T H E C A T H E DR A L C H U R C H ' O F C H C H E S T E R A S H O RT H I S TO RY DE S C R I PT I O N

O F ITS FABR I C W I T H A N AC C OUNT O F T H E D I O C E S E A N D S E E

H U BE R T O R L ETTE C . C

A O R 0 1 0 B C A .

W I T H X L V I L L U S T R A T I O N S

LON DON GEO R GE BELL SONS 1 9 0 1

P R F A C . . E E

A L L the facts of the fol l o wi ng history were suppli e d to me

man . e e by y authorities To a numb r of th se , references are given in the text . But I wish to acknowl e dge how much I owe to the very careful and original research provided

a by Professor Willis , in his Architectur l History of th e

“ e Cathedral by Prec ntor Walcott , in his Early Statutes

e . of Chichester ; and Dean Steph n , in his Diocesan H istory

e th e The footnotes , which refer to the latter work , indicat

u pages in the smaller edition . But the vol me could never have been completed without the grea t help given to me i on many o ccas s o ns by Pre b e ndary Bennett . His deep and intimate knowledge of the cathedral structure and its .

h i m a s e history was always at my disposal . It is to , w ll as I m M r . G . G . a to Dr . Codrington and ordon P Hills , still further indebted for much h elp in correcting th e proofs and for many valuable suggestions .

H . C . C .

C O N T E N T S .

H ISTORY O F T H E CA THEDR A L

THE EX TE R I OR

THE I N TER I OR

THE D I OCESE A N D SEE : OTHER B U I L D I NGS I N THE

C I TY L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O N S .

P A C E

' ’ es er a e ra r m th e S F r ozzl zs er Chich t C th d l f o outh fiz e. A rms of th e S ee L n na S e t n a t 1 8 1 o gitudi l c io , bou 5 Chich es t er C ath ed ra l fr om th e E as t T h e W e s Fr n a 1 8 6 t o t , bout 3 V i ew th r ough th e South Trifo rium of t h e Nave T h e eres r Pa ss a e N a e S t S e Cl to y g , v , ou h id Hi stor ic a l S ec tio n from Willi s T h e eres r N r S e N a e Cl to y , o th id of v Pi er Capital s i n th e R et ro Choi r Tran s ve rs e S ection s from Willi s T h e at e ra r m th e S E a s a 1 8 6 C h d l f o outh t, bout 3 T h e S u t T ran s e a 1 8 6 o h pt , bout 3 T h e B ell Tower as seen from We s t S t ree t D ecoratio n form erly on th e Choi r V ault es t er at e ral a 1 6 0 Chich C h d , bout 5 T h e N a e a 1 8 6 v , bout 3 T h e Ix et ro r an d R ere s a 1 8 6 Choi do , bout 3 T h e C at h e d ral fr om th e South West T h e North - E as t Angl e of t h e South -West Towe r W al l Arca d e i n th e West Po rch T h e South Doorway T h e Cloi ster fr om t h e Sou th E as t T h e E ast walk of th e Cloi s te r T h e Choi r and C ent ra l Towe r fr om th e South E as t W n s t h e La Ch a el S S e i dow of dy p , outh id T h e C ath e d ral from th e No rth - E as t T h e D et ach e d B ell - Towe r T h e N a e n We s v , looki g t T h e N a e n E as v , looki g t T h e S A s e r m th e N a e outh i l , f o v T h e S acr i s ty T h e Altar an d Rere dos T h e T rifo r ium I n th e Choi r D ecora t ion on th e V ault of t h e Lady Ch a p e l T h e Pres er o r R e r r n N rt - E a s t byt y , t o Choi , looki g o h T h e La dy - Ch ap e l T h e Nor t h Choi r -Ais le T h e Lib rary T h e Town C ro s s Sculptu re d Pan e ls l n th e S ou tli Choir Ai s le Tom b A s s ig ne d to Bi shop Rich a rd of Wych ’ S m n a a n d m s D r n r . e e t s e T Cl Ch p l , o b of Bi hop u fo d P a i nte d D e coration for me rly o n t h e Choi r V ault P LAN of t h e Cath e dra l

’ I h l h to o oc r o m Co . P h o . ,

C H C ESTE CAT E A F O T H E EAST I H R H DR L R M .

C I C E S T E C A T E A H H R H DR L.

P CHA TER I .

T H E H I STORY OF T H E CA T H E D R A I

A N Y attempt to write th e history of a cathedra l requires th at the subj e ct shall be a pproached with two leading ideas in e e e vi w . One of these has ref r nce to the history of a Church th e th e other to story of a building . The two aspects are clearly e to be distinguished , but their mutual relation may be b tter appreciated when we realise how intimately they are bound together . e Ecclesiastical history , or ecclesiology, and archit ctural ” a history , or arch eology, do not exist apart ; for the needs of Christian liturgy indicated what arrangement was required

3 4 CH ICHESTER CATH EDRAL .

in those buildings that were peculiarly dedicated to the use of t h e Church ; hence we have , in the mere building itself, to consider the condition of ecclesiastical and architectural growth

displayed by its character during each stage of its development ,

and this development, this character, is to be discovered as th e well in the plan and structure of fabric, with its decorative

details , as in the record that documents and traditions have on e preserved . But we need to remember that one see , e building, repr sents a link in one long continuing chain , and in doing this we naturally look back as well as forward

to observe the relation of either to the past and to the present . Such an attitude as this requires that we refer to th a t period when the subj ect of this chapter was not yet part of

the native soil of Sussex, and in doing this we find that so e arly as the eighth century the town of Chichester was eve n

then a known centre of civil , though apparently not eccle s i as ti cal th e , activity ; for it is not until about the middle of tenth century that some uncertain documentary evidence refers “ ” 1 t o Bishop B ret h el m and the brethren dwelling at Chichester . B reth el m It may be that was a bishop in , though not of, n Chichester , who dwelt and worked amo g the south Saxons

living in and about the city , for the history of the diocese and see will S how that probably there was no episcopate established under that name until a little more than one

hundred years later . ’ Ceadwal l a s foundation of the see at S el sea dated from about the end of the seventh century ; but we know nothing about any cathedra l church at that place during the following e h thre hundred and fifty years . If, owever, there was a bishop

in charge of the missionary priests , deacons , and laymen who l lived there together, there must necessari y have been a “ ” h e d cathedra in the c urch th y use . When Stigand came from S e l se a to establ ish his see in Chichester h e found the city already furnished with a minster f e d . e edicated to S Peter . He had fected this transf r because the Council of London had decided in 1 0 7 5 that all the then village sees should be removed to towns ; and as there i s no evidence of any attempt to provid e a new cathedral until t h e 1 0 8 8 about year , the existing minster must have been

appropriated for th e see . It has been supposed that Stigand 1 ” Wa E ar S a es . 1 2 . lcott, ly t tut , p OF E THE H ISTO RY THE CATH DRAL .

may have devised some scheme for building a new church , and even that he saw it carried out so far as to provide the

fo u ndations on which to execute this idea . But there appears to be no authority which warrants the assumption that he did

even so much as this , for history says nothing abou t such an early beginning of the new operations , tradition asserts

no more, and speculation suggests probabilities merely . We are obliged , therefore , to be satisfied with the fact that the work begun about 1 0 8 8 was consecrated by B ishop R alph L 1 1 0 8 e s e e th e de uffa , in , and it is possibl even now to stone which commemorates that ceremony embedded in t h e walling of the present church . U nfortunately no more than about six years had passed since this , the first , dedication , R when a fire occurred which burnt part of the fabric . alph l was still iving , and began at once to repair the damage that had

‘ been done ; and the k ing (Henry I . ) gave him much help by accom encouraging his endeavour . What , then , had been pl i s h ed during the twenty years between i 0 8 8 and 1 1 0 8 P

I n 1 0 7 5 Stigand transferred the see . About thirteen years later the new cathedral building appears to have been begun R under alph , and in another twenty years so much had been

finished as would allow him to see it dedicated . It is probable that before this ceremony was performed a considerable portion of the eastern section of th e work was finished ; for in accordance with a ge neral custom with the mediaeval church h o w builders , this part would have been that first begun . But ? u much of it was ready for use The sanct ary and presbytery , u e or choir , with its necessary str ctural appendag s , no doubt i first appeared . It may be that no more than th s was ready when the dedication took place . But it is not i r poss ble to say with any autho ity what actually was finished . N evertheless , the character of the building itself explains the course in which the structure was developed . After the first 1 1 1 fire , in 4, the work steadily continued , and it is possible n a that before that mishap occurred , certai other p rts had been

. t h e begun , if not finished The remains of original nave still w present distinct evidence to sho that it was , with the aisles , built in two sections ; and these , although they appear at

first to be alike , prove upon closer examination that the four bays towards the west are of a later date than those other four No w w eastward . it is not essential that we should kno exactly 6 C H ICHESTER CATHEDRAL . h ow a e much of the building was finished by c rtain year, or what stage towards completion had been reached at any particular time it is suffici e nt at present that w e should be able e — to indicate the general trend of the op rations, and this would suggest the conclusion that, having prepared so much as was necessary about the chancel , the builders went on busily ,

after the dedication , to deal with the transept and the nave . Then followed those four early bays of the nave which are nearest to the east . It is quite safe to assume upon various grounds that the work had been carried on successfully up to this stage early in the twelfth century but neither the documentary evidence

available , nor the condition of the fabric, enables us to venture more than this surmise concerning its condition at

that time . ’ Between 1 1 1 4 and the time of the second and serious 1 1 8 e fire in 7 , the remaind r of the whole scheme planned a

hundred years before was apparently finished . The first fire had excited some public interest in the great w as enterprise at Chichester , and from this an impetus

derived which helped towards its execution , after the small a dam ge caused by the fire had been quickly repaired , for t 1 1 0 by abou the year 5 the four western bays of the nave,

with its aisles , must have been complete . I t should be understood that the fire i n 1 1 1 4 did not lead to any ch ange in the character of t h e church such as was occasion e d by that other fire which sha ll be considered presently ; but th e the work had quietly continued , so that aisles of the — 1 1 0 1 1 8 0 - nave were vaulted by about 7 , the lady chapel and 1 1 8 d was completed , in 4 all was rea y for the second h as ceremony of consecration which then took place . It been assumed that this act implies that t h e whole of the m e e . N original sch e had be n executed evertheless , it must be acknowledged that again there are but few authentic records to show in w hat manner the work had been c arried are m w a on , nor there any indications of the y in which the necessary mate rials and money were provided to help 1 1 it forward . But it is interesting to notice that in 4 7

William , Earl of Arundel , gave to the see that quarter of the a city in which stood the pal ce of the bishops , the residences h t e . of canons , and the cathedral church This grant of land T H E H ORY F T H E CA H E L IST O T DRA . 7

’ F l th dr r om W i n k es s Ca e a l s .

T H E EST F O T ABO T 1 8 6 . W R N , U 3 confirmed the see in its possession of a l l that part of the n ow city within the bou nds of the close . 8 C H ICHESTER CAT HED RAL .

w What , then , was the plan of that church hich was designed to suit the requirements set down by Bishop R alph Luffa ? The ground plan at the end of the volume shows the building m d as it now remains , after any alterations have been ma e in s ch e rrie e the original ; but the arrang ment is still , in its main features , much the same as was at first devised . The usual plan was adopted , and this was the provision of a nave and chancel having a transept between th e m so as to make the

. W form of a cross The nave had aisles along its hole length . e These were ext nded on both sides eastward of the transept , r and continued as an ambulatory round a semicircula apse . The transept also had a small apsidal chapel on the east side of both its north and south arms . At the poin t of intersection between the transept and the nave the supports of the ce n t ral e tower rose . Between this and the west end there w re eight arches i n each of the arcades opening north and south from the nave into the aisles . Beyond the crossing towards the east there were three similar arches in th e arcades which th e a connected pse with the large piers of the central tower .

These three bays , together with the apse , enclosed the chancel was and this comprised the sanctuary, which that part within the apse itself, and also the presbytery , or choir of the i n t pr ests , which occupied the remai ing space between he h apse and t e arch into the transept beneath the tower . At a later date the accommodation of the choir was increas e d f e by making it occupy part O the spac farther to th e west . i t Possibly projected into the nave . At the west end of each of the aisles of the nave a tower was placed , and between these two towers was the chief public entrance to the church . From the subsequent history of the structure it would appear that the t wo western towers had been built fi a up and nished , so far , at least , as was necessary to llow of the completion of the nave with its aisles and roofs . The same may be concluded of the central tower . This l atter probably rose only j ust above the ridge of the u roofs . To carry it up so far wo ld have been dictated to the builders by structural reasons ; for such a height would be required to help the stability of the piers and arches below , since they had to resist a variety of opposed thrusts . But e even this tower, low as it no doubt was , like oth rs of the d a same ate , did not survive the dedic tion more than about

1 0 CH ICHESTER CATHEDRAL .

