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PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | Volume-8 | Issue-10 | October - 2019 | PRINT ISSN No. 2250 - 1991 | DOI : 10.36106/paripex metaphase plate. The centromere positions of all of 22 autosome showed telocentric chromosomes and the sex chromosomes were analyzed to understand the morphology chromosome system is X1X1X2X2. The Neoscona theisi according to the method given by Levan et al., (1964). The total (Walckenaer, 1841) investigated by examining Karyological length of chromosome (TLC) was considered as c and the characters. It consist of 22 autosomes showed telocentric length of long arm (LA) and short arm (SA) were considered chromosomes and the sex chromosome system is X1X2. We as l and s, respectively, then the position of a centromere can found that the G-bands are located from centromere to the be calculated as a ratio (r) of long arm (l) to short arm (s). telomere of each chromosome from both the spider species When the value of the ratio (r) was in between 1.0-1.7, the studied. Studies of this genus of spiders are important for the chromosome was designated as metacentric and centromere understanding of karyotype evolution in spiders, since these was considered as medium type. When the value was in animals are supposed to be one of the most primitive groups between 1.7-3.0, the centromere was considered as median of arthropodans. Moreover, obtained results might also reveal type and chromosome was designated as sub metacentric. pathways of evolution within Indian spiers. The ratio in between 3.0-7.0 indicates the chromosome as sub telocentric with centromere close to one end of the arm and it ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS was designated as sub telocentric. The ratio in between 7.0- ∞ We wish to thanks Maharashtra state biodiversity board considered as a terminal centromere with centromere located Nagpur, for granting permission to carry out Spider Research, at the one corner and the chromosome has designated as the principal Shri. Shivaji College, Akola for giving telocentric. permission of the research work in the Research laboratory and also Dr. Purandarey,s lab, Bandra, Mumbai for providing RESULTS AND DISCUSSION training facility as observer. The spider smooth muscle (cephalothorax) explants were harvested and used for the explant culture system. The culture flasks were observed after every week. The cells of cyrtophora citricola (Forskål, 1775) get proliferate and tend to stay together. The cells grow slowly and become elongated. The cells were elongated and arranged in parallel with adjacent cells (fig1-A) by the first week. The cells of Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841) were elongated in shape and tapered end, when settled down at the substratum started to grow by the first week (Fig 1-B). In some areas in the culture Fig. 1 Muscle explant culture of spider Cyrtophora the cells appear like spindle shaped. citricola (Forsskal 1775) and Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841). These cells were used for cytogenetic study after colchicine treatment. The mitotic metaphase of Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål, 1775) after standard staining with Giemsa showed the diploid number 2n=26 and the sex determining

chromosomal system of the X1X2/ X1X1X2X2 type and the autosomes shows telocentric morphology (Table 1). The 22 autosomes ranges from 0.7 to 1 and 4 sex chromosomes of approximately same size i.e. 0.6 cm (table.1). The chromosome length of all the autosomes ranges from 0.7 cm to 1 cm. The mitotic metaphase of Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841) after standard staining with Giemsa Fig 2. Metaphase plate of Cyrtophora citricola (Forsskål, showed the diploid number 2n=24 and the sex determining 1775) chromosomal system of the XO/ XX. type and the autosomes show telocentric morphology (Table 2). The sex chromosomes of approximately same size i.e. 1.6 cm and shows telocentric morphology (table. 2). The chromosome length of all the autosomes ranges from 0.8 cm to 1.1cm. We found that the G-bands are located from centromere to the telomere of each chromosome from both the spider species studied. The chromosomes in both spider species shows different banding pattern. The homologous chromosomes shows similar banding pattern that helped to prepare Fig 3. Karyotype of Cyrtophora citricola (Forsskål, 1775) karyotype in both the species. Table 1. Karyological data of Cyrtophora citricola The cytogenetic study is very important to know the basic (Forsskål, 1775) chromosomes number and sex determination system in the Pair no. TLC (cm) LA (cm) SA (cm) LA/SA (cm) Type spider. Araneae is one of the best studied order of the class Arachnida concerning cytogenetic study. The chromosomes 1 1 1 - ∞ T of the majority of the species studied consist of acrocentric 2 1 1 - ∞ T chromosomes only (Tugmon et al., 1990). Bi-armed 3 0.9 0.9 - ∞ T chromosomes dominate only in karyotypes of some groups, 4 0.8 0.8 - ∞ T namely the family Dictynidae (Kra´ L, 1995) and in the 5 0.8 0.8 - ∞ T haplogyne lineage of araneomorph spiders (Cokendolpher, 1989; Rodr i´Guez Gil et al., 2002, Kra´ L et al., 6 0.8 0.8 - ∞ T 2004).Cytogenetic studies on the majority of females of 7 0.8 0.8 - ∞ T Araneidae have similar characteristics. The majority of 8 0.8 0.8 - ∞ T female shows X1X2 sex chromosome system and show 9 0.8 0.8 - ∞ T telocentric chromosomes. As a result, in this study we have 10 0.8 0.8 - ∞ T studied on two spider species of genus Cyrtophora (Simon 1864) and Neoscona (Simon, 1864) from Akola district 11 0.7 0.7 - ∞ T cytogenetically. The Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål, 1775) X1 0.6 0.6 - ∞ T

