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European Arachnology 2000 (S. Toft & N. Scharff eds.), pp. 229-236. © Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, 2002. ISBN 87 7934 001 6 (Proceedings of the 19th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Århus 17-22 July 2000)

The fauna of balks

MARIA WOLAK Department of Zoology, University of Podlasie, ul. Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland ([email protected])

Abstract Results of studies of the spider fauna of three balks and a rye field adjacent to one of them in a mosaic of agrocoenoses in Eastern Poland are presented. were collected by pitfall trapping and sweep netting in the years 1998 and 1999. In total, 7589 specimens representing 94 species were collected. Spider diversity depended on width and age of the balk and on vegetation struc- ture. More spider species occurred in the older balk, which had fewer plant species but a denser vegetation cover than in the younger one, which was covered with more diverse but less compact vegetation. Seasonal activity of the dominant spider species was different in the balk and adjacent field. Balks, as important components of mosaic landscapes, play a significant role in enriching spider diversity in arable areas.

Key words: agricultural areas, Araneae, balks, biodiversity, refugial habitats

INTRODUCTION refugial habitats is not known. Agricultural practices decrease the abundance Many investigations in other European of beneficial . The role of landscape countries have focused on the importance of diversification is to provide reservoirs that are unmanaged areas within arable lands. Accord- strategically placed and which act as safe ing to Barthel & Platcher (1995) a more diverse havens and sources of immigrants to the crop spider fauna in the agricultural landscape re- fields (Sunderland & Samu 2000). quires: larger field margins, fallow lands as In Eastern Poland the agricultural land- sources of colonization, connectedness of un- scape has maintained its diverse character. It cultivated areas, and a stable vegetation struc- forms a mosaic of small fields (usually between ture of the margins. Bergthaler (1996) found 5 ha and 1 ha), separated by balks and small that already during the first year of succession woods. Balks are narrow (less than 1 m) strips hedgerows functioned as an important refuge covered with herbs and grasses, slightly raised for the invertebrate fauna. Tόth & Kiss (1999) above the field level. A balk separates two noticed that the presence of margins increased fields and is unmanaged, although it may be species richness of epigeic spiders in winter affected by the agrotechnical treatments carried wheat fields. Kemp & Barrett (1989) found that out in the adjacent fields. Because of their struc- predators were more abundant in uncultivated tural stability and vegetational composition areas, especially successional corridors, than in balks might play a similar role for invertebrate soybean fields. The establishment of un- as waste lands or meadows. Although cropped areas within the agricultural land- balks are characteristic components of the Pol- scape might provide net ecological and eco- ish agricultural landscape, their importance as nomic benefits. Thomas et al. (1991) proposed 230 European Arachnology 2000 the creation of ‘island’ habitats in the farmland. Table 1. Number of species, Shannon-Weaver and They noticed that during the first year of estab- Equitability index for all study sites. B1 balk I, B2 lishment the new habitats provided overwin- balk II, B3 balk III, C rye field. tering refuge sites for many species of Araneae, 1998 1999 Carabidae and Staphylinidae. Experiments B1 B2 B3 B3 C with the introduction of sown weed strips into crop fields were undertaken in Switzerland Species richness 43 39 52 58 45 with positive results for the diversity of spiders Shannon index 2.69 2.70 2.25 1.95 1.71 and other arthropods (Lys & Nentwig 1994; Equitability 0.72 0.74 0.57 0.47 0.45 Frank & Nentwig 1995). Spiders and other invertebrates of balks have not previously been studied in Poland. 1998 (in balk II only from May), and from The aim of this study was to determine the March till October in 1999. Epigeic spiders characteristics of balks which influence spider were collected by pitfall traps (plastic cups of 7 biodiversity. The role of balks as refugial habi- cm upper diameter, containing ethylene glycol tats is considered. and a few drops of detergent). Ten traps with a distance of 2 m between each one were in- MATERIAL AND METHODS stalled at each site. The traps functioned for Study area two weeks of every month. Spiders of the her- The spider fauna in three balks and the rye baceous layer were collected once a month by a field adjoining one of them in the years 1998-99 sweep net of 40 cm diameter. One sampling was studied. The study area was situated in the consisted of 4 x 25 sweeps. The material was village of Zbuczyn, Eastern Poland. Balk I sep- identified to species level or, in the case of arated a conventionally grown strawberry field young individuals, to level. For analysis and an organically grown wheat field. Balk II Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H) and spe- separated the strawberry field and organic cies similarity Sørensen index (So) were ap- potato fields. The width of the strawberry field plied. between the two balks was about 6 m. Balks I and II were about 30 years old and about 40 cm RESULTS wide. Both were covered with diverse vegeta- In total, spiders of 15 families and 94 species tion composed of 33 plant species. Vegetation represented by 7589 specimens were recorded. cover in balk I was not very dense. Apart from Numbers of spider species caught by pitfall grass, some high and branched plants (e.g. Ar- traps and sweep net in all study areas, as well temisia vulgaris) were present there. The vegeta- as Shannon index and equitability, are given in tion in balk II was not as dense as in balk I and Table 1. An analysis of epigeic spiders showed was composed mainly of low herbs. Balk III differences between balks. In balks I and II was situated at another farm, about 2 km from similar numbers of species were found in pit- balks I and II, and separated two rye fields. fall traps (34 and 30, respectively) but the total Areas of cultivated fields were about 1 ha. The number of individuals was much higher in balk was about 80 years old and 70 cm wide. balk I (748) than in balk II (293). As regards the The flora of this habitat was composed of 13 number of specimens, Pachygnatha degeeri and plant species. Grass was a main component of Pardosa palustris were most abundant in balk I, the vegetation. Its long and bent blades formed while Oedothorax apicatus was most numerous a compact green mass. in balk II. The spider fauna of balk III was more diverse and a larger number of species Methods (46) and individuals (1761) was recorded than Samples were taken from April till October in in the two other balks. P. degeeri, Centromerita Wolak: Spiders of balks 231

