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The Early Netherlandish Underdrawing Craze and the End of a Connoisseurship Era
Genius disrobed: The Early Netherlandish underdrawing craze and the end of a connoisseurship era Noa Turel In the 1970s, connoisseurship experienced a surprising revival in the study of Early Netherlandish painting. Overshadowed for decades by iconographic studies, traditional inquiries into attribution and quality received a boost from an unexpected source: the Ph.D. research of the Dutch physicist J. R. J. van Asperen de Boer.1 His contribution, summarized in the 1969 article 'Reflectography of Paintings Using an Infrared Vidicon Television System', was the development of a new method for capturing infrared images, which more effectively penetrated paint layers to expose the underdrawing.2 The system he designed, followed by a succession of improved analogue and later digital ones, led to what is nowadays almost unfettered access to the underdrawings of many paintings. Part of a constellation of established and emerging practices of the so-called 'technical investigation' of art, infrared reflectography (IRR) stood out in its rapid dissemination and impact; art historians, especially those charged with the custodianship of important collections of Early Netherlandish easel paintings, were quick to adopt it.3 The access to the underdrawings that IRR afforded was particularly welcome because it seems to somewhat offset the remarkable paucity of extant Netherlandish drawings from the first half of the fifteenth century. The IRR technique propelled rapidly and enhanced a flurry of connoisseurship-oriented scholarship on these Early Netherlandish panels, which, as the earliest extant realistic oil pictures of the Renaissance, are at the basis of Western canon of modern painting. This resulted in an impressive body of new literature in which the evidence of IRR played a significant role.4 In this article I explore the surprising 1 Johan R. -
The Ghent Altarpiece”
“The Ghent Altarpiece” or “The Adoration of the Mystical Lamb” By Jan van Eyck 1432 This celebrated masterpiece—which also holds the dubious distinction of being the world’s most stolen artwork—is a remarkable testament to the virtuosity of the Flemish painter Jan van Eyck. Not only does the “Ghent Altarpiece” astound through its use of vibrant color and texture, the painting is also the first of its kind in which an artist pays deliberate attention to detail, drawn directly from nature. Through this display of detail, the painting gave birth to a “new realism” in northern renaissance art. In this regard, then, the “Ghent Altarpiece” is one of humanity’s great artworks, with a significance to art and world heritage that ranks it as one of the most important works of art in the entire world. The altarpiece consists of 24 framed panels and can be viewed from two sides—a front view, as pictured here, and a back view. In the upper panels we see the Virgin Mary, Christ and John the Baptist. Below, are angels singing, and playing music. Further below, are panels that comprise the adoration of the lamb with the faithful streaming forward toward the scene in separate side panels. The Upper Panels (Center): While the identities of the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist are unmistakable, there is debate over the identity of the central figure. Most commonly understood to be Christ, art historians through the years have noticed several elements in this central figure’s portrayal that indicate that van Eyck may have intended this figure to represent a melding of God and Christ. -
On Making a Film of the MYSTIC LAMB by Jan Van Eyck
ARAS Connections Issue 4, 2012 Figure 1 The Mystic Lamb (1432), Jan van Eyck. Closed Wings. On Making a film of THE MYSTIC LAMB by Jan van Eyck Jules Cashford Accompanying sample clip of the Annunciation panel, closed wings middle register from DVD is available free on YouTube here. Full Length DVDs are also available. Details at the end of this article. The images in this paper are strictly for educational use and are protected by United States copyright laws. Unauthorized use will result in criminal and civil penalties. 1 ARAS Connections Issue 4, 2012 Figure 2 The Mystic Lamb (1432), Jan van Eyck. Open Wings. The Mystic Lamb by Jan van Eyck (1390–1441) The Mystic Lamb (1432), or the Ghent Altarpiece, in St. Bavo’s Cathedral in Ghent, is one of the most magnificent paintings of the Early Northern Renais- sance. It is an immense triptych, 5 meters long and 3 meters wide, and was origi- nally opened only on feast days, when many people and painters would make a pilgrimage to be present at the sacred ritual. They could see – when the wings were closed – the annunciation of the Angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, which The images in this paper are strictly for educational use and are protected by United States copyright laws. Unauthorized use will result in criminal and civil penalties. 2 ARAS Connections Issue 4, 2012 they knew as the Mystery of the Incarnation. But when the wings were opened they would witness and themselves participate in the revelation of the new order: the Lamb of God, the story of Christendom, and the redemption of the World. -
