COMPUTERISATION OF THE PAPERS OF PROFESSOR JANKO LAVRIN HELD IN

THE DEPARTMENT OF MANUSCRIPTS AND SPECIAL COLLECTIONS: THE

UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM,

by

Anne Holley MA

A Master's Dissertation, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Master of Arts degree of Loughborough University of Technology.

September 1995

Supervisor: Professor M.A.Reed, MA,, LLB,,PhD,,FSA,,FRHistS., Department of Information and Library Studies,

~ Anne Holley, 1995, ABSTRACT

This project is concerned with the archival arrangement and description and the computerisation of part of the personal papers of Professor Janko Lavrin which are held at the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections: University of Nottingham.

Chapter One of the report provides a brief biography of the professor followed by a consideration of the significance of his life and works. It continues with a description of the holdings and collection policy of the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections: University of Nottingham.

Chapter Two discusses the nature of personal papers in general and the deposit and the existing arrangement of the Lavrin papers in particular.

Chapter Three considers the theory of archival arrangement and description with particular reference to the archival principles of provenance and original order.

Chapters Four and Five refer to the procedures followed and problems encountered in the arrangement, description and computerisation of the items with which this project is specifically concerned, namely the drafts of Lavrin's broadcasts, his correspondence, literary papers, printed materials and miscellaneous items. Theoretical perspectives are introduced as appropriate.

Chapter Six discusses the production of the finding aid to the collection.

Appendices include the finding aid and sample records. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I should like to thank both Professor M. Reed of Loughborough University of Technology for his overall supervision of this project and Dr. D. B. Johnston of the University of Nottingham for allowing me to undertake this project in her department and for her supervision of its day to day progress.

My grateful thanks are extended to the many members of staff in the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections: the University of Nottingham who frequently came to my assistance during the course of my stay with them.

Finally I should like to thank Mr. P. Hoare who first brought to my attention the existence of the Lavrin papers. CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION, vi CHAPTER ONE: Background Information. 1.1 Janko Lavrin: a brief biography. 1 1,2 The legacy of Janko Lavrin, 3 1.3 Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections: 6 University of Nottingham. References, 11 CHAPTER TWO: The Lavrin Papers, 2,1 Personal papers: a general introduction, 12 2.2 Their deposit, 13 2,3 Their existing arrangement, 16 References, 22 CHAPTER THREE: The Theory of Archival Arrangement and Description. 3.1 The archival principles of provenance and original order. 23 3,2 The theory of archival arrangement, 26 3,3 The theory of archival description. 28 References, 30 CHAPTER FOUR: The Arrangement and Description of the Lavrin Papers: Broadcasts and Correspondence. 4.1 The arrangement of the Lavrin Papers. 32 4.2 The 'true' archive: JL. 33 4.3 The accretions: JL z. 34 4,4 JL B broadcasts, 35 4.5 JL C correspondence, 39 References. 42 CHAPTER FIVE: The Arrangement and Description of the Lavrin Papers: Literary Papers, Printed Materials and Miscellaneous. 5.1 JL L literary papers, 43 5,2 JL L F fictional works. 43 5.3 Weeding. 46 5.4 JL P printed materials, 51 5,5 JL X miscellaneous, 51 References, 53 CHAPTER SIX: The Creation of the Finding Aid, 54 CONTENTS (continued)

APPENDIX ONE: Extracts from the Accessions Register. 55 APPENDIX TWO: A representative sample of computerised records. 56 APPENDIX THREE: The Short Stories which comprise records JL L F 2 and JL L F 3. 57 APPENDIX FOUR: The Finding Aid. 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 76 ...... ------

INTRODUCTION

The papers of Professor Janko Lavrin are deposited at the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections: University of Nottingham. This project is concerned with the archival arrangement and description and computerisaton of part of that collection.

This report begins with a brief biography of the professor followed by a consideration of the significance of his life and works. It continues with a description of the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections: University of Nottingham, its holdings and collection policy. The implications for this project of the Lavrin papers being held in such a department are outlined. The deposit of the papers is then considered and a sample of the kind of items found in the whole collection included.

Subsequent chapters refer to the procedures followed and problems encountered in the arrangement, description and computerisation of the items with which this project is specifically concerned, namely drafts of Lavrin's broadcasts, his correspondence, literary'papers, printed materials and miscellaneous items. The final chapter discusses the production of the finding aid to the collection.

Theoretical perspectives are introduced throughout the report as appropriate.

vi CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION.

1.1 Janko Lavrin: a brief biography.(!)

Janko Lavrin was born on February 10 1887 in the village of Krupa in southern Slovenia. His family were farmers although on his mother's side (she was of Serbian descent) there was a poet who wrote religious verse in Latin. He was educated at the elementary school in the parish of Semic, the gymnasium at Novo Mesto and then at the lyceum of Susak near Rijeka (then called Fiume). In his late teens he travelled widely throughout Europe prior to settling in St. Petersburg to study at the university. During the period from 1908 to 1915 whilst in St. Petersburg he edited the paper Slaviansky Mir (The Slav World) and met such renowned writers as Mayakovsky, Esenin and Bely. In 1912 he was co-editor of Veles (Pegasus). With the outbreak of World War One he became war correspondent for the newspaper Novoe Vremya (The New World) and was sent to the Balkans to cover the Serbian retreat through Albania. His experiences at the front resulted in the publication of his first book V Stranie Viechnoi Voini (In the Land of Eternal War) in 1916. He was recalled from the front to the then Petrograd in 1917 but, breaking his journey in London, he decided to take up permanent residence in England following the February Revolution in Russia. He continued his literary career in his new homeland and worked with A.R. Orage on the journal The New Age.

In 1919 Lavrin joined the staff of University College Nottingham with the commendation that he was "a teacher of very high literary and linguistic qualifications, familiar with all

1 the Slavonic Languages". After only two years in post he was appointed to the Chair of Russian Language and Literature in 1921. During his initial twelve months at Nottingham Lavrin published his first book in English Dostoevsky and his creation: a psycho-critical study. Psycho-critical studies of Ibsen and Tolstoy were soon to follow in 1922 and 1924. His study of Gogol in 1925 was described in his obituary in The Times as "the first full length study of its kind in English and [one which] brought to the reader in this country the essential features of Russian criticism of that writer". His literary interests continued to extend beyond writers of Russian and in 1929 appeared his Studies in European Literature which encompassed the works of, amongst others, Balzac, Heine and Nietzsche.

Lavrin published regularly and frequently throughout the thirties and forties and for the period 1934-1935 he co-edited with Edwin Muir the journal The European Quarterly. Then world war was once again to impact on his career and in 1941 he resigned from the chair at Nottingham to work with the BBC on their overseas broadcasting network. He returned to the university in 1943, this time on a part-time basis and as Head of Department. Here he stayed until his retirement in 1952. The mid-fifties then saw the publication of some works of fiction, namely autobiographical short stories. Following his retirement from formal academic life, he did not allow his interest in Slavonic affairs to diminish and in 1956 he became a corresponding member of the Slovene Academy of Sciences. Many of his endeavours were now directed at bringing the cultural heritage of his native homeland to his adopted one. He organised the translation into English of Slovene, Serbian and Croat poetry and co-edited The Parnassus of a Small Nation

2 (1957) and edited An Anthology of Modern Yugoslav Poetry in English Translation (1962). Contact was also maintained with his former colleagues at the University of Nottingham and he frequently made gifts of books to the library as he had done in the past. His last publication was to be in 1979 by which time he was aged ninety-two. During his lifetime his work was translated into several languages including Japanese.

In 1928 Lavrin had married Nora Fry who was herself an accomplished artist. Lavrin himself had many notable friends and acquaintances including, for example, Ezra Pound and Edith Sitwell. His professional contacts included Prince D.S. Mirsky and Constance Garnett, the English translator of Chekhov. The Lavrins, living as they did in Nottingham, formed a close personal friendship with Jessie Wood (nee Chambers) upon whom it is reputed D.H.Lawrence based his character 'Miriam' in Sons and Lovers.

Janko Lavrin died on August 13 1986, some six months short of his hundredth birthday. He was predeceased by his wife who died in 1985. The couple had had two sons.

1.2 The Legacy of Janko Lavrin.

Lavrin's influence extended beyond the field of Slavonic Studies if the following compliment, paid to him by the American writer Henry Miller in his letter of April 23 1958, is representative. Miller writes:-

3 When I say your name I think of John Cowper Powys, Emma Goldman and a few others who meant so much to me when I was struggling to find my way - in life and literature ••• The thought that you may possibly translate something of mine into Slovene one day thrills me. It is like completing a circle. For you did have great influence over me, through your early books. (JL C 34)

Further, according to Miron Grindea, it is Lavrin that we have to thank for the "early and masterly translation " of the works of Kafka by Edwin Muir. For it was due to Lavrin's influence that Muir went to live in Prague for a couple of years.

Within the sphere of Slavonic Studies his efforts to acquaint the English-speaking world with the literary culture of the then Yugoslavia, especially during the era of the Cold War, was vital. His main contribution, however, was that of an academic specialising in Russian literature. Although as recently as 1990 reference was made in a study of Russian poetry to Lavrin as a 'critic whose work deserves to be described as encyclopaedic'(2), he is unlikely to be found on a present day undergraduate reading list. Fashions in literary criticism change and his psycho-critical studies are now viewed with some suspicion. Such a critique of his work was expressed in his Times obituary:

But, intelligent though his habit of appreciation was, he seldom distinguished

4 as clearly as some of his readers would have wished between the the values of literature and the psychology of authorship. In discussing the character and temperament of authors - their inner conflicts and spiritual aspirations, their inhibitions and sublimations of impulse - he was inclined to assume that psycho­ analysis was a more powerful critical searchlight than experience has shown it to be.

Consequently his life and works are perhaps of greater interest to cultural historians, in particular those researching into the development of Slavonic Studies in the United Kingdom. Indeed during the course of this project, an enquiry was made by the current professor of Russian Studies at Nottingham who was preparing such a paper. However it is not the role of the archivist to prejudge for what purposes a collection may be used, yet at the same time the needs of a future researcher must be one of the most important considerations borne in mind when work is done on any collection. In fact it is suspected - that these papers will be of very little use to researchers of any specialism since there is no material with content of any substance contained therein. Ironically it is this very lack of substance that has made the creation of a finding aid to this collection so important. Researchers who are aware of the existence of the papers of a person such as Lavrin might understandably expect to find, for instance, some idiosyncratic insight into the great literary figures of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and thus travel to Nottingham to embark on a thorough scrutiny of the papers. By the creation of a detailed finding aid it is hoped that such wasted effort can be avoided.

5 1.3. Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections: the University of Nottingham.

The Lavrin papers are held at the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, Hallward Library, University of Nottingham. The library itself has been collecting manuscripts since the early 1930s and now has over two million documents. The department employs the equivalent of three and a half full­ time professional staff: the Keeper, two (job-share) Assistant Keepers of Manuscripts, an Assistant Keeper of Special Collections and a part-time Assistant Librarian. The holdings of the Manuscripts Collections in the department fall into seven principal categories:-

(i) family collections, including personal and estate records

(ii) literary manuscripts

(iii) ecclesiastical records

(iv) official bodies

(v) business and trade union records

(vi) miscellaneous collections

(vii) university archives.

6 The Special Collections have three sub-divisions:-

(i) named Special Collections with a common subject matter eg. the Briggs Collection of pre-1850 educational literature

(ii) named Special Collections with a common provenance eg. the Oakham Parish Library

(iii) general library stock designated for Special Collection eg. rare books.

In addition the department holds the East Midlands Collection and also the Archival Holdings from the Institute of German, Austrian and Swiss Affairs.

