T h e W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l E x p e r i e n c e a t t h e W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l M e m o r i a l a n d L i b r a r y

The Changing World of Winston Churchill: From the Horse to Nuclear Weapons

Churchill and Weapons Technology

T e a m M e m b e r N a m e ______

Page 1 W h y s t u d y W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l i n M i s s o u r i ?

A t a y o u n g a g e , W in s t o n C h u r c h ill s a id , “ I h a v e f a it h in m y s t a r t h a t I a m in t e n d e d t o d o s o m e t h in g in t h e w o r ld . ”

I f y o u liv e d in t h e U n it e d K in g d o m , y o u w o u ld k n o w t h is m a n a s o n e o f y o u r c o u n t r y ’s g r e a t e s t h e r o e s . M a n y h is t o r ia n s b e lie v e C h u r c h ill c h a n g e d t h e c o u r s e o f h is t o r y d u r in g W o r ld W a r I I t h r o u g h h is le a d e r s h ip a n d c o m m a n d in g s p e e c h e s . W h y s t u d y C h u r c h ill h e r e in M is s o u r i?

A f t e r t h is e x p e r ie n c e , y o u w ill b e a b le t o a n s w e r w h y e v e r y o n e in M is s o u r i s h o u ld k n o w C h u r c h ill A N D w h y t h e w o r ld k n o w s F u lt o n a n d W e s t m in s t e r C o lle g e b e c a u s e o f C h u r c h ill. Y o u w ill s e e h o w o n e p e r s o n , w it h v is io n a n d e n e r g y , c a n m a k e a d if f e r e n c e t h r o u g h o u t h is o r h e r lif e . T h is p r o je c t is m a d e p o s s ib le b y a g r a n t f r o m t h e U . S . I n s t it u t e o f M u s e u m a n d L ib r a r y S e r v ic e s .

Page 2 T h e C h a n g i n g W o r l d o f W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l

t e c h · n o l · o · g y ( t  k - n  l' - j ) T e c h n o l o g y i s t h e u s e o f e n g i n e e r i n g a n d s c i e n c e t o m a k e l i f e , s o c i e t y , o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t m o r e e f f i c i e n t b y c r e a t i n g n e w s y s t e m s o r m a c h i n e s

I n 1 8 7 4 , W in s t o n C h u r c h ill w a s b o r n in E n g la n d . D u r in g h is lif e , t e c h n o lo g y p la y e d a c r it ic a l r o le a s n a t io n s e n g a g e d in g r e a t w a r s t h a t w o u ld c h a n g e W e s t e r n c u lt u r e , g e o g r a p h ic b o u n d a r ie s , a n d t h e b a la n c e o f w o r ld p o w e r f o r e v e r . I n t h is e x p e r ie n c e , y o u w ill f o llo w t e c h n o lo g ie s t h a t w e r e a lr e a d y e v o lv in g o r c r e a t e d d u r in g C h u r c h ill’s lif e t im e . F o r e x a m p le , w h e n W in s t o n b e g a n h is m ilita r y c a r e e r in 1 8 9 4 , h e jo in e d t h e c a v a lr y ( s o ld ie r s w h o r o d e h o r s e s ) . B y th e t im e h e d ie d in 1 9 6 4 a t t h e a g e o f 9 0 , h e s a w m a n y , m a n y t e c h n o lo g ic a l c h a n g e s in c lu d in g t h e c a p a b ilit y o f n u c le a r a t t a c k . S t e p O n e : Y o u r t e a c h e r h a s d iv id e d y o u in t o te a m s , w ith e a c h t e a m s t u d y in g a p a r t ic u la r t y p e o f t e c h n o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e m e n t in C h u r c h ill’s lif e . In t h is e x p e r ie n c e , y o u w ill g a t h e r in fo r m a t io n a b o u t t h e t e c h n o l o g i e s o f w e a p o n s in c lu d in g m a c h i n e g u n s , p o i s o n g a s , t a n k s , a n d t h e a t o m i c b o m b . T o h e lp y o u lo o k a t C h u r c h ill’s w o r ld , in c lu d in g t h e t e c h n o lo g ie s h e e n c o u n t e r e d , u s e th e h is t o r ic a l t im e lin e ( o n t h e r ig h t s id e ) a n d c ir c le a n y r e f e r e n c e t o w e a p o n s . C o m p a r e y o u r r e s u lt s w it h y o u r t e a m ’s r e s u lt s .