- western bays only of the present chapel . The lady chapel was added about eighty years after the early part of the nave

t . had been buil , and has since been much altered The presence of this grouping of features is indicative of that influence which Continental architecture had exercised N upon English art , and now that orman government had been established that influence became more directly French . u f - But tho gh so strongly af ected by this means , Anglo Saxon character was always evident in work which was a native expression of the thought and personality of those by whom it was executed . Thus we see that the plan which R alph approved for the new church that was to be built for him at Chichester was devised according to accepted traditional arrangement . He adopted no new i dea when he decided wh a t general form the w cathedral should follo . The disposition of the several parts differed in no wise from that which had been followed during centuries before . The requirements of ritual had decided long since what were those essential features of planning to e be insisted upon , for the pattern in g rm was shown in a M the arr ngement of the osaic Tabernacle . In the earliest wa s plans the same distribution of parts observed , though at a — a n o a later date the tr nsept was introduced idea which .n a doubt had its origin in some pr ctical necessity , and was after

' wards retained as b e ing representative of a n ecclesiastical

symbol . Of the practical and artistic charact e r of the architectural details we shall see more in examining the exterior and the

interior of the church . These will lead us , of necessity, to deal more with arch aeology in its relation to the history of architecture rather than of this particular church as a building r u sed for ecclesiastical pu poses . After the ceremony of 1 1 8 4 building Operations were

continued , but the records available do not tell about any

thing of much interest for t h e next two or three years . The n — — in I 1 8 6 1 1 8 7 a cata strophe occurred the ca thedral was again m f m burnt . But this ti e the e fects of the fire were much ore a a 1 1 1 e disastrous th n had been the c se i n 4 . So xtensive was h e t destruction that the entire roofing, as well as the internal e flat c iling , was gone ; and though we can glean no certain

knowledge from documentary evidence , it appears probable Y 1 1 THE H ISTO R OF THE CATHEDRAL . that the eastern section of the building suffered more than e any other , for whatever other causes may have aid d in the — a u f wreck of this part weakness in the masonry , an ins ficiency in the supports or abutments — th e fall of such heavy timbers as those which must have formed the outer roof and inner ceiling of the chancel wo u ld i n itself be sufficient to wreck the remainder . Whether the change in plan that now followed was really n e ecessary b cause of the damage that had been done , or whether the fire provided a welcome opportunity by which new features might be introduced , we are not able to discover . I t is sufficient that the chance was not lost , for in the eastern ambulatory of the cath edral church at Chichester is to be s seen , as a re ult , one of the most truly beautiful examples of mediaeval d esign that English

architecture now possesses . I n the nave some parts of the old limestone walls had been injured by t h e fall of the roofs ; they were also seriously damaged by the beams that had been laid u pon them , for these , after their as fall , would continue to burn they rested against those por b d r h M r . F . Bon tions of walling which remained F r om a pl z otog ap y . m s t and . g It was no doubt T H E C E E T Y P G E L R S OR ASSA , t h Is A E SO T S E , by some such cause as N V , U H ID that the early clerestory was dis

figured and partly destroyed . In either case , the old clerestory arcade of the twelfth century no longer remained as it was before ; and though there were already stone vaults to the n aisles of the ave before the fire occurred , yet they also h u t er a m . e o dis ppeared and ade way for newer ones T ‘ roof over the triforium evidently sh ared the fate of the other

coverings ; and the arched abutment in the triforium , which acted as a support to this roof and the walling below th e

. ma be clerestory , now disappeared It y that this arching was not completely destroyed by the fire alone ; no doubt 1 2 C HICHESTER CATHEDRAL .

some that remained was intentionally removed to prepare

the way for the n e w work . The same bishop who had witnessed the completion of the earlier operati ons began with much enterpri se to see i about the reconstruction , but not the restorat on , of what

had been destroyed . Some portions were repaired , others . rebuilt ; but the greater part of th e work now undertaken involved an entire change in the character of some of the

principal features of the earlier scheme . In fact , this incident “ in the history of our subject ga ve occasion to one of the most curious and interesting examples of the m ethods em ployed by the mediaeval architects in the repairs of their ” 1 buildings .

'

Having decided that they would , if possible , avoid all

future risk of a similar catastrophe , a system of vaulting was — adopted as the best solution of the problem , this involved

necessarily a remodelling of the interior ; and so, neglecting WVi h t d the Isle of g limestone and the Sussex san stone, which at first had been the material used for the walling, the masons were directed to use stone of finer texture and smaller grain . It has been thought by some that this material was brought from Caen in Normandy . The same stone was used to re - face parts of the nave piers . And in addition Purbec k marble was selected instead of that which was to be found

in Sussex . It is interesting to remember that the new choir of Canter bury had only been finished about three years before the fire t occurred a Chichester . This work had been begun by William of Sens and finished by William the Englishman ; and though it was so large an undertaking, it appears to have be en commenced and completed between the years 1 1 7 4 and 1 1 8 4 . This would very naturally exert some influence upon e the building projects of a neighbouring see . Wh ther any of the actual craftsmen from Canterbury worked again at h C ichester or not we cannot tell , but it is evident that th e Kentish experience was of great help to Sussex in the ne w O r venture . When it had been decided how they should pe ate , it was natural that the covering of the building must be d the first provision . This involve the repair of the shattered clerestory , and then they were free to proceed in other

1 “ ” W s es er a e ra . 6 . illi , Chich t C th d l , p - 1 THE H ISTO RY OF TH E CAT H ED RAL . 3

’ h l directions . Further than th is we ave no means of earning w hat method was followed in carrying on the new work but it continued , so that in about twelve years the building was a dedicated ag in . There is nothing now to i ndicate th at the provision of a vault had been intended by the original builders of these walls . This deficiency was met by the insertion of vaulting shafts and the addition of external buttressing for as the

w o B a o f R e t r o -c o r T y s h i .

(S cal e fe e t t o 1 i n . )

’ H I STORICAL SECTION FROM W I LL I S S ARCH I TECTU RAL HI STORY . pressure of the flat wooden roof was e xerted for the most l part vertically upon its supports , that of the vault wou d be a strong lateral thrust as well as vertical pressure , and these W e l were to be provided for . shall see presently that a l the real beauties of this most interesting work were the outcome both of the needs of practical structure and the requirements

of ritual and a ceremonial expression of the liturgy . It is not possible for u s to discover exactly when the 1 4 CH ICHESTER CATHEDRAL .

— several parts of the work undertaken after the fire of 1 1 8 6 1 1 8 7 w were begun , nor hen they were finished . Of dates we have 1 1 little knowledge , except that of the dedication in 9 9 , the 1 2 1 0 fall of two towers in , and the various indications of

m oto r a h b Mr F ra n ci s Bo n d . F ro a ph g p y .

T H E C E ESTO Y O T S E O . A E . L R R , N R H ID F N V architectural activity at certain periods given by the several

dates mentioned in connection with donations , bequests , and

royal sanctions in the episcopal statutes and other documents . These nearly all show that the time of greatest activity was T H E OF T H E H ISTO RY CATHEDRAL . 1 5

6 1 2 0 afte r 1 1 8 and before 5 . If such a feat as has been mentioned was performed at Canterbury between 1 1 7 4 and 1 1 8 4 , was it not possible also at Chichester ? Then it becomes necessary to assume that the st ructural alterations were con tin ning during the whole of the period suggested ; and this was so . Enough work had been done by 1 1 9 9 to allow of

. S effri another dedication of the building d II . had been 1 1 8 0 — 1 2 0 bishop from 4 , and the register of Bishop William R ede , written one hundred and sixty years later , explicitly states ” S e ffri d re- edi fie d that the Church of Chichester . This is a comprehensive statement , but it might easily include at least the greater part of the vaulting with some form of external roof. Such a change as this involved the alteration of the nave and aisle piers, so that the slight vaulting shafts of finer stone might be inserted in the older masonry . The lower part of each of the piers of the nave arcade on the side towards re- l the centre of the church was faced with the same materia , and smaller shafts of Purbeck marble were introduced upon l l . the piers , replacing probab y the heavy ones of an ear ier date These shafts formed the support to a more delicate moulded l member, which was now substituted for the origina and very

- simple outer order of the original arch . A string course of Purbeck marble was inserted as a line of separation between the nave arcade and the triforium , and also between the triforium and clerestory . The triforium itself remained as i t had been before 1 1 8 6 ; but the clerestory was dressed a i t gain , so that obtained quite a new character . It was re- fine - faced with the grained stone , and the slight shafts which supported the clerestory arcades were provided with Purbeck capitals and bases . This arcading itself was also changed from its earlier type . The central arch was still made round in form , but those on either side of it were each pointed , and all were more finely moulded than before . c Above this point rises the new stone vault , which is arried upon a framework of strong transverse and diagonal ribs .

Between these the shell , or filling, which formed the surface l of the vault, is of chalk , rough y cut and irregularly laid ; above this was placed a thick coat of concrete . Some flying-buttresses were built now in order to meet the thrust exerted by the new arched vault of the nave .

These were constructed in two series , one being concealed 1 6 CHICHESTE R CAT HEDRAL . under the S loping roof over the triforium and acting in place

- of the earlier round arched abutment . Its supports were provided at the points where the transverse and diagonal arches of the nave vault began to spring away from the vertical plane of the walls . The oth e r series was the immediate counter poise to any direct thrust exerted by the arching of the vault h e t . against the upper section of same walls There was , in fact ,

3 . ol a s Co . F ro m a ph o/ograph by S B . B (9

- - PIE R CAPITALS I N T H E RETRO CHOIR . a large buttress added to support these nave walls at that point

- from which each set of vault carrying ribs began to ris e .

- This buttress , though apparently sub divided , was one thing, h e . b t e but of composite structure It was pierced first y , aisl , e t h e next by the triforium , and then again abov roof of the b e triforium . It will seen that most of these alterations were the direct result of the introduction of a stone v ault .

1 8 S CHICHE TER CATHEDRAL . became necessary to carry the original thrust from the nave still farther out from its source in order to find for it some f satis actory abutment , and in doing this there was that new force , introduced by the vaulting of these added chapels , to

d . a be reckone with i n addition Consequently, to the e rlier e buttressing more was added . The xact nature and the approximate date of this work are shown by Professor Willis

h A s l e o ri n al al e 2 e e t o 1 i n S o t Ai s l e as n o w e i s t n . Nort . S c f t . u x i , gi ( 7 % ) h , i g

’ TRAN SVERSE SECTI ON S F ROM VVI LL I S S ARCHITECT U RAL HISTORY .

in the sections and plan given in his monograph on the e a m cathedral . The addition to each buttr ss ounted to an elongation of it as a pierced wing wall which provided lateral U re support . pon the end of it a g ater mass of masonry was introduced to serve as a weight for steadying the structu ral device and this necessary structural idea was the means of i n

— ’ F or remar s on este r a e ra s ee A r c/za ol o z a xv u . N ot e . k Chich C th d l , g , , ”

- r . 2 2 2 8 O ser a ns on th e Or n A r t e e . pp . b v tio igi of Gothic chi ctu By G

S a n ers 1 8 1 . u d , 4 TH E 1 THE HISTORY OF CATHEDRAL . 9

ro du ci n — t g another architectural feature the pinnacle . Between the pinnacles of these buttresses rose the gabled ends of each of the chapels . Professor Willis suggests that a great part — of the work done after the fire of 1 1 8 6 1 1 8 7 was completed 1 1 by the time of the dedication ceremony in 9 9 , and he is no doubt a safe authority to follow . But the nature of many architectural features tends very strongly to confirm the idea that much of the work in the ambulatory eastward of the sanctuary had been delayed . It may have been that the activity which prevailed during the early half of the thirteenth century was caused by the desire to see this portion of the church completed ; and the energy with which the plea for new interest and further funds was urged at this time would no doubt be indicative of a supervening lethargy following on the great e ffort necessary for the completion of so much in these few years . But it should be remembered that these great works of mediaeval art were none of them built in a day ; they represented the accumulation of even centuries of developing thought and continually improving s skill . Therefore mu t we realise that after this fire had occurred in 1 1 8 6— 1 1 8 7 not more than eleven or twelve years el apsed before the building was again in use after the consecration in 1 1 9 9 . This process of reconstruction shows that the mediaeval builders did not restore in duplication of what had been lost . Where their work was destroyed they built ane w and improved upon w hat had gone . W e need not suppose that this repair, renewal , and addition 1 1 ffri had all been completed when in 9 9 Bishop S e d I I . and six other bishops again consecrated the church . Doubtless only ' so much h ad b een done as was necessary to enable the priests to offic iat e at an altar provided for the purpose and the

‘ congregation to assemble within the walls ; for the work of building continued with a somewhat persistent manifestation of energy throughout the whole of the thirteenth century . Of this activity and enterprise there are many evidences in proof, both documentary and structural . The documentary evidence indicating the activity which prevailed after ' this date is sufficient to show at least that much was being done ; but it does not often indicate i n precise terms what is that particular portion of the building to which it p rimarily refers . 2 0 S CHICHE TER CAT HED RAL .

Early in the thirteenth century (1 2 0 7 ) the king gave Bishop Simon de Welles (1 2 0 4 - 1 2 0 7 ) his written p ermission to bring mar ble from Purbeck for the repair of his church at n Chichester . He attached to this act of favour certain c o diti ons which were to prevent any disposal of the material for other purposes . John had also two years before given B akechil d Church “ ” - N to the newly dedicated cath edral . Then Bishop eville , “ R 1 2 2 1 2 or alph I I . ( 4 at his death in 44, Dedit cxxx . marcas ad fabricam Ecclesiae et cap el l am suam integram ” “ orname nti s cum multis . Walcott adds that his executors , besides releasing a debt of £ 60 due to h i m and spent on the 1 bell tower , gave £ 4 0 to the fabric of the Church , receiving ” some benefit in return . This cannot be interpreted as referring to the isolated tower standing apart to the n orth of the west front ; for, as we shall see , this was not erected “ 1 2 2 until at least one hundred and fifty years later . In 3 the dean and chapter gave of their substance . During five years they devoted to the glory and beauty of the House of the Lord a twentieth part of the income of every dignity and 1 r prebend ; and then , again , ten years afte the period covered by this act of the chapter the bishops of some other see s granted indulgences on behalf of the fabric of the church a t “ 1 — 2 Chichester . Bishop R ichard of Wych ( 2 45 1 5 3 ) Dedit ad opus Ecclesiae Ci rces trensi s ecclesias de S t ogh t on e t A l ces t o n et a r na fi Mu ndl e sh am e t , j us p t o t s ecclesiae de , ” 2 XI 5 . pensionem . in eadem . To this he added a bequest of

0 . 2 £ 4 He had revived in 1 49 a statute of his predecessor , “ e u Simon de Welles, and extend d the capitular contrib tion to e half the r venues of every prebend , whilst one moiety of a prebend vacant by death went to the fabric and the rest to ” the use of the canons . Other means were used to provide funds to continue the work .

But apart from these many indications of activity , the fabric as it stands to - day speaks very clearly of the amount of 0 0 building that went on between 1 2 0 0 and 1 3 . But it was 1 2 8 — 1 0 L eo h ardo h ad not till 8 3 5 that Bishop Gilbert de S . p

- added the two new bays of the lady chapel eastward . The fire was the direct cause of m ost of the work that was done . There was another , however ; for eleven years

” 2 W al COIt o 1 Wa E ar S a es . 1 . lcott, ly t tut , p 5 , P 5 THE H ISTO RY OF THE CATHEDRAL .

re - after the dedication , two of the towers fell . It has been supposed by some that these must have been the early towers of the west front , both of which still preserve indications of having been begun during the twelfth century as part of the original building scheme . It is probable , for reasons that will appear later , that the two towers of the west front did not collapse at the time of the second fire , although it would seem from the Chronicle of Dunstable that their stability may have been impaired in some measure, since the sole cause “ for this fall of towers is given in the words impet u venti ” 1 cec i deru nt du a tu rres i ces t riae e C . But if these towers had ? been affected , what of the original central tower Its risk

of receiving serious damage would be far greater . That no more than the upper story of one of these can have fallen is evident from the fact that the south - western tower presents

for examination to this day its original base , and the nature of the upper part of this same tower shows that it

was rebuilt anew during the first half of the thirteenth century . I t was necessary that th e two towers at the west as well as

the central tower should be finished up to a certain level ,

for, placed as they were upon the plan , they became essential

parts of the structure , whose absence would diminish the strength of the whole ; hence any desire to maintain the fabric satisfactorily would require that those of them which

fell should receive the immediate attention of the builders . In the case of the south - west tower we have already seen

what was done , and obviously it was one of the two towers th e oth er ? that had fallen . But what of . of these What suggestions remain to show which it was ? It is well known that a central tower had been erected as part of the original u plan , and also that a new pper part was being added to

this s ame tower about the m iddle of the thirteenth century . This new portion eventually rose above the roofs to the level

of the top of the square parapet, about the base of the

l . N ow octagonal spire , the spire being a still ater addition — the heightening of this tower perhaps with already th e — idea of a future spire in view would raise many questions . Experience would already have taught the builders that the early central towers of many other churches were incapable

of carrying their own weight . This being so , much less

Wa . 1 . lcott, p 5 2 2 R CHICHESTE CAT HEDRAL . would it do to suppose that it could bear th e addition of new weight u pon the old piers ; for though to all appearance sound , the cores were of rough rubble work , not solidly d be ded and not properly bonded with the ashlar casing . l So the question arises , did they remove the who e or part of the old central tower and piers , or were they saved this trouble by t h e structure having shared the fate of many others like itself, wh ich fell , and so made way for new work ? Another tower had fallen besides the one to which attention has already been drawn ; and as there appears to be nothing t - to show hat thi s other was the north west tower, we must see what evidence there is concerning the central tower .

