CONTENTS

Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii

Part I

Probing : Where We Are, Where We Need to Go 1

1. Sources and Their Uses RAUL HILBERG 5

2. A Past That Will Not Go Away YEHUDA BAUER 12

3. The Holocaust: Where We Are, Where We Need to Go EBERHARD JACKEL 23 4. The Holocaust: Where We Are, Where We Need to Go—A Comment MICHAEL R. MARRUS 30

Part 2 Antisemitism and Racism in Nazi Ideology 35

5. The Use of Antisemitism in Nazi Wartime Propaganda

DAVID BANKIER 41

6. The Holocaust: A Very Particular Racism STEVEN T. KATZ 56

7. Antisemitism and Racism in Nazi Ideology WALTER ZW1 BACHARACH 64 8. Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Reinterpretations of National Socialism OMER BARTOV 75 vi Contents

Part 3 The Politics of Racial Health and Science 99

9. Human Genetics and the Mass Murder of Jews, Gypsies, and Others BENNO MULLER-HILL 103

10. From Colonial Racism to Nazi Population Policy: The Role of the So-called Mischlinge ANNEGRET EHMANN 115

11. The Cooperation of German Racial Hygienists and American Eugenicists before and after 1933 STEFAN KUHL 134

Part 4 The Nazi State: Leadership and Bureaucracy 153

12. Executive Instinct: and the Planning for the CHARLES W. SYDNOR, JR. 159

13. Plans for the Final Solution in Early 1941 RICHARD BREITMAN 187

14. State Policy and Corporate Involvement in the Holocaust PETER HAYES 197

15. The Civil Service and the Implementation of the Holocaust: From Passive to Active Complicity HANS MOMMSEN 219

16. The Other Crimes of FRANKLIN H. LITTELL 228

Part 5 "Ordinary Men": The Sociopolitical Background 237

17. The T4 Killers: Berlin, , San Sabba HENRY FRIEDLANDER 243

18. Ordinary Germans or Ordinary Men? A Reply to the Critics CHRISTOPHER R. BROWNING 252 19. Complicity or Entanglement? , War, and Holocaust JURGEN FORSTER 266 Contents vii

20. The Amsterdam Police and the Persecution of the Jews GUUS MEERSHOEK 284

21. Ordinary Men or Ordinary Germans? DANIELJONAH GOLDHAGEN 301

Part 6 Multiple Voices: Ideology, Exclusion, and Coercion 309

22. Neglected : The Mischlinge, the Judischversippte, and the Gypsies JOHN A. S. GRENVILLE 315

23. "Slapping Up Spastics" HUGH GREGORY GALLAGHER 327

24. Final Solution of the Homosexual Question? The Antihomosexual Policies of the Nazis and the Social Consequences for Homosexual Men GUNTER GRAU 338

25. The Pink Triangle: Homosexuals as "Enemies of the State" RUDIGER LAUTMANN 345

26. The Black Experience during the Holocaust RESTING 358

Part 7 Concentration Camps: Their Task and Environment 367

27. Auschwitz Concentration Camp: How It Was Used in the Nazi System of Terror and Genocide and in the Economy of the Third Reich FRANC1SZEK PIPER 371

28. Antechamber to Birkenau: The Zigeunerlager after 1933 SYBIL MILTON 387

29. Concentration Camps and the Non-Jewish Environment EDITH RAIM 401

30. Places Far Away, Places Very Near: Mauthausen, the Camps of the Shoah, and the Bystanders GORDON J. HORWITZ 409 viii Contents

Part 8 The Axis, the Allies, and the Neutrals 421

31. : A Retrospective Analysis

RANDOLPH L. BRAHAM 427

32. The Holocaust in Italy: Areas of Inquiry MEIR MICHAELIS 439

33. Antonescu and the Jews JEAN ANCEL 463

34. The Allies and the Holocaust GERHARD L. WEINBERG 480

35. Surviving the Holocaust: The Situation in France SUSAN S. ZUCCOTTI 492 36. British Responses to the Plight of Jews in Europe, 1933-1945 LOUISE LONDON 510

37. Bureaucracy, Resistance, and the Holocaust: Understanding the Success of Swedish Diplomacy in Budapest, 1944-1945 PAUL A. LEV1NE 518

38. A Lucky Few: Refugees in Turkey MARK A. EPSTEIN 536

39. The Catholic Response to the Holocaust: Institutional Perspectives JOHN T. PAWLIKOWSKI, O.S.M. 551

40. The Ecclesiastical Final Solution: The German Christian Movement and the Anti-Jewish Church DORIS L. BERGEN 566

Part 9 Jewish Leadership, Jewish Resistance 585

41. The Armed Jewish Resistance in Eastern Europe: Its Unique Conditions and Its Relations with the Jewish Councils (Judenrate) in the Ghettos YITZHAK ARAD 591

42. Remembering and Invoking 1789 during the Holocaust: The Trials and Tribulations of French Jews RICHARD I. COHEN 601

43. The Jewish Underground Press in France and the Struggle to Expose the Nazi Secret of the Final Solution ADAM RAYSKI 616 Contents ix 44. Czech and Slovak Wartime Jewish Leadership: Variants in Strategy and Tactics LIVIA ROTHKIRCHEN 629

Part 10 The Rescuers 647

45. Reflections on Rescuers NECHAMA TEC 651

46. The Rescuer Self EVA FOGELMAN 663

47. Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: A Portrait of Moral Courage SAMUEL P. OLINER 678

Part I I The Survivor Experience 691

48. "We're on Our Way, but We're Not in the Wilderness" JACQUELINE GIERE 699

49. Way Station of Exodus: Jewish Displaced Persons and Refugees in Postwar Austria THOMAS ALBRICH 716

50. From Illegal Immigrants to New Immigrants: The Cyprus Detainees, 1946-1949 DALIA OFER 733

51. Against All Odds: Survivors of the Holocaust and the

American Experience WILLIAM B. HELMREICH 750

52. in Past and Present LEO EITINGER 767

53. Israeli Society and Recent Attitudes toward the Jews of Europe and Holocaust Survivors DINA PORAT 785 54. History, Memory, and Truth: Defining the Place of the Survivor DORI LAUB WITH MARJORIE ALLARD 799

Contributors 813 Index 821