Churchill’s Timeline Historical Timeline 1874 April 15, 1874 – Winston Spencer Churchill's parents marry November 30, 1874 - Winston Spencer Churchill (WSC) born in Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England 1876 March 7, 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell receives a patent for the telephone 1877 January 1877 - WSC's grandfather, the 7th Duke of Marlborough, appointed Viceroy November 21, 1877 - announces invention of the phonograph of Ireland 1879 Thomas Edison develops the first practical incandescent lamp 1880 February 1880 - WSC's brother John, called Jack, born January 29, 1886 - German Karl Benz patents the gasoline-powered car 1884 Hiram Maxim designed the which bears his name 1889 April 20, 1889 - Adolph Hitler born in Austria 1891 While working for Thomas Edison, British inventor William K. L. Dickson produces the Kinetograph and Kinetoscope, a motion-picture camera and viewing machine

Page 3 1893 WSC enters Royal Military College at Sandhurst 1895 WSC commissioned as second lieutenant in 4th Hussars, a cavalry regiment German physicist Wilhelm C. Roentgen accidentally discovered a form of electromagnetic October - December 1895 -WSC's first visit to the U.S. and Cuba radiation that could pass through the body and leave an image of its bones or organs on a photographic plate--the birth of the X ray. 1896 1896-1898 - WSC travels with regiment to India; works as newspaper reporter June 2, 1896 - Italian Guglielmo Marconi patents his "Black Box" radio in Great Britain 1898 WSC participates in the British army's last great cavalry charge at the Battle of Omdurman 1899 WSC resigns from the army, runs for Parliament as a Conservative. Loses. October 1899 - Anglo-Boer War begins In South Africa, WSC reports for newspaper on Boer War, is captured, scales a prison wall, and escapes 1900 WSC elected to Parliament as M.P. from Oldham (Conservative party) April 14, 1900 - The Paris Exposition opens. More than 50,000,000 people eventually view the February 12, 1900 - as cavalry officer and correspondent, WSC participates in the exhibits from 76,000 exhibitors and 40 nations. Battle of Hussar Hill; his brother, Jack, is wounded in the same battle December 1900 - Lecture tour of U.S. and Canada. Meets President McKinley, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt, and Mark Twain 1901 February 14, 1901 - WSC takes up seat in Parliament First Nobel prizes awarded WSC gives maiden speech in the House of Commons January 22, 1901 - dies; Edward VII becomes King 1903 December 17, 1903 - make first powered flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 1905 December 1905-April 1908 - WSC serves as Under-Secretary of State for the Albert Einstein publishes his theory of relativity Colonies 1906 A German metallurgist named Alfred Wilm discovered a strengthening method for aluminum by mixing it with a small amount of copper

1908 April 1908-February 1910 - WSC is President of the Board of Trade Henry Ford manufactures the Model T September 12, 1908 - WSC marries Clementine Hozier Elected as M.P. from Dundee (Liberal party). Serves until 1922. 1910 First antibiotic marketed Irving Langmuir of General Electric experiments with gas-filled lamps, using nitrogen to reduce evaporation of the tungsten filament, thus raising the temperature of the filament and producing more light -- the light bulb is invented 1911 October 1911-May 1915 - WSC is First Lord of the Admiralty December 14, 1911 - Norwegian Roald Amundsen arrives at the South Pole 1913 Henry Ford introduces first moving automobile assembly line 1914 August 4, 1914 - enters The Brits launch HMS Ark Royal, the world's first aircraft carrier 1915 WSC urges attack on the Dardanelles and Gallipoli. Resigns Admiralty position after May 7, 1915 - German U-boat sinks the Lusitania attack fails and Prime Minister Herbert Asquinth reshuffles government. November 1915 - WSC joins army in France, fights in the trenches, is promoted to Ernest Swinton, British soldier and scholar, invents the tank 2nd Lieutenant Colonel, and commands battalion of 6th Royal Scots Fusilliers 1917 July 1917-January 1919 - Lloyd George appoints WSC to Minister of Munitions. April 22 First use of chlorine gas April 6, 1917 - U.S. declares war on Germany