That it was added to we already kno w . But documentary as well as structural evidence comes to our aid . The first is ’ supplied by the records of Bish op Neville s episcopate the next by the researches of modern arch aeology . Professor Willis has sho wn in his remarks upon the structure of the piers at the time of the collapse of the medi aeval tower and 1 8 6 1 spire in , that these had not been rebuilt at a date 1 h e r M . l t . ater than twelfth century But Sharpe, writing to W c e Professor illis seven years before the oc urrence , indicat s his discovery — from a close examination of the structure then ~ — existing that before the uppe r part of the central tower was rebuilt in the thirteenth century the earlier arches at the a crossing which were to support it had been t ken down , and a m probably a l rge part of the piers carrying the . And that , thou gh the t wel fth ~c e n tu ry voussoirs were re - used others of a fine grained stone were inserted among them to

strengthen the arches , or as a substitute for some of the rougher sandstones that could not be used again . By this means, then , the original form and detail of the twelfth

century arches was preserved , so that the drawings represent

ing the measured studies of the building , which were Sir ’ Gilbert Scott s principal a u thority upon which to base his m restoration of this portion of the tower , were ade from work which had already been once rebuilt . But why was this ? part of the church rebuilt , and by whom Two alternative suggestions for the reason have been offered .

Evidently, if the upper part of the tower did not fall, it s d i apparently certain that it was reconstructed , i n or er

r A e ra Para e s Autho of rchit ctu l ll l , E 2 THE H ISTO RY OF TH CATHEDRAL . 3

to carry the additional weight of the larger tower . But in a f ex mining the documentary evidence o fered us , we find some further help . The teaching of arch aeology shows that the portion of this tower above the main supporting arches and u p to th e bottom of the parapet was executed between 1 2 2 5 1 2 — not and 3 5 that is , it was finished very long after the w - ne part of th e south west tower was completed . The cathedral statutes show that between the years — 1 2 44 1 2 4 7 Bishop R alph Neville was much concerned ” ‘ about a stone tower which h e wished to see completed . h They tell us , too , that the same bishop had imself expended 1 one hundred and thirty marks upon the fabric , and that e 6 0 his ex cutors , besides releasing a debt of £ due to him - 1 0 and spent on the bell tower, gave £ 4 to the fabric of the R l 1 2 church . a ph died in 44, so it is concluded that the work in‘ which he was so interested was none other than the central - w or bell to er of the cathedral , and that the earlier tower, a with its supporting rches, must have fallen , else it is not likely that the work would have been rebuilt fro m below th e spring of these arches before the new sup e rstructure could be added ; for we are obliged to take the customs of medi aeval builders into consid e ration i n a ny attempt to — sift the evidence concerning their work an d they were

l . before all things practica The claims of structure , the - a motives of common sense , rather than abstract and esthetic ideals of beauty , were the prime causes at work in the evolution of their great art . Here they found themselves faced by a — practical need the rebuilding of a fallen tower . Its recon struction was necessary to the completeness and stability of U the building ; so they put it p , applying new and increasing knowledge and skill in the exe cution of the work . They did their best , and the result was something not only strong

. n i t and structural , but beautiful But , as time has show , would have been better had they b e en less respectful of the e valu less legacy bequeathed to them in the piers , though in defence of their sagacity it must be admitted that what they deemed sufficien t for th e purpose then in view was able to carry their own tower for five hundred years in safety , and e not only this , but , in addition , a spire , the er ction of which they m ay not hav e thought of when the restoration was begun .

Wa t . 1 . lco t, p 5 2 4 CHIC HESTER CAT HEDRAL .

There is another interesting fact which may be mentioned f before quitting this part of our inquiry . Pro essor Willis found that there still existed i n 1 8 6 1 one of the old wooden

‘ trusses of the roof over the west bay of the chancel . It was a specimen of mediaeval carpentry six h u ndred and fifty years old , and it had not , as he showed , been unframed since 1 1 8 6—1 1 8 the fire of 7 . The timbers composing it had been slightly charred by the flames , and some of the lead which cove red the burning roof had run in its melted condition 1 into the mortices of the framing . In the admirable plan and sections which Professor W illis prepared to illustrate his work upon the history of the fabric it is possible to see at once what work had been done during the different stages of development . The work finished by the end of the thirteenth century changed the earlier church of the eleventh and twelfth centuries in its essential arrange ments into the church we see t o day . We have now briefly to review the changes produced in

. f f the plan o the cathedral . There were those e fected as an and immediate consequence of the fire , others which were more the result of the continued energy o f the thirteenth o ne w as century builders . The most remarkable that which converted the French chevet , or group of apses , into the more i fam liar square , and characteristically English , eastern termin a ation . The apsid l chapels on the east side of each arm of the transept had disappeared to make room for others of a

different shape and siz e . T h e other chapels at the east remained the s a me in number ; but towards the close of the t - thir eenth century the lady chapel had been lengthened ,

and the aisles of the choir , being continued eastward , ended

in small ch a pels to the north and south of the central one . The other chang e s were those caused by the addition of

ch a p els off the south and north aisles of the nave . The i add tion of the south and north porches , and the sacristy arm l next to the south of the transept , were the on y other

alterations , if we except the addition of buttresses, which had been m a de in the original arrangement up to the

beginning of the fourteenth century . e Though the qu st may not be followed here , it would be interesting to try and trace the cause of this desire to add chapels

S ee W s . x . : I n r n . illi , p t oductio

2 6 CHICHESTER CAT HEDRA L .

to mediaeval buildings . It had during the thirteenth century already become a clear indication of that gradual movemen t affecting the arrangement of churches which originated in the introduction of new doctrinal ideas . The particular set of ideas which caused such additions as these had now becom e a part of the common property of popular thought , imagination , e and reverent superstition . The earlier designers and build rs had not b e en taught to consider these features essential to the complete equipment of a church planned in accordance with prim itive usages t hey were a simple example of the influenc e w h ich doctrine exercised upon the history of art and the scope of arch ae ological inquiry . The course of history that has been followed has led us through the maz e of some events which served to pro duce the cathedral that stands among us now . The later centuries will not require as much attention , since they afford but little material , comparatively, with which we need delay ; for the industry expended upon the fabric since this time has produced little change in the general appearance of the building . W ith the approach of the fourte enth century we meet a period wh en the peculiarities of the work of the thirteenth century had become merged in transitional forms , and from this application of ever - developing ideas to a c cept e d working principles came the well - known character which

English architecture displayed during that time . It was native by parentage and birth it represented the life which prevailed in the ideas which were then the common currency . By it the l a idea s of thought and im gination were expressed , until , later, they were represented in other forms of art . At Chichester an early i ndication of the changed treatment of older methods that was b e ing developed experimentally is shown by the portion which w as added to the lady - chapel during the S anct o L o h ar o episcopate of Gilbert de e p d . The architects and master—builders devised for him the two new eastern bays complete , together with the larger windows that were inserted in the walls of that part of the chapel already

'

. a b built Here ag in , as in the work set in motion , y his

' des i ners and e successor, the g builders mad no attempt to ' add these new portions in imitation of earli e r ones . Then L e e 1 0 1 it was Bishop angton who , betw n 3 5 and 3 3 7 , spent

‘ 0 £ 3 4 on a certain wall and windows on the south side , 2 THE HISTORY OF T HE CAT HED RAL . 7

” 1 which he constructed from the ground upwards . This work is principally to be seen in the great south windo w of the ’ ” e transept , under which he provid d for himself a founder s

. w tomb In the gable above a rose windo was inserted ,

' ' F r om W z n kl es s Ca fh ed a l h s r C u rch e .

T H E SO T T A SEPT ABO T 1 8 6 . U H R N , U 3 foll owing the example of that earlier one in the east end of

- . T h e the presbytery chapter house above the treasury , or e sacristy , was also add d when the new windows were inserted

’ s R eade s Re s er Bi hop gi t . 2 8 CHICHESTER CAT HED RAL .

in the lower walls . About the same time the doorway to the

nave within the western porch was constructed . Walcott shows by his study of the early statutes of the “ cathedral that in 1 3 5 9 the first fruits of the prebendal stalls 1 1 - were granted to the fabric ; and in 3 9 , one twentieth of all their rents was allotted by the dean and chapter to the

works , which embraced works round the high altar , for , in ‘ ’ 1 0 2 ad s u mmi al tari s 4 , materials opus , were stored in ’ ‘ ’

. O e S . Faith s Chapel A novum pus , a term applied to som ” 1 special building, was also in progress . These remarks are

of interest , since about the end of the fourteenth century a beautiful wooden reredos was built across the east end of

the sanctuary . It was placed just west of the feretory of

R . S . ichard In many old prints its character is represented , and Dal l away gives some dimensions of it in the long section he shows of the church as it was before the reredos was removed (see page The feretory no doubt had a reredos r at this point, but what the type of this earlier ar angement may

have been it is impossible exactly to tell . But the work which

took its place was evidently beautiful , as the many remains still 2 in existence prove to those who may examine them . Walcott

gives some interesting details concerning this work . From a the representations, descriptions , and remains of it , it m y m be gathered that the whole was uch carved , niched , and

canopied , and decorated in colour ; and there is a note extant showing that Lambert Bernardi in the sixteenth century “ ” 3 repaired the painted cloth of the crucifix over the high altar .

This reredos had a gallery across the top of it , from which the candles on a beam over the altar could be lighted and a ’ watch kept over the precious jewels in S . R ichard s shrine . e The whole screen was made of oak , and those old sk tches

and drawings , or prints , of it still preserved , help dimly to e show what had been its character . An old l tter in the British Museum refers to it as having the finest “ glory ” above the “ “ s o - high altar we have ever seen . But this called glory - M was an eighteenth century production . uch of the reredos is still hidden away unus e d in the ch amber over the present l l library of the church , and since its first remova it has trave led

as far as London in search of a friendly purchaser . In the ’ ” chapter on Chichester in W i nkl e s s Cathedrals a V i e w in the

1 2 “ 3 Wa . 1 6 . ar S a s . Wa . 2 n e a . lcott, p E ly t tute lcott , p 3 , ot 2 THE H ISTORY OF THE CAT HED RAL . 9

l presbytery , dated shows the reredos sti l in its place where it remained till after the fall of the spire . There 2 a s are i n existence two dr wings of considerable intere t . One of these shows the east end and the other the west end of the choir as it was about the beginning of the last century

(c . the other indicates what were the changes made 1 8 2 n e after 9 , whe the altar was set back six f et farther

- e astward . The latter was taken from a water colour drawing supposed to have been made by Carter, an architect of

Winchester . Oth er minor works were added during the fourteenth century , but to few of these can any exact dates be assigned . T h e Of parapets to the north and south wall the nave, the - h - choir, and lady c apel , and the painted oak choir stalls were so me of those additions . In the fourteenth century we meet many changes in the treatment of the windows . They became larger ; they were themselves very treasuries of design , and this not only for the stonework of their tracery, but also for the very beautiful glass with which they had been filled . Their outer arches are more varied in shape, more rich in moulded detail , and the entire character of the curves of the moulded forms had been developed and made more delicate than the stronger

- and deeper cut types from which they were derived . Two causes had apparently urged t h e builders to exert their capacities and apply their increasing technical skill to compass the aims proposed to them . l on The small windows , the use of which had so g prevailed, did not admit sufficient light . In the more southern countries there was not the same reason for the change ; but where light was less strong, less clear , less penetrating , it might

not be S pared . So though with their glass they were beautiful

in themselves , many of these windows gave place to larger

ones . But if the admission of more light was one reason

for the change , there was another powerful inducement offered by the larger field that might be provided for the use of ‘

decorative colour, and they accepted the opportunity with — alacrity not as a mere chance for display only , but because, rather, they would be enabled to teach by the use of it . nov a m o u s But what was that p , that special building that

1 ‘1 a e S ee ra n s i n es r a e ra . S ee p g 45 . d wi g v t y of c th d l 0 I E E H L 3 CH CH ST R CAT EDRA .

was already in progress in 1 40 2 ? What was the reason for granting in 1 3 5 9 the firs t - fruits of the prebendal stalls to the fabric ? And in 1 3 9 1 why did the dean and chapter give one twentieth of all their rents to the works ? And these works new were not alone about the high altar , for the work pro c e edi ng in 1 40 2 had no doubt som e relation to that which

. 1 1 was in progress in 3 9 , and it can have been no mere small

undertaking . Can these words h e applied to the central w to er and the spire that rose above it , or to the detached bell tower of Ventnor stone northward of the church ? It seems

they must refer to the former, for to no other work can they be

applied , since the angle turrets to the transept , the parapet l of the centra tower, and the windows inserted during the fifteenth century were not in existence at either of these 1 times . And , further, the action taken in 3 5 9 in order to provide funds for work that was proceeding could have no - e reference to the detached bell tow r, for its character shows that it was certainly not even begun before quite the end of u the fourteenth century , probably not before some time d ring

th e . first quarter of the fifteenth So , since there was nothing else proceeding about the structure that could clai m such

sacrifice , the suggestion occurs that the spire was already in course of construction not long after the middle of the four t ee nth G M century . The late ordon . Hills , Esq . , in reporting to the chapter in 1 8 9 2 his Opinion concerning the condition of U R 1 6 —1 8 the fabric , said that , nder Bishop William ede ( 3 9 3 5 ) was begun a series of works : the completion of the central

spire, the conversion of the north end of the north transept

into a perpendicular work , the construction of a new library, C the construction of the present loisters , and finally the ‘ R ’ erection of the great detached belfry , called aymond s , or ’ ’ ’ R ede mond s R iman s 1 1 1 , or Tower , was in progress in 4 ,