Fig. 1. Dominance structure of the spider commu- nities of balks and adjacent rye field as revealed by pitfall trapping in May. bicolor, Centromerus sylvaticus, Pardosa palustris A comparison of balk III in 1998 and 1999 and O. apicatus were the most abundant spe- revealed only small differences in epigeic spi- cies. In the herbaceous layer, Mangora acalypha der composition but the number of individuals was the most numerous in all studied balks. was much higher (2469) in the second year of The number of individuals was twofold higher the study. Foliage-dwelling spider communi- (50) in balk I than in balk II (25). ties were different in the two years studied. In 232 European Arachnology 2000

450 1999 twice the number of species was re- 400 350 Rye field corded. In the rye field agrobiont species were 300 Balk 250 most numerous (P. degeeri, O. apicatus, Erigone 200 dentipalpis and E. atra). The field and the adja- 150 100 cent balk had 21 species in common. 50 0

The dominance structure of epigeic spiders Number of specimen 15 III 29 III 16 IV 13 V 16 VI 13 VII 17 VIII 15 IX 21 X recorded in May (Fig. 1) revealed that the spi- der fauna of balk III was quite different from Fig. 2. Seasonal activity of Pachygnatha degeeri in that of balks I and II. Moreover, there were dif- balk III and adjacent rye field in 1999. ferences between balk I and II, in spite of their closeness. In balk III, P. degeeri dominated in than wider margins, where an undisturbed both years (47% and 67% respectively). In 1998 central zone can be established. Stability of the second dominating species was P. palustris balks depends, among other things, on their (23%), whereas in the next year of study this age. More spider species were recorded in the spider accounted for only 5%. In the rye field 80-year-old-balk than in the 30-year-old ones. the dominant spider species was also P. degeeri Similar relations were found by Frank & (79%). Nentwig (1995) in sown weed strips within cul- The Sørensen similarity index between balk tivated fields and in field boundaries. Although I and balk II was high (0.72). Lower values strips were only one or two years old they were were recorded for balk I and III (0.65), and for similar to balks in their width (1.5 m) and plant balk II and III (0.66). Only small changes of composition (25 weed species). The older strips spider communities in balk III in 1998 and 1999 contained significantly more spider species were noted (So = 0.70). The value of this index than the younger ones, and also the number of for the rye field and balk III was low (0.48). species in the ten-year-old boundary was sig- The number of individuals of the dominant nificantly higher than in weed strips. spider species P. degeeri during the 1999 study Vegetation structure is one of the essential season showed two peaks in the balk but only factors for spiders. Dense and compact vegeta- one peak in the adjacent rye field (Fig. 2); the tion provides shade and humidity, appropriate species disappeared completely after harvest of conditions especially for small spiders of the the field. families Linyphiidae and Theridiidae. These spiders, exposed to loss of water more than DISCUSSION larger ones, find hiding places in numerous, This study revealed that the richness of the spi- tiny spaces of such habitats (Duffey 1975). der fauna of balks depends on the width of the Linyphiids were most abundant in balk III in balk and on its vegetation structure. While which the vegetation provided good support width is important for the general abundance for sheet webs. Apart from the Linyphiidae, of spiders, vegetation structure may influence spiders of five other families were registered spider composition. In balk III, which was al- here. According to Frank & Nentwig (1995) the most twice as wide as the other two, a far lar- dense grass cover reduces the mobility of spi- ger number of specimens was found. The size ders. In contrast, in balks I and II spiders repre- of the area itself seems to be important: the senting 11 and 9 families respectively were wider the balk, the more space to inhabit. found. It seems that less compact and more Barthel & Platcher (1995, 1996) stated that the diverse vegetation provide better conditions size of uncultivated margins is an important for actively hunting and larger web-building factor for spider composition. Narrower mar- spiders (more