EARLY NETHERLANDISH PAINTING Part One
EARLY NETHERLANDISH PAINTING part one Early Netherlandish painting is the work of artists, sometimes known as the Flemish Primitives, active in the Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands during the 15th- and 16th-century Northern Renaissance, especially in the flourishing cities of Bruges, Ghent, Mechelen, Leuven, Tounai and Brussels, all in present-day Belgium. The period begins approximately with Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck in the 1420s and lasts at least until the death of Gerard David in 1523, although many scholars extend it to the start of the Dutch Revolt in 1566 or 1568. Early Netherlandish painting coincides with the Early and High Italian Renaissance but the early period (until about 1500) is seen as an independent artistic evolution, separate from the Renaissance humanism that characterised developments in Italy; although beginning in the 1490s as increasing numbers of Netherlandish and other Northern painters traveled to Italy, Renaissance ideals and painting styles were incorporated into northern painting. As a result, Early Netherlandish painters are often categorised as belonging to both the Northern Renaissance and the Late or International Gothic. Robert Campin (c. 1375 – 1444), now usually identified with the Master of Flémalle (earlier the Master of the Merode Triptych), was the first great master of Flemish and Early Netherlandish painting. Campin's identity and the attribution of the paintings in both the "Campin" and "Master of Flémalle" groupings have been a matter of controversy for decades. Campin was highly successful during his lifetime, and thus his activities are relatively well documented, but he did not sign or date his works, and none can be confidently connected with him. -
A Further Source for the Ghent Altarpiece? the Revelations Of
GRANTLEY MCDONALd A Further Source for the Ghent Altarpiece? TheRevelations of Bridget of Sweden The fact that so many of the iconographical details of the Ghent Altarpiece are derived from the Apocalypse of John makes it easy to overlook the fact that others are not. Whoever was responsible for the iconographical program of the altarpiece clearly drew on several subsidiary sources besides the bible. In this paper it is suggested that one of these subsidiary sources was the Revelations of Bridget of Sweden. Reminiscences of Bridget’s visions may be found not merely in the iconography of the altarpiece, but also in its inscriptions. The iconographical program of the Ghent Altarpiece, with its almost overwhelming richness of detail, has long been the subject of vigorous discussion and diverging conclu- sions.1 Fortunately, the inscriptions on the painting provide some points of reference.2 They assist the viewer not merely to understand the individual details of the work, but also — by constantly pointing the eye to other locations within the painting and by emphasising the dialectic between its elements — to make connexions between the parts and thus to ‘read’ the narrative of the entire composition. Being verbal, the inscriptions also link the imagery of the painting to texts, particularly to the rich tradition of biblical commentary and devotional literature with which the clergy and the more literate laity were intimately familiar. Some of these inscriptions have been identified as deriving more or less faithfully from authorities such as Augustine, and such associations have clarified the iconography to a certain extent. But there is still much that remains unclear. -
The Friedsam Annunciation and the Problem of the Ghent Altarpiece Author(S): Erwin Panofsky Reviewed Work(S): Source: the Art Bulletin, Vol
The Friedsam Annunciation and the Problem of the Ghent Altarpiece Author(s): Erwin Panofsky Reviewed work(s): Source: The Art Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Dec., 1935), pp. 432-473 Published by: College Art Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3045596 . Accessed: 14/06/2012 19:48 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. College Art Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Art Bulletin. http://www.jstor.org THE FRIEDSAM ANNUNCIATIONAND THE PROBLEMOF THE GHENT ALTARPIECE By ERWIN PANOFSKY N 1932 the collection of Early Flemish paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of New York was enriched by a fine and rather enigmatical Annunciation acquired and formerly owned by Col. Michael Friedsam (Fig. I). It has been tentatively attributed to Petrus Cristus, with the reservation, however, that it is "almost a van Eyck."1 To the attribution to Petrus Cristus there are several objections. The Friedsam painting does not show the technical characteristics of the other works by this master (the handling of the medium being "more archaic," as I learn from an eminent American X-ray expert,2 nor does it fit into his artistic development. -