1 2 8 1 6 . 4 , and 4 3 All this work was carried on partly by the influence at Chichester of churchmen of the school of William

of Wykeham , whose followers were strong at Chichester at ” 1 this era . He also said “ that the spire itself was commenced before Ne the death of Bishop ville . The moulding in the angles ” cannot, I think , have originated later ; and that the early wor k extended to about forty feet above the to wer ; al l the

1 - S ee th e W e am m on th e a a e a e ra n a e 2 . yk h otto l dy ch p l v ult d co tio , p g 9

2 3 CHICHESTER CAT HEDRAL . pinnacles and canopies at the base of the spire and the upper part of the spire, were insertions and rebuilding of one hu ndred years later . At the base the work of the earlier period had had its face cut away to bond in the later work , ” and the masonry of the two periods did not agree in coursing . The mere fact that the detached tower was built suggests many questions which are not easily solved . Why was it at all necessary ? Perhaps the cathedral bells hung in the

- - south west tower, and those of the sub deanery church in i e- r s o v c ve . the other , or At all events , we know that in the fifteenth century the sub - deanery church was removed from the nave to the north arm of the transept . The great win dow of the north end of the transept is also early fifteenth century in date , and the detached tower likewise . Angle turrets were placed upon the four angles of the transept ’ during the same century ; and if Daniel King s drawing of 1 6 6 5 is any guide, the tops of the central and western towers had battlemented parapets added during the same period . co m In any case , it appears that it took much longer to pl et e the repair of the central tower than that at the south

h ' form er . t e west In fact , it is doubtful whether was finished u ntil about the end of the thirteenth or the beginning of the fourteenth century , for its fall apparently wrecked much, of l the vau ting of the transept ; and this , from the character of its moulded and carved vaulting ribs in the south arm of the transept, is of the same date as the rose window i n the east gable of the presbytery , the rose windows in the east gables of the lady - ch apel and the chapels at the east end of the north and south aisles of the choir . This argues that at the end of the thirteenth or the beginning of the fourteenth ’ L eo h ardo s century , during Bishop p episcopate, these works were completed . Abou t the middle of the fifteenth c ent u ry a stone rood screen was built up between the western pi ers of the central tower . ' I t thus separated the choir under the crossing from the nave but through the middle of this screen there was an open archway with iron gates . On either side , as parts of the screen ,

“ to the north and south was a chapel , each with its altar .

This new work had been known as the Arundel screen , and

its erection is often attributed to the bishop of that name , and at the altar in the south side of it Bishop Arundel ~

L 3 4 CHICHESTER CAT HED RA .

m t h e founded a chantry for hi self. Except that Cloister was add e d and some details of the buil ding altered during t h e e r r z fifteenth century , no oth r architectu al wo k of any si e a m e appe rs to have been done for any y ars . m e e The next work of i portance was begun by Sh rburn . He invited Lamber t Bernardi and his sons to decorate the whol e of the vaulting of the cathedra l . This they did by t u nf r covering it with b eautifully pain ed designs . But o t u n e th e m m v u at ly , excepting s all re nant now on the a lt in the l a dy - chapel (see page their work w as enti re ly destroyed r early in the ninete enth c e ntury . Som e idea of its o iginal beauty may b e form e d by an examin ation of similar work by oth e r V a ma et e . a a h nds that y y be se n in S Anast sia at eron , in ’

. A e L . e n two churches at iege , and at S Albans bb y An

. a 1 8 1 e a t h e graving by T King , of bout 4, shows some d t ils of design that was painted on t h e vault of the choir in the bay n e xt but one to the central tower . The cathedral was at this

e a n e r . tim op n book , with its walls covered with painted sto ies r t h e e The re edos , stalls of the canons , as well as the walls , wer

. N ow e m rich with colour all has gone exc pt a eagre , faded ra a r sc p under the rch from the present libra y into the transept , and on e or two other slight remnants . Sherburne also h ad ' a h e re r som e large pictures painted by the Bern rdis . l y p e e e sent d the kings of England and the bishops of Chichest r, and use d to hang upon the west an d east walls of th e south transe pt . ’ From Sh e rburne s death until the seventeenth century little but a ta le of de struction is to be recorded ; for this period t h e witnessed the dissolution of monasteries , the beginning of a wholesa le syste m of spoli a tion urged b y s e lf- interest and “ ” t h e m R e a m hypocrisy , and establish ent of form ti on ethods of proc e dure in Church and State . By each of th e se both the t h e e e fabric and diocese suffered , ev n though by some th y m e u n gained . But especially did vandalis h lp to destroy , m m necessarily, any things which , legitimately used , ight still h ave be e n a llowed to remain as e vidences of the a rtistic influ e nce r of th e Chu ch in England . For though some of them were dedicate d to uses wh ich the re formation necessar ily condemned the wholesale destruction of m uch beautiful workmanship must e be regretted by any who are interest d in such treasures . In

1 5 3 8 it was ordered that all shrines should be abolished . This THE H ISTO RY OF TH E CATHED RAL . 3 5

e seriously aff cted Chichester , as the fate of the feretory of e S . R ichard was involv d by the mandate . Two comm issioners e wer named , whose duty was to see that his shrine was removed .

The instructions issued served a double purpose , since in “ ” this case, as in others , reformation hel ped to satisfy the e e claims of avarice . H nry told the commission rs that

W e w l n s s e rs s a ses and a r es b e t a en , y y g uch u p titiou bu idol t i to k a a mm an t al l n en e n en e re a r e n th e w y , co d you wi h co v i t dilig c to p y u to s aid c ath ed ral chu rch of Chich es ter an d there t o tak e down th at s h ri n e and nes a s a e S . R ar n th e s am e t al l bo of th t bi hop c ll d ich d withi , wi h th e s e r u el l s a nd rnam e n es a res a b e s a e an d ylv , gold , j , o t fo id , to f ly s re c o nv ei h ed a nd r n o u r T w er L n n ere t o b e u ly g b ought u to o of o do , th w r h r e e r m n rr A nd a bes towe d as e s h all fu t e d t i e at your a ival . ls o th at ye s h all s e e both e th e pl ac e wh e re t h e s ame sh ryne s t an dyth to b e r a s ed a nd e a e e e n t o t h e e r r n a n d al l s e r ma es y d f c d v v y g ou d , uch oth i g of th e chu rch a s any n ota bl e s upe rs tition h ath b ee n u s ed to b e tak en ” 1 n n e e a a a d co v y d w y .

Then in 1 5 5 0

“ ere ere e ers s en e er s to n th e a tars i n th w l tt t to v y bi hop pluck dow l , li e u of th e m t o s et up a tabl e i n s ome co n veni en t pla ce of t h e ch an c e l withi n e ve ry chu rch o r ch ap el to ser ve fo r th e mi ni str ation of th e Bl ess ed ” mm n n Co u io .

Bishop Daye re plied that

h e could n o t con for m h i s cons ci enc e to do wh at h e w as by th e s a id ” e r l tte command e d .

In expla nation of his attitude to wards this order he wrote that

h e s t ck ed no t a tt th e rm s a n or ma er a s s ton e or w ood ere y fo , itu tio , tt [ ] wh of th e a ar w as m a e b u t I en e as I n ow t a e se n s b e lt d , th tok , k , tho thi g to n feren B u t th e mma n me n w as en m e a e i dif t . co d t which giv to to t k ‘ n e al l a ars n m es e and i n e t e m to s e a dow lt withi y dioc , li u of h tt up ’ ta ble implyi ng i n i ts el ffe [as 1 t a ke i t] a pl ayne ab ol ysh m en t of th e ' a ltare [bot h t h e n a m e a n d th e th z nge] fr om th e u s e an d m i ni stratio n of ” th e H m m n n I not m ns en e t e n ex e e . oly Co u io , could with y co ci c h cut The churches were so ransacked and destroyed in this 2 way that Bishop H ars n et t said he found the ca thedral a n d the buildings a bout the close had been criminally neglected a r for ye rs , so that they were i n a decayed and almost uinous condition . Such was the deliberate opinion which he expressed early in the seventeenth century . 1 2 c c Re r s . Wa . . lcott , p 34 co d CHIC HESTER CAT HED RAL .

During the first half of the sixteenth century a stone parapet , or screen wall (taken awa y in was built U p in front of a e a the triforium rcade . It rose to a h ight of bout four feet w six inches , and was continued throughout the hole length of the church . It has been supposed that it was intended to re nder this gallery ava ilabl e as a place from which some O re a of the congregation might bserve the g t ceremonials . So w e s e e that after the close of the fifte enth century little ’ but d e cline i s to b e recorded . Since Sherburne s day no care had been taken of the fabric ; and except that an organ th e was introduced above Aru ndel screen , no new schemes w e e n e . wer d vised , no building done It should be remem e e R a bered , how v r , that the eform tion did not at once destroy h e art all t beauties of mediaeval that the cathedral contained . c r e Certain things , su h as shrines , altars , chant ies , and chap ls ,

e e m e . w re r moved , dis antl d , or totally wrecked It was with the coming of t h e Parliamentary army to the city that whole sal e pillage and destruction began . T h e removal of the a ltar and other derangements of the building h ad been effected during th e preceding century ;

m l an d n . but now the vest ents , p ate , or aments were stolen a l l The decorative and other paintings on the walls , and

parts that could easily be reached , were scratched , scraped e m w and hacked about until they wer ere retched , dis figuring excrescences ; and in this mutilated condition they e a e wait d for the whitewash th t came later , to cover up thes e e m vul gar excesses with a cheap but clean d c ncy . Such cri inal procedure culmin ated i n the wilful wreckage of all the beautiful T e e glass . h store of three c nturies of labour and con summ ate skill was destroyed till it lay all stre wn in broken m m e : r frag ents , er rubbish , about the floors But the deco a

tions on the vaults were saved , because they could not

be reach ed without expensive scaffolding . They were thus preserved to be dealt with by the wisdom and taste of a

later century . Le t m e quot e the remarks of on e who lived when these

things were done . He says they

n e re th e a e ra s e z e n th e es tm en ts and rnamen s plu d d C th d l , i d upo v o t of th e r e er th e nse ra e a e s er n for th e a ar e Chu ch , tog th with co c t d pl t vi g lt th y n o t s o m as a s n for th e nor a C a e fo r th e ess e l eft uch cu hio pulpit , h lic Bl d S a ramen s th e mm n s l d ers ra e n th e r ans and as n th e c t co o o i b k dow o g , d hi g H E T T H ISTO RY OF H E CATHEDRAL . 3 7

‘ ’ - ffi es e r e a xe s . s co n l s a ar th e r ans pip with th i pol g y id , h k how o g go l T e ra e th e ra w a s ne t a r a th e T a e t h y b k il , which do wi h th t fu y th t bl i self m e s a e no t e r a nes s . T e r e e n al l th e s e e r c p d th i d h y fo c d op lock , wh th of rs or es s e re n th e s n n m en a t e r mm n ra r doo d k , wh i i gi g l id up h i co o p ye s t e r s n n s e r n s and s r es e ren th e s book , h i i gi g book , th i gow u plic th y t book i n e es an d s a t er e th e t r n ea es al l er t h e r e en t o th e pi c , c t d o l v ov chu ch v er n th e a em en t t h e ns an d s r es t e r es e r e cov i g of p v , gow u plic h y v d to ’

s e a r ses . I n t h e s r s s i l e th e s r th e r s n a t n cul u outh c o hi to y of chu ch fou d io , th e re th e K n s E n an and th e re th e s s pictu of i g of gl d , pictu of bi hop - S e se an d es er e n R er S e l rn t h e th s of l y Chich t , b gu by ob t h bo 3 7 Bi hop ha s ee t e e a e an d m an e t e r an s an d s r s a s of t t , h y d f c d gl d with h i h d wo d

as t e rea . On th e T es a w n a er th e s erm n high h y could ch u d y follo i g , ft o ,

s s ess e an d rans r e a a an a an r t e ra n an d n po d t po t d by b cch li fu y , h y up dow t h e r e r s r s ra n e a n th e m n m en s th e ea chu ch with th i wo d d w , d f ci g o u t of d d , h s e a s a n d s a a n d s ra n h n a n an d e n t e s t e a e a s . h cki g h wi g t t ll , c pi g p i t d w ll S i r Willi am Wall er an d th e r est of t h e com man d ers s tandi ng by as ” 1 s p ectator s and approvers of th ese barbarous i mpi eti es .

This is a history in little of wh at took place in nearly every a a C m r c thedr l and other hurch in the kingdo , and this afte the R eformation and its best work had been a fact for a century . The most i mportant disaster to the fabric during the seventeenth century was that which so s e rio u sly affe cted the structure at the west e n d . It is difficult to decide exactly

- when and h ow the north west tower fell or was removed . 2 Professor Willis is content to say :

M r er n rms m e t a ere i s e en e s a th e n r . Butl i fo h t th vid c to how th t o th er w a s a en n th e a e S i r r s er Wre n o n a n t tow t k dow by dvic of Ch i toph , ccou of i ts rui n ou s co ndition .