insolation and support for three- gins might be more affected by mechanical dimensional webs). Scheidler (1990) who stud- treatments of the neighbouring cultivated areas ied the influence of habitat structure and vege- Wolak: Spiders of balks 233 tation architecture on spiders, found higher nous and adult specimens overwinter (Schaefer spider densities on broad plants with many 1977). Frank & Nentwig (1995) considered P. branches than on plants with only few degeeri a species with distinct preference for the branches and a rather narrow architecture. He field boundary. They listed as agrobiont spe- stated also that for some spiders the plant ar- cies Erigone atra, E. dentipalpis, Oedothorax apica- chitecture may play the dominant role, while tus, Pardosa agrstis and P. palustris showing dis- for other spider species special structures like persal from weed strips into fields (i.e. in leaves or buds are most important. Frank & spring more individuals were in weed strips, Nentwig (1995) also recorded a more diverse but as the season progressed more individuals spider fauna in areas covered with richly struc- were in the fields). This means that these spider tured vegetation. species overwintered in the strips. Also Łuczak Although balk III was characterized by a (1979) pointed out that densely vegetated bio- lower Shannon diversity index than balks I and topes provided particularly attractive sites for II, records of Porrhomma errans, Allomengea hibernation. vidua and Argiope bruennichi in this site should Some spider species probably originating be stressed. The two first species are known from the adjoining balk were found in the field, only from a few localities in Poland (Staręga so one can speculate that spiders migrate from 1983; Staręga & Stankiewicz 1996). A. bruen- balks to the fields and vice versa. Because of nichi, although frequent in Western Europe the small width of the balks, the extent of this (Nyffeler 1982; Barthel & Platcher 1995, 1996; migration need not be large. Jmhasly & Jmhasly & Nentwig 1995; Bergthaler 1996) and Nentwig (1995) observed that in many cases even in Western Poland (Radkiewicz & Jerzak the spider density and web cover were larger 1991; Kuźniak 1998), is a relatively rare species close to the strips, so they supposed that weed in Eastern Poland and protected in the whole strips might increase the spider population in country. the adjacent winter wheat. Balks may serve as overwintering sites, es- The conclusion of this study is that balks, in pecially for agrobiont spiders. Under a vegeta- spite of their small width, are important habi- tion layer reduced temperature extremes can be tats for the spider fauna within Polish agricul- recorded (Thomas et al. 1992) which might in- tural areas. Their presence might increase bio- crease winter survival compared to open fields. diversity in arable areas, because their spider This seems to be essential, especially for arthro- fauna is much more diverse than in the culti- pods as spiders which are not able to dig well vated fields. It is highly recommended to main- into the soil, and which showed the lowest tain or restore the Polish type of agricultural overwintering abundance in cereal areas (Lys landscape with plenty of balks, woods, water & Nentwig 1994). A pattern of seasonal activity bodies and small fields. Sustainable agriculture of Pachygnatha deggeeri in balk III (Fig. 2) promotes diversified agroecosystems and ex- showed an increase in the number of individ- tensive production in small-area farms so that uals twice a year, in spring and in autumn. it could be profitable. Gravesen & Toft (1987) Similar data were obtained by Palmgren (1974). mentioned the creation of grass strips along The second peak should not be related to the field margins and hedges as one way of sexual activity of this species but rather to the ‘manipulating’ predator populations for pro- migration to overwintering sites (Toft 1979). A ductive and environmental benefits. number of individuals of this spider had only one peak in spring in the rye field and then it REFERENCES disappeared completely during harvest. The Barthel, J. & Platcher, H. 1995. Distribution of spiders might have migrated from the field to foliage-dwelling spiders in uncultivated the balk, as this species is known as eurychro- areas of agricultural landscapes (Southern 234 European Arachnology 2000