In 1992 the Department outlined its collection policy in a draft statement and, although this has yet to be formalised, the policy is recognised to have three distinct elements as follows:-

1. The Department acts as a general repository for local historical papers and archives of the East Midlands, building upon the strengths established through its acquisition of significant large local holdings in the 1940s and 1950s.

2. The Department acts in association with the University's academic departments to secure material that has a curriculum or research relevance.

7 3. The Department serves as a repository for the University's own historical records and, in extension of this interest, seeks to acquire the papers of individual former members of the University, both staff and alumni.(3)

Historically, the first element has been the most important one but over the last ten to fifteen years the third element has acquired increasing significance. The department is now particularly keen to hold the papers of those who were members of the university during its formative years as indeed Professor Lavrin was.

The acquisition of the Lavrin Papers therefore clearly falls within the department's guidelines, in particular number three. The fact that this is the primary reason for the department holding the collection has had a direct bearing on how the papers have been treated • For example, had Lavrin's papers been acquired because he was a great literary figure then the policy adopted with regards the weeding of his literary manuscripts would have been significantly different. This role of a formal collection policy statement has been recognised by the theorists and has been summarised by Cronenwett thus:

The act of creating a policy forces the curator to rethink the institutional program for and commitment to a literary collection. This allows the curator to determine what is of importance and value to a collection and, therefore, to make sounder decisions during the appraisal process. (4)

8 With the exception of the open-access East Midlands Collection, documents and books are stored in strong rooms and brought to the reader after completion of a Request Slip. The required material can be located by a variety of catalogues, lists and card indexes as there is no one catalogue or type of catalogue covering all the collections. A number of projects are in progress to computerise access to several of the collections. All new material for the East Midlands Collection, for example, is being entered on to the library's on-line catalogue and there is a retrospective computerisation of the existing card index in hand. Similarly a major database catalogue is being produced of the D.H. Lawrence collection which is the department's largest and most important literary collection.

It is essential that an institution makes information about its holdings available to potential researchers. As Desnoyers asserts:

Researchers need to know that the institution exists, what its collection policy is, what collections it has, what materials it has on specific topics, and what is in each collection.(5)

Consequently the Department registers the catalogues of its holdings with the National Register of Archives at The Royal Commission of Historical Manuscripts, the British Library and other copyright libraries, the County Archives Office, Nottingham and the Derbyshire County Record Office. It is hoped that, once editing has been completed to ensure that the records fully comply with in-house standards, the Lavrin collection will be added to these registered catalogues.

9 The implications for this project of the Lavrin papers being deposited in a formal archival institution were manifold, Foremost, perhaps, was the need for consistency with the department's in-house style which, as regards the demands of computerisation, was being developed and amended during the course of the project, Further, an assessment of the department's database- Modes Plus -played no part in the ~ project's remit, The department's delineation of duties meant that there was no requirement to consider the principles of conservation beyond the perfunctory need to replace paperclips with brass ones and to put the papers, once arranged and indexed, in acid-free folders. Finally, the presence of the Keeper, given the constraints of the workload of the department, meant the constant availability of expert advice and encouragement together with the occasional editing of the records being created,

10 REFERENCES TO CHAPTER ONE.

1. A brief biography is included herein to provide a context for the discussion of the papers which follows. Janko Lavrin's biographical details are well documented within the collection itself and it has been no part of the remit of this exercise to acquire further biographical information. The internal sources which have been used are the editorial by Miron Grindea in ADAM: an international review, 1956, 258-259; Lavrin's obituary in The Times August 20 1986; University of Nottingham Newsletter October 1986; a transcript of an interview with Janko Lavrin at his home in London on January 30 1974 (the original is held at the Leeds Russian Archive, Brotherton Library, University of Leeds) and a photocopy of his entry in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, Revised ed., 1973. Further information about Lavrin's life and publications was obtained from two lists compiled by the Librarian and included amongst the papers.

2. BRIGGS, A.D.P. A comparative study of Pushkin's 'The Bronze Horseman', Nekrasov 1s 1 Red-Nosed Frost', and Blok's 1The Twelve 1 : the wild world, 1990, p.9.

3. Collection Policy (Draft) of Nottingham University Library: Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, 1992. All information about the department has been gained from its two publications, Introduction to the Special Collections and The De artment of Manuscri ts and S ecial Collections: a brief gui iscussions with the Keeper.

4. CRONENWETT, Philip N. Appraisal of literary manuscripts. In: Nancy E. Peace, ed. Archival choices; managing the historical record in an age of abundance, 1984, pp. 106-107.

5. DESNOYERS, Megan Floyd. Personal papers. In: James Gregory Bradsher, ed. Managing archives and archival institutions, 1988, p. 90.

11 ------

CHAPTER TWO: THE LAVRIN PAPERS.

2.1 Personal papers: a general introduction.

Personal papers, which are also called 'manuscripts' as in the name of the department at Nottingham, may be defined as the:

natural accumulations of documents created or accumulated by individuals or families, belonging to them and subject to their disposition. (1)

They are handwritten, typewritten or produced by some other mechanical or electronic means, exist in either single or multiple form and fall into three categories:

1. bodies or groups of personal papers with organic unity - the "archives" of a person, family, or organization;

2. artificial collections of manuscripts acquired by private collectors from various sources, usually gathered according to a plan but without regard for their origin; and

3. individual manuscripts acquired by an institution because of their special importance to research. (2)

As will be seen from the following discussion, the Lavrin papers fall into the first and second categories.

12 Theorists distinguish between personal papers and archives, the latter constituting 'the non-current records of an organisation or institution which are preserved because of their continuing value' (3) (emphasis mine). Consequently a distinction is advocated in the use of the language used to describe each so that, whereas an institution's materials are called 'records' which are then organised into 'record groups' and described in 'inventories', the materials arising from an individual are called 'papers' and described in 'registers' and 'catalogues'. (4) However, it would appear that such a sharp distinction in terminology is not adhered to in practice and will not be in this report.

2.2 Their deposit.

All deposits at the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottingham Library are entered manually in their Accessions Register which is a large, leather-bound ledger. (The department was in fact just beginning to computerise their Accessions Register during the course of this project but this development had no impact on the project.) The creation of such a record is an essential first step in the execution of intellectual control over a collection.(5) Entries in the Accession Register are made by the professional staff, either the Keeper or the Assistant Keepers, and include the date of accession, their source, source of funds if the deposit was purchased, a brief description of the contents of the deposit and a note of their physical quantity. These entries are less detailed than the theoretical model described by Desnoyers:

A number is assigned to the collection and the title, dates of receipt and acknowledgement,

13 donor's name and address, approximate size, general subject-matter, comments on restrictions, notes on transfers, and shelf location are recorded. If the collection was purchased, the name of the seller and purchase price are also included. (6)

' The contents of the department's Accessions Register are not open to public scrutiny unlike in some repositories where such information forms part of the finding aid. (7)

A perusal of the Accessions Register established that the Lavrin Papers were deposited piecemeal at the Department over a number of years from 1979 to 1994. (See Appendix One). Fourteen accessions in total related to Janko Lavrin, although one in fact was comprised entirely of items relating to Nora Lavrin (ACC 529). The largest deposit was made in October 1981 and consisted of manuscripts, typescripts and general papers (ACC 676) which were picked up off the professor's floor and placed in boxes in an ad hoc manner. Professor Lavrin had himself deposited some of the material (for example ACC 530) whilst other accessions were the result of a deliberate acquisition policy ( ACC 709). A further two letters, one from Edith Sitwell and Sacheverell Sitwell respectively, were relocated to the collection by the Keeper following an enquiry as to whether there were any items of autographic value amongst the correspondence. The Lavrin papers therefore constitute what has become commonly known as an "artificial" collection in that they have been acquired at different times and from different sources. (8) The existence of the Accessions Register does however mean that there is a clear paper trail indicating how and when the various additions were acquired. A consequence of the artificial nature of the collection together with the haphazard way in which the bulk of the material was collected

14 (ACC 676) is that the archival concepts of 'provenance' and 'original order' have not played a major role in the subsequent arrangement and computerisation of the collection.

It is evident that these deposits represent only a small proportion of the papers which Professor Lavrin must have amassed during his lifetime. This partial nature of the collection is manifested in particular by the paucity of his correspondence which is a mere seventy letters spanning the years 1924 to 1984. It is interesting to speculate, and perhaps to clarify eventually, whether some of his papers have been deposited elsewhere. This speculation is fired by the existence of a letter dated October 26 1962 from J. Schwartz, American University Library Agent which begins:

It was exciting receiving your letter. Of course I want to pay you for your manuscripts ••• ! don't think you fully understand my motive ••• some of those American universities are not within range of the British Museum where all your printed works most probably exist. (JL C 37)

This library agent was seeking to purchase the professor's manuscripts and correspondence relating to his published works. These he suggested could form the raw material for a possible future biography and study. It is perhaps more likely that the papers were simply lost or destroyed. This is suggested by letter JL C 42 in which the writer states that he was sorry to hear that the letters Lavrin received from Edwin Muir had all perished.

15 2.3 Their existing arrangement.

The papers were initially presented in fifteen boxes numbered 1 to 14, there being boxes 13A and 13B, and then after several weeks a further three boxes were produced. These boxes were of the standard kind used by the department. The first fourteen boxes were all labelled Accession 676 which led to some initial confusion as the Accessions Register recorded that Accession 676 consisted of five boxes only (see Appendix One). The explanation lay in the fact that the boxes recorded in the Accessions Register referred to those in which the papers were received. These boxes were not necessarily of a uniform nature and reflected the choice of the donor. In this case the boxes in which the Lavrin papers arrived at the department were considerably bigger than those in which they were subsequently stored. This may seem a minor point but the initial impression gained was that the important trail from the Accessions Register had somehow been lost. In fact on closer inspection it was discovered that all the items relating to the other accession numbers were in these fifteen boxes, clearly labelled.

Desnoyers suggests that after entry is made in an Accessions Register an initial inventory list should be prepared where:-

[a]n initial inventory is a list of all the identifiable units (folders, volumes, etc.) which were found in each box when the papers were received. After an inventory has been prepared, archivists should evaluate the qualities of the papers in order to establish appropriate processing requirements for each

16 series or collection, and record these in the processing proposal. (9)

It would appear that neither an initial inventory list nor a formal processing proposal was prepared on receipt of the papers, for indeed to prepare such an inventory was the first task of this project. The papers had however been the subject of careful scrutiny by the Keeper who had begun a degree of processing, namely the bringing together of the many literary manuscripts into some kind of order. Further work was later done on the papers during the preparations for an exhibition at the university in celebration of the centenary of Lavrin's birth. The implications of this initial work done on the papers will be discussed later.

Theorists recommend that once items are entered in an accessions register, any preliminary preservation work which is required, such as the identification and elimination of an insect infestation, should then be carried out. (10) However such work was unnecessary in this case.

A brief description of a sample of the items found in each box as detailed in the initial inventory will now follow to give some indication of the nature of the items which constitute the Lavrin papers.

Box 1 - a clear plastic folder labelled 'Secondary Material' containing a copy of Lavrin's obituary in The Times, August 20 1986; several letters from Lavrin himself; photocopies of pages from various

17 autobiographies including Edwin Muir's in which Lavrin is mentioned; a copy of the minutes of the University of Nottingham Library Committee dated May 5 1942.

- a clear plastic folder labelled 'Primary Source Material - letters, transcripts. Removed from the Librarian's correspondence file 6/87' containing a transcript of an interview with Janko Lavrin dated January 30 1974 (original in Leeds Russian Archive); a photocopy of Lavrin's application to Nottingham University dated September 6 1918.

- a brown folder labelled 'Wartime Broadcasts' containing several handwritten scripts; a letter from the Foreign Office dated July 21 1948.

- a brown folder labelled 'Letters to JL. Some may have been resorted here from other boxes or accessions.'