Page 4 Great Britain begins large scale tank production First use of poison mustard gas in the trenches Hugo Junkers, a German professor of mechanics introduces the Junkers J4, an all-metal airplane built largely of a relatively lightweight aluminum alloy called duralumin. 1918 November 11, 1918 - Armistice signed formally ending World War I 1919 January 1919-February 1921 - WSC is Secretary of State for the War and Air June 28, 1919 - Treaty of Versailles signed ending World War I 1920 August 18, 1920 - 19th Amendment ratified giving women in the U.S. the right to vote First scheduled commercial radio is sent over the airwaves 1921 February 1921-October 1922 - WSC is Secretary of State for the Colonies 1922 WSC loses election, out of Parliament November 14, 1922 - British Broadcasting Company (BBC) begins daily broadcasts Scottish inventor John Logie Baird successfully transmits the first recognizable image—the head of a ventriloquist’s dummy—at a department store, using a device he calls a Televisor 1925 Hitler publishes first volume of Mein Kampf 18/8 stainless steel adopted by chemical industry later used to make jet engines for World War II 1927 May 20-21, 1927 - Charles Lindbergh makes first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean Warner Brothers releases The Jazz Singer, the first major sound film First demonstration of television in the U.S. 1931 December 1931-March 1932 - On lecture tour of nineteen U.S cities, WSC is hit by car and hospitalized. Visits Bahamas 1932 May 8, 1932 - WSC's first radio broadcast to the U.S. 1933 1933-1938 - WSC publishes Marlborough, His Life and Times, a six volume set about June 30, 1933 - Adolph Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany his ancestor 1935 British scientist Sir Robert Watson-Watt patents the first practical radar (for radio detection and ranging) system for meteorological applications. During World War II radar is successfully used in Great Britain to detect incoming aircraft and provide information to intercept bombers 1936 Rohm and Haas Company press polymethyl acrylate between two pieces of glass, thereby making a clear plastic sheet of the material (Plexiglas) which is used to make stronger airplane and automobile windows. 1939 September 1939-May 1940 - WSC is First Lord of the Admiralty August 23, 1939 - Stalin and Hitler sign Nazi-Soviet Pact September 3, 1939 - Britain and France declare war on Germany 1940 May 10, 1940 - WSC becomes Prime Minister when Neville Chamberlain resigns, also April 9, 1940 - Germany invades Norway and Denmark serves as First Lord of the Treasury and Minister of Defense WSC named Time Magazine's "Man of the Year" November 18, 1940 - Royal Air Force use airborne radar successfully 1941 August 1941 - WSC's first meeting with Roosevelt (off the coast of Newfoundland) June 22, 1941 - Germany invades the Soviet Union December 1941 - WSC meets FDR in Washington, D.C., addresses U.S. Congress, December 7, 1941 - Japanese attack Pearl Harbor; U.S. enters World War II travels to Canada December 11, 1941 - Germany declares war on U.S. 1942 June 1942 - WSC meets with FDR at Hyde Park August 7, 1942 - U.S. Marines first use Navajo Code Talkers to transmit telephone and radio messages August 1942 - Manhattan project, code name for U.S. project to produce an atomic bomb,

