Common Forest of (Native and Introduced)

Mamane This species is one of the most widely distributed trees in Hawaii. It is common mainly in dry mountain chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem. forests at 4000Ð8000 ft (1219Ð2438 m) altitude, rang- ing down almost to 100 ft (30 m) and up to 9500 ft (2896 family (Leguminosae) m) as the timberline on the highest mountains of the island of Hawaii, , Mauna Loa, and Hualalai. Native species (endemic) It reaches its best development as a on the higher slopes of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Elsewhere, ex- Evergreen native tree or widespread but mainly in cept for portions of Haleakala on , it grows pre- dry mountain forests, identified by compound (pinnate) dominantly as a shrub. with mostly silvery gray leaflets, showy golden Found on five of the six large islands of Hawaii, yellow beanlike , and distinctive 4-winged pod. apparently extinct on Lanai. It is rare on Kauai, Oahu, Small to medium-sized tree 20Ð40 ft (6Ð12 m) tall and and Molokai, but common at higher elevations on Maul to 2 ft (0.6 m) in diameter, or a shrub. Bark gray brown, and Hawaii. smoothish, becoming furrowed into scaly ridges. Twigs silky hairy when young. subfamily (Faboideae). Special areas Leaves alternate, pinnate, 5Ð6 inches (12.5Ð15 cm) Kokee, Waimea Arboretum, Haleakala, Volcanoes, long, blunt or slightly notched at apex, rounded at base, Kipuka Puaulu, Pohakuloa State Park on Hawaii stalkless, thin, silky hairy when young, mostly silvery gray, hairy beneath or sometimes hairless. Champion clusters () at ends and sides of twigs, Height 39 ft (11.9 m), c.b.h. 12.2 ft (3.7 m), spread 42 ft unbranched, less than 2 inches (5 cm) long. Flowers sev- (12.8 m). Mauna Kea Forest Reserve, Humuula, Hawaii 1 eral on slender stalks, beanlike, ⁄2Ð1 inch (13Ð25 mm) (1968). long, golden yellow, consisting of cupshaped hairy ca- 3 lyx less than ⁄8 inch (10 mm) long with short teeth, dfive Range yellow 1 inch (25 mm) long, broad curved stan- Known only from Hawaii. Two closely related species dard, two wings, and keel, 10 separate stamens, and pis- are native to New Zealand. til with hairy ovary and long slender style. The are hardy, deep-rooted and endure heavy Fruits (pods) 4Ð6 inches (10Ð15 cm) long and more browsing. They vary greatly in size and shape, from low 1 than ⁄4 inch (6 mm) wide, with 4 long wings, deeply much-branched to medium-sized trees. The foli- narrowed between the , hard and not splitting open. age differs from green and hairless at low altitudes to 5 Seeds 4Ð8, beanlike, elliptical, ⁄16 inch (8 mm) long, silvery and hairy near timberline. One variety from Ha- slightly flattened, yellow, very bitter. waii and Maui has simple leaves with large blades. The sapwood is pale brown and the heartwood yel- lowish brown with reddish streaks, coarse textured, Other common names heavy, very hard, and very durable in the ground. It has mamani, mamano a spicy odor and distinct growth rings. It is used for fenceposts at high elevations near where ft grows and was formerly used by the Hawaiians for tool handles. The Hawaiians sometimes cut the for posts and beams of their houses and for runners of their sleds for sliding down steep mountain courses paved with rocks. Livestock, particularly , browse the foliage and destroy seedlings. It has been demonstrated that animal damage has seriously depleted the mamane forests on Hawaii. On Mauna Kea, this tree is the primary food source for the endangered endemic bird . Other birds such as the ‘i‘iwi and ‘apapane also feed on the tree.

This information is from Agriculture Handbook no. 679 by Elbert L. Little Jr. and Roger G. Skolmen, published by the Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, in 1989. Its present format is that of a reprint version published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced)

Mamane Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem. 1 Twig with flowers and fruits, ⁄2 X; cross-section of fruit (upper left, 1 1 ⁄2 X; flowers (upper right), 1 X; (lower right), 3 X (Degener).

This information is from Agriculture Handbook no. 679 by Elbert L. Little Jr. and Roger G. Skolmen, published by the Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, in 1989. Its present format is that of a reprint version published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003.