- copies of Adam: international review, 1956, 1961.

Box 2 - a large envelope containing Lavrin's translation of Matej Bor's poem 'A Wanderer went through the Atom Age'

- corrected galleys of his 'Knizevnost in duh casa'

- black and white photograph of Vladimir Onufrijevic (1842-1883)

18 Box 3A - several brown folders containing typescripts including articles on Oscar Wilde, Ibsen and Shaw.

- an Empire scribbling pad with handwritten notes and ideas.

Box 3B - three Council exercise books with drafts on Ibsen and Kierkergaard.

-draft of wartime broadcast 'Hitler and Napoleon'.

- several typed and handwritten manuscripts.

Box 4 - several bundles of typescripts one of which has a note 'Some chapters, probably of this, which were in this bundle have been separated since they are separately paginated'.

Box 5 - a Wingfield exercise book containing notes on Turgenev and his works.

- several drafts to the typescripts found in Box 4.

Box 6 (on the box is written ' EXHIBITION ITEMS')

- five published works by Lavrin

- a notebook of newspaper cuttings of bookreviews.

19 Box 7 - handwritten manuscripts and typescripts of his work on Nietszche.

Box 8 - handwritten manuscripts and typescripts of his work on Dostoevsky.

- galleys of Dostoevsky; a study from his American publisher.

Box 9 - handwritten manuscripts and typescripts of his work on Gogol and Turgenev.

Box 10 - handwritten manuscripts and typescripts of his work on Chekhov.

Box 11) many brown folders containing individual chapters Box 12) - (handwritten and typed) of his short stories cum Box 13) autobiographical writings. Box 14)

Desnoyers has noted that the twentieth century has seen people experience success when still relatively young and then for them to live until a great age so that it is not uncommon for individuals to have several different careers. (11) This was certainly true of Lavrin who, as has been discussed, at twenty nine had his first book published and when only thirty four was appointed to the Chair of Russian Language and Literature at Nottingham. His work was to continue to be published until he reached the grand age of ninety-two. In the intervening years

20 he was indeed to enjoy severa1s 'careers' as an academic and mentor, a translator, a broadcaster and a writer of fiction, It is an inherent characteristic of personal papers that they document the whole career of a person (12) and it is fortunate that, partial though this collection is, some evidence of most of Lavrin's occupations is present within it. The most lamentable omission is, perhaps not surprisingly, his years in Europe prior to his arrival in England in 1917,

21 REFERENCES TO CHAPTER TWO.

1. DESNOYERS,Megan Floyd. Personal Papers. In: James Gregory Bradsher, ed. Managing archives and archival institutions, 1988, p. 78.

2. Ibid., p. 78.

3. Ibid., p. 78.

4. Ibid., p. 78.

5. Ibid., p. 82.

6. Ibid., p. 82.

7. Cook, Michael. Information manaBement and archival data, 1993, p. 55.

8. CRONENWETT, Philip N. Appraisal of literary manuscripts. In: Nancy E. Peace, ed. Archival choices: manal?jinl?j the historical record in an aBe of abundance, 1984, p. 106.

9. DESNOYERS, Megan Floyd. Personal Papers. In: James Gregory Bradsher, ed. Manal?jinl?j archives and archival institutions, p. 83.

10. Ibid., p. 82.

11. Ibid., p. 81.

12. Ibid., p. 81.

22 CHAPTER THREE: THE THEORY OF ARCHIVAL ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION,

3,1 The archival principles of provenance and original order.

On completion of an initial inventory the processing proper of personal papers can begin. Desnoyers subdivides the processing of personal papers into:-

- arrangement

- description

- preservation

- screening (1)

Cook however considers 'arrangement' to be a broad term from which can be extracted the separate activity of 'sorting', (2)

Underpinning the first subdivision, that of 'arrangement', are the two theoretical principles of 'provenance' and 'original order', These principles have been summarised as follows:-

Provenance: the archives of each originating agency should be kept together and managed as a unit.

Original order: within each unit of provenance, materials should be arranged in accordance with the order determined by the originating agency, or by subsequent admin­ istrations in which they were used as current records, (3)

23 Provenance simply means that:

[a]rchival entities should be managed as part of the archives of the agency or person that created them, and should not be confused with materials from another source. (4) whereas original order means that within the archival entity:

materials should be arranged in such a way as to record and demonstrate the order and system under which they were originally created and used. (5)

The implications of the second principle are more readily apparent when dealing with the archives of an institution than with the papers of an individual. An institution such as an office, unless there has been a radical breakdown in normal procedures, will create and organise its papers in such a way as to reflect their use. (6) Personal papers however may enjoy no such formal arrangement (7) nor reflect the activities of their creators. (8) Therefore it is accepted practice that those working with personal papers usually have to :

impose an order based on a combination of archival principles, manuscript techniques and researcher needs if a collection is disarranged. (9)

A discussion of these principles of provenance and original order is particularly pertinent in this project with regard to the folder in Box 1 containing Lavrin's correspondence. The folder was labelled 'Letters to JL. Some may have been sorted here from other boxes or accessions.' which indicated that the fundamental principle of not mixing items from different

24 sources may have at some time been inadvertently contravened. Consequently it was deemed necessary to make a note of this fact in the Archival Processing Summary field for each letter entered on the database.

Further, an initial misunderstanding of the meaning of the principle of original order led to a considerable amount of time being wasted during the processing of the correspondence. The letters in the folder were in no apparent order, neither chronological nor alphabetical. The mistaken belief that this 'original order' had to be maintained meant that the letters were allocated two references instead of one. Thus an individual letter was referenced, say, JL C 33, by virtue of its position in the chronological order of the letters but then cross-referenced, say, dd, to indicate its physical position in the 'original order' • Time was then wasted each time the letter next in the chronology was required for processing as the other letters had to be sifted through until it was located. Eventually the concept of 'sorting' was introduced and explained where:

[s]orting is the activity of physically moving the components of an archival entity, to place them in order, in relation to the other components of the archive. (10)

The letters were now physically arranged into chronological order by date of writing and thus the 'next' letter required for processing was always immediately available.

25 3.2 The theory of archival arrangement.

The arrangement of archives is done on the basis of a hierarchy of levels. Theorists disagree on the appropriate number of levels in the hierarchy (for example, Cook argues that there are six (11) whilst for Desnoyers there are only five. (12)). This is also an area where there is a difference in the use of terminology depending on whether archives per se or personal papers are being discussed. The terminology used by Desnoyers has been adopted here as she is specifically discussing personal papers although Cook is the greater authority in this country on archival procedures. Cook's explanations and analyses are however drawn upon in the following discussion. (13) For this collection the hierarchy is as follows:-

Level no.

0 Repository holdings (University of Nottingham, Department of Manuscripts)

1 Management groups (not applicable)

2 Collection (Janko Lavrin)

3 Series (eg. correspondence)

4 File unit (not applicable)

5 Document (eg. a single letter)

26 Cook explains how three of these levels of arrangement arise from observable, physical characteristics of the materials, They are:-

Level 2 This is the level of the collection which, according Desnoyers, is a body of material related by organisation, activity or creator, It is at this level that the principle of provenance comes into play so that different 'collections' should not be intermingled.

Level 3 This is the level of the series which Desnoyers defines as a grouping of like materials, She continues by explaining how personal papers with their tendency to disorder frequently require series to be created,

Level 5 This is the level of the document or as Cook defines it, of the smallest indivisible unit of archival material.

As has already been stated the Lavrin papers lacked any significant original order, This reflected the nature of personal papers generally and also the fact that a large proportion of the papers had been picked up off a floor and packed into boxes in a random manner. Consequently it was necessary to impose an order on the papers and this involved the creation of a number of series, The series which were required were determined by the Keeper who based her decisions on her knowledge of the Lavrin papers in particular and on her general experience of other collections. However, as Desnoyers points out, there is no one way to arrange a collection and in

27 fact as the project progressed some modifications had to be made to the original series created. These will be discussed in a later chapter.

3.3 The theory of Archival Description.

Desnoyers defines 'description' as:

the process of establishing intellectual control over holdings through the preparation of finding aids. Intellectual control is necessary because archivists need to know what they have, what it contains, and where it is. (14)

Roughly speaking, therefore, description fulfils the requirement of intellectual control to know 'what they (archivists) have, what it contains, and where it is'.

Cook offers this less simplistic definition which was produced by the working party of the Society of American Archivists in 1989:

Archival description is the process of capturing, collating, analysing, and organizing any information that serves to identify, manage, locate and interpret the holdings of archival institutions and explain the contexts and record systems from which those holdings were selected. (15)

28 Cook continues by explaining that the activity of description should provide two kinds of information:

(a) information (metadata) about the circumstances of the origin and technical formatting of the material, the media used, its function in the original context, and its adventures since;

(b) information about the materials themselves: their physical shape and nature, and the information held within them.

He insists that both kinds of information should be present in some form in every archival description. (16) He also recommends that arrangement should be completed before description is begun. (17)

In terms of this project, description meant entering the requisite data into the database. The software which the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottingham currently uses is ModesPlus II and there is a standard template which can be modified to meet specific requirements. The data which was to be entered for each series was determined by the Keeper who modified the template accordingly. A representative sample of the full description of items in the various series is included in Appendix Two. It is anticipated that additional information may be added at a later date.

29 ------

REFERENCES TO CHAPTER THREE.

1. DESNOYERS, Megan Floyd. Personal papers. In: James Gregory Bradsher, ed. Managing archives and archival institutions, 1988, p. 85.

2. COOK, Michael. Information management and archival data, 1993, p. 59.

3. Ibid., p. 62.

4. Ibid., p. 62.

5. Ibid., p. 62.

6. DESNOYERS, Megan Floyd. Personal papers. In: James Gregory Bradsher, ed. Managing archives and archival institutions, 1988, p. 87.

7. COOK, Michael. Information management and archival data, 1993, p. 62.

8. DESNOYERS, Megan Floyd. Personal papers. In: James Gregory Bradsher, ed. Managing archives and archival institutions, 1988, p. 87.

9. Ibid., p.87.

10. COOK, Michael. Information management and archival data, 1993, p. 59.

11. Ibid., p. 67.

12. DESNOYERS, Megan Floyd. Personal papers. In: James Gregory Bradsher, ed. Managing archives and archival institutions, 1988, p. 87.

30 REFERENCES TO CHAPTER THREE (continued).

13. The following analysis is based on COOK, Michael. Information mana ement and archival data, 1993, pp. 67-69 and DESNOYERS, Megan F oy • Persona papers. In: James Gregory Bradsher, ed. Managing archives and archival institutions, 1988, pp. 87-89.

14. DESNOYERS, Megan Floyd. Personal papers. In: James Gregory Bradsher, ed. Managing archives and archival institutions, 1988, P•·-9h· · · -- · · · -- · - ·· -- ·- · · ·

15. COOK, Michael. Information management and archival data, 1993, p. -8·8-.· ·-· · ··· · · ·

16. Ibid., p. 88-89.

17. Ibid., p. 59.

31 CHAPTER FOUR: THE ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF THE LAVRIN PAPERS: BROADCASTS AND CORRESPONDENCE.

4.1 The arrangement of the Lavrin Papers.

The Lavrin collection was allocated the reference 'JL'. This choice satisfied the need for consistency amongst the Department's holdings where collections are generally allocated non-numeric references which reflect the name of the collection, for example the D.H.Lawrence collection has the reference 'La'. The selection of 'JL' was particularly pertinent in this instance as Lavrin had himself used this as a pen-name for the articles he published in the journal, The European Quarterly.

As the papers consisted of the 'true archive' - those materials which originated with Lavrin himself - and the extraneous materials which had been added by others, these two parts needed to be identified separately and this was done by adding 'Z' to the 'JL' in respect of the extraneous materials, thus creating a second reference 'JL Z'.

