source: WASH Cluster, Oct 2018

10 convergence of needs

far from reaching critical services, having retreated for safety persist in Jonglei, where livestock cattle diseases and related to swampy areas in small groups that are hard to reach. Faced migration dynamics drive needs. IDP movement and refugee with insecurity, limited access to food or services, people are returns are reported across the border with Ethiopia, but left with stark choices on what to prioritize, with many families tend to be ongoing back and forth movement rather than forced to make a trade-off between feeling secure, accessing sustained return – which will have to be closely monitored food or maintaining their health. To cope with these trade-offs, in 2019. The remoteness and difficulty of physical access families are forced to constantly move, seeking refuge in remote into many parts of the region, such as northern Jonglei, have settlements for security and when security or resources cannot restricted humanitarian presence. This has also precluded a be guaranteed, moving towards either Bentiu, Malakal or Bor full understanding of humanitarian needs and ability to deliver PoC sites or, in the worst-case, many have sought refuge in a sustained, inter-sectoral response to large catchment areas. Sudan or Ethiopia. Several blind spots persist where knowledge about needs is limited, particularly remote parts of northern Jonglei, and areas Cattle raiding and criminality by armed youth groups pose of Central Unity affected by the April -June 2018 conflict and continued protection threats to civilians and aid workers in violence. Areas of focus: Koch, Leer and Mayendit; Panyikang; Unity, particularly girls who are subject to sexual violence, Canal/Pigi, Fangak; Pibor including rape and forced marriage. Intercommunal tensions

GREATER UPPER NILE SEVERITY OF NEED GREATER UPPER NILE ACCESS CONSTRAINTS

Abyei Abyei Upper Nile Upper Nile Unity Unity

Jonglei Jonglei

SEVERITY OF ACCESS CONSTRAINTS s Low access constraints Medium access constraints SEVERITY High access constraints - +

In Greater Bahr el Ghazal, a region with some 4.7 million outbreaks, including meningitis and cholera, and with any people, the convergence of climate shocks, poor living significant population movements this would be likely to conditions and inadequate services, particularly in situations increase. Recent inroads on access have contributed to Wau and of insecurity and displacement, contributes to malnutrition surrounding areas being reached recently for assessments and and heightened susceptibility to disease for crisis-affected response, however, due to insecurity, people are regularly cut people. In a region that is prone to environmental and climatic off for months from humanitarian assistance which is primarily shocks, increased flooding and dry spells could contribute to delivered from Wau. Wau town itself also requires an expansion limited crop production and result in a deterioration of the of services to enable sustainable returns. These returns are nutrition situation – particularly in areas that have consistently already ongoing, as illustrated by the decreasing size of the Wau been hard to reach because of the conflict, such as in the greater PoC site, which has seen nearly half of its population depart Baggari area near Wau. The dire humanitarian situation in the between October 2017 and October 2018.51 At the same time, greater Baggari area is a direct result of continued conflict in many remain displaced within Wau town, where over 50 per the area compounded by the lack of humanitarian access. In cent live in partially or severely damaged housing.52 The focus Northern Bahr el Ghazal, there is a particularly high proportion on access must be maintained in 2019 to stave off acute crisis of female-headed households due to forced recruitment of driven by multiple factors. Areas of focus: Wau and Greater men – they would be most vulnerable to be impacted by a Baggari; Gogrial West, Tonj North; Yirol East situation of food insecurity. The area has been prone to disease

11 convergence of needs

GREATER BAHR EL GHAZAL SEVERITY OF NEED GREATER BAHR EL GHAZAL ACCESS CONSTRAINTS

Abyei Abyei Northern Northern Bahr el Bahr el Ghazal Ghazal Warrap Warrap

Western Bahr Western Bahr el Ghazal el Ghazal

Lakes Lakes SEVERITY OF ACCESS CONSTRAINTS Low access constraints Medium access constraints SEVERITY High access constraints - +

In the Greater Equatorias, a region with some 2.9 million anticipated that food insecurity will increase among IDPs people, humanitarian needs across sectors are likely to whose work on cultivation was interrupted due to being remain high among the displaced populations who are displaced, across the Equatorias, particularly in Nagero and either displaced from the usual areas of residence or Tambura. Continued macroeconomic shocks could mean where facilities have been destroyed and professionals that protection threats related to armed robberies and general have fled and services are weak or absent. Areas receiving insecurity will likely continue to drive small scale, cyclical returnees and IDPs will experience increases in needs as displacement patterns in Western and Central Equatoria. host communities’ resources are already stretched. The Health services will not be able to cope at even the current Equatorias saw the arrival of over 80,000 returnees in the level if Ebola disease cases arrive in South Sudan, especially beginning of 2018,53 whilst over 300,000 remain internally via the various border entry points from DRC, CAR and displaced.54 Much of the returns in Greater Equatoria have Uganda, where many health facilities are not functioning due been temporary with people returning to cultivate prior to to conflict and insecurity. Seasonal outbreaks of malaria, as exploring more permanent return, while adopting coping and well as meningitis outbreaks are expected to continue. Blind mitigation mechanisms. A continuation of localized conflict spots persist where knowledge about needs is limited by and fragmentation drive displacement. Safe and consistent marked access constraints, particularly in Western Equatoria access to people in need has significantly deteriorated in 2018 and the border areas with DRC and west of the Nile in Central due to rising insecurity and attacks on aid workers, which Equatoria. Areas of focus: Tambura, Nagero; Border areas with has impacted humanitarian’s ability to assess needs and on DRC - Yei, Ezo, Yambio, Morobo. people’s ability to consistently reach critical services. It is

GREATER EQUATORIAS SEVERITY OF NEED GREATER EQUATORIAS ACCESS CONSTRAINTS

Western Equatoria Eastern Equatoria Western Equatoria Central Central Eastern Equatoria Equatoria Equatoria

SEVERITY OF ACCESS CONSTRAINTS SEVERITY Low access constraints - + Medium access constraints High access constraints

12 severity of need

SEVERITY OF NEED This map compares the severity of humanitarian needs in each county considering a variety of indicators including: the number of displaced people, food insecurity and malnutrition rates, number of explosive hazards, number of violent incidents and casualties, number of children separated from their families, disease outbreaks, vaccination coverage, and number of schools destroyed or closed.

None of the 79 counties of South Sudan have been left counties, 68 per cent of the total population are in need of untouched by the effects of the prolonged humanitarian some type of humanitarian support. The geographical scope crisis. About 60 per cent of the country’s population resides of the high-severity areas has grown over the course of the in 46 counties where the population is classified as being in conflict, as people’s vulnerability has deepened and become severe need (4 and above, in a severity scale of 1 to 5). In these more complex as compared to 2018.

Abyei Upper Nile Northern Unity Bahr el Ghazal Warrap

Western Bahr Jonglei el Ghazal

Lakes

Western Equatoria Eastern Equatoria Central Equatoria SEVERITY -

Source: OCHA and humanitarian partners breakdown of people in need AKOBO

AYOD

BOR SOUTH BREAKDOWN OF CANALPIGI

HEALTH FSL CCCM EDU NUT SHELTERS/NFI DUK PEOPLE IN PROTNEEWDASH ANGAK

HEALTHNYIROL FSL PROT CCCM WASH EDU NUT SHELTERS/NFI Total people in Need Total peoplescale in Need NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY SECTOR PIBOR

TOTAL PEOPLE COUNTY CCCM EDUCATION ES NI SL HEALTH NUTRITION PROTECTION ASH IN NEED IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000

GREATER BAHR EL GHAAL LAKES AERIAL 1147 391 763 990 1148 249 1480 1024 1148

CUEIBET 310 45 1460 273 290 542 1166 1458

RUMBEK C 418 14 1350 307 465 2028 1078 1348

RUMBEK E 337 1430 232 328 549 878 1427

RUMBEK N 98 380 90 110 254 381

ULU 119 230 96 96 310 310

YIROL E 233 750 475 172 462 690 747

YIROL 290 53 990 390 275 490 721 992

NORTHERN BAHR EL GHAAL

AEIL C 67 234 98 460 169 222 210 456 456

AEIL E 68 1129 223 3430 1339 1250 857 3430 3430

AEIL N 115 582 219 1450 606 488 122 1163 1454

AEIL S 161 329 239 860 358 261 335 933 933

AEIL 152 649 306 1770 586 541 873 1291 1775

14 breakdown of people in need

TOTAL PEOPLE COUNTY CCCM EDUCATION ES NI SL HEALTH NUTRITION PROTECTION ASH IN NEED IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000