P raecent or 1 68 A . D . But Ede , in a paper written about 4 3 u Praece n to r and q oted by Walcott , gives

’ r s er r en s n n n e rn n th e re n a n accou nt of Dr . Ch i toph W opi io co c i g buildi g of o ne of t h e g reat t owers at th e west e nd of t h e C athed ra l Chu rch o f e s er o ne t r ar r m t m e n a e Chich t , hi d p t of which , f o top to bot o , f ll dow bov ears s n e h e a e a er h e ad fo r a rs e e fifty y i c , which g v ft h bout two hou vi w d i t t and n a n d a e an d e and h ad a s b s er e bo h without withi , bov b low, l o o v d th e rea an r e a rs e s e a i n th e ns e t h e e r rea es g t w t of p i , p ci lly i id of oth g t w t er an d a n e s r e e t h e e t h e e s en d th e s a tow , h vi g w ll u v y d whol of w t of id r w as i n s s ta n e as f e t a t e re b e no Chu ch , which ub c ollow th ; h t h could s e b n th e r e ma n n ar th e t e r n o w s tan n t a t cu re uildi g to i i g p t of ow di g ; h , t ere and i t ere s o e re b e e n rm e e e n if h could w built , th would littl u ifo ity b tw

1 a t M ercu r iu s Ru s ticu s Quote d by W lcot . 2 “ ” A r ae a H s r es e r . 6 n e c. ch ologic l i to y , Chich t , p , ot 3 E ar S a t e s . 2 1 . ly t tu , p 8 A 3 CHICHESTER C THEDRAL .

t a and th e er t e n e e r a n een a e n or ere t e t h t oth , h y v h vi g b lik w h y bo h built et e r or t t h e r and en t e ere s tan n th e es en d tog h wi h Chu ch , wh h y w di g w t e r r n m A nd t ere re n e r n h e a could n ev look ve y h a d s o e . h fo co s id i g t v st ar e re n th e a en t er an d r e a r n th e t er h e t u ch g of buildi g f ll ow p i i g o h , ho ght th e es w a w as t o ~ u l l n t e t er t th e es ar t h e b t y p dow both og h , wi h w t ch of nave of t h e chu r ch b etween th em and t o l ength e n th e t w o n orth ern i s les to a ns wer e x a ct ly to th e t w o s ou th er n ; an d t h e n t o close al l wit h a well d es ig ne d a n d fa i r built wes t en d an d por ch ; which would m ak e th e wes t en d th e r m m re a n s m e t an e er i t an d of chu ch look uch o h d o h v did , would ” 1 h r b e done with h alf t e ch a ge . W ’ Such was Dr . ren s opinion of the west front . It is e fortunate that his advice was not followed , for hav we not m ? the sa e west front still in existence However, Wren “ ” t h e spoke of the remaining part of tower now standing , ’ h 1 6 6 th e r and King s print, publis ed in 5 , shows po tion to 2 1 66 2 t h e which he referred . Fuller remarked in that “ c r chur h now is torn , having lately a great part the eof ” fallen to the ground . He no doubt refe rs to t h e same

ruin , for it is not to be conjectured that any other part

fell then . Sir Christopher Wren says the towers never were al ike in “ ” h e design , nor were they bot built tog ther . ’ ’ Du dal e s Mo nasti co n The edition of g , published in f 1 6 a ade . 7 3 , gives a view of the north g of the church Ede , “ ” 1 68 e on e writing in 4 , said that above fifty years b fore third part of the north - west tower had fallen from top to

bottom ; yet this illustration shows that same tower complete . This affords an opportunity of comparing portions of th e w S two to ers . The upper part of each is hown to finish on

top with a battlement parapet . It is evidence in itself that du r ing the fifteenth century certain a lterations had bee n m effected in them both at this part . But this print ust have been made from an original which had been e xecuted ’ a — quite twenty years e rlier for King s drawing , issued in 1 6 6 - r 5 , shows the north west towe already partly destroyed ; so it is necessary to conclude that the drawing for t h e “ ” M o nasti c on e 1 6 6 1 6 1 0 was done befor 5 , but after , when ’ ’ - m a r . Speed s p , or bird s eye view , of the city was b ought out P raecen t or Walcott has supposed that the two towers in “ ” Ch ichester referred to in th e Annals of Dunstable as

having fallen during th e year 1 2 1 0 were the two at t h e west end .

% 2 1 “ s 8 . I I . 1 . W r e Wa E a r S a es . 2 lcott , ly t tut , p o thi , , 3 5

0 E E E 4 CH ICH ST R CAT H DRAL .

But taking Sir Christopher Wren ’s report with the discovery

Mr . 1 8 made by Sharpe in 5 3 , quoted by Professor Willis , it would seem rather that those two towers we re the original central tower and that at the south - we st angle of the west n fro t . e - Wren in writing of the tow r at the north west , which had 1 6 0 — 1 6 0 fallen about 3 4 , said that it had not been built at the same date nor in the same manner as t h e oth er then T h e remaining to the south of the same front . upper part of the central tower itself had b e en bu ilt perhaps during the

s e cond quarter of the fourteenth century or even e arlier . Cons e qu e ntly it seems probable that the two towers which fell in 1 2 1 0 were the original twelfth - c e ntury central tower m and that of the sa e date to the south of the west front . ’ In Speed s map of 1 6 1 0 both the western towers are rep t e e a m sent d as h ving s all spires . ’ Hollar s print in the M on as ti c on S hows what appear to be some fifteent h - century buttre sses to the north - west tower ; but o n ew — in excavating for the f undations of the north west tower, r now completed , no traces of any projecting butt esses were ~ discovered, so it may be that it was the original twelfth C 1 6 0 entury tower which fell about 3 , and the peculiar character of its masonry suggested the remark to Wren when a he s id it so distinctly differed from its companion . Towards the close of the seventeenth century the centra l

‘ ” c on dit i on a n d L spire was in an unstable , Elmes , in his ife , says of Wren that he

n and re th e er ar th e s re th e a e ra took dow built upp p t of pi of c th d l , and fix ed th erei n a p en dulum s tag e to cou nteract t h e e ffects of th e s t and th e s - es e r a es n act s m e con ou h outh w t ly g l of wi d , which with o ” s i derabl e er a a n s t and h ad r e r m i ts er e n ar t . pow g i it, fo c d it f o p p dicul i y

r It is interesting to have this record, for the spi e during the following century was still a cause of trouble . ’ S pers h o tt s memoirs show th at about 1 7 2 5

a n m a a a e t o th e r th e a e ra th e ew ch a ber org n w s dd d choi of c th d l , t es ere a t r s r e s er b u t are n o w e ub of which w fi t b ight lik ilv , lik old ” t arni sh ed brass . W hether this organ contained any parts of that which was destroyed in the previous century is not kno w n ; but many old prints and drawings show that the case of the one that

2 I E 4 CH CH STER CAT HEDRAL .

co nti nu ation to G eo rg e O n th e e ast s id e i s th e e ntire colle c t ion of t h e an en s s th e se e ar er en t s and i n r ar c om ci t bi hop of (qu t l g h , ci cul m s r m e a th e a es th e s e ra rt ra s r p art ents ) . A ho t ti b ck f c of ve l po it we e t ouch e d upon by s ome unskilful h a n d ; however w e h a ve b efore u s ' m s t r s s e m ens t h e s m e H e nr s da e n th e e o cu iou p ci of co tu of y y, wh whol t es e a n t n s ere ne e x e n t se s s e en a es i n of h p i i g w do ( c pti g ho of ub qu t d t ) ,

res se s ar e a m e nt s n s e t c . d , w lik h bili , buildi g , “ L n t ar s th e n r o n th e s e th e r i s th e ooki g ow d o th , out id of choi ,

mon umenta l ch a pe l a nd tomb of St . R ich ard T h e groin s above a re h e e er em e s e a n n s a e arms e tc . n e n t e b lli h d with p i ti g of foli g , , , co v yi g y ov th e r en e n th e n r t t ran s e n e r e e i n t h e w a t h e choi ; th c i to o h pt, i t c pt d y by a er es er th e s e- a s es en th e enera m n a n e s g ll i ov id i l , wh g l co bi tio of obj ct i s er m na e th e n r t ra n s e n t n e r r t i t d by o th pt wi dow which , hough i f io to ’ h e s rn n s h as i t s o w n e u h ar a r a ns t e c . outh wi dow, till p tt ctio

At the tim e these words were written t h e north porch l r was in a wrecked condition . Both gab es of the t ansept - t h e were in ruins , and the high pitched roofs of the old library ,

- lady chapel , and the south arm of the transept were absent

altogether . But soon the authorities began to take some int erest in t h e

condition of the building . Jam e s El m e s h ad been calle d in th e S 1 8 1 — 1 8 1 e to deal with pire in 3 4 , and und r his direction “ the useful piece of machin e ry which had been put there “ ” “ Li e by Wren wa s taken down a n d reinstated . In his f of ” h e h d Wren an illustration is given of the device , which a m e : carefully examined and easured . H e describ s it thus

T th e n a i s a s ten e a s r n me a r n and t a i s s s en e o fi i l f d t o g t l i g , to h t u p d d a la rge pi e c e of y e llow fir - t imb er e ighty feet lo ng an d t hi rteen i nch es s are th e m a s n r a t th e a ex th e s re e n r m n ne t o s i x n es qu o y p of pi , b i g f o i i ch m n s n as i t r s es T h e en m i s a e r n a n thick , di i i hi g i . p dulu lo d d with i o , ddi g al l i t s e t o th e n a and h as s s o ak fl rs t h e w er o ne w ight fi i l , two tout olid oo , lo s ma e r a ree an d th e er o ne a t w o a n d a ar er ll by bout th , upp by bout qu t n es t an th e a na m a s nr s rr n s i t T h e e t i n a i ch , h oct go l o y which u ou d . ffe c n n s t o rm i s s u r pri s i ng an d s a ti s fa cto ry . Whil e th e wi d blows high agai st th e a ne and s i re th e en u m fl r t es o n t h e l ee s e an d i ts v p , p d lu oo ouch id , a er re i s e o n t h e n ar a t th e es sa t n i t s a t e s s t p tu doubl wi dw d . c io , o cill ligh ly , an d t erm na es i n a r e n ar T h e res o f th e s re i s e ear of i t pe p dicul . t pi quit cl nd s c affoldi ng . Thi s contriva nc e i s doubtl ess on e of th e mos t i ngen iou s a ’ ” a r r a e i ts rea n en r s a n s pp op i t of g t i v to pplic atio .

1 8 1 m l About 4 T . King ade a plan of the whole bui ding ne and several drawings of the church as it then appeared . O 1 of these shows some carefully copied spe cimens of the

1 d 2 . S ee s ra n s . an 1 illu t tio , pp 33 5 T H E HISTO RY OF T H E CAT HEDRA L . 4 3

T h e e decorations on the vaults . ngraving was published in h “ 1 8 1 t e e 1 2 0 . r 3 , and on it is statem nt , Painted 5 E ased 1 8 1 e r t h e 7 . Another drawing show d the interio of choir as e e e a e looking west . In this w repr s nt d in c r ful detail the design of the e aste rn elevation of the org a n - case and the

return sta lls against the Arundel scre en . It also shows th e e th e e e th e original iron gat s in archway , which pi rc d screen r e n an d e a e in the cent e b low the orga , form d the entr nc to the e d m choir . Th se gates were evidently Copie in design fro the

- a e thirteenth century iron screen th t protect d the sanctuary , M part of which is now in th e V ictoria and Albert us e um . In the distance t h e decoration on the n ave vaul ting is lightly indicated . There i s also an original drawing by T . King e a in the poss ssion of the Chapter , which gives view looking 1 a e m m e stwards . Anoth r drawing which was ade so e time t after 1 8 2 9 S hows the choir looking e ast towards h e reredos .

It is a careful study , and is of peculiar interest , since it is a record of m a ny featu res n ow entirely removed . The early e r rer dos appea s still in its place , but the upper portion of e it is gone . This was a gallery which was accessibl from m r e either triforiu , ac oss which boys early in the c ntury used to run races by starti n g up t h e staircase in one a isle and l dow n that in the oth e r . The absen c e of the ga lery in the a a f e 1 8 2 drawing shows th t it was made t r 9 , the year in which “ ” t h e gallery w as removed . The glory which was added to the reredos duri n g the eighteenth century appears just above a e t h e h m a the alt r . On the south sid of c oir are so e spect tors l r e e r in the gal e y above the stalls . Th r we e also at this time h e a other gallerie s on t north and south of the sanctu ry , and above the arch on the east side of the north arm of the a e e r transept was a g ll ry too . To this last ther was access f om the staircase th a t led to the chamb e r above th e east chapel r e e e ra S a of the t ansept clos by . Th s d wings how wh t the interior of the church was like up to t h e time when that extraordin ary reviva l of activity in mat te rs ecclesiastical r began in t h e ninet e enth centu y . L e e t h e ike other church s , that at Chichester f lt sting of ma b e m e controversy in unn e cessary vandalis m . But it y ad itt d r m that dest uction , like a storm , carried at least so e virtue in m its clouds . In attempting to sweep away the accu ulated

1 S se t o b e a r er a n ar e W n es ter. uppo d by C t , chit ct of i ch 44 CHICHESTE R CAT HED RAL .

refuse heaped within the building, some precious things fell z before the broom of ealous furnishers , and were lost for ever in the dust raised by this new cleansing dream .

’ m W i n lel es s a th d r a l Ch u r h es F ro C e c .

T H E A E ABO T 1 8 6 . N V , U 3

The removal of the gallery above the old fiftee nth -century reredos in 1 8 2 9 was the beginning of a serious attempt to a repair, restore, and reanimate the f bric . This revival of faith THE H ISTO RY OF THE CAT HEDRAL . 45

— began to try to do good works but not always with discretion , w k e not al ays with nowl dge , wisdom , and taste . Here was rash ardour , often without the hesitation of true reverence .

- T H E ET O C O A D E E OS ABO T 1 8 6 . R R H I R N R R D , U 3

It is certain th e buildi ng was not all it should have been when these works were begun i t is not what it might have been had some of them been deferred . Consequently any illustrations wh ich show its condition before the middle of the nineteenth 6 4 C HICHESTER CAT HE DRAL . century are of interest an d value to those w h o would kno w wh at change s have been mad e . ’ “ W i nkl e s s e In essay on Chich ster , in his Cathedrals of ” ee 1 8 0 1 8 0 are a England , published betw n 3 and 4 , m ny beautiful drawings of the fabric . There is one which shows t h e Arundel sc ree n still in its o riginal po s ition with the organ above it ; and in anoth e r th e co mplete design Of the back of t h e reredos a e th e h a ppe rs . Thes careful studies of building , whic were mad e b e fore it b ecame so ch a nge d by the re mova l of its best r ma a e e e e e e ining tre sur s , h lp to conv y som id a of what the “ a as ra re place w s before it w so dically stored . e e r S a n e None of the drawings , how v , how y of the b autiful d e fo r al l h ad n m a e corations of the vaults , this bee s e r d over a 1 8 1 r with a dirty y ellow w sh about 5 , which ea ned for the “ e e re e r church the name of the l ath r b eches cath d al . And

e - fil l i n b e w i when , later, the plast r on the stone g t een the r bs t h e a e b e e was removed , p intings wer utterly o lit rat d for ever , e xcepting only the sm all portion remai ning in the lady - chapel

” bearing the Wykeham motto upon a scroll . But this recital is but a prelude to t h e change s that were to follow . T h e e nergy of revival found expression in many ways , and English a r f e chitecture su fered sorely at the hands of ard nt ignorance . But the very desire to deal well with the fabrics of our churches th a t were to be repaired taught m e n to study closely

a . e a e nd a nd the facts of arch eology The studi s had a practic l , O r th e r at Chichester they found their ppo tunity in cathed al .

But first a new church of S . Peter was built in West Street 1 8 r in 5 3 , so that the north arm of the t ansept should no b e longer used as it had been for about four hundred ye ars . e Th n not long afterwards Dean Chandler, at his death , left a b e large sum to used for the purpose of decorating the cathedral .