Bavaria, Germany) (Arachnida, Araneae). Nyffeler, M. 1982. Field studies on ecological In: Proceedings of the 15th European Collo- role of the spiders as insect predators in quium of Arachnology (V. Rüžička ed.), pp. Agroecosystems (Abandoned grassland, 11-21. Institute of Entomology, České Budĕ- meadows and cereal fields). Thesis, Swiss jovice. Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. Barthel, J. & Platcher, H. 1996. Significance of Palmgren, P. 1974. Die spinnenfauna Finnlands field margins for foliage-dwelling spiders und Ostfennoskandiens IV. Argiopidae, (Arachnida, Araneae) in an agricultural Tetragnathidae und Mimetidae. Fauna Fen- landscape of Germany. Revue Suisse de nica 24, 36-69. Zoologie Hors série 2, 45-59. Radkiewicz, J. & Jerzak, L. 1991. O stanowis- Bergthaler, G. 1996. Preliminary results on the kach pająka tygrzyka paskowanego na ob- colonisation of a newly planted hedgerow szarze Polski. Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą 47, by epigeic spiders (Araneae) under the in- 89-91. fluence of adjacent cereal fields. Revue Schaefer, M. 1977. Winter ecology of spiders Suisse de Zoologie Hors serie 2, 61-70. (Araneida). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Ento- Duffey, E. 1975. Habitat selection in man-made mologie 83, 113-134. environments. Proceedings of the 6th Interna- Scheidler, M. 1990. Influence of habitat struc- tional Arachnological Congress, pp. 53-67. ture and vegetation architecture on spiders. Amsterdam. Zoologischer Anzeiger 225, 333-340. Frank, T. & Nentwig, W. 1995. Ground dwell- Staręga, W. 1983. Wykaz krytyczny pająków ing spiders (Araneae) in sown weed strips (Aranei) Polski. Fragmenta Faunistica 27, and adjacent fields. Acta Oecologica 16, 179- 149-268. 193. Staręga, W. & Stankiewicz, A. 1996. Beiträge Gravesen, E. & Toft, S. 1987. Grass fields as zur Spinnenfauna einiger Moore Nordost- reservoirs for polyphagous predators polens. Fragmenta Faunistica 39, 345-361. (Arthropoda) of aphids (Homopt., Aphidi- Sunderland, K.D. & Samu, F. 2000. Effects of dae). Journal of Applied Entomology 104, 461- agricultural diversification on the abun- 473. dance, distribution, and pest control poten- Jmhasly, P. & Nentwig, W. 1995. Habitat man- tial of spiders: a review. Entomologia Experi- agement in winter wheat and evaluation of mentalis et Applicata 95, 1-13. subsequent spider predation on insect Thomas, M., Wratten, S.D. & Sotherton, N. pests. Acta Oecologica 16, 389-403. 1991. Creation of ‘island’ habitats in farm- Kemp, J. & Barret, G. 1989. Spatial patterning: land to manipulate populations of beneficial impact of uncultivated corridors on arthro- arthropods: predator densities and emigra- pod populations within soybean agroeco- tion. Journal of Applied Ecology 28, 906-917. systems. Ecology 70, 114-128. Thomas, M., Mitchel, H. & Wratten, S.D. 1992. Kuźniak, S. 1998. Tygrzyk paskowany (Argiope Abiotic and biotic factors influencing the bruennichi) w Przemęckim Parku Krajobra- winter distribution of predatory insects. zowym. Biuletyn Parków Krajobrazowych Oecologia 89, 78-84. Wielkopolski 3, 136-139. Toft, S. 1979. Life histories of eight Danish wet- Lys, J.-A. & Nentwig, W. 1994. Improvement of land spiders. Entomologiske Meddelelser 47, overwintering sites for Carabidae, 22-32. Staphylinidae and Araneae by strip- Tóth, F. & Kiss, J. 1999. Comparative analyses management in a cereal field. Pedobiologia of epigeic spider assemblages in northern 38, 238-242. Hungarian winter wheat fields and their Łuczak, J. 1979. Spiders in agrocoenoses. Polish adjacent margins. Journal of Arachnology 27, Ecological Studies 5, 151-200. 241-249. Wolak: Spiders of balks 235