ARRAP

GOGRIAL E 328 25 356 251 272 178 569 569

GOGRIAL 815 25 1061 562 691 1769 1415 1415

TON E 279 25 303 257 179 152 728 728

TON N 189 619 138 624 596 388 730 999 999

TON S 293 377 201 336 385 208 1145 805 805

TIC 19 1022 37 1104 718 1148 569 1766 1766

ESTERN BAHR EL GHAAL

UR RIVER 545 397 602 164 724 249 1184 657 724

RAGA 214 111 560 435 139 836 408 560

AU 853 676 910 1869 844 489 2805 1186 1869

GREATER EQUATORIA CENTRAL EQUATORIA

UBA 523 602 794 1410 403 493 3752 2444 2495

KAOKEI 174 155 275 659 59 73 1007 439 659

LAINYA 262 144 73 499 31 69 536 416 499

MOROBO 201 39 687 63 95 1089 572 690

TEREKEKA 91 241 237 808 195 112 480 674 808

YEI 410 314 350 804 663 111 1625 670 905

15 breakdown of people in need

TOTAL PEOPLE COUNTY CCCM EDUCATION ES NI SL HEALTH NUTRITION PROTECTION ASH IN NEED IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000

EASTERN EQUATORIA

BUDI 04 262 18 340 158 170 125 582 582

IKOTOS 44 359 132 192 293 200 208 769 769

KAPOETA E 44 484 85 1017 442 358 304 678 1017

KAPOETA N 05 290 10 698 212 170 139 644 698

KAPOETA S 29 197 27 386 183 110 197 422 422

LAON 50 300 87 585 265 150 177 638 638

MAGI 71 535 343 192 71 283 534 768 768

TORIT 34 458 98 402 523 213 1278 643 643

ESTERN EQUATORIA

EO 139 249 157 55 139 72 363 438 467

IBBA 80 99 79 61 155 27 121 164 164

MARIDI 133 255 97 02 471 52 653 471 473

MUNDRI E 131 150 98 90 250 49 342 245 250

MUNDRI 75 129 111 80 256 45 457 225 256

MVOLO 51 189 107 490 242 86 338 354 487

NAGERO 15 33 13 40 48 10 47 60 60

NARA 83 141 55 83 40 149 246 246

TAMBURA 127 181 151 40 129 51 350 309 326

YAMBIO 307 492 390 200 429 132 1418 805 849

16 breakdown of people in need

TOTAL PEOPLE COUNTY CCCM EDUCATION ES NI SL HEALTH NUTRITION PROTECTION ASH IN NEED IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 GREATER UPPER NILE ONGLEI

AKOBO 279 555 575 1140 1168 308 1770 853 1168

AYOD 461 304 1067 888 272 1063 1067 1067

BOR SOUTH 266 566 887 1637 782 383 1539 993 1637

CANALPIGI 61 232 92 512 395 207 238 614 614

DUK 377 318 408 721 653 182 892 721 72177

ANGAK 413 157 1431 828 358 620 1073 1431

NYIROL 473 322 1268 919 363 1493 1087 1268

PIBOR 59 412 89 1786 705 340 300 1191 1786

POCHALLA 171 09 42 224 128 211 169 243

TIC EAST 163 284 252 810 545 244 535 499 810

UROR 541 388 1430 1187 399 1690 815 1426

UNITY

ABIEMNHOM 85 170 21 58 38 120 165

GUIT 112 169 118 340 251 72 362 240 340

KOCH 42 545 389 890 848 242 1261 766 894

LEER 14 475 347 930 763 210 1074 660 935

MAYENDIT 06 339 180 760 500 172 672 537 761

MAYOM 1375 542 84 1060 486 331 701 1064 1375

PANYIIAR 730 483 449 620 799 176 938 748 799

PARIANG 392 760 366 272 173 553 760

RUBKONA 2098 698 1588 1730 1366 357 1687 1687 2098

17 breakdown of people in need

PART II: SECTORAL NEEDS

TOTAL PEOPLE COUNTY CCCM EDUCATION ES NI SL HEALTH NUTRITION PROTECTION ASH IN NEED IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000 IN 000

UPPER NILE

BALIET 145 170 157 256 216 63 271 307 307

ASHODA 249 214 267 319 381 61 479 333 400

LONGOCHUK 235 80 618 325 96 283 309 618

LUAKPINY 942 328 2469 1399 383 1975 1851 2469 NASIR

MABAN 177 230 171 293 354 76 537 278 1777

MAIUT 277 139 301 572 53 436 637 637

MALAKAL 339 290 348 782 490 93 677 461 782

MANYO 106 102 136 159 151 36 197 115 159

MELUT 287 304 395 313 440 97 747 469 469

PANYIKANG 13 97 76 190 158 32 221 152 190

RENK 149 385 146 198 389 232 436 527 527

ULANG 379 232 820 541 98 731 615 820

TOTAL 17M 29M 20M 61M 39M 21M 60M 60M 71M

18 PART II: SECTORAL NEEDS

Camp Coordination and Camp Management

Education

Emergency Shelter and Non-Food Items

Food Security and Livelihoods

Health

Nutrition

Protection

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Operational Needs camp coordination and camp management

CAMP COORDINATION AND CAMP MANAGEMENT

AFFECTED PEOPLE AND KEY CHANGES FROM 2018 NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY STATUS BY SEX

An estimated 1,354,000 IDPs are expected to Refugees 0.3m be displaced in camps, camp-like settings and M F 53 informal settings in 2019. This includes about M IDPs 1.7 1.4m 350,000 women, men and children living in camps or collective sites; some 200,000 in Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites; and around 1 million in informal Severity SEVERITY+ MAP + - + sites such as spontaneous settlements or other camp-like settings. Furthermore, some 300,000 refugees will live in such conditions in 2019.

Upper Nile The number of people in need represents a 64 per cent Abyei Northern Bahr el increase from 2018. This is explained by an increase in the Ghazal Unity number of people seeking durable solutions, and a sharper Warrap Western Bahr e l focus on the previously unmet needs of IDPs in camp-like Ghazal Jonglei settings. It is anticipated that despite the search for durable Lakes solutions, the poor status of housing, land and property Western Equatoria Eastern Equatoria Central rights may lead to people seeking shelter in collective sites No data available Equatoria and other camp-like settings. As portrayed by the adjacent Denotes a score of 0 severity map, IDPs in six camps and PoC sites, and ten camp- Sources: CCCM, IOM/DTM like settings in Unity, Upper Nile, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Sources: CCCM, IOM/DTM Jonglei and Central Equatoria will continue to face challenges in managing their own site coordination, management or advocacy for issues like sufficient shelter. This represents a PoC sites and camp-like settings remain heavily congested, geographic expansion from early 2018, as further conflict in exposing IDPs to health and security risks and protection Western Bahr el Ghazal, Jonglei and Central Equatoria led concerns. In the PoC sites, acute stress and mental health to significant influxes into existing camps and the creation problems have been attributed to over-crowding and lack of seven new informal sites. As sporadic and volatile conflict of alternative livelihood options and basic services, as IDPs continued in 2018, the number of IDPs in need increased by remain highly dependent on humanitarian assistance.57 531,475 compared to the original estimate. Vulnerabilities are Armed criminal gangs also pose a protection risk in the high, particularly for women and girls who commonly face PoC sites. IDPs living in camps and collective sites are most the risk of sexual violence, both inside displacement sites and vulnerable because of safety, security and protection needs when collecting fuel or food in surrounding areas.55 due to ongoing conflicts. IDPs in informal settlements, spontaneous sites or camp-like settings face additional HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND DRIVERS challenges in ensuring their right to life with dignity, and may have limited access to services due to their location, lack of As in previous years, IDPs state insecurity and chronic local support systems, discrimination by host communities, violence as the primary drivers of their displacement.56 or disturbances in humanitarian access.

