A MEETING OF THE

The

BACKGROUND GUIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter from the Dais ...... 3

Letter from the Chair ...... 4

Committee Description ...... 5

Context ...... 7 Prelude to the war: Protestant and Catholic Sectarianism ...... 7 Conflicts with France and Spain ...... 8 Early Transgressions of House Stuart ...... 9 The Trouble with Scotland ...... 11 ...... 12 Dawn of the First War: and ...... 13 Irish Uprising ...... 14 The ...... 15 Siege of Hull ...... 15 Declaration of War ...... 15

Current Situation ...... 17 The British Isles on the 22nd of August 1642 ...... 17 Questions to Consider ...... 17

Dossiers ...... 18

References ...... 21

Letter from the Dais

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to SciMUNC XIII! It is an honor for us, Babou Gaye and Ilias Soumayah to be your dais for the crisis regarding the English Civil War. My name is Babou Gaye and this is going to be my third time chairing SciMUNC. My interest in MUN came from my grandmother’s background in diplomacy and

Jack Tapay international relations. I joined Bronx Science’ MUN team my freshman year and have never regretted it. Being a MUNer has allowed me to improve my already stellar Secretary -General public speaking skills, gain an understanding of the processes that occur to inflict

change within world governments, refine diplomatic skills such as negotiation and Jachym Harwood persuasion, and acquire a more comprehensive understanding of history as well as the Lillian Tzanev current state of the world. I plan on pursuing a career in politics and diplomacy. Directors-General Outside of MUN I am a member of Bronx Science’ MSA, Amnesty International, and S.O. Cabinet. I also am the S.O. Vice President. In my free time I enjoy Krish Shah Basketball, Chess, reading and Hip-Hop music. The topic of this crisis is one that

USG of Administration requires extreme attention to detail and clear understanding of history and I am excited to see how you alter the course of history. I’m eager to preside over this Sebastian Midura committee and see all your immense preparation come to fruition in intense debate and discussion. USG of General Assemblies and Specialized Committees My name is Ilias Soumayah and this will also be my first time chairing at SciMUNC. I joined Model UN a year ago as a Junior and this team has enabled me to increase Menasha Thomas my skills at public speaking and broaden my knowledge on a variety of international

Deputy-USG of General issues. I joined Model UN because I am passionate about politics and enjoy the Assemblies and Specialized collaborative work that is done in committee through highly intellectual discourse. Committees Some of my hobbies include playing video games and basketball. I hope we have a constructive and fruitful debate in this committee. You will be tasked to deal with an Rizwan Kazi facing internal division. I look forward to moderating a fast paced and

USG of Crisis Committees dynamic discussion with you all. We hope that this will be a fun experience to all who participates. We look forward to Celeste Abourjeili meeting you all in December! Feel free to contact either of us if you have any

Deputy-USG of Crisis questions, concerns or comments! Committees Sincerely,

Diane D. Steiker

Faculty Advisor Babou Gaye ([email protected]) Ilias Soumayah ([email protected])

Dais of the English Civil War JCC: A Meeting of the Cavaliers

75 West 205th Street Bronx, NY 10468 [email protected] www.scimun.com SciMUNC XIII | 4

Letter from the Chair

Subjects, England is shattered. Split from the inside by insolent and power hungry Parliamentarians who seek to depose me for their own personal gain. They have killed our own men, claiming it is for the good of the people of England. We are not going to just let them take England from us noble men and women without a fight I guarantee the parliamentarians that. The treasonous actions of the will not go unpunished, their forces will crumble when faced against the true sole leader of England. We have the power, might, and the favor of God on our side. God has given me the power and right to be King. I serve him by acting as England’s one and only King, these Roundheads seek to destroy our way of life, our way of prosperity. They have turned our own neighbors against us and it’s time for this conflict to end. The future of England is in our hands, and we must act fast if we are to save it from destruction.

