Determination of Aflatoxins in Products and Cancer Risk Estimates of Dietary Exposure in Indonesian and Thai population

Andri FREDIANSYAH1,4*, Panida NAVASUMRIT1,2,3, Jeerawan PROMVIJIT2, Chalida CHOMPOOBUT2, and Mathuros RUCHIRAWAT2,3

1.Chulabhorn Graduate Institute (CGI), Thailand; 2. Chulabhorn Research Institute (CRI), Thailand; 3. Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Thailand; 4. Indonesian Institute of Sciences, ; *Corresponding author: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Peanut have been reported as one of major aflatoxin WHO recommends an integrated control of aflatoxin in the contaminated products in almost all countries. Its presence is human diet. Currently, Indonesian and Thailand authorities has serious public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing a maximum tolerable level of 20 μg·kg-1 for total afaltoxin in countries. Aflatoxin been classified into AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and food products. Raw peanut and its products are frequently AFG2 based on fluorescent and chemistry structure. AFB1 known contaminated with aflatoxins. It has to be considered as high as class 1A human carcinogen (IARC,1993). AFB1 was reported to risk agricultural commodity. However, peanut products are increase the risk of Hepatocelular Carcinoma ( H C C ) when staple in Indonesian and Thai population. They consumed either associated with hepatitis B or C (Kirk et al. 2005, Wu et al. 2013). It unprocessed or processed . The most popular peanut was contributed 4.6%-28.2% of total annual HCC cases (Zhao et product is mixed with chili. It serves with variety al. 2013). of dishes. In Indonesia it serves with , gado-gado, ketoprak and sate. In Thailand it served with thai pork : The conversion of AFB1 to a reactive metabolite (aflatoxin- moo ping. Limited study performed the contamination all types 8,9-epoxide) by cytochrome P450 can produced DNA adduct that of aflatoxin from peanuts and its product especially peanut lead to p53 tumor suppressor gene mutation in the liver. These sauce. conditions will increase the risk of chronic liver/cirrhosis and H C C for long term exposure.

OBJECTIVES  To investigate the occurence of aflatoxins from raw peanut and its product consumed by Indonesian and Thai population

 To estimate cancer risk of aflatoxin dietary exposure from raw peanut and its products METHODS

1) Sampling 3) Aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, and G2) analysis A total of 99 peanuts (67 samples from Indonesia and 32 samples from Thailand) Analysis of aflatoxins was performed by LC-MS/MS were collected between April and July 2014. system (Agilent 1100 series equipped with Micromass® Quattro micro™MS/MS detector).

4) Dietary exposure and cancer risk analysis Dietary exposure analysis of aflatoxin from peanuts for Indonesian and Thai were estimated as the sum of the intake peanuts and its products considered in this study. It is described as the mean daily intake (PDIm).

2) Sample extraction

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Level of aflatoxin contaminations

- Aflatoxins level in raw peanuts and its product from both Indonesia and Thailand has same trend.

- Among three samples, peanut sauce tested has highest aflatoxins level. Peanut sauce in generally made by ground peanuts that mixed with chili, brown sugar, and other spices. Aflatoxin can easily p e n e t r a t e d i n t o g r o u n d f o r m o f p e a n u t . T h e processing stage such as after grinding allowed fungi to grow and produced these toxin.

2. Probable mean daily intake (P D Im) and cancer risk estimation

- Indonesia and Thailand has higher P D Im when compared to the country that has lower incidence of total aflatoxins such as European Union (0.47 ng kg b . w. d a y - 1 ) a n d U S ( 0 . 2 6 n g k g b . w. d a y - 1 ) (W H O,1999).

- Based on the mean dietary exposure level to A F B 1 , c a n c e r r i s k w a s e s t i m a t e d a t 0 . 0 3 0 c a s e s / 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e r s o n / y e a r f o r I n d o n e s i a n a n d 0.019 cases/100,000 person/year for Thai. These cancer cases both Indonesia and Thailand lower t h a n C h i n a ( 0 . 0 4 2 c a n c e r c a s e s / 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 person/year) (Zhao et al. 2013).

CONCLUSION Peanut sauce products has the highest aflatoxin levels compared to the raw peanuts and cooked peanuts. Its could established more than two fold higher than the raw peanuts due to processing stages. Aflatoxin levels in each group samples found in both Indonesia and Thailand has same trend. Indonesia and Thailand has higher probable mean daily intake of aflatoxins when compared to other countries that has lower incidence. It will effects in liver cancer risk in both population for long term exposure. A broad study on a number of peanut samples and other food products from this area should be carried out to provide additional information and to confirm the health risk

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to the Center for Environmental Health, Toxicology, and Management of Chemical under Science and Technology Postgraduate Education and Research Development Officer (PERDO) and Chulabhorn Graduate Institute (CGI) for their financial support of this work.

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