CONTENTS
Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii
Part I
Probing the Holocaust: Where We Are, Where We Need to Go 1
1. Sources and Their Uses RAUL HILBERG 5
2. A Past That Will Not Go Away YEHUDA BAUER 12
3. The Holocaust: Where We Are, Where We Need to Go EBERHARD JACKEL 23 4. The Holocaust: Where We Are, Where We Need to Go—A Comment MICHAEL R. MARRUS 30
Part 2 Antisemitism and Racism in Nazi Ideology 35
5. The Use of Antisemitism in Nazi Wartime Propaganda
DAVID BANKIER 41
6. The Holocaust: A Very Particular Racism STEVEN T. KATZ 56
7. Antisemitism and Racism in Nazi Ideology WALTER ZW1 BACHARACH 64 8. Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Reinterpretations of National Socialism OMER BARTOV 75 vi Contents
Part 3 The Politics of Racial Health and Science 99
9. Human Genetics and the Mass Murder of Jews, Gypsies, and Others BENNO MULLER-HILL 103
10. From Colonial Racism to Nazi Population Policy: The Role of the So-called Mischlinge ANNEGRET EHMANN 115
11. The Cooperation of German Racial Hygienists and American Eugenicists before and after 1933 STEFAN KUHL 134
Part 4 The Nazi State: Leadership and Bureaucracy 153
12. Executive Instinct: Reinhard Heydrich and the Planning for the Final Solution CHARLES W. SYDNOR, JR. 159
13. Plans for the Final Solution in Early 1941 RICHARD BREITMAN 187
14. State Policy and Corporate Involvement in the Holocaust PETER HAYES 197
15. The Civil Service and the Implementation of the Holocaust: From Passive to Active Complicity HANS MOMMSEN 219
16. The Other Crimes of Adolf Hitler FRANKLIN H. LITTELL 228
Part 5 "Ordinary Men": The Sociopolitical Background 237
17. The T4 Killers: Berlin, Lublin, San Sabba HENRY FRIEDLANDER 243
18. Ordinary Germans or Ordinary Men? A Reply to the Critics CHRISTOPHER R. BROWNING 252 19. Complicity or Entanglement? Wehrmacht, War, and Holocaust JURGEN FORSTER 266 Contents vii
20. The Amsterdam Police and the Persecution of the Jews GUUS MEERSHOEK 284
21. Ordinary Men or Ordinary Germans? DANIELJONAH GOLDHAGEN 301
Part 6 Multiple Voices: Ideology, Exclusion, and Coercion 309
22. Neglected Holocaust Victims: The Mischlinge, the Judischversippte, and the Gypsies JOHN A. S. GRENVILLE 315
23. "Slapping Up Spastics" HUGH GREGORY GALLAGHER 327
24. Final Solution of the Homosexual Question? The Antihomosexual Policies of the Nazis and the Social Consequences for Homosexual Men GUNTER GRAU 338
25. The Pink Triangle: Homosexuals as "Enemies of the State" RUDIGER LAUTMANN 345
26. The Black Experience during the Holocaust ROBERT RESTING 358
Part 7 Concentration Camps: Their Task and Environment 367
27. Auschwitz Concentration Camp: How It Was Used in the Nazi System of Terror and Genocide and in the Economy of the Third Reich FRANC1SZEK PIPER 371
28. Antechamber to Birkenau: The Zigeunerlager after 1933 SYBIL MILTON 387
29. Concentration Camps and the Non-Jewish Environment EDITH RAIM 401
30. Places Far Away, Places Very Near: Mauthausen, the Camps of the Shoah, and the Bystanders GORDON J. HORWITZ 409 viii Contents
Part 8 The Axis, the Allies, and the Neutrals 421
31. The Holocaust in Hungary: A Retrospective Analysis
RANDOLPH L. BRAHAM 427
32. The Holocaust in Italy: Areas of Inquiry MEIR MICHAELIS 439
33. Antonescu and the Jews JEAN ANCEL 463
34. The Allies and the Holocaust GERHARD L. WEINBERG 480
35. Surviving the Holocaust: The Situation in France SUSAN S. ZUCCOTTI 492 36. British Responses to the Plight of Jews in Europe, 1933-1945 LOUISE LONDON 510
37. Bureaucracy, Resistance, and the Holocaust: Understanding the Success of Swedish Diplomacy in Budapest, 1944-1945 PAUL A. LEV1NE 518
38. A Lucky Few: Refugees in Turkey MARK A. EPSTEIN 536
39. The Catholic Response to the Holocaust: Institutional Perspectives JOHN T. PAWLIKOWSKI, O.S.M. 551
40. The Ecclesiastical Final Solution: The German Christian Movement and the Anti-Jewish Church DORIS L. BERGEN 566
Part 9 Jewish Leadership, Jewish Resistance 585
41. The Armed Jewish Resistance in Eastern Europe: Its Unique Conditions and Its Relations with the Jewish Councils (Judenrate) in the Ghettos YITZHAK ARAD 591
42. Remembering and Invoking 1789 during the Holocaust: The Trials and Tribulations of French Jews RICHARD I. COHEN 601
43. The Jewish Underground Press in France and the Struggle to Expose the Nazi Secret of the Final Solution ADAM RAYSKI 616 Contents ix 44. Czech and Slovak Wartime Jewish Leadership: Variants in Strategy and Tactics LIVIA ROTHKIRCHEN 629
Part 10 The Rescuers 647
45. Reflections on Rescuers NECHAMA TEC 651
46. The Rescuer Self EVA FOGELMAN 663
47. Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: A Portrait of Moral Courage SAMUEL P. OLINER 678
Part I I The Survivor Experience 691
48. "We're on Our Way, but We're Not in the Wilderness" JACQUELINE GIERE 699
49. Way Station of Exodus: Jewish Displaced Persons and Refugees in Postwar Austria THOMAS ALBRICH 716
50. From Illegal Immigrants to New Immigrants: The Cyprus Detainees, 1946-1949 DALIA OFER 733
51. Against All Odds: Survivors of the Holocaust and the
American Experience WILLIAM B. HELMREICH 750
52. Holocaust Survivors in Past and Present LEO EITINGER 767
53. Israeli Society and Recent Attitudes toward the Jews of Europe and Holocaust Survivors DINA PORAT 785 54. History, Memory, and Truth: Defining the Place of the Survivor DORI LAUB WITH MARJORIE ALLARD 799
Contributors 813 Index 821