237 PENNY HOWELL JOLLY More on the Van Eyck Question
237 PENNY HOWELL JOLLY More on the Van Eyck Question: Philip the Good of Burgundy, Isabelle of Portugal, and the Ghent Altarpiece Carel van Mander's incorrect assertion in his Het.schilder-boel? of 1604. that Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy cornrnissioned the Ghent Altarpiece from Jan van 1'lnilip's court artist for sixteen years, has been taken as yet another instance of that author's unreliability as an historian. However, this appa- rcntly erroneous statement may reflect a different role that Philip and the ducal family played with regard to the altarpiece. While Philip certainly was not the donor, it does appear that he, his third wife Isabelle of Portugal, and their potential for producing heirs who would perpetuate the House nl"<aluis were significant elements within thc elaborate schema of the altarpiece. I be- lieve that Jan van Eyck, in the Ghent Altarpiece, has included a portrait of Isabelle disguised as the figure of the Erythrean Sibyl, has alluded to Philip's rule over Ghent as the Count of Flanders, and has relerrcd to the birth and baptism of Philip's hoped-for legal hcir, Jossc. Through analysis of the histori- cal situation in which the altarpiece was produced, we can discover how con- temporary events affected its iconographical program. Further, and probably more irnportantly, the association of certain panels with specific historical events of the early 1 4 jo's will enable us to date them after the death of Hubert van Eyck, and thus shed sorne light on the age-old problem of 'hands' in the Ghent Altarpiece. -
The Conservation Treatment of the Ghent Altarpiece by the Van Eyck Brothers (1432)
The conservation treatment of the Ghent Altarpiece by the Van Eyck brothers (1432) Elaborate press kits on the conservation treatment, the rediscovery of the original Lamb and a statement on its appearance are available at the KIK-IRPA’s press page: http://www.kikirpa.be/EN/136/371/Press.htm or www.kikirpa.be > Press Images for publication (Lukas – Art in Flanders): [email protected] Information on the conservation treatment or interviews with the restorers: [email protected] | 02 739 68 08 | 0494 32 07 80 The first two phases of the conservation treatment of the Ghent Altarpiece by the Van Eyck brothers took place between October 2012 and December 2019. They were carried out at the request of the Churchwardens of St Bavo’s Cathedral by the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA) at the Museum of Fine Arts Ghent (MSK). Two exhibition rooms were redesigned as a conservation studio with a glass wall that allowed visitors to view the treatment in progress. 80% of the treatment was financed by the Flemish government (Flanders Heritage Agency and Department of Culture, Youth and Media, 40% each) and the remaining 20% by the Baillet Latour Fund. Phase 1: October 2012 – October 2016 (completed) Before treatment After treatment When the restoration of the panels of the closed altarpiece started in October 2012, it had been planned to remove the relatively recent retouching and oxidized modern varnish, consolidate the paint layers and conserve the supports. The restorers, however, gradually discovered that the paint layer was covered by very large zones of overpaint, the existence of which had been unknown for centuries. -
99060 Van Eyck UTP 18 Voorwerk.Indd
Contents Editors’ Preface IX Notes to the Reader XI Abbreviations XIII PART I. THE GHENT ALTARPIECE 1 The Ghent Altarpiece Revisited: 2012-2017 Anne van Grevenstein-Kruse and Hélène Dubois 3 2 Gems in the Water of Paradise. The Iconography and Reception of Heavenly Stones in the Ghent Altarpiece Marjolijn Bol 35 3 The Adoration of the Lamb. Philip the Good and Van Eyck’s Just Judges Luc Dequeker 51 4 ‘Revenons à notre Mouton’. Paul Coremans, Erwin Panofsky, Martin Davies and the Mystic Lamb Hélène Dubois, Jana Sanyova and Dominique Vanwijnsberghe 67 5 Results of Three Campaigns of Dendrochronological Analysis on the Ghent Altarpiece (1986-2013) Pascale Fraiture 77 6 Research into the Structural Condition and Insights as to the Original Appearance of the Panels and Frames of the Ghent Altarpiece Aline Genbrugge and Jessica Roeders 97 7 Small Hairs. Meaning and Material of a Multiple Detail in the Ghent Altarpiece’s Adam and Eve Panels Ann-Sophie Lehmann 107 8 Le rôle du dessin sous-jacent et de l’ébauche préparatoire au lavis dans la genèse des peintures de l’Agneau Mystique Catheline Périer-D’Ieteren 121 9 Art and Compensation. Joos Vijd and the Programme of the Ghent Altarpiece Bernhard Ridderbos 137 10 John the Baptist and the Book of Isaiah in the Ghent Altarpiece Patricia Stirnemann, Claudine A. Chavannes-Mazel and Henry Dwarswaard 145 11 La présentation de l’Agneau Mystique dans la chapelle Vijd. Le rapprochement progressif de deux retables Hélène Verougstraete 157 12 The Frames by Schinkel for the Wings of the Ghent Altarpiece and the Copies in Berlin Bettina von Roenne 179 PART II. -