3 1 1 1 SN SN

1 1 2 2 1 7 1 2 5 1 1 PF 634 634 888 Rye field field Rye

1999 1999

2 1 1 4 1 2 1 14 14 SN SN

Balk 3 3 Balk 1 1 3 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 PF 15 35 43 12 169 169 1420 1420

1 1 3 SN

Balk 3 1 4 9 3 3 3 5 PF 53 19 137 137 747

1 1 1 4 1 1 SN SN

1998 1998

Balk 2 Balk 2 1 PF 66 40 37

2 3 2 4 SN SN

Balk 1 1 Balk 3 PF 44 24 12 177 177

ski) ń (Linnaeus) (Kulczy (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Westring) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Jackson) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Walckenaer) (Walckenaer) (Linnaeus) (Linnaeus) (Sundevall) (Sundevall) (L. Koch) (L. (Clerck) (Clerck) (Sundevall) (Clerck) (Westring) (Sundevall) (Sundevall) (L. Koch) (Clerck) (Clerck) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Thorell) (Sundevall) (Sundevall) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) sp. (juv.) sp. (juv.) (Blackwall) sp. (juv.) Spider species species Spider herbigradus Micrargus Microlinyphia pusilla Microlinyphia Microneta viaria Neriene clathrata apicatus Oedothorax fuscus Oedothorax gibbosus Oedothorax retusus Oedothorax Pocadicnemis pumilla errans Porrhomma pallidum Porrhomma pygmaeum Porrhomma Silometopus reussi lineatus Stemonyphantes insecta Tapinocyba vagans Tiso scabriculus Troxochrus Walckenaeria obtusa Tetragnathidae degeeri Pachygnatha extensa Tetragnatha pinicola Tetragnatha Araneidae ceropegia Aculepeira diadematus Araneus Araneus marmoreus quadratus Araneus Araneus cucrbitina Araniella opisthographa Araniella

6 1 13 13 SN SN

1 1 8 2 1 2 1 2 PF 10 16 154 154 161 Rye field field Rye

1999 1999

1 7 1 7 1 1 SN SN

Balk 3 Balk 2 6 2 5 8 4 1 1 1 1 6 2 PF 27 15 69 97 118 118

1 4 1 SN

Balk 3 Balk 4 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 PF 11 14 17 57 165 165 157

2 3 1 SN SN 1998 1998

Balk 2 1 3 1 5 1 5 PF 35

2 1 4 5 SN SN

Balk 1 Balk 1 3 1 1 2 5 9 PF 53 72

(Westring) (Locket)

(Wider) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) C.) (O.P. (O.P. C.) C.) (O.P. (Westring) (Westring) (L. Koch) (Linnaeus) (L.Koch) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Clerck) (Clerck) (Clerck) (O.P. Cambridge) (Wider) (Wider) (Wider) (Sundevall) (Sundevall) List of spider species and numbers collected on study habitats using pitfall traps (PF) and sweeping net (SN). (SN). net sweeping and (PF) traps pitfall using habitats study on collected numbers and species spider of List (C.L.Koch) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (L. (L. Koch) (Menge) (Wider) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Villers) sp. (juv.) (juv.) sp. Appendix. Spider species Spider species Mimetidae Ero furcata Theridiidae lunata Achaearanea Enoplognatha ovata bimaculata Neottiura arundineti Robertus lividus Robertus Theridion impressum mystaceum Theridion Theridion Linyphiidae vidua Allomengea humilis Araeoncus gracilis Bathyphantes parvulus Bathyphantes bicolor Centromerita aequalis Centromerus Centromerus sylvaticus brevisetosum Dicymbium Diplocephalus latifrons Diplostyla concolor Erigone atra dentipalpis Erigone longipalpis Erigone dentatum Gnathonarium Lepthyphantes angulipalpis Lepthyphantes pallidus Linyphia triangularis Macrargus rufus Meioneta rurestris Meioneta tenera 236 European Arachnology 2000