Page 5 begins 1943 January 1943 - WSC meets with FDR in Casablanca December 1943 - "Colossus," a British computer used for code-breaking, is operational November 1943 - First meeting of the "Big Three" -Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill - in Tehran, Iran 1944 June 12, 1944 - WSC travels to Normandy beaches February 1944 - Luftwaffe makes heaviest raids on London since 1941 October 1944 - WSC and Stalin meet in Moscow June 6, 1944 - D-Day invasion into Normandy, France 1945 February 1945 - Big Three meet in Yalta, Soviet Union April 12, 1945 - President Roosevelt dies; Harry S Truman becomes 33rd U.S. President February 15, 1945 - WSC's final meeting with FDR (off coast of Alexandria, Egypt) May 8, 1945 - Germany surrenders July 1945 - WSC meets with Truman and Stalin in Potsdam, Germany August 6 and 9, 1945 - U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan September 2, 1945 - World War II ends when Japan formally surrenders onboard U.S. battleship Missouri 1946 March 5, 1946 - WSC gives "Iron Curtain" speech at College in Fulton, Missouri 1947 India gains independence from Great Britain 1948 January 30, 1948 - Gandhi assassinated April 3, 1948 - Harry S Truman signs European Recovery Act, authorizing the Marshall Plan aid for Europe 1950 June 25, 1950 - Korean War begins August 1950 - British Commonwealth troops arrive in Korea 1951 WSC elected Prime Minister again at age 76 1952 February 6, 1952 - King George VI dies; Elizabeth II becomes Queen 1957 October 4, 1957 - Soviet Union launches Sputnik I 1959 April-May 1959 - WSC meets with Eisenhower in Washington, D.C. February 16, 1959 - Fidel Castro becomes leader of Cuba 1960 John F. Kennedy elected 35th U.S. President 1961 WSC makes last trip to the U.S., visits New York April 12, 1961 - In first manned space flight, Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbits the earth August 13, 1961 - Berlin Wall construction begins 1962 October 18-29, 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis 1964 WSC retires from Parliament Nelson Mandela sentenced to life in prison in South Africa (released 1990) 1965 January 24, 1965 - Sir Winston Spencer Churchill dies in London at age 90 January 29, 1965 - Memorial service held for Churchill at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.; BBC broadcasts Eisenhower's speech

Page 6 S t e p T w o : Y o u r t e a c h e r w ill g iv e y o u a p a c k e t o f N e w Y o r k T im e s n e w s p a p e r a r t ic le s a b o u t w e a p o n t e c h n o lo g ie s . E a c h t e a m m e m b e r s h o u ld t a k e o n e a r t ic le a n d a n s w e r t h e f o llo w in g q u e s t io n s :

Your technology:

1. Title of the article

2. Subtitle (if one)

3. Date: 4. Why do you think this was written? Why

was this technology important enough to be reported in the New York Times? 5. What did you learn?

6. How might Churchill have used this technology?

Page 7 T h e W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l M e m o r i a l a n d L i b r a r y

A t t h e M e m o r ia l, y o u w ill s e e C h u r c h ill’s w o r ld a s h e w it n e s s e d a r e m a r k a b le s h if t in t h e w a y v a s t n u m b e r s o f p e o p le liv e d , b e c a u s e o f t e c h n o lo g ic a l, m e d ic a l, m ilita r y , s o c ia l, a n d p o lit ic a l in n o v a t io n s . M o r e t e c h n o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e s o c c u r r e d in a n y 1 0 - y e a r p e r io d f o llo w in g W o r ld W a r I t h a n th e s u m t o t a l o f n e w te c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t in a n y p r e v io u s c e n t u r y . C h u r c h ill a n d o t h e r le a d e r s o f h is t im e s c o m m o n ly u s e d t h e s e n e w t e c h n o lo g ie s , in f lu e n c in g t h e liv e s o f e v e r y d a y p e o p le . S t a r t in g w it h t h e I n d u s t r ia l R e v o lu t io n p r o d u c in g n e w g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s , t e c h n o lo g y w a s a d r iv in g f o r c e in W in s t o n C h u r c h ill’s w o r ld .

H o w d if f e r e n t w o u ld C h u r c h ill’s w o r ld h a v e b e e n if t h e w e a p o n s t e c h n o lo g ie s w e r e n o t in p la c e ? U s e t h e g r id b e lo w , a lo n g w ith C h u r c h ill’s T im e lin e o n t h e p r e v io u s p a g e s a n d t h e in f o r m a tio n a t t h e M e m o r ia l, t o r e c o r d h is in v o lv e m e n t w it h w e a p o n s t e c h n o lo g ie s a n d p r e d ic t h o w t h e y m ig h t h a v e c h a n g e d h is w o r ld if t h e y d id n o t e x is t. Y o u h a v e t o u s e a d i f f e r e n t p r e d i c t i o n e a c h t i m e t h e t e c h n o l o g y i s u s e d . W e p r o v id e a n e x a m p le u s in g t h is p ic t u r e f r o m t h e e x h ib it . :