Cordially,

King Charles

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Committee Description CCol Preface Delegates ought to accurately represent their position and act on behalf of their stances and For those who are new to Crisis Committees, it interests. This can be done through a series of is essential to note that a Crisis Committee is actions unique to Crisis Committees, which are different than a General Assembly in a few key explained below: ways. In a broad sense, Crisis Committees and General Assemblies differ in their committee • Communiques: A formal message from a size, extent of influence, and degree of restraint. committee or delegate to be sent to other With these differences in mind, delegates must bodies or individuals. If sent from the approach Crisis Committees differently than committee, communiques must first be they would General Assemblies. Often, approved by the committee. delegates find that greater effort is necessary in • Press Releases: Open public researching their position, as their relevance in announcements, directed to the people, Crisis Committees is greater than in General often to calm national tensions or reveal Assemblies. This is largely due to the fact that official action and policies. Press releases in General Assemblies, delegates participate in must be approved by the committee. larger bodies with less urgency for problem • Crisis Notes: Action taken by an solving, and are usually assigned a country individual delegate in accordance with rather than an individual as their position. their resources and abilities. For example, That being said, delegates new to Crisis a Minister of the Interior may send a note Committees should not feel intimidated. Small to the Crisis Room requesting to place committee sizes typical to Crisis Committees police officers on patrol in front of the provide delegates with an environment to house of another delegate to investigate express their opinions more easily. who enters and leaves. Furthermore, the urgent nature of Crisis • Directives: Formal actions taken by the Committees encourages collaboration between entirety of the committee. In order for a delegates and an understanding of backroom directive to be passed, it must be and crisis notes. approved by the committee. Crisis Structure A Joint-Crisis Committee differs from a Throughout the duration of this committee, standard crisis committee in that there are two our crisis staff will develop a narrative in separate rooms that are experiencing the same response to the solutions delegates put out that events. This allows for delegates to use their will culminate in crisis updates. Delegates will crisis actions in new ways that can prompt be tasked with responding to crisis updates inter-committee communication. Delegates through documents such as directives and crisis can send notes to crisis to be sent to delegates notes, which will be developed during a series in the other committee, can send notes to crisis of moderated and unmoderated caucuses. requesting a meeting with delegates from the

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other committee, and can send communiqués (as an individual or as a committee) to the other committee. In order to keep delegate communication with the backroom at a quick pace we will be implementing a Double Notepad System. Delegates will be given two notepads at the beginning of the committee, this is where they will write their crisis notes, communiqués, or any other crisis action. The backroom will collect one notepad at a time, to ensure that delegates will always have a notepad. This system also serves as a help to the backroom by giving them the ability to see the chronology of your actions over the course of the committee in one place.

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Context CCol Prelude to the war: Protestant and to Henry’s brother. Catherine was a member of Catholic Sectarianism Holy Roman Emperor Charles V’s family, who After a somewhat stable relationship with the was not ready to give up the throne. Henry VIII Pope and Catholicism in the 14th century, grew impatient of the Pope’s decision and England began to stray from the Church and devised the in 1534. Henry its influence. One of the first individuals to was the divine leader and allowed himself to express discontent with the Church was John remarry twice more until his wife gave birth to Wycliff, a profound supporter of a reformed the future Edward VI. Parliament supported Bible. The ideas of the Protestant Reformation, the decision as did the clergy with almost no led by Martin Luther, also began to spread to resistance. the British island and added to an already During Edward’s rule, the Church of England tainted situation with the Pope. was not yet Protestant, only a branch of In 1509, King Henry VIII was in line for the Catholicism without the Pope’s command. throne and ascended with his then-wife Edward was a staunch supporter of the Catherine of Aragorn. She bore him numerous Protestant faith, and under his rule, the religion children, of which one survived (Mary). The spread rapidly across England, since the people King was paranoid about leaving his throne were allowed to preach it publicly. Numerous without a male heir and deemed his wife aspects of mass and worship were reformed, unworthy of yielding a son. Although there was highlighted by the adoption of a Common no law in England about preventing a female Book of Prayer in 1550 by Thomas Cranmer, heir, the King’s family had just emerged to the and the change in mass and readings from Latin throne (Tudor) after the War of the Roses, and to English. he wanted to maintain a steady line of Henry VIII’s first daughter, Mary ascended to succession. He later asked for a divorce to his the throne after Edward’s young death and wife, at the time could only occur if there was a returned England to a strong Catholic faith. prevalent flaw in the marriage, of which Henry Protestants deemed the return as God’s way of VII was confident the Pope would view. The showing the English that they were not yet Pope, Julius II, was in fault for allowing for the worthy to take the Reformation seriously. All marriage initially, since Catherine was widowed

