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Fitzroy River) Catchment by Associate Professor Ryan Vogwill, University of Western Australia Acknowledgments

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Fitzroy River) Catchment by Associate Professor Ryan Vogwill, University of Western Australia Acknowledgments Water Resources of the Mardoowarra (Fitzroy River) Catchment by Associate Professor Ryan Vogwill, University of Western Australia Acknowledgments: Please note that, although the author of this report respects that the correct name of the Fitzroy River according to Traditional Owners is Mardoowarra, ‘Fitzroy River’ will be used throughout this document to maintain consistency with the published literature, with one exception: In the ‘Indigenous Value and Cultural Significance’ section, ‘Mardoowarra’ will be used. Associate Professor Vogwill would like to acknowledge the Wilderness Society for funding this report, and the valuable peer reviews of Dr Michael Smith and Associate Professor Matthew Hipsey. Dr Anne Poelina’s input on Indigenous cultural heritage was invaluable also. www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/kimberley cover imAge: Mardoowarra in flood | Kimberley Media isBn: 978-0-646-94928-4 December 2015 2 Foreword: Dr Anne Poelina Every time we sing the Warloongarriy song, we remind the people, young and old, this is the Law of the Mardoowarra, this is the First Law we have inherited from Bookarrarra, from the beginning of time. — Lucy Marshall, Senior Nyikina Elder Bookarrarra is the essence of our being — locating the past, present and future into this moment now, in which we must act. This First Law for the Mardoowarra, the Warloongarriy river law, is manifested inter-generationally, inherited as the knowledge of connectivity between people, land, animals, birds, plants and living water systems. Everyone who has an association with the river, whether they are Indigenous or not, talks about the importance of this river. The Mardoowarra is the ‘River of Life’. We are at a critical point in our history where some of the proposed developments present a real threat to the land, to water and food security, as well as to our imAge: Anne Poelina at Gantheaume | Ian Perdrisat Kimberley way of life. Unless we can manage our most precious resource — water — wisely, the future of the region is likely to be very different to the past. This report by Associate Professor Ryan Vogwill makes a strong case for Mardoowarra Catchment Water Stewardship to facilitate transparent participatory planning which values existing natural, cultural and environmental assets and includes Kimberley people. A regional operational framework of engagement is urgently needed to reveal the real impacts of projects and the cumulative effect of all of the industries proposed for the Kimberley. I commend this report, as I am in agreement that any water allocation and planning of the Mardoowarra Fitzroy Catchment must be grounded in the collective wisdom of our complementary knowledge systems, cultures and laws — our Bookarrarra — in order for the River of Life to sustain us all for thousands of years to come. 1 Executive Summary Based on the literature, it is clear that our The volumes of water that would be needed for understanding of the biota and other culturally proposed developments (200GL/year) require a significant natural assets of the Fitzroy River is not specific level of hydrological and hydrogeological complete. We have yet to comprehensively map and understanding, including the linkages between water describe the biota, link them to Indigenous heritage use and subsequent impact. This does not yet exist values and predict the impact of increased water use. in the public domain. A sound understanding of the The work that has been completed highlights the impact of surface or groundwater allocation must high value people place on this relatively undisturbed be developed before any substantial allocations system. Our understanding of the hydrology of the should be granted, particularly in such an important Fitzroy River is limited by a low gauging density, biogeographic region. There are several examples of almost no information on salinity concentrations/ environmental and economic damage in Australia loads and inadequate groundwater monitoring. and overseas caused by improper allocation of water Some environmental water requirements have been resources, owing to a failure to apply a rigorous developed for the aquatic fauna of the lower Fitzroy, planning process. Impacts to the biota will impact but these can be considered preliminary and do not upon Indigenous heritage values, in addition to cover the range of species already identified. No commercially relevant activities and occupations such environmental water requirements information exists as tourism and both commercial and recreational in the public domain for flora, the terrestrial fauna or fisheries. the King Sound Estuary. The recommendation of this