The resulting arrangement of the Lavrin collection is as follows:-

JL - the 'true' archive'

JL Z - the accretions

32 4.2 The 'true' archive: JL.

Series were created for the 'true' archive JL as follows:-

JL B - broadcasts

JL C - correspondence

JL L - literary papers

JL L C - literary criticism JL L F - fictional works JL L T - translations

JL P - printed materials

JL U - papers relating to Nottingham University

JL X - miscellaneous

It was decided to sub-divide the literary papers into 'literary criticism', 'fictional works' and 'translations' rather than 'published' and 'unpublished' because of the existence of a large number of edited manuscripts. At first it was believed that these manuscripts would make it possible for the trail of a particular work to be followed through from manuscript to the printed publication. In each category the literary papers were to be arranged numerically by date of publication so that all manuscripts for one particular title would be kept together, to give in some cases a complete trail from handwritten manuscript to published work. The series JL P was therefore initially

33 intended to include 'printed materials other than by Lavrin himself' as Lavrin's own published materials were to be included in JL L, However after a considerable amount of time was spent trying to ascertain which manuscript belonged to which publication, the exercise to create a trail from manuscript to published material was abandoned. (The problems arose because Lavrin drafted many articles and chapters on the same topics which were later to undergo several amendments and were then included in various different publications), The series JL P was therefore widened to include all printed materials, including those by Lavrin himself. The original series of 'literary criticism', 'fictional works' and 'translations' rather than ' published' and 'unpublished' were however retained.

4.3 The accretions: JL z.

Due to time constraints little work was done on the accretions, JL Z. It was recognised that they were unlikely to offer any new challenge of either a practical or theoretical nature, since they largely duplicated the kind of materials which were present in the true archive. The one significant difference would have been that the records for the accretions would have required a specific entry describing the source of the material,

34 The remainder of this chapter will involve a discussion of a sample of the processes involved and the problems encountered in the arrangement and description of the series JL B and JL c. The following chapter will deal in a similar fashion with the other series in the 'true' archive.

4.4 JL B broadcasts.

Although few in number, there being eleven in total, the extant drafts of Lavrin's broadcasts illuminated a number of important points, both theoretical and practical, relating to the practice of archival arrangement and description. These were as follows:- a) The importance of the initial inventory

Eight of the broadcasts had been brought together in a brown folder in Box 1, five of which were loose and were presumably part of the main accession, number 676. Three, however, were inside a large envelope within the folder, the envelope being clearly marked Accession 682. A further broadcast was in Box 3B, the existence of which was noted in the initial inventory. Without the existence of such an inventory to which it was possible to refer, it would have been necessary to search through the whole collection each time the description of a new series was started. (The principle of 'sorting' had not yet been introduced at this stage - see 3.1) Therefore the initial inventory may act as a labour- and time-saving device. It also assists in the prevention of items being 'overlooked' although, as the subsequent discussion will reveal, it is by no means foolproof!

35 b) Provenance and Original Order

Tucked inside one of the drafts of a wartime broadcast was a letter from the Foreign Office discussing the possible future broadcast of one of Lavrin's talks (JL B 10). Its existence was not noted until after the arrangement and description of the correspondence had been completed and the letters duly referenced in pencil. In a collection in which the archival principles of provenance and original order were paramount, this would not have been a problem as the letter, as previously explained, would have been arranged 'in accordance with the order determined by the originating agency', that is to say, it would have been arranged with the wartime broadcasts amongst which it was found.

However, in view of the fact that, for reasons already discussed, the principles of provenance and original order were of only limited significance for this collection, the arrangent of this additional letter did give rise to some debate. Due to the fact that the correspondence was an 'artificial collection', the letters having been collected together from several boxes and possibly different accessions, the most obvious treatment of the letter was to include it in the correspondence series in its correct chronological position. This would have necessitated renumbering some two-thirds of the letters. Unlike in some collections in which the age and/or the quality of the paper is such that the erasure of pencil markings is ill-advised, such a procedure in this instance would have been acceptable. The renumbering of records on Modes Plus on the other hand is not straight forward as it involves the creation of two records with the same number, one of which must then be deleted. Great care is required to ensure that the right one is deleted, otherwise one can arrive at a position where there are two identical records with different

36 references, the details of one record having been deleted. As time was of the essence, it was decided to include this additional letter with the wartime broadcasts. A major consideration in this eventual decision was the facility of 'Secondary Indexing' available on Modes Plus. This facility will now be explained at length. (It should be noted that the treatment of this letter may be changed at a later date as it was considered that inclusion with the correspondence was the better method.)

c) Secondary Indexing

One of the major advantages of Modes Plus over its predecessor Modes is the facility of Secondary Indexing which can be tailored to suit the requirements of each collection. The fields which were selected for Secondary Indexing in this collection were:-

- country - date - locality - people (name) - record type - region

The fields 'country, locality and region' refer, for example, to the addresses of Lavrin's correspondents. Such data has to be entered once only and is done so during the creation of the original record. The benefits which such indexing offers to the researcher is that by choosing say, the date index, all information (correspondence, published works, miscellaneous items and so forth) relating to a specific date can be identified easily.

37 The benefits to the record creator of this facility is that it offers an immediate check on spelling and syntax. Thus a review of the Secondary Index for Record type will reveal whether upper and lower cases have been used consistently. Due to the time lapses between the creation of records in this collection, 'correspondence' was sometimes begun erroneously with an 'upper case C'. These records were readily identifiable from the index and could be amended with ease. A similar check on the spelling of the names of people and places is available.

There is also the option on Modes Plus to add extra fields for Subject keywords (for example, people and place names) to enable the Contents Summary to be indexed. This would involve the names of people and places mentioned in the Contents Summary to be entered for a second time so that they could be included in these specific fields.

The relevance of Secondary Indexing to the problem under discussion, that is the existence of an additional letter, arises from the fact that it is unlikely that a researcher would be interested in the letters that Lavrin received per se, but would be interested in some aspect of their content, or in the particular period in which they were written. A researcher who utilised the Secondary Indexes when searching would therefore have access to this letter even though it was arranged with the wartime broadcasts rather than the rest of the correspondence.

38 Five of the broadcasts were written in Slovene, Lavrin's native tongue. The similarity of Slovene to Russian, a language which is known to the writer of this report, meant that the fact that four of these manuscripts were 'wartime broadcasts' could be verified and the date range 1939=1945 entered in the date field. Of these four broadcasts, three had readily identifiable titles which could be entered in the title field whilst one had the first page missing so that there was no title available. Sufficient details of the fifth one, JL B 12, could be understood to determine that this was the manuscript of a short story written by Lavrin. Languages other than English occur in several of the series, in particular in the Correspondence, a fact which will be discussed further in the following section.

4.5 JL C correspondence.

This series consists of some seventy letters which is perhaps rather surprisingly small in view of the timespan of the collection. The time taken on the description of the correspondence was therefore decidedly disproportionate in view of the smallness of their physical bulk (one folder) in comparison to the size of the collection as a whole (fifteen boxes). However the time taken may be justified by the fact that in many respects the correspondence constitutes the most important part of the collection. As already discussed, the collection is considered to be disappointingly weak on content. Much of the bulk of the collection is made up of manuscripts of Lavrin's works of fiction and literary criticism. Neither of these are of great interest as Lavrin is not considered to be a great literary writer whose creative processes warrant detailed attention and the literary criticism is largely available in

39 published form. Given that there are no personal diaries nor journals within the collection, a researcher scanning the finding aid might justifiably anticipate that the letters would be the most fruitful part of the collection, particularly in view of the fact that some of the correspondents are such renowned figures as Edith Sitwell, Edwin Muir and A. L. Rowse. It was therefore decided that the contents of each letter should be entered in the Content: Summary field in great detail despite the length of time that this would involve.

Cronenwett argues that in a literary collection correspondence can be conveniently divided into three groups:-

(i) with editor and publisher (ii) with other writers (iii) with fans. (1)

All three elements are present in this collection although not strictly in relation to Lavrin's literary works- JL C 48 is a letter from his publisher; JL C 52 is from an editor; JL C 35 is from the writer H. Miller; JL C 51 may be described as a 'fan letter' as it is from one of his former students. In addition, the collection includes letters from other academics (for example, JL C 3 and JL C 60) and correspondence with personal friends (JL C 50).

With regards the arrangement of letters, Cook and Proctor have highlighted the difficulties which arise when there is no original order, as indeed there was not in this case. They discuss how it is necessary to chose an arbitrary arrangement and outline the

40 possibilities as follows:-

Arrangement may be chronological by date of origination, sending or receipt; or it may be alphabetical by correspondent, or arranged by function or subject. (2)

As there were too few instances of the existence of more than one letter from any one correspondent to justify an alpha­ betical arrangement, the letters were arranged chronologically by date of origination. This particular date was chosen as Lavrin did not operate a system of noting the date of receipt on his letters and further, very few envelopes had survived to disclose the date of sending. The four letters which were undated were included at the end of the series.

Nine of the letters were written in Slovene, (or possibly Serbo-Croat, a language with which Lavrin was also familiar) and one in Russian. Copies of these letters were passed to a third party for translation into English and were still awaiting return at the completion of this project. Therefore at present the only details included are the date, the name and address of the writer, the number of pages in the letter and a note of the fact that the letter is written in a language other than English.

41 REFERENCES TO CHAPTER FOUR.

1. CRONENWETT, Philip N. Appraisal of literary manuscripts. In: Nancy E. Peace, ed. Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance, 1984, p. 110.

2. COOK, Michael and Margaret Proctor. A manual of archival description. 2nd. ed., 1989, p. 191.

42 CHAPTER FIVE: THE ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF THE LAVRIN PAPERS: LITERARY PAPERS, PRINTED MATERIALS AND MISCELLANEOUS,

This chapter continues the approach adopted in the previous one but will discuss the processes involved and problems encounterd in the arrangement and description of the series JL L, JL P and JL X, Work on the series JL U - papers relating to Nottingham University - was not started in this project.

I I - 5,1 JL L literary papers. I

As already explained, the series JL L - literary papers - was subdivided into three:- JL L C - literary criticism; JL L F - fictional works and JL L T - translations, No work was carried out on JL L C and only two items were indexed in JL L T, The constraints of time meant that only part of the Lavrin papers could be indexed during the course of this project and it was decided that JL L F on its own would offer sufficient insight into some of the procedures involved in the treatment of literary manuscripts. These will now be discussed at length.

5.2 JL L F fictional works.

Boxes 11, 12, 13 and Box 14 contained many copies of manuscripts, both handwritten and typed, These fell broadly into four categories:-

(a) a large number of short stories which were intended to be published as a single collection. This intent was obvious from the consecutive chapter headings and pagination, In addition there were a number of versions of contents pages and

43 introductions. These introductions clearly indicated that these short stories were of an autobiographical nature. It may be of interest at this point to quote one such introduction in full:-

All the stories in this volume are autobiographic (sic) fragments depicting some actual experience of one single individual from early boyhood to a late mature age. As a transposed autobiography in terms of literature (instead of the usual reportage) the book has a certain inner unity, however varied its general pattern may be. Its background comprises some ten countries in an age characterised by a process of general breaking up of all values (those of religion, education, art, love, patriotism, etc) the resulting vacuum of which has yet to be filled in some way or other.

Twelve of these narratives appeared in various periodicals and some of them were reprinted in the series, The Best British Short Stories (Cape), both here and in America. (JL L F 4)

(b) twenty three short stories which gave no indication of being part of a collection. Further, their content quite clearly distinguished them from the above as their plots were set in England.

(c) six handwritten and one typed draft of short stories which were gathered together in one folder.

(d) Twelve handwritten scripts, numbered one to twelve in Roman

44 numerals, of what can best be described as 'Aesopian Fables'.

