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I Psychopathic Personality Traits Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 Psychopathic personality traits: assessment and genetic correlates Hollerbach, Pia Sofie Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-161129 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Hollerbach, Pia Sofie. Psychopathic personality traits: assessment and genetic correlates. 2018, Univer- sity of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY TRAITS: ASSESSMENT AND GENETIC CORRELATES Thesis (cumulative thesis) presented to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of the University of Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Pia Sofie Hollerbach Accepted in the fall semester 2018 on the recommendation of the doctoral committee: Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Maercker (main supervisor) Prof. Dr. Andreas Mokros Prof. Dr. Boris Quednow Zurich, 2018 I II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to give my sincere thanks to the people who have supported me during my PhD period. First of all, I want to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Andreas Mokros, who has given me the opportunity to work in this intriguing field of research and who has con- stantly and patiently provided me with professional and interpersonal support not only during my PhD, but throughout the last six years. Moreover, I want to sincerely thank Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Maercker who paved the way for this dissertation in the first place by making possi- ble for me to be affiliated with the Division for Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention of the University of Zurich and being part of my doctoral committee. Furthermore, I want to sincerely thank Prof. Dr. Boris Quednow for taking the time to discuss genetic issues with me and being part of my doctoral committee. I also want to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Elmar Habermeyer for giving me the opportunity to pursue the completion of this thesis while working at the Department for Forensic Psychiatry of the University Hospital of Psychiatry in Zurich. Moreover, I thank my dear colleagues from the department for creating such a warm and welcoming work at- mosphere. Special thanks also go to my collaborators from Germany and Finland, and to Prof. Dr. Craig Neumann for always sharing his piece of advice. Moreover, I want to thank all those people who helped us in organizing and completing the data collections, and, of course, to all those who participated in the studies. Last, but surely not least I want to thank all the people in my private life who accom- panied me through the years. I wholeheartedly thank my family for supporting me in every respect from the beginning on, and my dear friends, especially Sophia and Nicole, for always taking the time to provide me with mental support, inspiring discussions, and a good laugh. III ABSTRACT Psychopathy is characterized by a range of features pertaining to personality, behavior, and delinquency, such as callousness, shallow affect, manipulative skills, impulsivity, irresponsi- bility, and antisocial and criminal behavior. Psychopathic individuals are relatively rare, but account for a substantial number of violent crimes and present with an increased risk of vio- lent recidivism. In light of the threat that these individuals pose to the community, research on psychopathic traits is of great relevance. This thesis contributes to this field of research by addressing putative genetic correlates and validating the German version of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) based on three studies. Study 1 and Study 2 addressed genetic correlates of psychopathy with regard to varia- tion in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) genes. To this end, the associations between polymorphisms of these two genes (MAOA uVNTR and 5- HTTLPR, respectively) and psychopathy were examined. In contrast to most previous re- search, the impact of the rs25531 polymorphism on the transcriptional efficacy of the 5- HTTLPR was accounted for. In addition, potential interaction effects between the MAOA uVNTR and childhood trauma on psychopathy were examined. Moreover, heterogeneity be- tween and within psychopathic individuals was taken into account by deriving subtypes and comparing them with regard to the frequencies of the MAOA uVNTR genotype and 5- HTTLPR/rs25531 haplotype. The outcomes suggested that the MAOA uVNTR was associated with psychopathic traits in women, whereas the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 was specifically linked to interpersonal deficits such as deceitfulness and grandiosity in men. Furthermore, childhood trauma predicted psychopathic traits, particularly with respect to social deviance, but did not interact with the MAOA uVNTR genotype. With regard to the validation of the German version of the PCL-R, a