People in need IDPIDP POPULATION BY SITE TYPE IDPS IN PROTECTIONsex and age disaggregation OF CIVILIANS SITES IDP POPULATION BY STATE (’000)

15 430 PC 385 364 10% 0-4 yr 11% IDP POPULATION BY STATES (’000) 24% 25% 5-17 yr 162 160 157 12 14 133 % 18-59 yr % 67 IDP 32 50 42 2% 60+yr 2% Unity Jonglei UNS WBeG WES Lakes CES NBeG Warrap EES

Source:S IOM-DTMOCHA IOM/CCCM, Sept 2018 Source: IOM/DTM, Sept 2018 Source: OCHA, IOM, UNHCR and REACH, Sept 2018 Source: OCHA, IOM, UNHCR and REACH, Nov 2017

20 20

Source: IOM/DTM, Nov 2017 education

EDUCATION

AFFECTED PEOPLE AND KEY CHANGES FROM 2018 NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY STATUS BY SEX

Some 2,784,276 girls and boys between 3 and 18 Refugees 0.13m IDPs Boys years of age in conflict and crisis affected areas Girls 0.9m Host 51% are estimated to not have access to pre-school, M communities 49% 2.9 1.9m primary and secondary education in 2019. In addition, some 42,902 teaching personnel and members of school management committees are in need of humanitarian SEVERITYSeverity MAP - + assistance. These people are crucial to deliver education + + services during emergencies. Some 81,456 refugee children in South Sudan do not have adequate access to education in 2019. The number of boys and girls in need represents an 11 per cent increase from 2018. Plausible reasons include the deterioration of systems and services whereby the resilience of households to cope with the economic downturn is seriously tested, and collapses, in the absence of support, especially in opposition-controlled areas. As portrayed by the adjacent severity map, needs are particularly dire in Central Equatoria, Lakes and Unity. Changes in education needs have been No data available observed in Central Equatoria, Upper Nile and Western Bahr Sources: Education cluster, Sept 2018 el Ghazal. This is because because of a lack of teaching and learning supplies, inconsistencies in provision of teacher Source: Education Cluster incentives, non-availability of school feeding programmes, poor infrastructure and insecurity in the region. Girls are more likely than boys to be excluded from education. of, or missing, school as families preferred to keep them at home to seek livelihoods. For those children that remained in school, the effects of chronic hunger affected their learning. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND DRIVERS The prolonged economic crisis has also affected teachers A recent needs assessment found that on average, schools lost directly through delays in, or lack of, payment of incentives. three to four weeks of education in the latest academic year, As a result, teachers reported that they were demotivated and over 50 per cent of the assessed schools reported that and looking for other jobs to support their families. In the this interruption was due to insecurity.58 Some 21 per cent of areas where education continued, the quality of teaching assessed schools were non-functional, with insecurity being deteriorated due to missed opportunities to train teachers, the major cause of school closure. Of the assessed schools, and because incentive payments to teachers were delayed, or 15 per cent reported having experienced an attack on the devalued due to currency fluctuations. A combination of all school, teachers or pupils, and theft or looting by armed these factors has affected an already fragile education system. forces and groups. Deterioration in food security was also reported as one of the main reasons for children dropping out

Primary classes enrolment - 2018

TEACHERS BY SEX FUNCTIONING SCHOOLS ENROLLMENT FUNCTIONIN SCHOOLS 2 1 16% 42% female 51,849 84% 4,828 girls 1.8M teachers male children 58% boys

S E C, O 2018 Source: Education Cluster, Sept 2018 Source: Education Cluster, Sept 2018 Source: Education Cluster, Sept 2018

21 Source: Education cluster, Oct 2018 Emergency shelter and non-foOd iTEMS

EMERGENCY SHELTER AND NON-FOOD ITEMS

AFFECTED PEOPLE AND KEY CHANGES FROM 2018 NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY STATUS BY SEX

Host comm. Otherwise Some 1,697,000 women, men and children will 0.10m affected 0.04m not have adequate shelter and non-food items M F IDPs 8 Refugees 1.19m 52 (NFIs) in 2019. In addition, some 300,000 refugees 2.0M 0.3m seeking shelter in South Sudan will face challenges related to emergency shelter and non-food items during the Severity year. The number of people in need represents a six per cent SEVERITY+ MAP+ - + decrease from the previous year. As shown by the adjacent severity map, needs remain high particularly in Jonglei (Ayod, Nyirol, Uror and Akobo), Unity (Rubkona, Koch, Leer and Panyjar), Western Bahr el Ghazel (Wau and Jur river) and Central Equatoria (Juba and Yei). Among the IDP population, women and children will remain especially vulnerable due to their roles in society and the protection risks inherent in being without shelter or social support networks. A small number of host community members do not have sufficient emergency shelter or non-food items (ES/NFIs) as they have used their already limited resources to provide for the displaced. No data available

Sources: Shelter and NFIs cluster HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND DRIVERS Source: ES/NFI Cluster People’s ES/NFI needs are primarily linked to conflict- induced displacement, but at times also to food insecurity, economic deterioration and disease outbreaks. Households in certain points along the way.59 By understanding where host Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites and collective sites do not communities have provided support and where other services have access to naturally-grown shelter materials, including are available, the need for NFIs may decrease. for the replacement of temporary shelters. While people outside of camp-like settings have better access to shelter At the same time, the number of returnees from neighbouring materials, their overall ES/NFI needs are traditionally broader countries is expected to increase in 2019, based on 2018 due to the absence of functional and accessible markets and trends.60 Returnees’ needs include training in utilizing lack of communal connections or coping mechanisms from natural resources and participating in the local economy. other resources. This is particularly the case for IDPs who Additionally, returnees need support in understanding have been subjected to multiple displacements. Any new their housing, land, and property rights in cases where their outbreaks of violence are expected to discourage or prevent land has been given away or reused. High rates of poverty, people from moving out of camp-like settings in large recurrent inter-tribal disputes, for instance in Kajo Keji, Pibor numbers. One noticeable trend since the conflict broke out and other areas; coupled with extended displacement has led in 2013, is how multi-displaced people tend to move along to loss of ES/NFIs and also diminished ability to access basic distinguishable routes, where they have grown accustomed household items. 3,307 cases to the environment, and receiving humanitarian services at 58 deaths

MOSTPopulation URGENTLY needs by NEEDED NFI items NFIS MOST URGENTLY NEEDED SHELTER MATERIALS Population needs by Shelter items 34% Sandbags 3% 22% Bamboo 11% Plastic sheets 37% 13% 12% 9% Wooden poles 23% 5% 3% 2% Rubber/nylon ropes 26% Mosquito Blankets Plastic Sleeping Kitchen NFI Kangas Solar nets sheets mats sets bags lamps Source: ES/NFI cluster, October 2018 Source:Source: ES/N ES/NFIFI Cluster, cluster, Sept Sept 2018 Source: ES/NFI Cluster, Sept 2018