There was no indication of the stories in categories (b), (c) and (d) ever having been published, Further as there was no multiple copies of these items the question of 'weeding' did not arise. The items in these three categories respectively were treated together to give rise to three records only - JL L F 8, JL L F 9 and JL L F 10, An additional Content Summary field was created for each record to enable the titles of all the stories to be listed.

Preliminary work was done on each of the stories in JL L F 8 and JL L F 9 to record the number of pages they constituted. Thus whereas the whole collection of seven short stories made up the one record JL L F 9, each individual story was allocated a reference from JL L F 9/1 to JL L F 9/7 followed by the number of pages in each story • Thus JL L F 9/2/1-6 indicated that story 2 in item JL L F 9 had 6 pages, This additional information was recorded for the present in pencil on a piece of acid-free paper clipped to each story. The intention is that at a future date these details will be entered into the respective records in the Physical Description: Bulk field, This additional information was reuired for the purposes of security so that the number of pages pertaining to any one story could immediately be checked should there be any query arising from the use of the item, The current entry in the Physical Description: Bulk field however simply states 'total pagination'.

Many of the manuscripts in category (a) constituted individual stories but in addition there were a number of bundles in which

45 the stories were bound together. In particular, one item had already been identified and labelled as "Probably the best'master' to work from when sorting". This was a spiral­ bound collection including a version of the majority of the stories in this category. It was therefore allocated the reference JL L F 1. All the stories in this item were paginated consecutively which indicated a probable intention to publish them as a collection.

Due to the large number of multiple copies, the first step in the arrangement and description of these papers in category (a) was to 'weed' them. This procedure will now be discussed at length

5.3 Weeding.

It has already been noted that the reason that the Department accepted the deposit of the Lavrin papers was that the acquisition of papers belonging to former members of the university is part of its explicit collection policy, and that the impulse behind such an acquisition has a direct bearing on the Department's policy on the weeding of individual collections. For example, in the case of the Department's D.H.Lawrence collection which has been acquired because Lawrence, a native of Nottinghamshire, is considered to be a great literary writer, no weeding is undertaken. This is because even the slightest amendment to a manuscript by such a writer may be of interest to a future researcher. Lavrin is not renowned for his fictional works and the Keeper made the not unreasonable decision that he is unlikely ever to be. Consequently a different approach to the Lavrin collection, or rather to that part of it relating to his literary output, is taken. Such a distinction in weeding policies is supported by

46 some theorists. For example, Cronenwett states that:

A collection such as the papers of Robert Frost should not be approached with the same frame of reference used to approach the collection of a writer who published poetry only in the local weekly paper. A different approach is clearly needed. (1)

Other theorists however argue that, as the standing of a writer may change so that he or she may eventually be heralded as a great literary figure, all manuscripts and papers should be kept in all cases. (2) Cronenwett contends that such a discovery or rediscovery of a writer happens so rarely that "it is not worthy of excessive concern". (3) This latter view of Cronenwett, published in 1984, it must be said is somewhat surprising given the large number of women writers who have been discovered or rediscovered in the last twenty years following the second-wave of feminism in the sixties.

The policy of the department with which we are concerned here is, as already stated, to carry out a prudent weeding of the literary papers of minor writers. The need to weed any collection, of course, arises partly from the constraints on the availability of storage space. But a consequence of weeding which is more important than a saving in storage costs is, as Cronenwett succintly suggests, that a:

[j]udicious appraisal of a literary collection will improve intellectual access to the material and make it more sensible to the researcher. This should be the goal of every appraisal. (4)

47 That the appraisal should be judicious cannot be over­ emphasised since:

excessive or poorly planned weeding can result in the loss of information and can reduce the quality of the documentation that remains. (5)

The removal of the many duplicate manuscripts in the Lavrin collection certainly clarified the distinction among the three kinds of fictional writing and thus made them more accessible. In addition, future researchers who may be interested in the autobigraphical verities in Lavrin's fiction will not have to concern themselves with near-identical multiple copies.

Other issues which are pertinent here include considerations such as whether weeding of the collection was proscribed when the deposit was made, and whether such actions might discourage further deposits (6). These issues will not be discussed further because they were not relevant in this instance.

An initial decision was made to keep the spiral-bound collection of the short stories (JL L F 1) in keeping with the suggestion that this was probably the best master copy from which to work, as indeed it was. There were two further nearly complete collections (JL L F 2 and JL L F 3). The stories and their pagination were listed for ease of comparison. (See Appendix Three). It was noted that all the stories in JL L F 3 were also in JL L F 2 but it was decided to keep both collections as JL L F 3 appeared to be an earlier version of the stories. JL L F 2 however contained the stories 'A Dog's Life', 'Toady', 'A Party' and 'The End of a Beginning'

48 (Incomplete) which were not in JL L F 3. It was also noted that, with the exception of 'A Devilish Story', JL L F 2 included all the stories which were published in Adam: an international review 1956, 258-259. This particular story was not present in JL L F 1 either which suggests that it may have been written at a different time from the other stories and/or it was not intended for publication in the main collection. The remaining manuscripts and typescripts of the short stories were to be found in some thirty brown folders. These had been sorted by the Keeper into further bundles by bringing together ' like with like'. For example, all those typed on flimsies in the same colour ink were collected together to form a further collection if this was substantiated by the pagination. The next step in the weeding process was to take these collections apart and re-order the stories, this time by drawing together those which had the same title. (This action had no implication for the provenance of the collection as the Keeper had herself created the order of the stories and placed them in the folders.) The justification for creating this new, albeit temporary, order was again ease of comparison. The stories were now scrutinised from the following perspectives:- a) to discover whether there was a story not included in JL L F 1, the spiral-bound version which contained all the stories found in JL L F 2 and JL L F 3, as it had been decided to keep at least one version of all the short stories. b) to locate any version of a story represented elsewhere which was significantly different and therefore indicating that it was a substantially earlier or later version. Given the autobiographical nature of the stories, particular attention was paid to the names of people and places as these may well have been changed in later versions for reasons of confidentially.

49 c) to locate a version of any story which lacked a chapter heading and had separate pagination rather than that of part of a longer sequence as this would have suggested the intention on the part of Lavrin to publish it separately. Such a different intention would have been worthy of a note in the appropriate record if the story itself was already part of a collection.

As a result of such scrutiny the following items were selected for retention:-

1) JL L F 5 which was a carbon copy of the short story 'Instead of an Epilogue' which was not included elsewhere. Its pagination and heading - Chapter Twenty - was such as to suggest that it may have been intended for inclusion with JL L F 1.

2) JL L F 6 which was the short story 'When the Devil steps in' and which was published in~ under the title 'A Devilish Story'. Again this was kept as it was not included in JL L F 1.

3) JL L F 7 which was the short story 'A Confessor's Confession'. Again this was not present in JL L F 1. There were several drafts of this story but the particular one chosen to be kept was selected as it was typed on a sort of paper - blue­ which was not found elsewhere and because it had pagination which formed a unique sequence. This suggested that there may have been the intention to publish this separately from the main collection.

At the time of the conclusion of this project some two-thirds of these literary manuscripts had been set aside as the result

50 of this weeding, The intention is that they are to be carefully scrutinised by one of the professional archivists in the department to avoid the possibility of some important paper being discarded. Once this has been done the papers will then be shredded, the form of disposal which Cronenwett recommends for those papers which are of 'no value or interest to anyone',(6)

5.4 JL P printed materials.

The printed materials, or published works, by Lavrin in the collection were arranged chronologically according to their dates of publication, The earliest of these was his Nietzsche and Modern Consciousness which was published in 1922,

Descriptive data such as the fact that Lavrin had autographed the flyleaf or that the copy had been annotated, possibly in preparation for a revised edition, was included in the Contents: summary field, In the Related Material field for the relevant records the fact that JL P 8, Adam; an international review, was the published version of some of the short stories present in JL L F 1, 2 and 3 was duly noted.

5.5 JL X miscellaneous.

The two items which were recorded in this series were two notebooks in which Lavrin had pasted or simply placed newspaper cuttings of his book reviews. Cronenwett suggests that such reviews may present a problem so that some archivists retain them in the collection whilst others pass them to the rare-book librarian for addition to the collection of the writer's

51 printed materials, {7) These reviews did not give rise to such a dilemma as Lavrin's works are not held in the library's rare book collection, Those of Lavrin's publications which are not in the collection in question form part of the library's lending stock,

52 REFERENCES TO CHAPTER FIVE.

1. CRONENWETT, Philip N. Appraisal of literary manuscripts. In: Nancy E. Peace, ed. Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance, 1984, pp. 113-114. 2. Ibid., p. 114. 3. Ibid., p. 113. 4. Ibid., p. 114. to Peace, an a e

6. CRONENWETT, Philip N. Appraisal of literary manuscripts. In: Nancy E. Peace, ed. Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance, 1984, p. 115. 7. Ibid., p. 112.

53 CHAPTER SIX: THE CREATION OF THE FINDING AID.

The finding aid for the items indexed during the course of this project is included in Appendix Four. Due to the restricted access to the department's database and wordprocessing facilities, this printout of the finding aid was produced by a member of the department's staff.

With the exception of the correspondence data, information held on the database was downloaded as required to create the finding aid in the desired format. Amendments however had to be made to the data relating to letters which were written after 1964 and which included the private address of the correspondent. Full addresses on letters written over thirty years ago have been included but in order to respect the confidentiality of later correspondents, their house numbers and street names have been deleted.

When the finding aid for the complete collection is eventually produced, all the series with the exception of JL c, the correspondence, will of course include many more items. Work on the remainder of the collection was due to begin once this project was finished. Completion of one of the most time­ consuming parts of the collection, that is the correspondence, has meant that the Lavrin papers can now be more readily accomodated within the department's busy schedule. It is anticipated that access to the collection will now be available much earlier than would otherwise have been possible if this project had not been undertaken.

54 ------

APPENDIX ONE: EXTRACTS FROM THE ACCESSIONS REGISTER.

NOTE: The Accessions Register is not normally open to public scrutiny. Entries are reproduced here with permission of the Keeper. Certain data has been omitted in order to respect confidentiality.

55 ACCESSION NO. 448 DATE 7.9.1979 SOURCE Professor J. Lavrin via X and the Library. CONTENTS Professor J. Lavrin's typescripts; offprints; newspaper cuttings. QUANTITY One file box.

ACCESSION NO. 496 DATE 21.5.1981 SOURCE Professor J. Lavrin via the Librarian. CONTENTS Papers of Professor J. Lavrin, an additional deposit. QUANTITY One box and books.

ACCESSION NO. 515 DATE 9.12.1981 SOURCE Professor and Mrs Lavrin via the Librarian. CONTENTS Typescript of N. Go~ol (1809-1852); A Centenary Surveyl951, reissued 1968, revised edition 1982 or 1983); QUANTITY Three manuscripts.

ACCESSION NO. 530 DATE SOURCE Professor J.Lavrin. CONTENTS Dostoevsky (English translation of a book written in the 1930s; German translation published in Germany by Rowoht Verlag. "Some notes on Dostoevsky as Politician" printed in Slovene. QUANTITY

ACCESSION NO. 676 DATE 9.10.1981 SOURCE X. Gift. CONTENTS Manuscripts; papers; typescripts. QUANTITY Five boxes.

ACCESSION NO. 679 DATE 21.10.1986 SOURCE Purchased from X. Purchase. CONTENTS Lavrin photos QUANTITY Two photographs. ACCESSION NO. 682 DATE 17.11.1986 SOURCE X. CONTENTS Five portrait drawings; xerox copies of newspaper cuttings 1916; I.Chambers - DHL to the Lavrins; various letters including three from Henry Miller; notes for broadcasts. QUANTITY

ACCESSION NO. 690 DATE 20.2.1987 SOURCE University Office via the Librarian. CONTENTS Letter from Janko Lavrin to the Principal, University College Nottingham applying for the Russian Chair, 6.9.1918. Original returned 5.9.1987. Photocopy kept with Lavrin papers. QUANTITY Typescript - two sheets.