investigated by examining Karyological characters. It consist X2 0.6 0.6 - ∞ T www.worldwidejournals.com 571 PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | Volume-8 | Issue-10 | October - 2019 | PRINT ISSN No. 2250 - 1991 | DOI : 10.36106/paripex

Fig 4. Metaphase plate of Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841)

Fig. 5 Karyotype of Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841)

Table 2. Karyological data of Neoscona theisi (Walck en aer, 1841) Pair no. TLC (cm) LA(cm) SA(cm) LA/SA Type 1 1.1 1.1 - ∞ T 2 1 1 - ∞ T 3 1 1 - ∞ T 4 1 1 - ∞ T 5 1 1 - ∞ T 11 1 1 - ∞ T 7 1 1 - ∞ T 8 0.9 0.9 - ∞ T 9 0.9 0.9 - ∞ T 10 0.8 0.8 - ∞ T 11 0.8 0.8 - ∞ T

X1 1.6 1.6 - ∞ T

X2 1.6 1.6 - ∞ T REFERENCES 1. Forsskål, P. 1775. Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Hauniae, (pp. 85-86). 2. Walckenaer, C. A. 1841. Histoire naturelle des Insects. Aptères. Paris 2, 1-549. 3. Webb, G. C., White, M. J. D., Contreras, N. and Cheney, J. 1978. Cytogenetics of the parthenogenetic grasshopper Warramaba (formely Moraba) virgo and its bisexual relatives. 4. World spider catalogue. 2019. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/specieslist/305. 5. Keswani, S., Hadole, P. and Rajoria, A. 2012. Checklist of Spiders (Arachnida:Araneae) from India -2012 -Indian society of Arachnology, ISSN 2278 - 1587(Online) 6. Kral J., Musilovaxys J. and Stahlavsky F. (2006). Evolution of the karyotype and sex chromosome systems in basal clades of araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Chromosome Res. 14: 859–880 7. Kra´ L, J. 1995. The karyotype study in central Europe’s species of the superfamilies Amaurobioidea and Dictynoidea (Araneida). _ In: Ru°zˇicˇka V. (ed.), Abst. 15th Eur. Colloq. Arachnol., p. 224. Czech Acad. Sci., Inst. Entomol., Cˇ eske´ Budeˇjovice. 8. Kra´ L., J., Rˇ eza´cˇ, M., Sˇ ta´hlavsky´and F. 2004. Evolution of the karyotype and sex chromosome systems in basal araneomorph spiders. _ In: Abst. 16th Int. Cong. Arachnol. p. 90, Ghent Univ., Belgium 9. Levan, A., Fredga, K. nad Sandberh, A. A. 1964. Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas, 52(2): 201-220. 10. Simon, E. (1864). Histoire naturelle des araignées (aranéides). Paris (pp. 1- 540) 11. Rodrı´guez Gil, S. G., Mola, L. M. and Papeschi, A. G. 2002. Cytogenetic heterogeneity in common haplogyne spiders from Argentina (Arachnida, Araneae_ J. Arachnol. 30: 47_56. 12. Tugmon, C. R., Brown. , J. D. and Horner, N. V. 1990. Karyotypes of seventeen USA spider species (Araneae: Araneidae, Gnaphosidae, Loxoscelidae, Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae and Theridiidae). _ J. Arachnol. 18: 41_48.

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