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reforms passed by Edward VI and Parliament was a devout Calvinist (Puritan). Although were diminished, and many protests led to there were disagreements over the Anglican opponents burned or hanged, giving the Queen faith under James and Elizabeth, they were the nickname “Bloody Mary.” She bore no bound together under grace -- until the reign of children, and the return to Catholicism Charles I. Many anti-Puritan strongholds disappeared in the coming years. mocked their ideas of predestination and

During Elizabeth I’s rule, many damnation of all non-. One supporter contemporaries of her era could not determine of Charles attempted to spread this anti-Puritan her religious affiliation. Along with Parliament, sentiment to Scotland, leading to rioting and a she established the Church of England as a rise in in Scotland once again. national and church from the This led to Charles’ attempts to put down the Pope. Many minor aspects of the Church, uprisings, known as the Bishops’ War. including garb, were reformed, and those who Conflicts with France and Spain rejected these small liturgical practices were The early 16th-century brought Henry VIII’s mocked as “Puritans” or “Precisians.” The England and Francis I’s France under a rather intricate reforms of the new Church arose, brief alliance, who had recently been fighting, including preachings by Thomas Cartwright, but the proposition fell through. This began a for a Presbyterian (local council) government very close relationship between France and should become the new system. This reform, England in the modern century, both opposing along with increased backing from members of and aligning. After the establishment of the Parliament worried Elizabeth of a political Church of England, Henry VIII was met with threat. Elizabeth eliminated many vocal a swift invasion of the French on the coast, uprisings of Puritans during her rule, and when Henry formed an alliance with Charles V although not many ideas were implemented, of the Holy Roman Empire, who declared war many members of the House of Commons on France not very much earlier. Once fighting were latching to the Puritan faith. halted after much destruction, Henry began The Puritan position was elevated under the what would become the largest naval military Stuarts, beginning with James of Scotland, who

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in the world, which would be known as the French, but to no avail. During the rule of . Charles I, French and Spanish relations began

International tension arose once again during as unstable, especially with the French, Mary I’s rule, as she had married Phillip II of including a three-year war. Charles, though, Spain, and they were both devout Catholics. had to halt these endeavors and establish peace This led to many distrustful English Catholics to resolve the Scottish uprising occurring under to join the Protestant movement, away from his rule over Presbyterianism. After the Spanish Catholicism. An uprising arose in Bishops’ Wars, relations with the Spanish and 1544 to stop the marriage of the two, which French remained competitive over commerce was quickly shut down yet ingrained in the eyes and religion, but did not result in war. of Europeans around the Northwestern area. In Early Transgressions of House Stuart 1557, because of Spain’s involvement in the The religious and political tension between the war against France and the Holy Roman English Monarchy and the English Parliament Empire, Mary was dragged into aiding Phillip, that would eventually culminate in civil war which led to a treaty that removed French began decades before the rule of King Charles influence from the northern British Isles. I. Charles I was the second King of Great Elizabeth I’s rule ended all warring tensions Britain and Ireland from House Stuart, a between France in an attempt to avoid historically Scottish ruling family. Charles I’s significant involvement in international affairs. father, and predecessor of the English Crown, Tensions did arise once again when England James VI, came into the throne once Elizabeth and Spain began to compete in international I died in 1603, thus making him James VI of trade and travel. Scotland and James I of Great Britain and In the age of the Stuarts, the significant Ireland. Having previously been made King of involvement of England in international affairs Scotland at 13 months of age after the Scottish was in the Thirty Years War, a conflict in the Parliament forced the abdication of his mother, heart of Europe, including many world powers Mary Queen of Scots, James aligned himself (Prussia, France, Denmark, Spain, etc.). James closely with Elizabeth, and high-ranking assisted the Prussians in fighting against the members of her government, ensuring he