report is that a more The prospect of large-scale development of irrigated rigorous assessment is required prior to any agriculture represents a significant potential increase significant water allocation in the Fitzroy Basin. If in consumptive water use in the lower Fitzroy valley the process of developing the water resource of this (currently 2GL/year). The collection and storage catchment is conducted in the correct order, with an of large quantities of surface water has also been appropriate level of understanding acquired first, proposed — requiring dams, diversions, and off- the existing environment, cultural, and other water stream storage facilities. Agriculture typically requires users can be protected while supporting responsible application of fertilisers and agricultural chemicals long-term agricultural development. This will, such as herbicides and pesticides. Nutrients and however, take 10 years or more if the resources to agricultural chemicals are known to cause significant conduct comprehensive investigations are available impacts to aquatic ecosystems in particular. Altered immediately. flow regimes affect the extent of flooding and water temperatures, which can impact both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Increased erosion, altered sediment loads, and subsequent increased sediment deposition has the potential to impact critical dry season and drought refugia habitat. 2 Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Background 4 2.1 Regional context and impetus for this study 4 2.2 Study area 5 Physical Geography 5 Human Geography 6 Ecology and the Natural Environment 6 Indigenous Value and Cultural Significance 7 Climate and Hydrology 8 Hydrogeology 9 Surface water 10 Current Water Allocations 11 Ecohydrology 12 3 Proposed Water Usage — Water for Food Initiative 13 3.1 Knowledge Gaps Identified In Previous Investigations 13 4 Legislative Requirements and Level of Investigation 16 4.1 Legislative Requirements 16 4.2 Allocation Planning Process — Use Versus Management 17 4.3 Surface-Groundwater Interaction 19 4.4 Numerical Modelling 19 4.5 Impacts on Dependent Ecosystems 20 5 Discussion 21 6 Conclusion 23 7 References 24 3 1 Introduction 2 Background This report aims to evaluate the current 2.1 Regional context and impetus understanding of the implications of developing water resources of the Fitzroy River catchment given for this study the current, publicly available information. The State and Federal Governments have declared that The Fitzroy River is in northern Western Australia in the there are vast, underutilised water reserves that western Kimberley, in the eastern to central Canning will support development initiatives in northern Basin, and discharges into King Sound near the town Australia, as explored in the Northern Australian of Derby. The river catchment is arid most of the year White Paper (Australian Government, 2015) and the with wet season rains providing the majority of runoff Water for Food projects funded by the Royalties for and recharge. The fluvial environment of the Fitzroy Regions program (Western Australian Government, River is underlain by an alluvial aquifer that roughly 2015). The potential for impact from the proposed follows the modern stream route. The Lower Fitzroy allocations, given current water allocation River is underlain by the deeper and older waters management of the area, will be discussed. Examples of the Canning Basin regional aquifers. The alluvial of the consequences of allocating large amounts of aquifer is recharged by rainfall, surface water exchange water prior to obtaining sufficient information will and deep aquifer discharge. Water resources in the also be given. The State and Federal legislative and catchment have considerable economic potential industry best practise requirements for the level of due to the fresh surface water and alluvial aquifer understanding required for water allocation will be groundwater (Harrington et al., 2011). detailed and compared to the level of understanding that currently exists. Funded by Royalties for Regions, the Water for Food project is part of the Seizing the Opportunity agricultural initiative through which Western Australia will attempt to meet its goal to diversify and strengthen the state and regional economies by doubling the amount of agricultural exports by 2025 (Department of Regional Development, 2015). Although it is clear that a significant volume of water would be consumed by any major agricultural development in the Fitzroy River area, the availability of a sustainable supply has not been ensured (Harrington et al., 2011). The Federal Government has made statements that developing North Australia is “an essential part of our plan to build a strong, prosperous economy and a safe, secure Australia … We will fix the roads and telecommunications, build the dams and deliver the certainty that landholders and water users need.” (Australian
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