To this sum oth e r funds we re added . The need that more e space should be provided for th e congregation aros , and to satisfy this it was decid e d that the choir should be Opened th e e 1 8 e r out to nav . Consequently , in 5 9 the work of d co a tion was begun by the removal of the Arunde l screen with the eighteenth - century orga n above i t - one of the most beautifu l remnants of th e art Of earlier days th a t remained T h m i n r . e e a ct the cathed al obj ct of this was most ad irable , but it involved in addition t h e destruction of the fourteenth “ ” century return stalls which we re on t h e e astern face of T H E THE HISTO RY OF CAT HED RAL . 4 7

t h e e . a e doomed scre n In t king down the scr en , or shrine , t h e m e l m all stones co posing it had be n careful y nu bered , a e i n a n e w with the intention th t it should be r built position . But although th e s e mat e rials are st i ll wantonly distri buted th e r a n d e m a about cathed al pr cincts , no atte pt has been m de e m e e to use th again , eith r as a scr en or as an evidenc e to r e show by cont ast that the result has j ustified the chang . r m a w as a e e h Its e ov l the beginning of seri s of alt rations , bot

a n d . by accident design The old reredos , that quiet and e h e m beautiful witn ss of t ings so sacr d and so e so profane , was torn away . The whole of the choir was to be rearranged . But when t h e piers of the c e ntral towe r were exposed by the m r re oval of the sc een , it was discovered that they were in a a precariously rotten condition at the core . Oth e r indic tions e of weakness , which had been overlooked b fore , were now L e S observed . arge and d ep cracks and various earlier igns of apprehended weakness both in arches and piers were n ow remarked . That the work begun had given impetus e e to the fall has been d ni d on excellent authority , and e to discuss such a qu stion at this time is useless . The serious trouble now was that the whol e tower with the spire e was rapidly settling on its base . Ev ry method that could be used was tri e d in order to save the piers . They were propped up with shores , and the arches held up with centres, n e w while masonry was bonded into the older work . But the labour availed nothing, for towards the end of the 1 6 year 8 0 matters had developed s e riously .

O s s res ex e n e em s e es n th e res m a s nr and n ew ld fi u t d d th lv i to f h o y , i n a n nes made t e r a earan e . th e nex a e t h e o h i pp c But t pl c , w lli g e an t o e w ar s th e en d an ar 1 86 1 rs i n th e n r - e s b g bulg to d of J u y , fi t o th w t r n a r a t m e en n e a d e r s i n th e s . ra s and ss re s s pi , ft w d ou h C ck fi u , o op i g a nd ers s n a nd t h e ra a e rma n th e a r es i n t h e oth clo i g , g du l d fo tio of ch ranse a s a n d e se ere n a e a e ar u m e men s ere t pt w ll l wh , i dic t d th t f f l ov t w t aki ng plac e thr oughout t h e p arts Of th e wall connected with th e western pi ers .

1 On Sunday , February 7 th ,

“ th e a ern n s er e w as er rme i n th e na e th e a e ra as ft oo vic p fo d v of c th d l , s a w as n err t e th e r e n t n e es s t for s r n a u u l , but i t up d by u g c i y ho i g up

- ar th e a n t h e s e s er . O n W e nes a r u s e p t of f ci g of outh w t pi d d y , c h d m r a r e an r r m th e s s res fl a es th e a n s ne e o t b g to pou f o old fi u , k of f ci g to f ll , h r h r e a r n and t e b ac es began to bend . Y e t t e wo kmen Continu d to dd sho i g ” n r u til th ee hou rs and a h a lf p as t mid nigh t . CHIC HESTER CATHEDRAL .

Next day the effort was resumed before daybreak ; but by noon

th e nt n a a n th e s res s e a n t a th e co i u l f ili g of ho how d , too pl i ly , h t fall w as i ne vitabl e .

Just before half- past one

“ th e s re w as s een n ne s th e s - es a nd en pi to i cli lightly to outh w t , th t o es en er e n ar n t h e r as one t e es e t d c d p p dicul ly i to chu ch , l cop ube s lid es m n n an er th e m as s th e er r n e ea . T h e a a i to oth , of tow c u bli g b th it f ll w s nd m - n a a r a few s e n s a w as e e at a as o ne . a ff i of co d , co pl t h lf p t

Such , briefly , is the record of the fall , which so admirably has been related by Professor Willis , from whose work these extracts have been taken . G 1 Sir ilbert Scott , after the central tower had collapsed , n was consulted concerni g its reconstruction . He examined the rem ains ; and by the great care his son Gilbert exercised in labelling and registering all the moulded and carved stone that was discovered in the debris , the new tower and spire was d e signed upon the pattern of the old one . Old prints and photographs were u sed to help in this work of build ing a copy of what h ad been lost . But this task could Mr not have been done had it not been that . Joseph Butler , m t a for er resident architect and Surveyor to the Chap er, m had ade measured drawings of the whole , which supplied actual dimensions that otherwise could not have . been recovered . These drawings had come into the possession '

M r . e . G . of Slater , the archit ct associated with Sir Scott in the rebuilding of the tower , and they enabled him

to put togeth er upon paper al l th e fragments with c e rtai nty of correct ne s s : s o on e t n a n er th e e es n w as a s e nd hi g with oth , whol d ig b olut ly a T h e n e a n r m th i n di s pu ta bly re covered . o ly d vi tio f o e d esign of th e old s teepl e w as this . T h e fou r arms of th e c ros s h ad been (probably i n th e r een en r ra se s m e fiv e or si x ee i n e an d s h ad fou t th c tu y) i d o f t h ight , thu r e a ar a h ad r na een th e ear e th e t er bu i d p t of wh t o igi lly b cl h ight of ow , i t an rn am en a ar a n r nn n r n i t I e th e an d with o t l c di g u i g ou d . lift d out t ower fr om t hi s en c r oachment by addi ng fiv e or si x feet to i t s h eight ; s o th at i t n ow r i s es above th e s u rroun di ng r oofs as much as it originally I a m t e th e ar a n u h . s a p t e e r n s w did l o o it d p ti l w lli g of b lf y wi dow , hich ” 2 n i may b e s ee n old vi ews .

1 “

S e e e e ns . 0 . h R E e i s son 1 86 1 . coll ctio , p 3 9 dit d by , 2 1 0 p . 3 .

P CHA TE R I I .

T H E EX TER I OR .

A S m a design , the west front offers four i portant parts for th e observation ; these are two towers , the west wall of e the nave proper , with the gabl and the windows which a n d compose it , then the porch . T o w e r s w u The are no similar . The pper stage of that o n far m the north is an imitation , as as possible , of the sa e section of the othe r tower which w as built in the thirt e enth e r e c ntury . In its thi d stag some differences are introduced . The masonry of the n e w work is executed so as to carry on the courses of the old stonework that attach it to the r e st of th e the front . The new work has followed the custom of older

and better traditions of the stonemasons , in that it has been “ ” e l ft strictly as it was finish ed by the tool upon the banker . The natural and simple texture imparted by the action of chiselling leaves a character upon the stonework similar to

that of the earlier work . 1 T h e upper portion of the ne w north -west tower being copi e d m Ol d fro that part of the one to the south , it will be enough r e t h e to describe the original . But fi st i t is necessary to notic t h e lower stage of the southern tower . The buttressing on south angle is of a later date than the rest of this section of

the tower . It has a low weathered base . The central part of it has its projection at t h e base red u ced when it reaches e its summit by means of three steep sloping weath rings . i There are also openings i n the buttress for t h e s tai rcase r windows . The two lower windows of the west f ont in this

tower are not placed in the sam e vertical line . This peculiarity

has been followed in the new tower . The upper of these

1 i o n L P nd m l e e h s s . . th e a e . . ears n R . A . a By l t J o , , co p t d by 2 H 5 C ICH ESTER CATHEDRAL .

w d h as a - m two indows is pointe , and no l bel ould . But the angle shafts that carry the arch have carved capitals and a - m squ re oulded abaci . Above the head of t h e pointed

B Bol a s (9 Co h o to . S . . . , p

- - T H E N ORTH EAST AN G LE OF T H E SOUTH WEST TOWE R .

e window the tow r Changes in character . The buttresses d r e run up to the top as broa , flat su faces , xcept that the northern one is slightly weathered twice . The coupled T H E EXTE RIOR . 5 3

e e windows are more de ply r cessed , having three orders - e of moulded arch stones instead of the two , as in the low r window of a si milar date ; and the arch is carried by a s a — three shafts attached parts of the j mb stones . The - t h e windows have label moulds over them , and abaci of the capitals are carried across th e buttress e s on either side as

- a string course . By this means the lines of the composition z are continued hori ontally , notwithstanding the interruption by the ope nings in the walling . These are n o w glaz ed as windows ; but they were originally open , as some bells once hung in the tower at this leve l . The west end of the nave has six windows grouped in it above the porch . The two upper ones are small and close up under the gable coping . This latter is simply m an a cha fered d capped with modern cross . The windows are arched in two orders . The inner order has a plain , straight m chamfered oulding ; and the outer , a hollow chamfered

- one . The label mould and the capitals of the attached shafts in the jambs are a little later in design than the windows

- them selves . A moulded string course separates the point of the large west window from those above it ; and from the level of this string - course up to the coping of the gable the whole surface of the wall is covered with a diagonal e patt rn of incised diapers . W e s t W i n d o w The is entirely modern , but copied from

- fourteenth century examples with some success . It has five

divisions betwee n the jambs and mullions . The central one

is larger than those on either side . The upper part is filled

with geometrical tracery . Below the west window are three other windows grouped e e e together . They are at the triforium lev l , where th y w re probably inserted before the m iddle of the thirte enth century ;

but they have been restored at vario u s times since then .

The W e s t P o r c h is a comparatively simple structure .

It rises from the ground with a deep weath e red base . At

the top of the walls is a plain weathered coping , which over m r hangs about one inch . The si ple , but ext emely well a n d designed , buttresses at the north south angles add much intere st to it as a composition artistically and as a study

in structure . The small , straight buttresses on the west are o t o the nly weath ered once , and this at the p ; but those on 5 4 CHICHESTE R CATHED RA L.

north and south S ides are different . There is a broad central m e buttress weathered twice fro the bas to its top, and in

° B Bo l a s 6 Co . h ot o . s . . , p

- VV A L L ARCADE I N T H E WEST PORCH .

the angle on eith er side of it are what appear to be two

e e . low r, smaller buttr sses , with one weathering slope The probability is that th ere was only a small buttress here at T H E EXTERIOR . 5 5

e first, and that the larger one on either side was add d by being built over the shallower, broader, and shorter one . These buttresses have bee n placed h ere in order to counter -se t e - act the thrust of th e large , deeply cov ring arch over the

e . h a entranc to the porch This arch is of interest, as it s but a slight label ; and then the outside angle of th e s o ffit m only is oulded , the rest being recessed both at the jambs m at and in the arch for about two feet , with no ouldings all . a i m Then comes a delicately moulded rch i n two orders , mediately beneath which are the coupled arches which give

a e . e e entrance to the interior , vaulted partm nt Thes two arch s , S e the central and side hafts on which th y rest , as well as the

e e . tympanum b tween th m , are restorations The vault over th e inte rior of th e porch is carried on moulded diagonal ribs . On the north , south , and west are th e wall ribs as well , to carry chalk filling between them . m e n o w d ed The insertion of two later onu m nts , much ilapidat , involved the destruction of m uch of the beautiful wall arcades . e These were of three compl te divisions on each wall , and e have cusped heads . The upp r part , below the finishing

z a - hori ont l string course , i s composed of two full and two half T h e e quatrefoils . work I n each arcade is r cessed quite seven inches from the face of t h e general walling a bove ; m and the ultiplied detail in the mouldings is finely studied . h Opp os rte the ent rance is the west doorway into t e nave . e h i n r The de p arch over t is is seriously cracked seve al places , h h a s though it a s already been much restored . It an outer e label , which indicates that when it was built in ther was then e no porch to protect it . The three ord rs , or main groups , m of ouldings do not run down on to the ca pitals , but finish by dying on to a pl a in piece of stonework of circul ar form set a immediate ly upon the capitals . The Purbeck m rble capitals are e e e m themselves rath r larg and h avily oulded , and the shafts u nder them are sandstone restorations of r ecent dat e . T h e west door and the woodwork about i t is a poor specimen of modern ingenuity . The S o u t h S i d e of the church introduce s many interesting r e e e va i e ti s of work . Th se may well be follow d in the course of this de scription from the west to the east end . — T h e lowest p art of the south west tower pre s e nts a treat e e e re a m ent diff r nt from that on the west side . Th re is he 5 6 CH ICHESTER CAT HEDRAL .