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would ascend the Crown upon her death. many Anglican practices to the Scottish Elizabeth was Mary’s first cousin, and since Church, thereby angering many Scots, and Elizabeth died childless, James seemed like the giving him greater control of the Church best option for a successor, consequently through the appointment of bishops. extinguishing House Tudor from the English James also held a divine right theory of Monarchy. March 24th, 1603, the coronation monarchy, meaning he believed his position as of James VI and I, is known as the Union of King of England, Ireland, and Scotland was Crowns because the British Isles were fully given to him by God. James even wrote this out united under a single Monarch. in his treatise, The True Law of Free Monarchies, King James, raised Protestant under the in which he detailed his belief that Monarchy is , faced multiple religious a God-made establishment. This would controversies throughout his reign. For one, his continually strike up controversy with his ascension to the Scottish throne was caused by Parliament, along with multiple economic Protestant rebels removing his Catholic mother issues, like the Great Contract, and political from the position. James faced Catholic issues, like the Spanish Match. opposition famously in the Gunpowder Plot of It seemed that James’ son, Charles, the then- 1605 where conspirators planned to assassinate Prince of Wales, would inherit this antagonistic the King by blowing up the . relationship with Parliament upon his James responded with harsh laws limiting the ascension to the Monarchy in 1625. James laid rights of Catholics, such as the Popish a foundation of financial instability and an Recusants Act of 1605. James also stirred expectation of absolutism for his son. Charles I religious tension between England and of England’s first Parliament, known as the Scotland when he attempted to integrate the Useless Parliament in 1625, saw the MPs two churches together. The Church of Scotland limiting his control by only granting him a year was Presbyterian, meaning it was governed by a of control over tonnage and , taxes on council, typically one of community elders, and imports and exports, a historically lifelong duty the Church of England was episcopal, a of the Monarch. Charles had wanted to raise hierarchical system with bishops. James issued money to finance a war against the Holy the Five Articles of Perth, which introduced

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Roman Empire and Spain, in what would Catholic-like practices. The Scots’ religious become the Thirty Years War, but Parliament criticism of Charles was only deepened by the would not grant him money until they had fact that Charles had married impeached one of his advisors, the Duke of of France, a Catholic, and had not provided Buckingham, in the Second Parliament from sufficient help for Protestant municipalities in 1625 to 1626. Parliament continually withheld the Thirty Years War. funds from Charles, hoping to curb his The situation came to a head for the Scots in autocratic tendencies, leading to growing the late 1630s when Charles, and his episcopal resentment and hostility, so the King decided Archbishop of Canterbury, , to raise funds himself with loans and continued issued two instrumental reforms. In 1636, control of . This sparked Charles wanted to enforce the Book of Canons, up contention at the King’s Third Parliament a grouping of laws for the Church of Scotland in 1628 when MPs argued that Charles had that affirmed the Five Articles of Perth, and did been violating the recently accepted Petition of not mention presbyterial practices and made it Right, or the protection of individual subjects so that claiming the King did not have full from absolutism, including taxation not control of the Church was punishable by approved by Parliament. Infuriated, Charles excommunication. In 1637, Charles dissolved Parliament in March of 1629, implemented a new version of the Book of arrested nine of the leading opposing MPs, and Common Prayer which instilled even more did not reconvene until 1640, opting to episcopal, and Anglican, practices onto the implement self-rule for 11 years. Church of Scotland. This edition evoked mass The Trouble with Scotland rioting and actual physical conflict.