ACCESSION NO. 700 DATE 3.6.1987 SOURCE x. CONTENTS J. Lavrin: autobiographical reminiscences. QUANTITY One file.

ACCESSION NO. 709 DATE 20.7.1987 SOURCE X. CONTENTS Tape cassette of interview with J. Lavrin. Interviews by D.Gerard. Copied at request of librarian. QUANTITY One cassette.

ACCESSION NO. 710 DATE 21.7.1987 SOURCE Copy from Leeds Russian Archive. CONTENTS Tape cassette interview of J.Lavrin with Professor G.Smith. QUANTITY One cassette.

ACCESSION NO. 711 DATE 21.7.1987 SOURCE x. CONTENTS Three photographs of J.Lavrin. QUANTITY Photographs - one envelope. ------

ACCESSION NO. 1323 DATE 20.7.1994 SOURCE X. CONTENTS Two letters from Fanny Copeland to J.Lavrin 1948. QUANTITY Two letters. ------

APPENDIX TWO: A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF COMPUTERISED RECORDS.

56 Identity code JL B 1-12

Repository Umvers1ty of Nottmgham, Department of Manuscripts

Descnption level 3.5

Record creation Person Role Wnter Name Lavnn, Janko

Date 1938=1%9

Document form Record type broadcasts Specific type

Brief descnpt Drafts of broadcasts made by Janko Lavrin, 1938-1%9.

Archival processmg Summary Documentatton Catalogued by MAH 1994

LocatiOn Permanent location ------

Identity code JLB 1

Repository Umversity of Nottingham, Department of Manuscnpts Description level 4

Record creanon Person Role Wnter Name Lavrin, Janko Date 1938=1939

Document form Record type broadcast Language

Title Behmd Germany's New Move. Documentation

Bnef descnpt A handwritten draft in ink of a broadcast by Janko Lavrin.

Content Summary Discusses the Anschluss and its possible Implications. Argues that a powerful German neighbour (as a result of the Anschluss) would be a less immediate threat to YugoslaVIa than a powerful and self-willed Italy. Person Name Subject keywords

Physical description Bulk 7 pp

Related matenal Type Reference

Publicatton record Summary Reference

Acquisition Accession number ACC682 Summary Transfer method Archival processmg Summary Documentatton Catalogued by MAH 1994

Locallon Permanent locatiOn Identity code JLC23

Repository Uruversity of Nottingham, Department of Manuscnpts

Description level 4

Record creation Person Role correspondent Name Matthews Person Role recipient Name Lavnn, Janko Date 262.1952 Place Country name England Region name Locality name London Site name University of London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies

Document form Record type correspondence Specific type letter Secondary form Language

Tl!le Documentation Letter from Matthews, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, London to Janko Lavnn, 26 February 1952

Content Summary Confirms their arrangement to meet at the School before Lavrin's departure for Sloverua; notifies him of a lecture on 'AnCient Russia and ScandinaVIa' by Professor Gunnarson; is pleased Lavnn liked his reVISions of Slojz Lenamc's versions of the two Preseren sonnets, insisting that they are regarded as LenarCic's work; will send Lavnn Ius own versiOns of Preseren's poetry before the end of Apnl. Summary In PS refers to a copy of Lu1gi Salvini's anthology of Slovene poetry which mcludes a great deal of Preseren's poetry, albett m English; pronuses to show 1t to him when they meet. Person Name Preseren & Lenarc1c, Slojz Subject keywords Physical description Bulk 2pp

Arcluval processing Summary Matthews Initials to be confirmed. Documentation Catalogued by MAH 1994

Location Permanent locatiOn Identity code JLC30

Repository Umversity of Nottingham, Department of Manuscnpts

Descnptton level 4

Record creation Person Role correspondent Name Jovanovic, Slobodan Person Role recipient Name Lavrin, Janko Date 13.7.1954 Place Country name England Region name London SW7 Locality name Cromwell Road Site name Tudor Hotel

Document form Record type correspondence Specific type letter Secondary form Language Serbo-croat?

Title Documentation Letter from Slobodan JovanoVJc, Tudor Hotel, Cromwell Road, London SW7 to Janko Lavnn, 13 July 1954

Content Summary Person Name Subject keywords

Physical description Bulk 1p Summary Condition

Archival processing Summary Language to be confirmed. Documentation Catalogued by MAH 1994

Location Permanent location Identity code JLLF 1

Repository University of Nottingham, Department of Manuscripts

Description level 4

Record creation Person Role Writer Name Lavrin, Janko Date 1945=1955

Document form Record type literary manuscripts Specific type short story Secondary form Language

Brief descript Typescript draft of runeteen short stones by Janko Lavrin subsequently published in part in 1956.

Content Summary Carbon copy of collected short stories paginated m a smgle sequences and spiral-bound. Many amendments in biro. Summary Titles are: A Dog's Life; Toady; An Old, Old Story; The Valley Of Peace; Three Proposals; An Adventurer; The Dervish; Before The Storm; The Inventor; HIS Excellency; Twenty Years Mter; A Career; On The Border; A Convert; The Importance Of Being Mute; Half A Pound Of Cheese; A Jolly Party; The End Of A Beginning; Hide And Seek. Subject keywords

Physical description Bulk 181 pp

Related matenal Summary Five of the six Lavrin short stories published in Adam: International Review (1956) are present Type Publication Reference JLP 8

Archival processing Summary Documentation Catalogued by MAH 1994

LocatiOn Permanent locatiOn Identity code JLLT 1

Repository Umversity of Nottingham, Department of Manuscripts

Descn ption level 4

Record creation Person Role Writer Name Bor, Matej Person Role Translator Name Lavrin, Janko Date 1%9

Document form Record type literary manuscripts SpecifiC type translation Language

Brief descript Handwritten draft with some typescript of Janko Lavrin's translation from the Slovene of Matej Bor's poem, 'A Wanderer went through the Atom Age.' winch was subsequently published.

Content Summary Handwntten draft in biro With some typescnpt which has amendments, of Janko Lavrin's translation from the Slovene of Matej Bor's poem ' A Wanderer went through the Atom Age.' Summary Title is:-A Wanderer went through the Atom Age: A Vision by Matej Bor. Translated from the Slovene by Janko Lavnn. Person Name Subject keywords

Physical descriplion Bulk 15 pp

Related material Type Reference

Archival processmg Summary Documentation Catalogued by MAH 1994

LocatiOn Permanent location Identity code JLP 4

Repository Uruversity of Nottmgham, Department of Manuscripts

Description level 4

Record creation Person Role author Name Lavnn, Janko Person Role publisher Name Methuen & Co Date 1948 Place Country name Reg~on name London Locality name Sl!e name

Document form Record type literary cnticism Specific type Secondary form Language

Title Ntetzsche: an approach Documentation

Brief descnpt Janko Lavnn, Nietzsche: an approach (Methuen & Co, London 1948)

Content Summary Lacks dust jacket Summary Th1s copy has been annotated and mterleaved with blank pages contatrung notes by Lavrin, apparently in preparation for a revised edition Subject keywords

Physical descnption Summary vii, 130 pp (last pages missing)

Related material Type Reference

Archlval processing Summary mbox6 Documentation Catalogued by MAH 1994

Location Permanent location Identity code JLX 1

Repository University of Nottmgham, Department of Manuscnpts

Descnption level 4

Record creation Person Role compiler Name Lavrin, Janko Date 1921=1943

Document form Record type miscellaneous Specific type

Language

Brief descript An exercise book in which are pasted newspaper cuttings of reVIews of Janko Lavrin's publications. Interleaved are loose cuttings and other cuttings pasted onto loose pages.

Content Summary A blue exercise book in which are pasted newspaper cuttings of reVIews of Janko Lavrin's 'Tolstoy: a psycho-cnticaJ study.' (Collins, 1924), of bis 'Nietzsche and Modem ConsciOusness: a psycho-critical study.' (Collins, 1922); of his 'lbsen and his creatiOn' (Colhns, 1921); interleaved are loose cuttings of reVIews of his 'Dostoevsky: a study by Janko Lavrin' (Methuen, 1943)

Subject keywords

Archival processmg Summary Documentation Catalogued by MAH 1994

Location Permanent location APPENDIX THREE: THE SHORT STORIES WHICH COMPRISE RECORDS JL L F 2 AND JL L F 3.

57 JL L F 2

PAGES 1 - 12 # * A Dog's Life 13 - 26 # * Toady 27 - 47 * Three Proposals 48 - 53 *An old, old story (later 'A Very Old Story) 54 - 69 The Valley of Peace 70 - 76 * The Dervish 77 - 82 An Adventurer 83 - 93 A Convert 94 - 116 Before the Storm 117 - 126 The Inventor 127 - 145 His Excellency 146 - 154 Twenty Years After 155 - 163 The Importance of being Mute 164 - 175 A Career 176 - 187 On the Border 188 - 194 # A Party 195 - 204 Half a Pound of Cheese 205 - 216 Hide and Seek 217 - 220 # The End of a Beginning (INCOMPLETE) 221 - ? Missing

D Not included in JL L F 3. * Published in Adam: an international review, 1956, 258-259. RECORD JL L F 3

PAGES 1 - 35 Missing 36 - 57 Three Proposals 58 - 63 Missing 64 - 79 What happened in the Valley of Peace 80 - 86 Missing 87 - 93 An Adventurer 94 - 104 A Convert (a fragment from Spain) 105 - 127 Before the Storm 128 - 137 The Inventor 138 - 155 His Excellency 156 - 164 Twenty Years After 165 - 173 The Importance of being Mute 174 - 185 A Career (a more or less fantastic tale of the late 1920s) 186 - 197 On the Border 198 - 204 Missing 205 - 214 Half a Pound of Cheese 215 - 224 Hide and Seek (INCOMPLETE) 225 - ? Missing

58 APPENDIX FOUR: THE FINDING AID.

59 JLB 1-12 1938=1969 Drafts of broadcasts made by Janko Lavrin, 1938-1969.

JL B 1 1938=1939 T1tle: • Behind Germany's New Move. • DIScusses the Anschluss and ns possible implicatiOns. Argues that a powerful German neighbour (as a result of the Anschluss) would be a less nnmediate threat to Yugoslavia than a powerful and self-willed Ita! y.

JL B 2 9.1940=6.1941 Title: • The Spmt of Britain" Descnbes the war as 'rap1dly approaching its climax'; Arnenca as 'anxiously watchmg the Battle of the Atlantic and only waitmg for the right moment to step in'; Russia as 'watching With no less amaety the Battle of the Mediterranean'. Explains how Great Bntam was, for various reasons, even less prepared for the outbreak of war than 'her bellicose ally France' and who subsequently 'betrayed her ally, Great Bntain, m the hope of winnmg favours WJth Hitler. Discusses how the 'miracle of Dunkirk' and the Battle of Bntam embodied the ' true spmt of Great Britain awakened by the present war'.

JL B 3 8.1941=121941 Title: • Professor Lavrin's European News Talk: Germany and the Small Nations.• Refers to the recent deportaton of the popula!Jons of two towns, Brezluce and Ptuy, in Lower Styna. He presumes that the children were taken to Germany whereas the parents were taken m cattle trucks to Southern YugoslaVIa. No news of their subsequent fates has been forthcoming. DIScusses how the Slovenes are a 'highly ciVI!Jsed small nation' in North West YugoslaVIa and how their treatment is typical of the NazJ attitude towards 'the helpless small nation in prac!Jce, no matter what Hitler's so-called 'new orders' may offer them m theory'.Emphasises how the majority of European nations are small ones, all of whom, w1th the exception of the Swedes, are either Hitler's VICtims or h1s dupes. Despite superficial differences, their treatment 1s the same by the Nazis, that IS, 'The more nations we destroy - the more room for us'.