163 Jan Van Eyck and the Madonna of Chancellor Nicolas Rolin
JAMES SNYDER Jan van Eyck and the Madonna of Chancellor Nicolas Rolin MORE is known about the life of Jan van Eyck than of any other important Netherlandish painter of the fifteenth century, and yet the development of his art, especially before the completion of the Ghent Altarpiece in 1432, remains a disconcerting if not embarrassing issue for scholars of Dutch and Flemish painting*. The problem of the evolution of his early style focuses on a few key monuments, and the controversies arising from two of these, the Hand G miniatures in the Turin-Milan Hours and the Ghent Altarpiece itself, are so familiar that they need no explanation here. But the problem grows, and the issues posed by a third major work, the so-called Madonna of Chancellor Rolin (Figs. 1-4) have only recently been raised. Some scholars see the panel as the work of Van Eyck's very earliest period, exe- cuted probably in Liege before he entered the service of the Burgundian court in Flanders in 1425, and thus as a clear demonstration that his style had fully matured before he left the Mosan valley-where he allegedly was born and first trained-to settle in Flandersl. This dating completely disrupts the more generally accepted chronology of Jan van Eyck's oeuvre. The Rolin Madonna is usually dated in the middle thirties and is taken to indicate that his style crystallized only after he had been in the service of Philip the Good for five or ten years2. The later dating is more convincing in terms of the style. -
Jan Van Eyck's Dresden Triptych
Volume 3, Issue 1 (Winter 2011) Jan van Eyck’s Dresden Triptych: new evidence for the Giustiniani of Genoa in the Borromei ledger for Bruges, 1438 Noëlle L.W. Streeton Recommended Citation: Noëlle L.W. Streeton, “Jan van Eyck’s Dresden Triptych: New Evidence for the Giustiniani of Genoa in the Borromei Ledger for Bruges, 1438,” JHNA 3:1 (Winter 2011), DOI: 10.5092/ jhna.2011.3.1.1 Available at https://jhna.org/articles/jan-van-eycks-dresden-triptych-new-evidence-giustini- ani-of-genoa-borromei-ledger-bruges/ Published by Historians of Netherlandish Art: https://hnanews.org/ Republication Guidelines: https://jhna.org/republication-guidelines/ Notes: This PDF is provided for reference purposes only and may not contain all the functionality or features of the original, online publication. This is a revised PDF that may contain different page numbers from the previous version. Use electronic searching to locate passages. This PDF provides paragraph numbers as well as page numbers for citation purposes. ISSN: 1949-9833 JHNA 3:1 (Winter 2011) 1 JAN VAN EYCK’S DRESDEN TRIPTYCH: NEW EVIDENCE FOR THE GIUSTINIANI OF GENOA IN THE BORROMEI LEDGER FOR BRUGES, 1438 Noëlle L.W. Streeton Ledgers from the Milanese bank Filippo Borromei and Company of Bruges and London have been transcribed by James Bolton and Francesco Guidi Bruscoli as part of the Borromei Research Project at Queen Mary, University of London. The ledger for Bruges, dated 1438, offers information about the financial activities of the Giustiniani family of Genoa and names Raffaello Giustiniani as the member of the family based in Bruges. -
Jan Van Eyck 1. What Was Michelangelo's Opinion of Northern
Jan van Eyck Worksheet 8 1. What was Michelangelo’s opinion of Northern Renaissance painting? What do his comments tell us about the differences between Northern and Southern painting? What are the general characteristics of Northern Renaissance painting? He thought it was too raw in its expressive emotion. He thought that it would appeal to the spiritually devout but not to the rational mind. It lacks mathematical structure. It was obsessive about the external “exactness” of things. He thought that the painting tried to do everything and so did nothing well. 2. Where did the belief that Van Eyck invented oil painting come from? Did he? Vasari. No. Many artists were already experimenting with combining oil and tempera techniques. None mastered oil like Van Eyck, however. 3. Was Jan van Eyck the only master artist to work on the Ghent Altarpiece? No. His brother Hubert likely started the piece and Jan finished it. Hubert perhaps did the sculpture for the frame and some of the panels. It is difficult to ascertain who did what. 4. What did the original frame of the Ghent look like? What was the experience of the altarpiece both open and closed supposed to emulate? It looked like the façade (front) of a Gothic cathedral. When open the panels were supposed to emulate the experience of going inside of a cathedral to celebrate All Saints Mass. 5. Describe the iconography of the Ghent closed. What are sibyls? Prophets? The Annunciation, with sibyls (ancient prophets) and prophets (from the Old Testament of the Bible – prophets are individuals who predict future events, in this case the coming of Christ), John the Baptist, John the Beloved (also called John the Evangelist) and the patrongs, Jodocus Vydt and Isabel Barluut.