D a t e ( i f n o t l i s t e d , u s e W h a t w a s C h u r c h i l l d o i n g w i t h H o w w o u l d h i s w o r l d h a v e b e e n d i f f e r e n t i f T e c h n o l o g y t h e t h i s t e c h n o l o g y ? t h i s t e c h n o l o g y d i d n o t e x i s t ? t i m e l i n e ) A f t e r T h e D e c e m b e r I t lo o k s lik e h e is g o in g t o f ly o r H e w o u ld n o t h a v e e a s ily t r a v e le d t o o t h e r a ir p la n e 1 7 , 1 9 0 3 r id e in t h e p la n e c o u n t r ie s

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D a t e ( i f n o t p r o v i d e d , W h a t w a s C h u r c h i l l d o i n g w i t h H o w w o u l d h i s w o r l d h a v e b e e n d i f f e r e n t i f T e c h n o l o g y u s e t h e t h i s t e c h n o l o g y ? t h i s t e c h n o l o g y d i d n o t e x i s t ? t i m e l i n e )

Page 9 D a t e ( i f n o t p r o v i d e d , W h a t w a s C h u r c h i l l d o i n g w i t h H o w w o u l d h i s w o r l d h a v e b e e n d i f f e r e n t i f T e c h n o l o g y u s e t h e t h i s t e c h n o l o g y ? t h i s t e c h n o l o g y d i d n o t e x i s t ? t i m e l i n e )

Page 10 O n M a r c h 5 , 1 9 4 6 , C h u r c h i l l m a d e a s p e e c h , o f t e n c a l l e d T h e I r o n C u r t a i n S p e e c h , i n F u l t o n , M i s s o u r i t h a t h e s a i d w a s o n e o f h i s m o s t i m p o r t a n t . P r o v i d e t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h i s s p e e c h : 1 . Y e a r C h u r c h ill c a m e t o W e s t m in s t e r C o lle g e : ______2 . W h a t m a jo r e v e n t e n d e d s ix m o n t h s b e f o r e ? ______3 . C h e c k t h e v ic t o r s ( w in n e r s ) in W o r ld W a r I I : ¶ U n it e d K in g d o m ¶ J a p a n ¶ G e r m a n y ¶ S o v ie t U n io n ¶ U n it e d S t a t e s ¶ F r a n c e 4 . T h e f o llo w in g a r e w o r d s f r o m C h u r c h ill’s s p e e c h in F u lt o n . “ I f t h e p o p u la t io n o f t h e E n g lis h - s p e a k in g C o m m o n w e a lt h s b e a d d e d t o t h a t o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s w it h a ll t h a t s u c h c o - o p e r a t io n im p lie s in t h e a ir , o n t h e s e a , a ll o v e r t h e g lo b e a n d in s c ie n c e a n d in in d u s t r y , a n d in m o r a l f o r c e , t h e r e w ill b e n o q u iv e r in g , p r e c a r io u s b a la n c e o f p o w e r t o o f f e r it s t e m p t a t io n t o a m b it io n o r a d v e n t u r e . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e r e w ill b e a n o v e r w h e lm in g a s s u r a n c e o f s e c u r it y . ”

S u m m a r iz e C h u r c h ill’s p o s it io n o n t h e im p o r t a n c e o f t e c h n o lo g y f o r p e a c e : ______

Page 11 R e f le c t io n : T h e W o r l d o f W i n s t o n 1 . W h y s t u d y C h u r c h ill in M is s o u r i? ______2 . H o w d id t e c h n o lo g y a f f e c t C h u r c h ill’s lif e a s a le a d e r ? ______3 . G e t a n e w s p a p e r o r n e w s m a g a z in e . L o o k f o r o n e t e c h n o lo g y n o t p r e s e n t in C h u r c h ill’s w o r ld a n d im a g in e h o w h e m ig h t h a v e u s e d it in h is p o s it io n a s a w o r ld le a d e r . ______

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