— an . are doorway, and additional window Both round arched . T h e doorway is one Of the most notable pieces of beautiful d e sign on all the exte rior of the building . It is treated solely th e - with variations of well known Chevron ornament . The cu t n e a e work upo it is in no case at all de p , but the tot l ffect

e . l is truly d lightful There is none of the dead , formal regu arity a m invari ble in odern attempts to imitate this type of work . The voussoirs of the arch are not al l of equal si z e in each on m order , and one ember the chevrons are reversed on Opposite sides of the ce ntre stone except for one accidental e intermission . The abacus , nearly six inches de p , has a flat upper part on which a continuous diaper of Greek crosses

e c u t . has b en The lower part is a plain , hollowed chamfer

moulding . Though the small columns in the jambs are new ,

and also parts of the inner reveal of th e jamb, yet the old

carved capitals are still i n position and also the bases . These capitals bear distinct traces of Byz antine feeling in the design

- of them . Above the doorway is a billet moulded string e cours , which stops against the circular shafts by the buttresses , T h e and forms the sill of the window . design of this opening

is like that of the one over it in the next stage, which is similar

to that in the same position on the west face of the tower . But the abaci of its capitals run from % the jambs across to the T buttresses , as is the case with those of the doorway . he bill e t - moulded sill evid e ntly passed round the tower com l e tel t r p y, before the addition of the angle bu t esses , since it a ppears again on th e north buttress of the west front of the same tower ; and the obvious inference is that there was once a window also on the west i n th is same stage at the

same level . The window immediately below the upper di v ision of the tower is of the same date and character exactly as the one on the west in the like place ; and it should be noticed that the sills of th e upper wi ndows run on as string

- courses , which are continued round the circular angle shafts

of the buttresses . R o Passing eastward from the tower, the external o f of m r the nave beco es visible . The i regularly waved line of the e a ridge wh re the lead rolls meet , as it were , ag inst the sky , is a pre tty indication of the presence of the aged timbers i t e underneath that support abov the walls . The Oldest part of the building to be s een from this poin t

8 H H 5 C IC HESTER CAT EDRAL .

- beautiful example of late thirteenth century moulded detail . e e The main line of the arch curve is xcellent , and the whol O pening between the head , jambs , and sill is beautifully pro

portioned . Some fifte e nth century tracery rema ined in these m windows until it was replaced by the pre sent odern work . T h e r are e outer arch is in two orde s , which carri d by slight

attach ed shafts , some of which are renewals . The capitals t a e a t h e to hese are c rved , and have squar baci , rounded at a r e angle , as they p ss ove the capitals . Thes abaci , which are e finely moulded , are not more than about two and a half inch s

- in depth . The bases of th e jamb shafts are characteristic of r the period during which this wo k w as done . There are two u h small ro nded mouldings , and one larger one . T ese rest on m e . the square , lower part , of the bas I mediately below the

- sill i s a string course ; and this , as well as the projecting l m base to the who e wall , is continued fro the side of the h tower buttress eastward . Each is returned round t e four buttresses till it stops against the out er wall of the south walk e e of the Cloisters . The vertical buttresses her wer originally completed with a w eath e ring at a point about half- way up their present h eight ; and upon this old weath e ring t h e

upper and later part of the buttress has be e n added . This r e r was p obably done during the fourt enth centu y , about the

time that the adj oining parapet of the aisles , the parapet of n t e - t h e e r fl i n the ave , and the working of upp part of the y g e e i n e i n buttresses was und rtaken . This Chang the d sign a volved the removal of the range of pointed g bles , by which

the roof over each bay of t h e aisl e was compl eted southward . Traces of t h e earli e r gable copings are still bedded in their

original places in the walling . Upon three of these buttresses are rem a ins of the Ol d gargoyles by which the water fro m the r T h e u s e e roofs was car ied off. of these is now sup rseded by

- - the cheap and m ea n looking rain wa ter he ads and pipes . Close by the parapet of th e a isle t h e squ are angles of each buttress are cut off so as to form a base for the octagonal e m e e a e pinnacle above . Thes , when in their co pl t st t were e a ca n e undoubtedly ve ry b eautiful ; for b e sid s wh t be now s en , r it is known that they were once compl e ted each with a spi elet . N ow they have the substitutes sugge st e d by parsi mony to

e e . cover th e ir incomplet n ss As they are , in their ruined con b e dition , it may e seen that they wer not all finished in T H E EXTERIOR . 5 9

m e identically the sa e way . The thr e sides on the north of a n the oct gon of each one are left plain a d flat . The other e five sides are treat d as narrow , recessed panels , formed by the six groups of small shafts at e ither angle . Every group m a has its capital and oulded base . The c pitals in some cases

a d mo ri l de d . a are c rve , in others only Above each c pital is a h . t e small carved boss This , doubtless , was stop to some member on the angles of the spirelets . S pringing from the a capit ls are moulded and cusped arches , which form on either h z side the heads of the panelled divisions . The ori ontal part of the wea the ring of the flyi ng- buttresses is stopped behind - f h i n n ac l e the octagons o t e p s . 1

The parapet has a plain weathered coping , close under wh ich is a string- course which helps to throw the water clear from the top of the wall ; and two courses belo w this one is another moulded string . Each is about six inches in depth .

It is not possible to state more concerning these parts in detail , since they have been much repaired at various ti mes . The stove - pipes which ru n u p the north a nd south S ides of th e nave as smoke - fl u e s for the heating - apparatus do not add to the beauty of the exte rior .

- In the fifth bay , eastward from the south west tower , S o u h P o r c h is th e t , which opens directly into the west walk of the Cloister . Early in the nineteenth century it was in a ruinous condition ; but restoration has again given it e stability , if not all its old beauty . The idea of the d sign , as it t h e is seen from cloister , is identical with that of the exterior h e of of t west porch . But in the detail its mouldings and other features it is different entirely . The restored abaci m of the capitals , like the originals, are some of the square, others irregular octagons . The interior is vaulted , and has

‘ diagonal and wall I I DS . On the west and east sides are th e h as stone benches . But west side in addition a small arcade of four arches form ing recessed sedilia . The mouldings to the arches of this small arcade are of about the same date as those in the two outer orders of the enclosing arch on the e south front of this porch . The two smaller arches und r it e e appear to be later work , if we j udge from their pr s nt

- D o o r w a character . But the arch mould of the y within the porch is work of approximately th e same date as th e out er mo u lded m ember of t h e enclosing arch on the 6 0 R CH ICHESTE CATHEDRAL .

o f west front the west porch . The enclosing arch of the south porch is later work than these . But the two inner

1 B . B a s l 6 o . . o h S C , p o to .

T H E T H % E T F T H E SOUTH DOORWAY I N E W S WALK O CLOISTER . moulded orders of the enclosing arch of the west porch are even later still in character . Th e east side of this south porch forms the west wall of th e THE EXTE R IO R . 6 1

— present choir singing school the old sacristy . But this room projects farther southward than the porch . The limit of its projection is indicated by a portion of a buttress in the Cloister . Between this buttress and the porch are two small windows

B B 5 5 . . o a s . h t l (5 Co , p o o .

T H H - E WEST WALK OF T H E CLOI STER F RO M T E SO UTH EAST .

one of them is now blocked up . The upper one is the same in design as those others on the south side of the sam e apartment . v These we shall consider presently . Abo e the central pier at the entrance to this porch is a miserable figure in stone , intended to represent a saint . 6 2 CHICHESTER CAT HEDRAL .

T h e C l o i s e r t h e t t , which was added in fif eenth century , e a is of a p culiarly irregular sh pe , and encloses the south transept within the paradise . It has been much resto red T h ' a t m . e of different ti es present roof is tiles , and is carried

- on common rafters . Each has a cross tie, and the struts are d m ne o . shaped so as to give a pointe , arched for to each The old fift ee nth - century wooden cornice still re ma ins in som e

. i sections The walling was once all plastere d . The tracery s m n e divided into four co partments by mullio s , and each h ad is filled with cusped work . R ound the Cloister are placed the old ho u ses of the R W i c ca mi cal e Treasurer , the oyal Chaplains , and Preb ndaries . Above the door leading to the house of the R oya l Chaplains is a n interesting monument of the Tudor period . It is a pan e l divided into two compartments by a moulde d stone framework . L a r e ding out of the south walk is a doo way , through which the deanery may be se e n beyond th e end of a long ’

. L walled passage known as S R ichard s Walk . ooking back e northwards , there is a fine view of the spir and transept from the end of this walk . The chamber ove r the present singing school between the south arm of the trans e pt and the west Walk of the C loister shows t h e e ffe ct produced by some changes m ade during t h e

fifteenth century . The masonry was more care fully finish e d — than that of the adjoining transept a specimen of twelfth

. T h e l a re century work joints in the ater work thinner , and z the average si e of the stones is in this case smaller . On the south side of the wall of this chamber are t wo e buttresses . Clos under the shallow moulded coping at the

- top of the wall are two fifte e nth century windows . They are e e not placed centrally ov r the others below . In design th y e t h e are each divid d into three lights by mullions . On east side of the middle buttress is an old rain - water head of - l (e ighteenth century lead work . Pa rt of the lead piping stil

. T h e remains , having the old ears to fasten it to the walls west side of this chamber has one buttress on the south angle w v l o w and a windo in the centre of the wall . Abo e it is the m slope of a gable . The window is si ilar to those on the south

- e . sid , but the head is a pointed and four centred arch The u m llions have been restored . Below the part just described 6 IT H E EXTERIOR . 3

is the earlier work of the thirteenth century . It rises as far up as to th e stri ng - cours e formed by the continuation of the a baci

- of th e capitals in t h e two sm a ll single light windows . These

- ar n arrow and sharp pointed windows e peculiar . The arch moulds are differe nt from t h e other work of the same date i n e e the church . Ther is no sign of trac ry in their design , and

° h o z . B Bo s . S . l a 6 Co o . , p

T H E EAST WAL K OF T H E CLOI STER .

h the jambs ave a simple attached shaft in the outer reveal . The bases to these shafts are earlier than those of the sh afts e e to the south aisl chap l windows , and the edge of the inner member of th e window arch is merely cut off with a straight chamfer . There is one window , the same as these , hidden in the west walk of the Cloister . Beneath the windows j ust

- described - there are two sma ll single light openi ngs in each 64 C HICHESTER CAT HEDRAL .

portion of walling on either side of the central buttress . These six windows serve to light the vaulted (sacristy) choir

school w ithin . It has been supposed by some that a chapter - house once existed within the paradise clos e by the west angle of

the transept . The south end of the trans ept rises on the

- north side of the Cloister garth . At the south west angle a great part of the twelft h -century masonry in t h e broad flat

- buttresses remains . The south east angle and buttresses are are quite different . They perhaps part of the work done e during the thirteenth c ntury , though it is possible that they were introduced when Langton inserted t h e large south

window of the transept. This window has be e n ve ry much e restored since the s venteenth century, when it was almost e knocked i n pieces . Wooden props serv d instead of mullions e for many y e ars to hold up the trac ry above . The repair f e that has been e fected retains the old d sign . Above

a . each angle of the transept is a turret , oct gonal in form e Neither of them is complete . Th y were only required in the fifteenth centu ry as a means of acce ss to the roofs at the a a p rapet level from the stairc ses in the angle buttresses . The gable of the transept rises above the parapet j ust v e described , but it is not in the same ertical plane as the fac a of the wall belo w . The top of this gable was for many ye rs

i n a very wrecked condition . The design of the tracery in the I S rose window in two orders , based upon equilateral triangles

filled m with cusps . Close to the ground on the south - west corner b u ttress are

- - two string courses . The lower of these is a billet moulded

- course cut, like those to be seen on the south west tower .

Its presence here , and at this level , shows that this was the original level of the sills of al l the old Norman windows on

the outside walls until about the close of the twelfth century .

On the east side of this part of the transept , at the clerestory t wo - level , are round headed windows . Both originally were all

- of twelfth century workmanship . But now the southern one

- n has abaci , capitals , angle shafts , and base , which are thirtee th

- a a . century work , and the early l bel mould has been ch nged The other window shows partly what was once probably the

character of both of them . But the greater part of this window was restored when the central tower and spire were

6 6 CH ICHESTER CAT HEDRAL .

it should be noted that part of the window in the first bay

was rebuilt after 1 8 6 1 . The fourth and fifth bays have

- pointed windows , carved capitals , and angle shafts . These,

though now entirely renewed , were built when the whole

of this part of the choir was added . Part of the walling for a few feet below th e parapet was renewed at the same fl i n - - time . The y g buttresses are thirteenth century additions of the same date as the vaults within ; and those three nearest the transept abut on parts of the twelfth - century flat w u buttresses . The flat projection as continued p to the

parapet at a later date , probably when the parapet itself was u built on . But the fourth b ttress also abuts upon a slightly flat h projecting strip of buttressing . In t is case , however, fl i n - but not in the others , the flat strip and the y g buttress

' are of the same width and built as one piece of structure .

u - The third and fo rth flying buttresses have a secondary , and

apparently later , arch of fine grained white stone beneath

their larger arches . The Copings on the backs of these buttresses are not

weathered like those of the nave, and , except the one next

“

w . the transept, each is covered ith lead There are no

pinnacles to them above th e aisle wall . The fourteenth l century bui ders had not touched them , as they did those

south of the nave . There are , too, no gutters along their

backs . I t is curious that this method of carrying the water away from the upper roofs over the lower ones sh ou l d ' not

have been adopted when the parapets were put up . The outer wall of the choir aisle is one of the most l a interesting portions of the bui ding , from an arch eological as well as an architectural standpoint . It shows three of the arched heads of small twelfth - century windows that u sed to

light the earlier triforium gallery . One of these has now a fift eenth - - century insertion beneath it . This is in the second ba w y from the transept . It is a small window ith a cusped

- head and a square label mould above it . In the same area of walling there are shown the levels of the cut string- cours e that

- ran along unde r the sills of the twelfth century aisle windows . It is the same string and at the same level as it appears upon the south - west angle of the t ransept and the south - west tower of the west front . It shows , too , in the second bay, the level of the old abaci which ran across from each capital in the window 9 S . B . B ol a s Co . (9 ph oto .

T E C O A CE T A TO % E R F O T E SO T - EAST H H I R ND N R L V R M H U H . D 68 CHICHESTER CATH E RAL .

jambs an d stopped against the sides of the buttresses . There is also the continuous chamfer course that ran along the

walls above the heads of these aisle windows . In proof of these things there is even n o w one of these same old windows in almost its original state within the little chamber known as ’ - the priest vicars vestry . This window is in the bay of aisl e r n walling im m e diately against the transept wall . The st i g courses of the old windows were continued round the late r

buttresses . In the fourth bay , above the point of the window

arch , the curve of the original apse of the ambulatory is just traceable ; but b e yond this point e ast wards the twelfth century walling has disappeared until we meet it again in the

- l ady chapel . There is a small buttress in the fourth bay

marking the j unction between the t wo periods of masonry . In the second and third bays part of the twelfth - century top

to the aisle walls remains . The roof may have had eaves o riginally , but now there is a parapet of about the same date as the present buttresses ; and the projection of this parapet is carried upon the corbels that were carved and built i n

before the second fire occurred . The space between each corbel is bridged over by small single stones cut out to the

shape of a semicircular arch .

The windows in the second , third , and fourth bays differ in si z e and shape from each other that in the second bay has a t h e pointed arch and no tracery, square abaci and remains of

carved capitals . The angle shafts and bases are gone . They were all inserted at about the same tim e but that in the third bay h as had some poor modern trace ry without cusps added to

it , and that in the fourth bay is a more recent insertion than

the one next to it . In the third and fourth bays j ust above the low chamfered base of the wall are three semicircular markings

a . cut on the wall , but there is nothing to expl in their existence I n the fourth bay close beneath the sill of the window is a

stone built into the wall , upon which a dedication cross is cut . At the fifth bay the east walk of the Cloisters j oins the wall of w the aisle ; its roof partly hides a windo , above which is a

square panel of the fifteenth century . This panel indicates t h e position of a window , for the jambs and mullions of its r t acery may be seen within the church . They are rebated

for shutters , the old hooks for w hich also remain . The south - east angle turret of the presbytery has lately be en T H E EXTE RIO R . 69

n - rebuilt ; so also has that on the orth east angle . They e a are each of th m oct gonal in form , but differ i n detail , in imitation of those they replace . The large rose window in the gable of the E a s t E n d is of e e about the same dat as the vaulting ov r the south transept , since th ey possess kindred details . In design it is a simple l circ e , with seven others within it of equal diameter . Portions of the coping of an earlier and lower pointed gable are bedded w in the wall . U nder the string beneath the rose windo are three windows grou ped as a tri plet , with no label moulding .