Charles continued the attempts of his father to It was at this point, the majority of Scotland impose episcopacy in Scotland. Charles was decided to reject the King’s authority over the extremely over-reliant on bishops to run the Church, and many representatives came Church of Scotland, this created a sentiment of together and created the National Covenant of animosity among Scottish Presbyterian 1638. This Covenant rejected the idea of a Protestants, as they saw him as embracing spiritual head of Church, and instead upheld

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the notion that people needed to have a Bishops’ War in an uneasy truce. Both sides personal, and group, covenant with God. The knew the peace was temporary, and Charles rejected any changes made by realized he would need to come up with funds Charles, and soon the General Assembly of the to strengthen his army soon. Church of Scotland accepted it and began to Short Parliament expel bishops and embrace presbyterial liturgy. After the signing of the Treaty of Berwick By 1639, Charles was hellbent on reinstalling Charles rushed to reorganize his force, and his authority over the Scottish Church, so he recalled Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, began mobilization for war. Charles still refused from acting as Lord Deputy of Ireland to help to call another Parliament to gather funds to organize for another war. It soon became clear finance the conflict, so he planned on using his to Charles that the cost of the conflict would be own resources, such as tax revenue from coastal much more than he could muster, so he areas (). The King devised an concluded the solution was to call another ambitious plan to invade Scotland, where one Parliament to help solve the finances of his contingent of the army would march up from struggle. After 11 years of royal rule, Charles England, one would land amphibiously in called together Parliament in 1640, where it Aberdeen, and one would leave from Ireland met first on April 13th. Just as the previous and amphibiously land in the west of Scotland. Parliament, the MPs did not focus on Charles’ However, Charles lacked the finances and desired topic of subsidiaries, but instead on the support to do so, and instead created a smaller, abuses and grievances brought about during his poorly trained, and poorly equipped army of years of absolute rule. MPs would not vote to 15,000. The Scottish Covenanters were able to grant the King the proper finances to fight the muster up to 16,500 men, who were decidedly Covenanters until they deliberated on the better trained and experienced. Charles camped violations of his rule and Charles abandoned his in England’s northernmost town, Berwick- most autocratic practices. Upon-Tweed, where soon after realizing his disadvantage, Charles signed the Treaty of Displeased with the continued discussion on Berwick with the Scots, since neither side the Crown’s abuses and requests for wanted a fight, consequently ending the First concessions, Charles dissolved Parliament on

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May 5th of 1640, only three weeks after it first to pay for his defeat, leading to another met, thus solidifying it as the Short Parliament. summoning of Parliament Charles continued preparing for war, making Dawn of the First War: Long more taxes, like Coat and Conduct Money; Parliament and Oliver Cromwell however, a lot of this money was never After the Short Parliament’s dissolution for collected. The Scottish Covenanter army roughly half of a year, the King called what remained mobilized after the First Bishops’ would be known as the Long Parliament in War, and once war was imminent, they went 1640. The main reason was for the King’s on the offensive, sparking the Second Bishops’ desperation after a rather heavy defeat in the War. The Covenanters invaded Scottish lands Bishops’ Wars. This calling was met with deep loyal to the Crown, then launched an invasion hesitation within the King’s ideas, but he was of England in the hopes of deterring an in need of funding, after a blindsided loss. invasion into Scotland. The Covenanters won Parliament did not wait long to begin at the Battle of Newburn and occupied formulating reform to limit the King’s power Newcastle and the English counties of and avoid a lack of funding like in the previous Northumberland and Durham. endeavor. They began to abolish the King’s