22 22 food security and livelihoods

FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS

AFFECTED PEOPLE AND KEY CHANGES FROM 2018 NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY STATUS BY SEX Refugees Otherwise An estimated 5,749,000 South Sudanese women, 0.3m affected 0.2m M F men and children will not have sufficient access Host 51 IDPs comm. to food and livelihoods in 2019. Between January 6.1M 1.9m 3.7m and March, some 3.7 million are projected to be in Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Phase 3, some 1.6 million in Phase 4 and 35,000 in IPC Phase 5. In SEVERITYSeverity MAP - + addition, some 200,000 people in the Protection of Civilians + + (PoC) sites and 300,000 refugees are expected not to have sufficient food or access to livelihoods. The number of people in need has increased by 9 per cent since 2018, which was the worst year in food security on record. While food security is predicted to be similar to 2018, it will be higher in magnitude as the numbers of people in need have increased, especially in the Crisis phase. As shown by the adjacent severity map, conflict-affected, displaced households and returnees in Greater Upper Nile, Western Bahr El Ghazal and Greater Equatoria continue to face alarming food No data available consumption gaps, asset depletion and malnutrition. Areas of Sources: FSL cluster , Oct 2018 high concern include Central Unity, Baggari in Western Bahr Source: FSL Cluster el Ghazal and other areas where access is restricted and where small pockets of population are in hiding. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND DRIVERS Other areas of concern include those affected by armed conflict during the April to June planting season, especially Persistent conflict is the primary cause of hunger in South Sudan. where livelihood disruption has been recurrent for years, In addition, poor infrastructure, disruption of livelihoods, poor including the Equatorian ‘bread basket’. The food security economic conditions and inconsistent humanitarian access situation is likely to deteriorate further in Warrap and have continued to drive food insecurity. Human and livestock Lakes due to protracted nature of intra and inter-communal diseases, total loss of cattle for some families, climatic shocks, conflict. Urban areas and locations not directly affected by the and pests such as the Fall Army Worm affecting mainly cereal conflict, such as Northern Bahr El Ghazal, remain vulnerable crops, are expected to impact on livelihoods. The economic crisis to the economic crisis. Persons with intersectional needs has continued to affect market dependant households, including are particularly vulnerable to food and nutrition issues – farming households that are not able to meet all their food needs particularly the elderly, children under 5 years, female-headed from their own production. The effect is most severe where the households and widows. Food security remains a gendered convergence of these multiple shocks has resulted in high levels need, with women burdened by social requirement to be the of chronic poverty, vulnerability, acute malnutrition and food guardians of health and men unable to provide their families insecurity, with communities resorting to the use of negative safety and livelihoods. Youth are at risk of forced recruitment coping strategies such as going without food or selling their last and lack incentives to cultivate. female animal.

IPC trendTREND 2013 2013 - 2018 - 2018 (in ’000) (IN ’000)

19 41 50 155 102 40 36 25 20 26 81 1,497 1,685 1,750 2,405 30 1,045 1,100 1,074 960 1,475 8,000 30 885 700 2,020 1,250 1,520 920 865 1,035 830 530 1,260 40 440 6,000 245 890 415 3,285 3,685 3,050 3,763 4,043 3,415 2,170 3,105 2,465 4,346 3,605 4,530 3,470 3,735 245 2,885 3,575 3,065 3,980 3,545 4,515 2,630 1,750 1,630 1,965 4,000 1,015 1,260

4,320 4,300 4,290 4,490 2,000 3,675 3,855 3,955 3,630 3,750 4,135 4,185 4,120 4,004 3,820 3,675 4,185 4,335 3,925 3,400 3,385 3,465 3,280 3,621 3,155 3,420 2,965

0 Dec Jun-Aug Sep Oct-Dec Jan-Mar Apr May-Jul Aug-Sep Oct-Dec Jan-Mar Apr May-Jul Aug-Sep Oct-Dec Jan Feb - Apr May Jun - Jul Sep Oct - Dec Jan-Mar Feb-Apr May-July Aug-Sep Oct-Dec Jan - Mar 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 Stressed (IPC Phase 2) Crisis (IPC Phase 3) Emergency (IPC Phase 4) Catastrophe (IPC Phase 5) Source: IPC TWG, Oct 2018 Source: IPC TWG, Oct 2018 23 health

HEALTH

AFFECTED PEOPLE AND KEY CHANGES FROM 2018 NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY STATUS BY SEX

Refugees An estimated 4,472,000 South Sudanese women, 0.30m men and children will not have access to sufficient Male Female 50% 50% Otherwise healthcare services in 2019. Around 300,000 M affected 3.9 3.58m refugees face the same challenge. The prevailing health systems challenges are exacerbated by lack of access to potable water, infection prevention and control measures, SEVERITYSeverity MAP + + - + healthcare waste management, extensive malnutrition and a threat of viral hemorrhagic disease, including Ebola. The number of people without access to healthcare represents a 7 per cent decrease from 2018. This is explained by preparedness considerations for overall increased disease burden including mortalities from severe acute malnutrition, 12 Ebola risk counties and additional IDP settlements in host communities. As portrayed by the adjacent severity map, Tambura, Yei, Nimule, Yambio, Lainya, Kajo-Keji , Morobo, Magwi and Juba are among the locations of most concern No data available for multiple disease burden, including high alert risks for Ebola. Ten counties are at risk of suffering a convergence of Sources: Health cluster, Sept 2018 high Global Acute Malnutrition rates (>15 per cent), notable Source: Health Cluster displacement, catastrophic food insecurity and disease. Displaced populations face the most complex challenges in accessing healthcare services. Children under 5 years are one of the most vulnerable to vaccine preventable diseases, owing to ble diseases and planning for the threat of Ebola. Seasonal poor nutrition and low levels of immunity and immunization outbreaks of communicable diseases including cholera and coverage. The coverage in 2017 and 2018 for all vaccine measles, with malaria continuing to be endemic, are posing a preventable diseases remained under 50 per cent, and as a challenge to a health system which is already fragile. In 2018, some 500 attacks on healthcare services have been docu- consequence 42 per cent of children under 1 year are at risk of 63 61 38 mented, including deaths of 115 healthcare workers, with measles. Women of reproductive age face serious health risks 64 and only about one in five childbirths involves a skilled health extensive looting and damage of health infrastructure. Addi- care worker.62 Survivors of gender-based violence lack access tionally, there are widespread shortages of essential medicines to adequate services. People with health issues like HIV/AIDS, in health centres. Predictions from the IPC findings show that tuberculosis, mental health, disabilities and non-communicable eight counties may go into catastrophic levels of food insecu- diseases are also largely beingU ncutde off from life-saving treatment. rity, which might contribute to, and be worsened by, disease. age 5 The high risk of Ebola in 12 counties demands stringent efforts to improve health security measures, failing which, any HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND DRIVERS spread of the disease could lead to an epidemic that affects Drivers of need include displacement, malnutrition, high areas across the country. disease burden from vaccine preventable and communica-

Malaria cases by age, 2018 MALARIA CASES BY AGE HEALTH FACILITIES VACCINATIONCounties with 80% andCOVERAGE above vaccination coverage Malaria deaths Malaria cases Over out of age 5 62% 4 5 48% health facilities are managed by NGOs Under 38% 76% 24% age 5 52% NO YES

Over Under age 5 age 5 H H H H H Source: WHO, Aug 2018 Source: Health Cluster, Oct 2018 Source:Source: Health Health Cluster,Cluster, Oct. Oct 2018 2018 195 24deaths24 Source: WHO, Nov 2017 nutrition

NUTRITION

AFFECTED PEOPLE AND KEY CHANGES FROM 2018 NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY STATUS BY SEX Some 860,169 children under the age of 5 years, Refugees SAM Boys 300k 260k 30% PLW nearly 596,944 pregnant and lactating mothers, 41% PLW MAM Girls and some 4,000 older people in Protection of M 597k 29% 1.8 600k Civilians (PoC) sites are estimated to be acutely malnourished. In addition, some 300,000 refugees will require nutrition assistance during the year. SEVERITYSeverity MAP + + - + The number of people in need of emergency nutrition support decreased by 3 per cent from 2018. The overall situation of acute malnutrition slightly improved in 2018 with no county reporting extreme critical levels (Global Acute Malnutrition above 30 per cent) of acute malnutrition.65 As seen from the adjacent severity map, areas of most concern include Greater Bahr el Ghazal and Greater Upper Nile, which continue to have the highest burden of acute malnutrition for the fourth consecutive year.66 Emerging needs and vulnerability are also observed in Greater Equatorias, especially Eastern Equatoria, No data available and in Lakes.67 In 2018, 64 per cent of SMART surveys reported critical levels of acute malnutrition compared with 85 per cent Sources: Nutrition cluster during the same period in 2017. The most recent IPC) for acute Source: Protection Cluster malnutrition also indicated a decrease in number of counties classified with critical nutrition situation from 43 in September 2017, to 31 during the same period in 2018. Still, 76 per cent68 and hygiene.70 In 2018, persistent conflict in Great Upper of the 21 repeat SMART surveys conducted in the same period Nile, Western Bahr el Ghazal and parts of Greater Equatorias 2out of 3 and locations in 2017 and 2018 depicted critical69 levels of acute hampered the provision2 of nutrition3 services in some locations. people are food insecure malnutrition. The Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring This left 5.1 per cent of targeted children in 2018, at national System surveys also reported a concerning nutrition situation level, without access to nutrition support between January and in most parts of the country. Children below the age of 5 years, June 2018, aggravating their needs. The risk of acute malnutri- pregnant and lactating women remain the most vulnerable tion increases among children in distressed conditions, such to acute malnutrition due to their increased biological and as those living in active conflict or access-restricted areas, and physiological needs. Other vulnerable groups include the GBV related safety risks can have a significant impact on com- elderly and people living with HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. munities’ ability to access life-saving nutrition services. Poor health coverage, sub-optimal childcare and feeding practices, and prevalence of disease outbreaks such as malaria and acute HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND DRIVERS watery diarrhea also contribute to high nutrition needs. When The level of acute malnutrition is attributed to severe food assessed in mid-2018, only 40 per cent of nutrition treatment insecurity, poor access to health and nutrition services, sites had access to safe water. high morbidity, extremely poor diets and poor sanitation