1 14 14 SN SN

9 45 10 10 12 2140

PF Rye field field Rye

1999 1999

SN SN

1 3 1 2 3 8 1 58 13 13 2543

Balk 3 3 Balk PF

3

SN

1 1 1 3 2 2 1 6 8 52 10 10 1790

Balk 3 PF

4

SN SN

3 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 7 39 318 318 1998 1998

Balk 2 Balk PF

1 1 4

SN SN

1 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 43 798 798 16 16

Balk 1 1 Balk PF

(Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Clerck) (L. Koch) (L. (C. L. Koch) (Westring) (C. L. Koch) (Walckenaer) (Walckenaer) (Clerck) (Clerck) (Blackwall) (O.P. Cambridge) (Sundevall) (Sundevall) (Sundevall) (Sundevall) (Thorell) (Blackwall) (Blackwall) sp.(juv.) sp.(juv.) sp. (juv.) sp. (juv.) sp. (juv.) sp. (juv.) sp. (juv.) sp. (juv.) Spider species species Spider Liocranidae Agroeca brunnea Agroeca proxima festivus Phrurolithus Gnaphosidae Drassyllus lutetianus Drassyllus pusillus Haplodrassus sylvestris pulicaria Micaria Micaria Zelotes Zoridae spinimana Zora Philodromidae Philodromus aureolus Philodromus Thomisidae scabricula Ozyptila trux Ozyptila Ozyptila cristatus Xysticus kochi Xysticus Xysticus Salticidae Euophrys frontalis individuals of Total species of Total

10 10 SN SN

2 6 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 31 31 79 17 PF Rye field field Rye

1 1 2

1999 1999 26 SN SN

2 4 6 2 3 27 27 26 29 34 31 24 12 Balk 3 Balk 161 161 PF

3 6 6

SN

4 6 4 3 1 1 8 13 13 31 32 14 19 13 15 Balk 3 Balk 140 140 PF

5

SN SN

1 4 1 5 3 3 7 3 3 2 1998 1998 12 20 11 Balk 2 PF

1 3

16 16 SN SN

1 1 1 7 8 2 6 1 1 1 22 22 12 31 16 40 15 33 Balk 1 Balk 115 115 PF

(Clerck) (Westring) (Sundevall)

(Clerck)

(O. P. Cambridge) P. (O. (Clerck) (Scopoli) (Scopoli) (Clerck) (L. Koch) (Thorell) (Thorell) (O.P. Cambridge) (De Geer) (Linnaeus) (Linnaeus) (Simon) (Thorell) (Thorell) (Walckenaer) (Walckenaer) (Clerck) (Clerck) (Westring) (Clerck) (Walckenaer) (Walckenaer) (Clerck) (C. L. Koch) L. (C. (Blackwall) (Blackwall) (Fabricius) sp. (juv.) Simon Simon (juv.) sp. sp. (juv.) sp. sp. (juv.) (juv.) sp. sp. (juv.) (juv.) sp. Appendix, continued. Spider species Spider species Araniella bruennichi Argiope Cyclosa oculata Hypsosinga pygmea Mangora acalypha Lycosidae Alopecosa aculeata Alopecosa cuneata Alopecosa pulverulenta Alopecosa Pardosa agrestis Pardosa agricola Pardosa amentata Pardosa lugubris Pardosa palustris Pardosa prativaga Pardosa pullata Pardosa Pirata latitans Pirata piraticus Pirata tenuitarsis ruricola Trochosa terricola Trochosa Trochosa Xerolycosa nemoralis Pisauridae Pisaura mirabilis Hahnidae pusilla Hahnia Dictynidae Argenna subnigra cicur Cicurina