The Covenanters’ victory shattered English courts of , High Commission, morale, and Charles was advised to sue for and other institutions that the King had peace with the Scots. On October 26th, 1640, utilized to work around needing Parliament to Charles agreed to the Treaty of Ripon and pass certain actions. To prevent the King from ending the Bishops’ Wars. The Treaty was making decisions on his own, Parliament also humiliating for Charles since the lands the passed a law that required for the King to call Covenanters invaded were to be made under Parliament assembly at least once every three Scottish control, and Charles was supposed to years. Various of the King’s previous actions, pay the expenses of keeping the army as well as including financing irrelevant ships, forced reparations to the government. The Scottish loans, and undesirable knighthoods were also Covenanters were free to dispel with royal abolished. Many members of Parliament authority in the Church, while Charles needed spoke-out on the dubious acts of the King, especially a young Oliver Cromwell.

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Born to a wealthy noble grandfather, but lowly- Parliament. The attempts to raise an army of inherited father, Oliver Cromwell spent his Irish during the Bishops’ Wars angered early life trying to escape the unhappy Parliament who disliked the idea of a Catholic conditions he was raised in. Although army supporting the King, and even threatened beginning as a Puritan of faith, Cromwell to invade Ireland. Additionally, Wentworth’s quickly grew tired of the cycle of worship and rule of Ireland was unpopular and full of harsh grand ceremonies. His faith became more taxation and policy. extreme when he started preaching illegally, but A conspiracy arose among Irish landowners and when applying for Parliament, he ran on the gentry in 1641, with the goal of seizing key side of his early religious background, a parts of the island then calling for a frequent topic of discussion in Parliament at restructuring of the government. The the time. His extremism in Parliament conspirators did well in many towns but failed continued when he called for the abolition of to take the most important city, Dublin, and bishops, and reform in the Church’s form of key leaders were captured. Although, head outreach. His popularity grew as he strongly conspirator, Felim O’Neill, affirmed the coup supported calling Parliament every three years, was meant to be non-violent, the years of Irish and restoring military control to Parliament. enmity was unleashed by the incident. Soon Irish Uprising Catholics, mainly uninvolved with the initial conspiracy, began rioting, pillaging, and killing During the sitting of the Long Parliament, Protestant settlers since they had an event to many Catholic elites saw an excellent rally behind. Ireland erupted into a chaotic opportunity to re-establish control of Ireland. religious and ethnic conflict that would result During the Elizabethan era, many Protestants in years of violence during the Irish colonized Ireland taking lands from the natives Confederate Wars. The situation in Ireland and making plantation economies and taking further put Charles in a weak position, as many majority control of the government. Irish believed he was in league with the rebels. Catholics held a considerable amount of Parliament assumed control by issuing an Act resentment toward English rule, resentment that would award land to whoever would raise that was exacerbated during the Long

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an army against the Irish, while Charles also increasing tension between Parliament and the called for Royalists to take up arms. King.

The Five Members Siege of Hull

Out of spite and anger for the acts of the Long The first act of war before actual fighting was Parliament against the King, he ordered the the Parliamentary control of materials at attorney-general to indict five members who Kingston upon Hull. The area had been were most prominent in stripping the military stocked with arsenal before the Second Bishops’ powers of the King. In Charles’ mind, they War and was seized by Parliamentary forces to were the reason for the Scottish invasion during prevent the Royalists from attaining it. This the Bishops’ Wars, and that those members was a significant dent in Charles’ original encouraged the Scots to cause rioting scheme, which was to bulk on materials to out- throughout England. Charles was angered stock the less wealthy Roundheads. Charles further when a rumor emerged that these five appeared at Hull but was denied entry, and he members had plans to impeach Queen Mary. quickly moved to call Parliamentarians at Hull