CHILDREN UNDER 5 TYPES OF CHILD MALNUTRITION PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN

out of SAM 2 5 2 5 5 30% pregnant or lactating mothers are malnourished MAM 860k 70% children

Source: Nutrition Cluster, Oct 2018 Source: Nutrition Cluster, Oct 2018 Source: Nutrition Cluster, Oct 2018

Source: Nutrition cluster, Oct 2017 protection

PROTECTION

AFFECTED PEOPLE AND KEY CHANGES FROM 2018 NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY STATUS BY SEX

Refugee IDPs In 2019, about 5,725,000 million South Sudanese 0.3m 1.95m women, men and children face protection Male Female Violence- affected Host 44% 56% risks and violations due to widespread conflict M communities communities 6.0 2.45m 1.32m both causing, and compounded, by multiple shocks and stresses. These shocks and stresses include Severity food insecurity, destitution, disease, natural disaster and SEVERITY+ MAP+ - + the absence of essential services. The civilian population continues to be subject to deliberate attacks, conflict-related sexual violence, abductions, forced recruitment including boys and girls, cruel and unusual treatment, destruction of housing and property, forced displacement and family separation. In addition, some 300,000 refugees will have protection needs in 2019. As portrayed in the adjacent severity map, the greatest areas of concern in 2019 are in Central and Southern Unity, Central and Eastern Jonglei, parts of Upper Nile, Western Bahr el Ghazal (particularly Wau ounty), and Yei. Most needs remain the same No data available as in 2018 in terms of general protection, child protection, GBV, Source: Protection cluster and mine action needs. The main difference from 2018 relates Source: Protection Cluster to the heightened needs for addressing housing, land and property issues and durable solutions, as well as preparedness inequalities exacerbated by the prolonged crisis in South and resilience capacity building. While people of all ages, Sudan. Furthermore, widespread GBV constitutes a significant genders and diversities face some protection risk, the most impediment to women’s participation in recovery and severely affected are persons with specific vulnerabilities or development. In the first half of 2018, some 2,300 cases of GBV needs, including IDPs, people with disabilities, survivors of were reported,71 a 72 per cent increase in reporting of GBV GBV, and women, elderly and children. The majority of IDPs, compared to same period in 2017. During the same period, approximately 85 per cent of whom are women and children, 97 per cent of reported cases in South Sudan affected women are integrated with host communities, staying in informal and girls, and 21 per cent of survivors were children, of which settlements, or hiding in hard-to-reach areas across the country. 79 per cent were adolescent girls, consistent with previous They have fewer coping mechanisms to mitigate the multiple years. Physical violence, commonly by an intimate partner risks they face and to address their protection needs. or someone known by the survivor, continues to be the most common form of GBV, accounting for 42 per cent of reported HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND DRIVERS cases. Sexual violence constitutes 20 per cent of reported cases. GBV continues to be severely under-reported due to stigma, Gender-Based Violence the survivors are often abandoned, with most receiving no legal Violence, abuse and exploitation remain the greatest protection assistance to help them seek justice, and with children born risks to women and girls, reflecting continued gender out of rape facing multiple protection risks. Despite preventive

MINES, UXO, ERW GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE SEPARATED CHILDREN Gender based violence (GBV) by type Separated yet to be reunited children

Forced marriage Sexual assault More than 5 new hazardous 6% 5% areas are discovered each day Resources denial 11% Boys Girls Physical assault 47% 17,125 53% Rape 48% 13% Emotional abuse 17% Source: ES/NFI cluster, October 2018 Source: UNMAS Source: Protection Cluster, Oct 2018 Source: Protection Cluster, Oct 2018

26 26

Source: Nutrition cluster, Oct 2017 protection

GBV SEVERITYSeverity MAP Mine Action + + - + Explosive hazards, including landmines and explosive remnants of war, pose a severe risk of death or injury to people in South Sudan. They inhibit the freedom of movement of local populations, IDPs and returnees, as well as aid workers, with five new hazards discovered each day.74 Explosive hazards have killed or injured a reported 44 civilians across South Sudan to date in 2018, and approximately 75 per cent of the victims are children. As of August 2018, 569 known contaminated areas across 55 counties in South Sudan were recorded, nearly half of which in are located in Juba, Yei, Magwi, Torit and Terekeka No data available counties.75 The contamination in South Sudan represents over

Sources: Nutrition cluster 42 million square metres and affects roads, arable land, schools, clinics and water points, rendering them unsafe. Source: Protection Cluster

Severity MINE ACTION+ SEVERITY+ MAP - + actions by humanitarian actors, all forms of GBV continue to be reported in and near Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites as young men and armed elements acting with impunity often prey on, sexually assault, and loot from women and girls who venture to fetch firewood, cultivate crops or access markets.

Child Protection Approximately 61 per cent of the affected population are children, of which 1.9 million72 boys and girls will face acute and severe protection risks in 2019. Boys and girls continue to No known contamination be exposed to threats of recruitment, psycho-social distress, family separation, abuse, neglect, exploitation, and sexual and Sources: Nutrition cluster physical violence. Since 2013, over 100,000 children in South Source: Protection Cluster Sudan have been affected by 3,500 verified Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism incidents, of which killing and maiming accounted for 12 per cent; denial of humanitarian access 10 Housing, Land and Property per cent; rape and other grave sexual violence accounted for In South Sudan, housing, land and property (HLP) issues 8 per cent; abduction 8 per cent; and attacks on schools and are both a consequence and a cause of conflict. Widespread hospitals 7 per cent. Over 19,000 children are estimated to have destruction and looting of houses and properties, degradation been recruited to armed forces and armed groups; 955 children of housing due to displacement, secondary occupation, forced (691 boys and 264 girls) have been released so far in 2018. eviction, loss of documentation and title deeds, and disputes Since 2013, more than 1 million children have been affected by over customary land tenure are all features of the humanitarian psycho-social distress, whereas 17,125 children, of which 9,076 crisis in South Sudan. Awareness of HLP rights is often low girls and 8,049 boys,73 are still in need of family tracing and among local authorities and affected populations. Displaced reunification. and returnee populations, in particular women and child- headed households, also lack legal assistance to access the Severity CHILD PROTECTION SEVERITY MAP limited courts or alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to + + - + claim their rights. HLP issues constitute a major challenge to creating conditions conducive to pursuing durable solutions for displaced populations. In a context of increasing land-related disputes, and anticipation of returns, relocations, and local reintegration of IDPs and refugees, HLP issues will be a major priority need to be addressed in South Sudan in 2019.