60 Refers to how the hopes of the small nations for 'a victory of the democrallc forces' has been sllmulated by the Atlantic Charter.

JL B 4 1939=1945 Title: " Italy and We." Explains how the relations between Italy and Germany are rapidly detenorallng. Argues that the Italian people cannot be equated with their Fascist government in the way that the Germans can be with their Nazi one and that the Italian government had entered into an alliance With Germany against the people's will. Discusses how the Italian and Yugoslav questtons converge over the Germans' quest for Trieste which will gain them access to the Adriatic and the Mediterranean. The Italians' treatment of the Slovenes and other Yugoslavs has been more humane than that of the Germans because they realise that a fnendly and powerful YugoslaVIa would be a bulwark against German penetrallon of the Balkans and the Adriatic. He argues that once the Italians have nd themselves of their fascist regime they Will understand the necessity of a 'free and fnendly' Yugoslavia for a free and independent Italy.

JL B 5 1939=1945 Title: " Balkan News Talk: Italy and the Slovenes by Professor Lavnn." Final page(s) missing. Refers to the publication of an article m the Italian daily newspaper 'II Popole Do Italia' entitled 'The Responsibility of the Slovenes' which concludes 'The benevolent attitude of Italy to the Slovene nation has now come to an end once and for all.' Explains how the geographicallocallon of the Slovene nallon, between Greater Germany and the Adriatic, means that they are under threat from both Germany and Italy - from Germany because the Germans want to remove the Slovene bamer which prevents them spreading to the Adriatic ; and from Italy 'not so much in order to get rid of us but in order to prevent their German allies from penetrating to the Adriatic', that is, the Italians want to 'secure the enure hinterland of Trieste for Italy and to keep their wonderful German allies at a safe distance.'

61 JL B 6 1939=1945 Title: " EngliSh News Talk: Hitler and Napoleon by Professor Lavrin." Final page(s) missmg. Refers to Stalin's comment in a recent speech that 'Hitler was no more like Napoleon than cat is like a lion'. Contmues by comparing and contrasbng the two men.

JL B 7 1939=1945 T1tle: " 0 Nasih Nalogali v Sedanjem Polozaju" (Slovene]

JL B 8 1939=1945 Tllle: " Hitlerijeva B!lanca" [Slovene]

JL B 9 1939=1945 T!lle: " Missmg" M!ssmg page 1 with title. [Slovene]

JL B 10 21.7.1948 Letter from D. R. M. Ackland, Foreign Office Information Policy Department, 17 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1 to Janko Lavrin, University Collge, Nottingham, 21 July 1948 Informs JL that the British Far Eastern Broadcastmg Service, Singapore IS cons1denng broadcasting extracts from his talk 'The Russians' which was part of the 'Nallonal Characters' Senes and which were printed in the Central Office of Infom131ion's International Review 'Angin Barat'. They offered him the sum of two gwneas in return for the nght to broadcast the extracts m the languages used by B.F.E.B.S., Singapore within a period of three months.

JL B 11 1939=1945 Title: " The Slovene Scnpt of Prof. J. Lavnn's Broadcast on May 3rd: Sevanji PolozaJ m Balkan." [Slovene]

JL B 12 14.10.1969 Title: " Dvajset let pozneje" [Slovene]

62 JLC 1-70 1924=1985Correspondence received by Janko Lavrin, 1924-1985.

JLC 1 31.10.1924 Letter from Sydney Schiff, London to Janko Lavnn, 31 October 1924

JLC2 19.6.1926 Letter from Sydney Schiff, London to Janko Lavrin, 19 June, 1926

JLC3 24.11.1927 Letter from George R. Mayes, Department of SlaVIc Languages, Umversity of California at Berkeley, California, to Janko Lavrin, Umversity College, Nottingham, 24 November 1927

JLC4 12.6.1931 Letter from Edwin Muir, Crowborough to Janko Lavrin, 12 June 1931

JLC5 12.1931 Letter from Rija Rio, Magagnosc, Alps Manttmes, France to Janko Lavrin, December 1931

JLC6 22.6.1934 Letter from E.L. W. Fenton, 41 St. George's Square, London S.W.1 to Janko Lavrin, 22 June 1934

JLC7 17.10.1941 Letter from Sacheverell Sitwell, Weston Hall, Towcester, Northamptonslure, England to Janko Lavrin, 17 October 1941

JLC8 29.12.1943 Reprograpluc copy of letter from lieutenant Corporal V. Pinto, F.S. W. Intelligence Corps, G.H.Q., Middle East Forces to Janko Lavnn, 1 Essex Court, The Temple, London E.C.4, 29 December 1943

JLC9 17.9.1948 Letter from Fanny S. Copeland, Albergo Bei, Bibbiona, Arezzo, Italy to Janko Lavrin, 17 September, 1948

63 ------

JL C 10 8.10.1948 Incomplete and unsigned letter from [Fanny Copeland], Albergo Bei, Bibbiona, Arezzo, Italy to Janko Lavrin, 8 October 1948

JL C 11 9.11.1948 Incomplete and unsigned letter from unidenttfied writer at St John's College, Oxford to Janko Lavrin, 9 November 1948

JL C 12 20.1.1949 Letter from L. Matthews, Information Services Branch, 25 Volkermarkter Ring, Klagenfurt to Janko Lavrin, 20 January 1949

JL C 13 26.1.1949 Typed letter from Herbert Read, Routledge, Kegan and Paul, Broadway House, Carter Lane, London E.C.4 to Janko Lavrin, University of Nottingham, 26 January 1949

JL C 14 29.3.1949 Typed letter from Herbert Read, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, Broadway House, 68-74 Carter Lane, London EC4 to Janko Lavnn, University of Nottingham, 29 March 1949

JL C 15 3.3.1950 Typed letter from Herbert Read, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, Broadway House, 68-74 Carter Lane, London EC4 to Janko Lavrin, University of Notllngham, 3 March, 1950

JL C 16 11.4.1950 Letter from J. Anan, 2 Blunden Road, Birmingham to Professor Janko Lavnn, 11 Apnl1950

JL C 17 3.5.1950 Typed letter from Herbert Read, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, Broadway House, 68-74 Carter Lane, London EC4 to Janko Lavrin, University of Nottingham, 3 May, 1950

64 JL C 18 83.1951 Typed letter from Ambasada Federativne Narodne Republike Jugoslavlje, 195 Queen's Gate, London SW7 to Janko Lavnn, Department of Slavoruc Languages, Uruversity of Nottingham, 8 March 1951

JL C 19 22.5.1951 Letter from 'I W, 25 Grange Road, Cambndge to Janko Lavrin, 22 May 1951

JL C 20 13 6.1951 Letter from M!chael McCarthy, 43 Apple Grove, Enfield, Middlesex to Janko Lavrin, 13 June 1951

JL C 21 4.2.1952 Letter from Alec Brown, Stubhampton Gate, Tarrant Gunv!lle, Blandford, Dorset, England to Janko Lavrin, 4 February 1952

JL C 22 11.2.1952 Letter from Angel F1ores, Queen's College, F1ushing, New York to Janko Lavnn, 11 February 1952

JL C 23 26.2.1952 Letter from Matthews, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, London to Janko Lavnn, 26 February 1952

JL C 24 9.9.1952 Autographed carbon of typed letter from Charles Rosner, Sylvan Press Ltd., 24 Museum Street, London WC1 to Janko Lavnn, 83 West Hill, East Putuey, London, 9 September, 1952

JL C 25 1.1954 Typed letter from Ritclue Calder, 21 Strutton Ground, London SW1 to Janko Lavnn, Red Cottage, Angel Road, Thames Ditton, Surrey, January 1954

65 JL C 26 8.3.1954 Typed letter from Alec Brown, Stubhampton Gate, Tarrant Gunv!lle, Blandford, Dorset to Janko Lavrin, 8 March 1954

JL C 27 21.3.1954 Typed letter from Alec Brown, Stubhampton Gate, Tarrant Gunv!lle, Blandford, Dorset to Janko Lavrin, 21 March 1954

JL C 28 25.4.1954 Letter from Vivian [de Sola Pmto], Hemel Hempstead, London to Janko Lavnn, Thames Dutton, 25 April 1954

JL C 29 9.7.1954 Typed letter from Stnngfellow Barr, 802 East Jefferson Street, Charlottesville, Virgima, USA to Janko Lavrin, 15 Angel Road, Thames Dltton, Surrey, England, 9 July 1954

JL C 30 13.7.1954 Letter from Slobodan Jovanovic, Tudor Hotel, Cromwell Road, London SW7 to Janko Lavnn, 13 July 1954

JL C 31 18.6.1956 Typed letter from The President, Drustvo Slovensloh Knjizevrukov, Ljubljana-Wolfova 1/III to Janko Lavrin, 18 June 1956

JL C 32 23.7.1956 Letter from Lance Whyte, 93 Redington Road, Hampstead, London to Janko Lavrin, 15 Angel Road, Thames Ditton 23 July 1956

JL C 33 4.1.1958 Airletter from Henry Miller, Big Sur, California, USA to Janko Lavrin, 15 Angel Road, Thames Dltton, Surrey, England, 4 January 1958

JL C 34 23.4.1958 Letter from Henry Miller, Big Sur, Cahforma, USA to Janko Lavrin, 23 Apri11958

66 JL C 35 19.8.1958 Letter from Henry Mlller, Big Sur, California, USA to Janko Lavnn, 19 August, 1958

JL C 36 21.11.1960 Letter from John Huntington, Putnam & Co, Publishers, 42 Great Russell Street, London W C 1 to Janko Lavrin, 15 Angel Road, Thames Dltton, Surrey, England

JL C 37 24.2.1%2 Letter from Hans Walz, 3012 Langenhagen/Hann., Sonnenweg 25, West Germany to Janko Lavrin, 15 Angel Road, Thames Dutton, Surrey, England, 24 February 1%2

JL C 38 11.3.1%2 Letter from Hans Walz, 3012 Langenhagen/Hann , Sonnenweg 25, West Germany to Janko Lavrin, 11 March 1%2

JL C 39 26.10.1%2 Letter from Dr J Schwartz, Amencan University Library Agent: Modem Author Manuscript Collections, 14 Chichester Terrace, Bnghton, Sussex, England to Janko Lavnn, 26 October 1%2

JL C 40 7.12.1%2 Letter from Kenneth Richards, Vesclova 8/4, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia to Janko Lavrin, 7 December 1%2

JL C 41 10.1.1%3 Letter from R.G.H.[?], School of Slavomc and East European Studies, University of London, London, to Janko Lavnn, 15 Angel Road, Thames Ditton, Surrey, England, 10 January 1%3

JL C 42 13.12.1%3 Letter from P.H.Butler, Harrneny, Upper Malone Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland to Janko Lavnn, 13 December 1%3

67 JL C 43 30.8.1965 Letter from Mrs Marjorie Watts, International P.E.N., Glebe House, 62/63 Glebe Place, Chelsea, London SW 3 to Janko Lavrin, 30 August 1965

JL C 44 27.3.1966 Letter from Lute Kadic, Department of Slavic Languages and Literature, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA to Janko Lavrin, 27 March 1966

JL C 45 26.1.1969 Letter from Edi Gobec, Associate Professor of SociOlogy and Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, Oh10, USA to Janko Lavrin, Ementus Professor of Nottmgham University, 28 Addison Gardens, London W 14 26 January 1969

JL C 46 31.3.1966 Letter from Lilian and Lothair [?] to Janko Lavrin, 31 March 1966

JL C 47 2.4.1967 Letter from [?] Mladmska Knjiga, Konzorc1j, TI!ova, LjubJlana, Yugoslavia to Janko Lavrin, 2 Apnl 1967

JL C 48 23.10.1967 Letter from SARussell, Russell & Russell, Pubhshers, 122 East 42 Street, New York, New York to Janko Lavnn, 28 Addison Gardens, London W 14 23 October 1967

JL C 49 19.11.1968 Letter from AE.Commins, Principal Keeper of Printed Books, The Bntish Museum, London WC 1 to Janko Lavrin, 28 Addison Gardens, London W 14

JL C 50 21.8.1969 Letter from Betty [?], London SW15 to Janko Lavnn, 21 August 1969

68 JLC51 11.9.1%9 Letter from Rosemary Timperley, Surrey, England to Janko Lavrin, c/o Geoffrey Bles Ltd., 52 Doughty Street, London WC1

JLC52 13.2.1970 Letter from Chnstine Bemard, Senior Editor, Studio Vista Publishers, Blue Star House, Hlghgate Hill, London N 19 to Janko Lavrin, 28 Add1son Gardens, London W 14

JLC53 26.2.1970 Letter from Aleksandr Pamis, Kiev 49, Ukraine, USSR to Janko Lavrin, 26 February, 1970

JLC54 26.3.1972 Letter from B.Markovic, Rome, Italy to Janko Lavrin, 28 Addison Gardens, London W14 26 March 1972.