The House of Commons refused to comply traitors to England. The failure of the Royalists with the King’s order for the five members to to secure Hull became a starting point for large turn themselves in, being that it was an ramping on both sides for full-scale war. infringement on parliamentary privilege. This Declaration of War did not stop Charles, as in January 1642, he In 1642, the House of Safety commissioned an and a body of soldiers marched to arrest the five approval of the Parliamentarians war effort members. Charles had broken tradition and against King Charles I. Early in the war the addressed Parliament from the House of Roundheads were hoping to draw up an Commons, something the monarch did alliance with the Scots, which may provide a through the House of Lords. The five members more confident outlook on upcoming combat. had already escaped the House before the King To back the army, Parliament had arrived, but the rest of the members felt passed (for the first time without a monarch), deeply disrespected for Charles’ lack of an assessment tax on the people of London, and parliamentary custom. All discontent aided to

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commodities for soldiers. Parliament also received the backing of the Royal Navy, although various other organizations across the Isles remained neutral. Speculation surrounded Ireland’s place in the war, although Parliament expected resentment to both sides. With troops ready and monetary aspects in order, both the Roundheads and Cavaliers were prepared for battle.

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Current Situation CCol The British Isles on the 22nd of August Questions to Consider 1642 1. Who are the potential allies of Cavaliers in this struggle, both foreign and domestic, and what can be done to get their support?

2. How should Cavaliers organize its army effectively? How can we sustain a military (training and acquiring troops, budget, weapons)?

3. What are potential battle plans? Where should Royalists’ forces strike first with At the start, the Cavaliers will have a more the hopes of a victory as soon as possible? experienced army, support from most of the gentry, from conservative Protestants, and from 4. How can we keep more people from supporting the Parliament and generate the rural areas. The Roundheads will have support for the Royalists? support from the middle class, from Puritans, 5. What are the goals of this conflict? and from urban areas. Much of both armies will What will we do with Parliament be made up of conscripts (both forced and following the war? voluntary), with it being expected both sides 6. How can we utilize the situations in will raise an army of around 10,000 at the Scotland and Ireland to avoid multiple conflicts? beginning of the war. The King will be more reliant on foreign mercenaries, and soldiers of Celtic origin from Wales and Cornwall. The

Roundhead army will be decidedly more English, a key rallying point for the effort.

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Dossiers CCol R ichard Allestree John Byron ReferencesDossiers 1st Baron Byron DespiteCCol his religious and academic upbringing, Allestree took up arms as a foot soldier for the When the Civil War started, he joined the king Royalist cause. at York. He was engaged on the Royalists' cause throughout the Civil Wars and afterward. Arthur Annesley 1st Earl of Anglesey Arthur Capell 1st Famed for his commitment to his values, a Royalist statesman who served as a member of Royalist advisor to the king and later a member Parliament and conducted multiple missions to of parliament who was outspoken against the Irish Parliament. He was a moderate voice Catholic influences, and often disliked for his in the legislature, speaking out against violence. harsh religious stance. He was named Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and went to great lengths Henry Arundell to care for the political necessities of the On the death of his father, who had been country, gaining a reputation as incorruptible mortally wounded at the Battle of Stratton, on and morally sound. May 19th, 1643 he succeeded to his estates and Christian Cavendish to his titles, which included that of Count of Countess of Devonshire the Holy Roman Empire. Throughout his life, a devoted Roman Catholic, he fought like his Scottish royalist and landowner as well as father on the side of Charles I and the royalists daughter to 1st Lord of Kinloss and widow of in the First English Civil War. 2nd earl of Devonshire, relationships which gave her frequent audiences with the king. An Jacob Astley enthusiastic defender of the monarchy who 1st Baron Astley of Reading often wrote to members of the aristocracy to Veteran Royalist soldier who commanded the rally them to the royal cause. King's infantry throughout the English Civil William Craven War, and widely admired on both sides as an effective military leader. Supported the Royalist cause due to his relationship with the king’s sister. Although he John Belasyse did not fight in the war, he offered significant Balasyse was the second son of Thomas financial support to the crown. Belasyse, 1st Baron Fauconberg. He was a George Digby member of Parliament until the war, at which 2nd Earl of Bristol point he raised and led six regiments for the Royalists, all at his own expense. 2nd Earl of Bristol; Cultured, charming and brilliant courtier with a fatal tendency to John Berkeley recklessness and a reputation as King Charles A diplomat, politician, and soldier, he was a I's “evil genius”. Sat in the House of Commons governor under King Charles, and led troops as from 1640 until 1641 when he was raised to the a Royalist general from his post in Devon. House of Lords. He supported the Royalist but was largely viewed as overly ambitious and unstable.