No data available

Sources: Child protection Sub-cluster Source: Protection Cluster

27 water, sanitation and hygiene

WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE

AFFECTED PEOPLE AND KEY CHANGES FROM 2018 NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY STATUS BY SEX

Refugees An estimated 5,712,000 South Sudanese women, 0.30m Host Males men and children will not have access to communities/ IDPs Females other affected 1.90m 48% adequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) population 52% 6.0M 3.79m in 2019. In addition, some 300,000 refugees lack sufficient WASH conditions. The number of people requiring emergency WASH services in 2019 increased by 7 per cent SEVERITYSeverity MAP - + from the previous year, explained by the expansion of WASH + + data with a higher reliability and more detailed analysis.76 As the adjacent severity map shows, WASH needs are the highest in Canal, Fangak and Pibor in Jonglei, Awerial in Lakes, Panyijar in Unity, and Ikotos in Eastern Equatoria. While Awerial and Fangak remained two counties with the highest WASH needs, they represent a shift from last year that saw Fashoda of Upper Nile, Ayod of Jonglei, Rubkona of Unity and Juba of Central Equatoria. Women and girls face increased risk of harassment, assault and sexual violence when collecting water and using communal latrines, and No data available access to menstrual hygiene products. Appropriate and Sources: WASH cluster dignified washing locations remains their key need. IDPs in Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites do not have sufficient Source: WASH Cluster hygiene and sanitation and are at risk of disease outbreaks in the congested conditions. WASH needs are also high among IDPs in non-camp settings and among their already stretched access to WASH services and goods combined with high levels host communities. of food insecurity has a detrimental impact on the health of the most vulnerable, as seen through the high prevalence of HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND DRIVERS malnutrition and water-borne diseases. For example, 75 per cent of the population reported households with members Only 29 per cent of the population has access to a borehole, that had been self-diagnosed with a water-borne illness in the tap stand or water yard within a maximum 30-minute distance previous two-week period.80 The conflict has continued to without facing protection concerns.77 The remaining two thirds drive people’s WASH needs, from blocking or destruction of of the population are required to take greater lengths to access WASH infrastructure to limiting WASH commodities in the water or are reliant on surface water or unprotected water market. Insecurity at times prevents humanitarian actors from sources. More than 90 per cent of the population practices accessing areas that have high WASH needs, while the presence open defecation,78 either because they do not have access to, of armed groups can deter civilians from accessing existing or are not accustomed to using a basic sanitation facility. Only WASH infrastructure. 13 per cent of the population has access to WASH non-food 3,307 items, such as jerry cans, soap and mosquito nets.79 Poor cases 58 deaths

Water-borned disease cases Access to improved water source in less than 30 minutes

WATERBOURNE DISEASES ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCE ACCESS TO SANITATION ACCESS TO SANITATION

3 out of 4 out of people people diagnosed with 34% has1 access to10 basic sanitation 66% Yes waterborne diseases No

Source: Health Cluster, Oct 2018 Source: WASH Cluster, Oct 2018 Source:Source: WASHWASH ClusteCluster,r, No Octv. 2018 2018

Source: Health Cluster, Oct. 2018 28 28 Source: WASH cluster, Oct 2018 Operational Needs

OPERATIONAL NEEDS

LOGISTICS AND ROADS SITUATION COMMUNICATIONS The already underdeveloped roads, ports and airstrips continue South Sudan’s media infrastructure has remained in a phase to deteriorate as a consequence of long rainy seasons and of nascent development since the most recent conflict started. minimal maintenance and investments in infrastructure. In The conflict has increased demand for information across the a country of approximately 650,000 kilometres of roads, only country, but few households have televisions or internet access. 192 kilometres are sealed. As seen from the below map, some Some media outlet websites, including the Sudan Tribune and 70 per cent of the country’s road network is inaccessible during Radio Tamazuj, have been blocked. the rainy season from July to December. Airstrips in general Radio has for a long time been a popular source of information are of poor quality, with less than 10 airstrips that can be used for people across the country. A recent survey revealed that 51 continuously in the wet and dry season with a fixed-wing per cent of South Sudanese respondents list the radio as one plane. The remainder of some 280 airstrips revert typically to of their sources of information, with a weekly reach of 38 per helicopter-only access during the rainy season. cent of the population. While the largest radio networks in the Pre-positioning relief items in the field by road where possible country are United Nations-run Radio Miraya and Eye Radio, remains the most cost-effective means of delivery. However, other commercial radios are growing in coverage. However, lack of timely resources and issues with access due to insecurity there is a lack of freedom of expression and public radio and active conflict on the road network can result in delays broadcasts are maintained under tight control, compromising in the pre-positioning plan. The river ports remain in poor their transparency. condition and rely on manual handling of relief items or As of January 2018, some 2 million people or less than every loading and unloading the boat. fifth person is reported to have been connected to mobile Even with a large-scale dry season pre-positioning programme networks in South Sudan.81 In March 2018, the largest and the continued expansion of deliveries using the river, telecom operator, Viva-cell, was shut down over a tax dispute. there are still several areas across the country that cannot be This has reduced the levels of mobile use and penetration accessed due to the lack of any road infrastructure. An air geographically, as only Viva-cell covered most parts of the support component is still required for the deployment of country’s remote locations and other providers have not humanitarians and the delivery of relief items. expanded their coverage.

ROADS SITUATION

SUDAN

U N

A M B

A U N B W ETHIOPIA W W B

L CENTRAL R AFRICAN M RFEPUBLIC L M B S I C W E E E E

UBA Y T DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONO ENYA

Source: Logistics Cluster, Oct 2018. UANDA

29 PART III: ANNEX Photo: UNICE F / Sebastian Rich water, sanitation and hygiene

PART III: ANNEX

Methodology

Information Gaps

End Notes

31 methodology

METHODOLOGY

Population Baselines applied to state level findings from a nationwide education needs assessment in 2018. This was further disaggregated Population baselines to derive various analyses were based on between respective male and female percentages based on population projections issued by the South Sudan National National Bureau of Statistics population projections for 2019 Bureau of Statistics. In an effort to ensure strict prioritization of (0-19 years). needs, the HNO applied the mid-2018 IPC baseline population projections. The projections were based on a population Emergency Shelter and Non-Food Items estimation model that took into consideration various The number of people in need includes the IDPs living inside assumptions and factors including: conflict dynamics across the Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites, collective centres, IDPs country to determine the IDP population movements between living outside the PoC sites, host communities, returnees and the counties; OCHA figures on internal displacements, which other disaster affected populations. The people in need figure are tracked monthly, jointly with IOM DTM, UNHCR and the was calculated by reviewing the assessment trends done by the Protection Cluster; pre-existing IDP concentration points as partners in previous years, calculating the average percentages markers of where the displaced populations were likely to end of people in need of ES/NFI assistance identified during the up; external displacements; and natural population growth assessment. The cluster determined that 100 per cent of IDPs from the time of the 2008 census, based on a growth factor living inside PoC and collective sites are in need of ES/NFI of 2.052 per cent per year and 0.377 growth factor from 2015 assistance, 70 per cent of displaced populations outside PoCs onwards among others. Projection efforts were supported by and collective sites, and about 50 per cent of returnees are in Famine Early Warning Systems, Integrated Phase Classification need of ES/NFI assistance. Technical Working Group (IPC-TWG) and OCHA.

Overall People in Need Food Security and Livelihoods The number of people in need was calculated based on The overall number of people in need was calculated by reviewing Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring Surveys (FSNMS) the number of people in need by sector by county and selecting conducted during July and August (lean season) 2018, in the highest sectoral number in each county to reduce duplication. 7,900 randomly selected households in almost every county The refugee caseload was then added to the total for each sector. in the country. Contributory factors are provided from FSL Protection figures were excluded from the calculations given that assessments and context reports conducted in the prior six they include both direct and indirect needs. The geographical months provided by the FSL Cluster and other clusters as part analysis includes areas of focus82 for collective response and of an initial rapid needs assessments. advocacy. The main indicators used to determine IPC severity are: The number of people in need for each sector was determined Food Consumption Scores, Household Diet Diversity Scores, based on the following calculations: Household Hunger Scale, Reduced Coping Strategy Index, Livelihood Coping Strategy, GAM/SAM rates and Mortality Camp Coordination and Camp Management rates. The indicators were reviewed and assessed by State level teams at the September IPC analysis for the July–August The cluster collected data on IDPs using IOM-DTM mobility lean season with projections made for the period October– tracking data (Round 2), OCHA IDP population tracking and December 2018 and January–March 2019.The methodology partners’ assessments. The main indicator used to determine is in line with the IPC protocols and the Global Food Security needs was IDPs. Three different types of IDPs were identified: Cluster. IDPs living in PoC sites; people living in collective sites; and other IDPs living in spontaneous sites, informal settings and Health camp-like settings. They were ranked and weighed by the The people in need figure was calculated based on the number number of IDPs per county to determine the severity of need. of all IDPs in PoC sites and informal settlements. While Education estimates for emergency health assistance were calculated on eight health indicator parameters namely: disease burden, The number of people in need was calculated by using mid- disease outbreaks, immunizations, the IPC, health service year population data for population for the ten states and functionality, active conflict, flood prone areas and cold chain their respective counties, applied a percentage of forty eight capacity in all counties. These were weighted for severity (48 per cent) to the total population of 3-18 years old in and scored within a range of 1-5 with 5 depicting severe South Sudan on a baseline total population of 11.4 million, challenges along all health systems parameters. and applied varied percentages across the ten states of school dropouts indicator. In addition, percentage of non-attendance The score a county is converted to a percentage which (for example due to lack of food or school attacks) was constitutes the people in need for the county. The 2019 HNO