JL C 55 8.5.1973 Letter from Frank Ussauer, Essex to Janko Lavnn and Mrs Lavnn, 8 May 1973

JL C 56 30.1.1974 Letter from Gerald Smith, Department of Russian Language and Literature, University of Birmingham, Bmmngham to Janko Lavrin and Mrs Lavrin, 28 Addison Gardens, London W14, 30 January 1974

JL C 57 19.1.1976 Letter from Zlatko Gmjan, Zagreb, YugoslaVIa to Janko Lavrin, 19 January 1976

JL C 58 24.11.1976 Letter from Professor Momca Partndge, Department of Slavonic Studies, University of Nottingham, England to Janko Lavnn, 28 Addison Gardens, London W14, 24 November 1976

JL C 59 13.2.1978 Letter from Professor Monica Panndge, Nottingham to Janko Lavnn, 13 February 1978.

69 JL C 60 3.3.1978 Letter from Judith Raftery, California, USA to Janko Lavrin, 28 Addison Gardens, London W14, 3 March,1978.

JL C 61 00.06.1978 Letter from Josephine Pullein-Thompson, General Secretary, The English Centre of International P.E.N., 7 Dilke Street, London SW3 4JE to Janko Lavrin, June 1978.

JL C 62 16.7.1978 Letter from Peter H. liddle, 1914-1918 Archives, Sunderland Polytechnic, Chester Road, Sunderland to Janko Lavrin, 16 July 1978.

JL C 63 31.1.1979 Letter from Ray Cooke, Berkshire, England to Janko Lavnn, 31 January 1979

JL C 64 19.4.1979 Letter from Ray Cooke, Berkshire, England to Janko Lavrin, 19 Apnl 1979

JL C 65 24.9.1984 Letter from Dr John Elsworthy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England to Janko Lavrin, 24 September 1984

JL C 66 25.3.1985 Letter from Rado LI..encek, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, N.Y., USA to Janko Lavrin, 28 Lower Addison Gardens, London W 14

JL C 67 n.d. Letter from ALRowse, Cornwall, England to Janko Lavrin [undated]

JL C 68 n.d. Letter from Edith Sitwell, 22 Pembridge Mansions, Moscow Road, London W2 to Janko Lavnn, [undated]

JL C 69 n.d. Letter from Lance Whyte, London SW7, England to Janko Lavnn [undated]

70 JLC70 nd Letter from Lance Whyte, London, NW3 England to Janko Lavnn, 25 November

JLLF 1-10 1945=1955 Literary manuscripts of short stories written by Janko Lavrin, 1945-1955

JL L F 1 1945=1955 Carbon copy of collected short stones pagmated in a single sequences and spiral-bound. Many amendments in biro. Titles are: A Dog's Life; Toady; An Old, Old Story; The Valley Of Peace; Three Proposals; An Adventurer; The DeMsh; Before The Storm; The Inventor; His Excellency; Twenty Years After; A Career; On The Border; A Convert; The Importance Of Bemg Mute; Half A Pound Of Cheese; A Jolly Party; The End Of A Beginmng; Hide And Seek.

JL L F 2 1945=1955 Carbon copy of collected short stories paginated in a single sequence and attached together. Fmal pages are missing. Many correcllons in mk and biro. Titles are: A Dog's Life; Toady; Three Proposals: An old, old story; The Valley of Peace; The DeMsh; An Adventurer; A Convert; Before The Storm; The Inventor; His Excellency; Twenty Years After; The Importance Of Bemg Mute; A Career; On The Border; A Party; Half A Pound Of Cheese; Hide And Seek; The End Of A Beginning.

JL L F 3 1945=1955 Carbon copy of collected short stones paginated in a smgle sequence and attached together. Missing pp 1-35 and fmal pages. Many correcllons in ink and brro. All titles are also present m JL L F 2, which appears to be a later version of tiJe stories.

JL L F 4 1945=1955 Carbon copies and handwntten (in pencii and biro) drafts of frontispieces, contents pages and introductions to tiJe collecllon of short stones. Many corrections and amendments. Also a typed list of books by Janko Lavnn.

71 JL L F 5 1945=1955 Title: " Instead of an Ep1Iogue" Carbon copy, paginated as part of a larger sequence and headed [Chapter] Twenty. Poss1bly intended to conclude JL L F 1.

JL L F 6 1945=1955 Tnle: "When The Dev1I Steps In" Carbon copy, pag~nated in a single sequence and headed [Chapter] Three. Many correctiOns m buo.

JL L F 7 1945=1955 Typescript copy of a short story paginated as a smgle item. A few corrections m pencil, buo and typex. Tnle 1s: A Confessor's Confession.

JL L F 8 1945=1955 Handwntten drafts m penc1I and ink of indiVIdual short stories, apparently never published. Titles are: The Adventure of Peter Winter; Cetmje; The Mountam Paradise; Spin; On Holiday; A Debut; A Dilemma; A Meeting; A Pyrenean Abbey; A Floral Fesnval; A Smuggler's Village; The Trail of Troubadours; An Ex-Samt; A Samt; Sisters; Untttled; The Gardener; Unlltled; A Party; Rousslllon; Rivalry; An Easter Triptych; Zaicev.

JL L F 9 1945=1955 Handwritten drafts in pencil and buo and typed manuscripts of indlVldual short stones, apparently never published. Titles are: On Credit; A Welcome Return; Success by Proxy; Unutled; Homesickness; The First Anruversary; From The 'Apocalypse'.

JLLF 10 1945=1955 Handwritten drafts in b1ro of mdividual fables numbered consecutively from one to twelve. Titles are: Two Companions; A Tnfhng D1fference; A Logical Opinion; The Deer and the Crow; Universal Peace; Two Relatives; The Caut1ous Snail; The Wolf and the Nightingale; The Perfect Ass; The Thrush and the Owl; Obvious Success; Last Wish.

72 JLLT 1-2 1969 literary translations made by Janko Lavrin, 1969

JLLT 1 1%9 Handwritten draft in biro wtth some typescript which has amendments, of Janko Lavrin's translation from the Slovene of Matej Bor's poem ' A Wanderer went through the Atom Age.' Title 1s:-A Wanderer went through the Atom Age: A Vision by Matej Bor. Translated from the Slovene by Janko Lavnn.

JLLT2 1%9 Untitled carbon copy of Janko Lavrin's translation from the Slovene of Matej Bar's poem 'A Wanderer went through the Atom age'.

JLP 1-12 1922=1962 Works published by Janko Lavrin, 1922-1962.

JL p 1 1922 Janko Lavrin, Nietzsche and modem consciousness: a psycho-critical study (W. Col11ns Sons & Co Ltd, London, 1922)

JLP 2 1942 Janko Lavnn, An introduction to the Russian novel (Methuen & Co, London 1942)

JLP 3 1947 Janko Lavrin, Pushkm and Russian literature (Hodder & Stoughton for the English Universities Press, London, 1947)

JLP 4 1948 Janko Lavnn, Nietzsche: an approach (Methuen & Co, London 1948)

JLP 5 1950 Janko Lavnn, lbsen: an approach (Methuen & Co, London 1950)

73 JLP 6 1951 Janko Lavrin, Nikolai Gogol (1809-1852): a centenary survey (Sylvan Press, London 1951)

JLP 7 1954 Janko Lavrin, Goncharov (Studies in Modem European literature and Thought; Bowes & Bowes, Cambndge 1954)

JLP 8 1956 Adam: mtemational reVIew, 24 nos 258-259 (1956); an issue devoted to Janko Lavrin's short stories.

JLP 9 121957 Janko Lavnn, 'Some notes on Lennontov's Romanticism', The Slavonic and East European Review 36, 86 (1957), pp. 69-80.

JLP 10 1.1%1 Janko Lavrin, 'Vladnnir SolOVIev and Slavopluhsm', The Russian ReVIew 20, 1(1%1), pp.ll-18.

JLPll 1%2 Janko Lavnn, Nikolai Gogol 1809-1852 (Ollher Books, New York 1%2)

JLP 12 10.1%2 Janko Lavrin, 'Populists and Slavophiles', The Russian Review 21, 4 (1%2), pp.307-317.

JLX 1-2 1921=1947 MlsceUaneous items belonging to Janko Lavrin, 1921-1947

JL X 1 1921=1943 A blue exercise book in which are pasted newspaper cuttings of reVIews of Janko Lavrin's 'Tolstoy: a psycho-critical study.' (Ollhns, 1924), of Ius 'Nietzsche and Modem OJnsciousness: a psycho-cnncal study.' (OJDins, 1922); of his 'Ibsen and his creation' (OJUins, 1921); mterleaved are loose cutlings of reviews of his 'Dostoevsky: a study by Janko Lavnn' (Methuen, 1943)

74 ------

JL X 2 1926=1947 Green exercise book in wluch are pasted newspaper cuttings of reVIews of Janko Lavrin's 'Gogol' (Routledge, 1926); interleaved are loose pages on which are pasted reviews of Janko Lavrin's 'Dostoevsky' (Macmillan, 1947) and of his 'Tolstoy: an approach'(Macmillan, 1946)

75 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BRADSHER, James Gregory, ed. Managing archives and archival institutions. London: Mansell Publishing, 1988.

BRAWN, Martyn F. A computerized finding aid for the Arnold Papers held in the archives of Rugby School. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, Loughborough University of Technology, 1993.

BRIGGS, A.D.P. The wild world: a comparative study of Pushkin's 'The Bronze Horseman', Nekrasov's 'Red-Nosed Frost', and Blok's 'The Twelve'. Lewiston: Me1len Press, 1990.

COOK, Michael. Information management and archival data. London: Library Association Publishing, 1993.

COOK, Michael and Margaret Proctor. A manual of archival description. 2nd ed. Aldershot: Gower, 1989.

76 I

McCRANK, Lawrence J., ed. Archives and library administration: divergent traditions and common concerns. London: Haworth Press, 1986.

McCRANK, Lawrence J., ed. Automating the archives; issues and problems in computer applications. New York: Knowledge Industry Publications, 1981.

PEACE, Nancy E, ed. Archival choices: managing the historical t ' record in an age of abundance. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1984. '' • > '

PENMAN, Colin. Computerisation of the Vaughan Papers in the Archives of Rugby School. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, Loughborough University of Technology, 1993.

.,i

SCRASE, Miranda H. Creating an inventory: a finding aid to the records of' the Derbyshire branch of the National Farmers' Union. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, Loughborough University of Technology, 1991.

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