hierarchical structure with four facets and two higher-order factors representing the components psycho- IV pathic core personality traits and social deviance showed excellent fit in a parcel model. The notion that the factors and facets show differential associations with external measures was supported by a range of correlational analyses including a multitrait-multimethod matrix and a canonical correlation analysis. The correlative analyses of convergent and discriminant validity were based on self-reported psychopathic traits as well as on measures of antisocial personality disorder, alexithymia, the Big Five personality domains, and impulsivity. In addi- tion, potential response biases caused by socially desirable responding were examined. Within the scope of this thesis, the relevant concepts are introduced, the current litera- ture is reviewed, and research questions are derived. The findings of the three studies are then integrated and discussed with regard to conceptual and methodological aspects. Against this backdrop, implications for clinical and therapeutic interventions are derived, and suggestions for further research questions and conceptualizations of future studies are made. V ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Psychopathie ist gekennzeichnet durch Besonderheiten im Hinblick auf Persönlichkeit, Ver- halten und Delinquenz, wie beispielsweise Herzlosigkeit, geringe Empfindungsfähigkeit, manipulatives Geschick, Sprunghaftigkeit, Verantwortungslosigkeit sowie kriminelles und antisoziales Verhalten. Obwohl psychopathische Persönlichkeiten relativ selten vorkommen, sind sie für eine erhebliche Anzahl von Gewaltstraftaten verantwortlich und weisen ein er- höhtes Risiko für gewalttätige Rückfälle auf. Angesichts der Gefahr, die diese Personen für die Gesellschaft darstellen, ist die Erforschung der psychopathischen Persönlichkeit von gro- ßer Bedeutung. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll auf Grundlage von drei Studien im Bereich gene- tischer Korrelate von Psychopathie und der Validierung der deutschen Version der Psycho- pathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) einen Beitrag zu diesem Forschungsgebiet leisten. In Studie 1 und Studie 2 wurden genetische Korrelate von Psychopathie im Hinblick auf unterschiedliche Ausprägungen des Monoaminooxidase A- (MAOA) und Serotonintrans- porter-Gens (SLC6A4) untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen Po- lymorphismen dieser beiden Gene (MAOA uVNTR beziehungsweise 5-HTTLPR) und Psy- chopathie untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten bisher veröffentlichten Untersuchungen wurde der Einfluss des rs25531-Polymorphismus auf die Transkriptionseffizient des 5- HTTLPR berücksichtigt. Außerdem wurden potenzielle Interaktionseffekte zwischen dem MAOA uVNTR und traumatischen Kindheitserfahrungen auf die Ausprägung psychopathi- scher Merkmale im Erwachsenenalter untersucht. Weiterhin wurden die unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen psychopathischer Merkmale zwischen und innerhalb von Personen berück- sichtigt, indem Subgruppen gebildet und hinsichtlich der Häufigkeiten des MAOA uVNTR- Genotyps und des 5-HTTLPR/rs25531-Haplotyps verglichen wurden. Die Ergebnisse der Studien deuteten darauf hin, dass der MAOA uVNTR-Genotyp mit psychopatischen Merkma- len bei Frauen assoziiert war, während der the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531-Haplotyp bei Männern VI spezifisch mit Defiziten im interpersonellen Bereich, wie beispielsweise Falschheit und über- steigertem Selbstwert, zusammenhing. Außerdem ließen sich anhand traumatischer Kind- heitserfahrungen psychopathische Merkmale, insbesondere im Bereich sozialer Abweichung, vorhersagen, wobei sich jedoch keine Wechselwirkungen zwischen traumatischen Kindheits- erfahrungen und dem MAOA uVNTR-Genotyp beobachten ließen. Im Hinblick auf die Validierung der deutschen Version der PCL-R zeigte ein Parcel- Modell mit einer hierarchischen Struktur mit vier Facetten und zwei Faktoren zweiter Ord- nung, die zum einen psychopathische Kernpersönlichkeitsmerkmale und zum anderen soziale Abweichung reflektieren, eine exzellente Passung. Die Annahme, dass die Facetten und Fak- toren verschiedenartige Zusammenhänge zu externen Konstrukten aufweisen, wurde anhand verschiedener korrelativer Analysen, darunter eine Multitrait-Multimethod-Matrix sowie eine kanonische Korrelationsanalyse, gestützt. Die korrelativen Analysen der konvergenten und diskriminanten Validität basierten auf Selbstberichten psychopathischer Merkmale sowie auf Verfahren zur Erfassung der Antisozialen Persönlichkeitsstörung, Alexithymie, der Big Five- Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und Impulsivität. Zusätzlich wurden potenzielle Verzerrungen aufgrund sozial erwünschter Antworttendenzen erfasst. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die relevanten Konzepte vorgestellt,
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