32 32 methodology

county people in Needs calculations range from 9 per cent to clusters altogether. 65 per cent of the population. Severe acute malnutrition with The primary indicator for people in need is the number of medical complications, status of WASH in health facilities and IDPs. The total IDP population is considered to be in need locations with major funding disruptions were also factored of some form of protection. The cluster also recognized that in to fine tune targets for focused intervention. The final protection needs increase for communities hosting IDPs. The cluster target is derived from 56 per cent of the total people in percentage of IDPs has a greater impact on the host community need. than the absolute numbers of IDPs alone. The protection needs increase proportionately based on the number of IDPs vis a vis Nutrition the total host community population. The cluster calculates the As in previous years, the SMART surveys were not used to number of host community in need proportionately based on estimate the people in need figure for 2019 due to the limited five classes of severity. number of surveys conducted at the peak lean season, timing of the FSNMS, poor population estimates at county level The cluster also considered populations in areas with incidents as well as the availability of robust program data that could of conflict to be in need of protection. The cluster uses the provide a better estimate of people in need for the 2019. ACLED dataset but removes incidents that have little to no The cluster used programme monthly admission data and impact on the protection environment from the total number information to project the burden for 2019, considering of incidents at the county level. As the number of incidents in a the following factors: well established community-based county indicate the severity of protection concerns, the cluster management of acute malnutrition programme currently has adopted a system of five classes to determine severity. covering 76 out of the 78 counties; monthly data collection They were ranked and weighed as per the methodology of the at level with 98 per cent for both outpatient therapeutic Protection Cluster severity mapping to determine the severity programmes (OTP) and targeted supplementary feeding of need. programmes (TSFP); and increase in OTP and TSFP coverage of nutrition sites by 20 per cent and 24 per cent respectively. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene This method is recommended by WHO (2014) when the The approach to the methodology to calculate people in need above the above factors are met. for WASH was a two-step process involving: the identified key WASH indicators, including a severity index for each indicator, For estimation of 2019 people in SAM and MAM among and the available data sources; and the people in need figure, under 5 and pregnant and lactating women, the January- generated by multiplying the population ranking for each WASH August 2018 new admissions trends were used and the indicator then averaging all indicator rankings for the county. projected achievement for 2018 determined using previous The affected population covers each county of South Sudan, trends on the remaining four months. The nutrition situation excluding the contested territory, Abyei. FSNMS is a county level- for 2018 was assumed to be relatively similar to the 2019 representative survey that employs two-stage cluster sampling, situation. The achievement for 2018, was therefore assumed using a state-based sample size and cluster determination. to represent 80 per cent and 62 per cent of the SAM and In Round 22, some counties were not or were only partially MAM cases respectively. This was then back calculated to accessed. The WASH Cluster created seven indicators from the achieve the caseload for SAM and MAM. In terms of blanket available datasets. Each indicator was weighted equally and supplementary feeding programmes for under 5 year old was broken down into five levels of severity. The indicators children and pregnant and lactating women, the people in were: IDPs, GAM rates, cholera hotspots, safe access to water, need figure was estimated based on previous years coverage, suitable defecation location, access to WASH NFIs and self- in priority counties and the potential for raising funding reported water borne diseases. An average was taken from the for implementation of the response. In terms of severity of combined indicators for each county, to determine the people the nutrition situation, the cluster continued to rely on IPC in need for geographic locations with the highest WASH analysis for acute malnutrition; and WHO nutrition situation needs applying a logic formula. The average indicator ranking classification based on global acute malnutrition levels from defined the percentage of the population to be targeted by SMART surveys conducted in different partners of the country the cluster. Finally, in counties where the IDP population was either as seasonal or ad hoc surveys. higher than the weighted people in need, the IDP population size was considered as the people in need figure. Protection The cluster collected data on IDP population and hotspots Communication with Communities using OCHA, IPC and ACLED sources. The main indicators Despite many efforts put in place to strike the balance used to determine needs were: number of IDPs, percentage between security and humanitarian programme requirements, of host community members affected by displacement based most humanitarian organizations have limited direct contact on percentage of IDPs, and percentage of host community with affected women, men and children in some of the highly members affected by conflict based on data from ACLED. In insecure counties, which prevents effective and consistent the absence of assessment specific data, these indicators are communication. considered to provide intermediate indicators on the main populations of concern, and include the needs from all sub-

33 information gaps

INFORMATION GAPS

Potential impacts of peace Gender While the implementation of the revitalized peace agreement Gender issues are rarely prioritised in data collection. is expected to offer new opportunities in 2019, impacts will Analysis and basic sex disaggregation is not routinely vary by location and take time, particularly for improvements done. However, gender issues are integral to humanitarian in the economic situation, availability of public services, and assessment in order to assess gender-based sectoral pressures placed on host communities. As such, the HCT will vulnerabilities for which information is lacking. These continue to monitor the situation and the impact on needs include gender biases in housing land and property rights, through the year. invisibility of women’s contributions to livelihoods and food security, vulnerability of widows and abandoned women and Displacement dynamics and durable unmet health needs and socialization of boys into conflict solutions dynamics as a coping mechanism. More assessment of the An increasing number of IDPs is expected to seek durable gender differentiated impact of key humanitarian needs and solutions in 2019, although movement will continue to be sectoral programming is required across sectors. GBV data is fluid as people explore options for return, relocation or generated as survivors access services, but only in locations local integration. Especially at the outset, people may return where services are available. However, since the introduction temporarily or seasonally to farm and access assistance, and of the GBV information management system in 2015, some evaluate their options regarding housing, land and property; consistent and reliable trends have been identified. Although access to livelihoods, services and support available; as well efforts to establish community-based complaints mechanisms as confidence in safety and security. Some of the returns in are underway, sexual exploitation and abuse also remains particular may not be sustainable due to insecurity. Return under-reported and the magnitude of the issue unknown. movements are likely to result in a need for immediate, temporary humanitarian assistance, before longer-term Lack of reporting mechanisms support on durable solutions. The HCT and partners will The lack of reporting mechanisms in South Sudan limits continue to monitor the situation and people’s evolving needs the extent to which data is representative of the status of through 2019. Increased efforts will be made to coordinate population, and results in concentrations of information assessments and fill information gaps regarding displacement in areas with a higher presence of reporting mechanisms, dynamics, recognizing also the importance of sufficient frequency of assesments and information flow. displacement information on cluster-specific planning. In the context of fluid population dynamics, including IDP and returnee movements, active efforts to improve the Population estimates collection, analysis, and dissemination of information on The fluidity of the population movement within the country the evolving needs of affected people will remain critical to and across its borders, and frequency of displacement, makes enable targeted provision of humanitarian response in the it difficult to capture these movements fully and consistently locations where it is most needed. To enhance joint analysis in the county population figures. This is the case particularly and create a solid evidence base for operational decision- as assessments are limited by funding, access, capacity and making, the Needs Analysis Working Group has been physical constraints. established and will continue to convene actors engaged in the collection and analysis of data on mobility dynamics Risk of Ebola Virus Disease and needs in the country. In order for this working group to Ebola Virus Disease was declared in Democratic Republic of function effectively and provide the humanitarian community Congo in July 2018. As a neighbouring country, South Sudan with relevant and timely information, continued primary has been categorized by WHO as at “very high risk”. At the data collection on multi-sectoral needs, displacement time of writing the HNO, no cases have been declared in and returns, intentions and perceptions, is indispensable. South Sudan. The HCT will continue to monitor the situation, Further, assistance providers increasingly rely upon and seek work with the Ministry of Health to develop national to expand registration, including biometric registration, preparedness, and revise humanitarian needs analysis during of beneficiaries in order to enhance accountability in the 2019 if the situation changes. delivery of services.