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Robert Dormer parliamentary supporters. Also led troops in 1st Earl of Carnarvon successful battles in south-western England, securing it for the King. A member of court from a young age and Royalist soldier. He was known for his Henry Frederick Howard intelligence during battle and stood out as an Earl of Arundel exceptional soldier. Lord Arundel had served as Member of Richard Fanshawe Parliament for Arundel in the Parliament of 1st Baronet England from 1628 until 1629. He was again elected to represent Arundel in March 1640, Richard Fanshawe was a diplomat and but was called to the House of Lords by writ of politician who supported the Royalist cause acceleration. After his father's death in 1646 he and served King Charles II in battle and in became Earl of Arundel and the titular head of exile. When the Civil War broke out, Fanshawe the Howard family. sided with the King. He was Secretary of War to the Prince of Wales in 1644 and in 1648 had Robert Howard credentials for Spain, where he was sent to English landowner, member of Parliament, and obtain money for the cause. Royalist soldier. During the English Civil War, William Feilding Howard was in command of the defense of Castle when it surrendered to the A seasoned veteran and royal ally for many Parliamentarians in 1646. years before serving as a military leader during the English Civil War. He also served as a Edward Hyde diplomat, visiting India. Feilding was one of Earl of Clarendon the oldest officers entering the war, and a 1st Earl of Clarendon and important advisor to trusted member of the king’s military. the king after rising through the ranks in George Goring Parliament. He was a conservative Royalist who Lord Goring-Lieutenant-General of Horse became an emphatic defender of the king’s power over Parliament. He was a champion of Royalist cavalry commander admired by some the Church of England. for his bravery, brilliance, and charm; reviled by others for his drunkenness, debauchery and James Livingston irresponsibility. Earl of Callendar James Graham Experienced soldier and lieutenant-colonel of 1st Marquis of Montrose one of the three regiments of the Scottish brigade. Full colonel in the Dutch army. Scottish general, poet and Royalist hero who Serving both James VI and Charles I and won a series of spectacular victories in Scotland receiving both a pension and a knighthood for against the Covenanters for Charles I, but was his services to the Crown. He was considered a finally deserted by Charles II. successful officer, but declined to take higher Ralph Hopton command, preferring to remain with the Scottish brigade. Royalist commander in the First Civil War. Called into action the posse comitatus to fight

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Prince Rupert of the Rhine Duke of Cumberland

King Charles' nephew and commander of the

Royalist cavalry. The most energetic of the

Royalist leaders but thwarted by jealousy and rivalry amongst the King's courtiers.

Patrick Ruthven 1st Earl of Brentford Scottish soldier and diplomat, 1st Earl of Forth, was made Earl of Brentford, in 1644 in the County of Middlesex. He was a fierce Royalist, and led troops in Scotland during the war.

Henry Wilmot 1st Earl of Rochester Cavalry commander in the King's army who was exiled for secretly negotiating with Parliament. He became a close friend of Charles II and accompanied him on his escape after the battle of Worcester. After his father’s death, he inherited an influential position in Irish politics.

William Villers 2nd Viscount Grandison An English knight, Irish peer, and soldier who was killed leading a cavalry attack at the First Battle of Newbury.

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References CCol “A Timeline of Modern English History.” English History Timeline - 1500 to Present, Florida State University,References myweb.fsu.edu/cupchurch/Resources/Timeline_ModBrit.html. CCol Bye, Ollie. “The English Civil War: Every Day.” YouTube, YouTube, 2 Sept. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ngatYkLARA.

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