34 34 end notes

END NOTES

1 Through the document, the term children refers to girls and 20 DTM Mobility Tracking Round 2, August 2018. boys between 0 and 18 years. Nutrition response also covers 21 DTM Malakal Combined Assessment, February 2018. children between 0 and 2 years. 22 DTM Mobility Tracking Round 2, August 2018. 2 OHCHR and UNMISS, Indiscriminate Attacks Against 23 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Civilians in Southern Unity, April-May 2018; UNMISS Estimates of crisis-attributable mortality in South and OHCHR, Violations and Abuses Against Civilians in Sudan, December 2013-April 2018: A statistical analysis, Gbudue and Tambura States (Western Equatoria), April- September 2018. August 2018. 24 OHCHR and UNMISS, Indiscriminate Attacks Against 3 South Sudan Health Policy Document. Civilians in Southern Unity, April-May 2018. 4 Nutrition Cluster, Rapid coverage and gap analysis of 25 OHCHR and UNMISS, Violations and Abuses Against WASH services in nutrition sites, June 2018. Civilians in Gbudue and Tambura States (Western 5 National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health, 2012. Equatoria), April-August 2018. Cited in WHO, Global Health Observatory data repository, 26 Some 87 per cent of reported survivors decline referrals to Births attended by skilled health personnel. legal services. GBVIMS, 2018. 6 WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the 27 FAO, UNICEF and WFP, Conflict pushes South Sudanese United Nations Population Division, Trends in Maternal into hunger – more than 6 million people face desperate Mortality 1995-2015, November 2015. food shortages, September 2018. 7 UNICEF, 3 in 4 children born in South Sudan since 28 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, Analysis independence have known nothing but war, July 2018. Report on South Sudan: September 2018 and Projections 8 UNESCO et al, Global Initiative on Out of School Children, for October-December 2018 and January-March 2019. South Sudan Country Study, May 2018. Even before the 29 For IPC, Famine exists in areas where, even with the conflict, the number of available school was not enough to benefit of any delivered humanitarian assistance, at least cater for all education needs. one in five households has an extreme lack of food and 9 REACH, “Now the Forest is Blocked”: Shocks and Access to other basic needs. Extreme hunger and destitution is Food, March 2018. evident. Significant mortality, directly attributable to 10 United Nations Environment Programme and South outright starvation or to the interaction of malnutrition Sudan Ministry of Environment, South Sudan First State and disease is occurring. IPC, Guidelines on key of Environment and Outlook Report, 2018. parameters for IPC Famine classification, 2016. 11 FAO, 2018. 30 UNEP and South Sudan Ministry of Environment, South 12 World Bank, Global Poverty Working Group, 2016. Sudan First State of Environment and Outlook Report, Poverty line defined as $1.99 per day. 2018. 13 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, Analysis 31 FAO, 2018. Report on South Sudan: September 2018 and Projections 32 Declared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of for October-December 2018 and January-March 2019. Livestock and Fisheries, March 2018. 14 From 20,000 in January-March 2018 to 36,000 in January- 33 World Bank, 2017. March 2019. 34 OCHA, South Sudan Humanitarian Access Severity 15 In the South Sudan Humanitarian Access Severity Overview, September 2018. Overview (OCHA, September 2018), ‘high access 35 OCHA, South Sudan Humanitarian Access Overview, constraint’ is defined as follows: Significant access January-June 2018. constraints present. Access is extremely difficult or 36 Humanitarian Outcomes, Aid Worker Security Report, impossible. Armed groups, checkpoints, bureaucratic or August 2018. other access impediments are present and actively restrict humanitarian activities. Operations in these areas are 37 DTM Mobility Tracking Round 2, August 2018. often severely restricted or impossible. Even with adequate 38 UNESCO et al, Global Initiative on Out of School resources, partners would be unable to reach more than a Children, South Sudan Country Study, May 2018. minority of targeted people in need. OCHA, South Sudan: 39 REACH, Situation Overview: Central and Eastern Humanitarian Access Severity Overview, September 2018. Equatoria, South Sudan, April-June, 2018; REACH, 16 Calculated by taking the highest number of people in need Situation Overview: Western Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan, by cluster at county level in order to reach a combined total. January-March 2018; REACH, Situation Overview: Ulang 17 See more under Methodology and Information Gaps in and Nasir Counties, Upper Nile State, South Sudan, Part 3: Annex. January-March 2018. 18 Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), October 2018. 40 United Nations, Children and armed conflict in South Sudan, Report of the Secretary-General, S/2018/865, 19 REACH, Situation Overview: Unity State, April-June 2018; September 2018. DTM Mobility Tracking Round 2, August 2018.

35 information gaps

41 Forcier Consulting and Handicap International, Situation 59 REACH, Situation Overview: Regional Displacement of analysis of mine/ERW survivors and other people with South Sudanese, March 2018. disabilities, Juba, Central Equatoria, South Sudan, 2016. 60 Displacement Tracking Matrix Quarter 2 Report, 2018. 42 REACH, Deim Zubier Rapid Displacement Brief Raja 61 WHO epidemiology report, September 2018. County, Western Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan, April 2018. 62 National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health, 43 Human Rights Watch, South Sudan: People with 2012. Cited in WHO, Global Health Observatory data Disabilities, Older People Face Danger, May 2017. repository, Births attended by skilled health personnel. 44 The UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award honours individuals, 63 Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care, 2017 groups and organizations who go above and beyond the and 2018. call of duty to protect refugees, displaced and stateless 64 Ibid. people. 65 IPC, September 2018. 45 In September 2018, the President of the Republic of South Sudan signed the instrument of accession to the 1951 66 Accounting for 37 and 33 per cent respectively of the Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status January-August 2018 cumulative SAM and MAM new of Refugees. South Sudan grants people arriving from admissions. Sudan, DRC and CAR prima facie refugee status. At the 67 For example, the Yirol East survey in Lakes reported time of writing, there had been no incident of refoulement highest GAM levels about 23% and SAM of 6.1%, levels reported in 2018. that had not been observed before. 46 UNHCR and REACH, Inter-agency Multi-sectoral 68 16 out of 21 repeat surveys. Needs Assessment (MSNA), Doro, Yusif Batil, Kaya and 69 Critical means GAM rates between 15 and 29.9 per cent. Gendrassa refugee camps, Maban county, December 2017. 70 IPC, 2018. 47 The UNHCR standard is < 10% GAM in a refugee 71 South Sudan GBVIMS Report, January-June 2018. population, meaning that when GAM is less than 10% in a given population the severity of the situation is considered 72 CP NIAF Child Protection Needs Identification and to be of low or medium public health concern. The SAM Analysis Framework for South Sudan 2018. threshold is < 2%. UNHCR, Emergency Handbook: 73 FTR Family Tracing and Reunification database. Emergency priorities and related indicators. 74 Information Management System for Mine Action, 48 JAM 2018, October 2018. August 2018. 49 UNHCR and REACH, Conflict and Tensions Between 75 Information Management System for Mine Action, August Communities Around Doro Camp, Maban County, 2018. January 2017. 76 Calculation comes from a comparison of the 2017 PIN 50 DTM Flow Monitoring Amiet-Abyei, Long term trend and 2018 PIN. overview, August 2018. 77 Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring System, July- 51 DTM Headcount, Wau PoC AA, October 2018. August 2018. 52 DTM Multi-Sectoral survey, Wau Town, October 2018. 78 Ibid. 53 DTM Mobility Tracking Round 2, October 2018. 79 Ibid. 54 OCHA IDP Statistics, September 2018. 80 Ibid. 55 Protection Cluster, South Sudan, IDP Site Profile report. 81 Reported active use of internet-powered mobile services. Bentiu PoC, September, 2017. 82 ‘Areas of focus’ are more qualitative, based on both severity and 56 Norwegian Refugee Council, Protection of Civilian Sites: access mapping, and other potential risks that merit a particular Lessons from South Sudan For Future Operations, focus by the humanitarian community, for example on partner May, 2017. capacity and presence or on advocacy for access to enable more 57 OCHA, South Sudan Humanitarian Bulletin, Issue 6, robust and consistent data collection and response. July 2018. 58 Education Cluster need assessment survey, September- October 2018.

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