The centre light is h igher than the others . Though each has m r - l been uch repai ed , the early thirteenth century detai has been retained . The abaci of the capitals are square . The ra windows have no t cery , and are probably quite fifty years earlier in date than the large rose above them . The exterior of the sm all chapel to the south has a square weathered angle buttress . On its south side is a window of m e e i n the sa e dat as the rest of the chapel , and like the tripl t r i the gable of the presbyte y n character and date . Its east end has been altered since the chapel was finished . First a a d sm ll rose window , recently renewed , of the same ate and type as that i n the presbytery gable, was inserted under the earlier narro w windo w close to the gable point ; then the original w was h east windo removed , and a larger one was put in , aving th ree lights and a trace ried head with Cusped work of late

ft e n t h - fourteenth or early fi e century work . The sill of the old w window was lowered to give more length . Most of the windo n e h ow to b seen is t e result of recent restoration . Parts of

- the old string courses remain in the walling . The south side of the L a dy - C h a p e l beyond the chapel just described has four bays . In each of these is a large - h e three light windo w . T western and smallest one was probably first inserted . Then the two eastern ones were put in when the two east b ays were add e d to the older lady chapel . The other windo w appears the latest of the four ; or else may it not be th at before deciding to lengthen the - C l lady hape , the builders first began only with the idea of i nserting som e ne w windows in the older walls ? But before this scheme had been executed they conclud e d that they would add bodily to the chapel ; and in ord e r to allow the ch apel

to continue in use while this was being done , they built the 7 0 CH ICHESTER CAT HEDRAL .

t extension first ou side , then bu ilt u p the connection with

e i e . T wo the original walls , and ins rted the r lat st window of a h the b u ttresses on this w all are fl t . I n t is they are like t hose of the twe lfth centu ry ; but th e ir u pp e r parts were rebuilt l wh e n the parapet was made . The oth ers are ater, and have - e more projection . On the north and south of the lady chap l

F . h S B . Bol a s Co oto . , p

- O S O T H E A Y C APE SO T S E . WIND W F L D H L , U H ID

w l h th e the a l is finis ed by a parapet . It is same in detail and d esign as that on th e south wall of t h e presbytery . So it is d Le o h ardo G e . probable that Bishop ilbert S p , when he

- h e lengthened the lady chapel , caused ot r work to be done t h e at same time . - m The lady chapel has been much restored in anyways , but T H E EXTERIO R . 7 1

the old parapet remain s in part on the north side . The tracery of the windows is interesting , as it shows early examples

- of cusped forms . The east end of the lady chapel has a

fiv - w e . light windo , wh ich has been much repaired It has m m i n been in a easure i itated from the others the chapel . The description of the south side of the chapel applies generally to the north side . But the windows i n t wo cases have been much more restored . The chapel north of the

- lady chapel has an angle turret like that on the south . Its fifteen th - east and north windows are century insertions . And e w rndow it has a littl rose in the gable not yet restored , though soon , by decay, it will have disappeared . The smaller window above it is blocked up . On its north side there is neither a gutter nor a parapet but perhaps this is better than n the foolish cornice , with rosettes in it , which has bee placed th e on the wall of south chapel to carry a gutter . The details of the north wall of the presbytery are similar to those described on the south . But there are no

- sub arches to any of the flying buttresses , and the slopes i n of each are protected by lead coverings . And the exterior of the north aisle the same elements of structure and design may be discovered , even to th e presence of

- twelfth century remains , the curve of the old encircling apse ,

- and the position of the first sills , abaci , and string courses . But it should be noticed that in the eastern bay of this fift ee nth aisle externally, where on the south there is a anel century solid square p , on the north there is a small

- w round headed window . But this little windo is of no earlier date than the walls in which it is set . The second and third windows from the east buttress of the presbytery aisle are insertions of fiftee nth - century type ; but they have been so much renewed and restored that only in the third one does there appear to be any portion of the original tracery remaining . On the north side of th e choir and presbytery are four very fine old lead rain - water heads and square lead pipes . L i r r The east end of the present b a y has in it five windows . u Two of the upper ones are built p, the central and higher z re one only being gla ed . I n detail they a all of the same N date as the walls they are in . one has any tracery, and by this they show that this piece of work was done at the 7 2 CHICHESTE R CAT HEDRAL .

— — same time as the chapel now a vestry o u the e ast side

of the south end of the tra nsept . The gable is a l ow slope

like the present roof, but the slope of the old gable and

- roof may be seen upon t h e east wall of the transept . There

is one buttress only on the east side of the library . T h e north side is divided into two parts in its length by a h as r buttress . The parapet a corbel cou se similar to that on

the two eastern bays of the presbytery aisle . The two small

pointed windows below it are built up, as now the apartment

- they once lighted is a lumber room , where the remnants of the

old reredos are stored . The larger windows be lo w are of m fift ee nt h - the sa e date , nearly , as those two century ones

in the north wall of the presbytery aisle . The east one has three and the west four lights , with cusped tracery in the heads . The east wall of the north arm of t h e T r a n s e p t has a e buttress , as is the case with the south arm . But arly . thirteenth -century pointed windows take t h e place of the

- - d . roun headed ones There are , however, three string courses on ‘ this wall of the north arm which do not appear on the - w south . One is the old twelfth century string hich evidently - e once ran along above th e old round h aded windows . The e next is a continuation of the abaci of the capitals . The oth r passes under the sills of the windows . A comparison of this wall with that corr e sponding to it in the south of t h e tra nsept shows that for some reason t h e windows here were totally

Chan ged and the others only partially . This may suggest that at the ti m e of the fire this part was more damag e d than r t h e other . The pa apet on this wall is unlike that at the e h as top of the presbyt ry and choir walls . I t no corbelling and no arch e d and cusped w ork ; it is m erely a plain pi e ce e e of walling , slightly ov rhung with a weath red coping at m the top and a oulded string beneath . The general feature s in t h e d e sign of the north end of this m transept are si ilar to those of the south . The gable sets a e r back from the f c of the lower wall as befo e, and in it is a e rose window, also based on the hexagon principl in design . I t is l ater i n character than e ither of t h e oth er l a rge rose windows in the south of the t rans ept and t h e east of the L h a s presbytery . ike the others , it been much repaired . Th e two irregular octagon turrets 0 11 each angle are of th e

T H E EXTE RI O R . 75

on the south side . The parapet is later i n design than thos e to t h e Choir and lady - ch apel ; but it is of the same t h e date as that on the south wall of nave . In the five e T h e e eastern bays it is of two ti rs . upp r projects beyond the e w e lower , and so wid ns the span bet e n the north and south e e Cl restory walls . It has been sugg sted that this was done in e order to straight n the north wall, which in the twelft h century i t e had been built so that b nt inwards towards the south . The weathered and channelled backs of five of the buttresses are the same date as those south of the nave ; but the easternmost one has a flat raking back like those to th e north and south of the choir and presbytery . The four e e — now western buttress s had pinnacl s with spirelets destroyed . w as e The western one square , the other thre octagonal . All e e th se are earli r in date than the fifth one from the west, t h e this last one being probably same in date , as it is in

e d . detail , as thos on the south si e The sixth one finishes plainly with a square top . It may once have had a pinnacle, but none no w remains . The parapet to the aisle chapels in the four western bays

w eath ere d o i n - is plain , with a c p g and string course in which

o f - is some carved work late fourteenth century date . The are gables between the buttresses gone , as is the case on m the south side ; but traces of their old copings re ain . The four large th ree - light windows are the sam e in design e and detail , and were no doubt ex cuted when the chapels e a e thems lves were built . They h ve traceri d heads with e arly types of cusping of about the same date as , or a little later n w : th e tha , the rose windo in east gable ; but they are certainly thirty or forty years earlier than those of the

- lady chapel . The north window of the chapel in the fifth bay i s a modern insertion of the s ame character as i n the I t south aisle chapels of the nave . probably , like them , fift e e n th - e contained a century window , which was remov d to satisfy th e taste which thought the present substitute the better thing . The detail of the two orders of its outer arch is earlier than that of the windows west of it . A th e w w o ne bove point of this indo is a small circular , with a cusped treatm e nt of p e rhaps the sam e date as the ones i n the east end of the chapels at the e nd of the aisles of the presbytery . 7 6 CHICH ESTER CAT HEDRAL .

N o r h P o r c h t wo The t has a pointed outer arch in orders . The abaci to the capitals are squ are ; but n ow there are no - e sh afts or bases in the jambs . The sub arches app ar to be e about the same date as the transept vaulting, as th y have the dogtooth ornament in their mouldings . On the west i n face of the buttress, close by , is a double niche very bad repair ; but as a specimen of work it is well worth studying . The parvise chamber above this porch is not lighted except by the smal l cuttings in the form of a cross which pierce the wall . - m The new north west tower , or its north front , has i itations

- of twelfth century work throughout , except in th e case of a are th e coupled openings in the top st ge , which like the th i rtee n th ~centu ry work at t h e same level in the south - west

- tower . The lower part of the north east buttress incorporates

- the remains of the original twel fth century flat buttressing . C e n r a T o w e r S i r e The t l and p , although they were 1 8 6 1 rebuilt again after the disaster in , are as nearly as a u a possible n exact reprod ction of the origin ls . The tower rises out of th e substructure where the roofs i s l of the nave and transept intersect . It not square in p an , t m but has % an axis from east to west , longer han that fro th e - d e . w north to south B elo string course , un er the w athered th e sills of the arcaded openings in the belfry stage , are , on

an d l . e a north , south , west , small wa l arcades At ach ngle a there is a turret . Three of these are oct gonal , but that at the south - west is circul ar till it reaches the string cou r se below the parapet ; and excepting those on the no rth - west

- and south west they are used as staircases . Each of the four side s is pierce d by two groups of cou pled openings d u n er superior arches, the several moulded members of which rise in four receding orders from the square ab a ci of th e e e capitals of the angle shafts . The space b tw en the pointe d heads of the sub - arches on the east and west faces is pierced by quatrefoils ; those on th e west are differe nt in m h design fro those on t e east . The parapet of the towe r has features in its design which indicate that the origi nal ‘ o ne had been added to the earlier t h e m tower during fifteenth century . The octagonal ter ina tions to the fo u r tu rrets were of the same c haracter and date as the parapet . P h ot o ch r om L Co . t h d . o to . , , p

T H E - DETACHED BELL T OVV E R . CHICHESTER CATHED RAL .

The spire rises out of the supporting walls of the tower i n e a . within the parapet . I t is a r gular oct gon shape Four octagonal pinnacles are placed at its base next to each of

the turrets of the tower , and between these , on the other S four faces of the pire , are tall stone dormers , with carved

fini al s - crockets and on the copings of the high pitched gables . Above this group the spire is divide d into three sections by two bands of di aper- work cu t out of the stone surfaces as cusped quatrefoils ; and from the base of the spire to its capstone there is a projecting rib on each angle betwe en h a the several faces of t e oct gon . B e T ow e r th e The l l , which stands alone to north of the a t h e a cathedr l , is now only one of its kind in Engl nd ; and

it is curious that in two cases where these towers were found , a t N as at Salisbury and orwich , spires had been added to the central towers . The cathedral bells have been hung in e this tower since the fift enth century . The structure itself, at with its massive walls , is square in plan the base , but at an the top story it becomes octagon , and the buttresses on each angle terminate as pinnacles bet ween the angles of the square and four sides of the octagon .

h o o . td . t P h otoch r o m Co . , L , p

T H E A E OO K G EST . N V , L IN W

T H E I NTE RIOR . 8 3 altered after the second fire ; but the clerestory above was much changed in character . Th e central arch of the three t remained semicircular , but the side ones became poin ed in place of the early round arches . The detached columns , the jamb shafts , and the moulding of the arches were all altered in detail ; and the stone used was of finer texture, like that a w with which the piers of the rcade belo were faced . S o u h i s l e t h ere ~i s w In the t A a good vie , which extends M beyond the transept into the small chapel of S . ary M agdalen at the east end , in which is the only really fine

- stained glass window in the church . The chapel aisle to the south of this , again , is interesting, in that it still retains some signs of what purposes it served in former days . The two h e f 8 G e r e c a l o o . western bays were originally the p . g Those h a c a e o f S C e m e n t . to the east were dedi c t e d as the p l . l In each of these the old piscina and aumbry remain near where the altar had been placed . The latter chapel has now been restored in memory of Bishop Durnford (see page Mr . Mr G . . . . G F Bodley , and T arner were the architects w h h o designed the new work . T e old wall arcade is n ow again are used as part of the reredos . The figures under the arches

- i n . . the centre S Clement , on the south S Anselm , and on

l h e e . the north S . A p g In the quatrefoils above are figures are of two angels bearing in their hands shields , on which

l . represented the symbo s of the Passion Behind the altar ,

- re . which is of oak , is a white marble table The deeply moulded arch which separates the two vaulted bays of each of these chapels is carried by some very beautiful carved capitals . Above them may be seen the square abaci which are so much u sed m all the later work in the cathedral . to They are peculiarly a French characteristic , and serve indicate t h e relationship there was between the English and

Continental schools of mediaeval architecture .

Beyond this chapel is the doorway from the south porch , which gives access to the west walk of th e Cloister . The doorway on the right in the south ai sl e next to the ’ entrance to the south arm of the transept leads to the B i s h op s ’ C o n s i s o r C o u r L t y t (or angton s Chapter House) , wh ich is -roo m now a muniment g The small chamber above the south porch is supposed to r e a s u r have been a secret T y . It is approached through 8 4 CH IC HESTE R CAT HEDRAL .

th e m m - e u uni ent room , and has be n pop larly known as the ‘ ’ ” Lollard s Prison . N o r h i a T h e t A s l e i s si milar to th t on the south side .

to . . B B o . o 5 . o a s C h l (9 , p

T H E O T H E SOUTH AISLE FR M NAVE . Towards its western end is the entrance door from the north porch . T h e _ north chapel aisle was originally used as three T H E I NT E RIOR . 85 separate chapels unt il the divisions between them were Ch a removed . The two bays at the west were the p e l of 8 n n e . A ; the two next east of this formed the chapel of V the Four irgins , and the last bay was the small chapel

S a . of S . Thom s and Edmund I n the first named of these there may still be seen , i n the jambs , the capitals , and the

- - arch moulds of the north western window, some of the colour decoration of which so much remained until the nineteenth i n century . The space the north wall shows where the aumbry used to b e . The small remnants of the division wall at the east are some slight indication of what the design of the arcading on this wall was before it was destroyed . In F o u r V i r i n s the next chapel , that of the g , there is nothing to show where the aumbry or the piscina was . But on the north the position of the arcading on the east dividing wal l

h f . h a s a n d E m remains . The c a p e l o S S T o m d u n d has an arcade on the east wall similar to that in the chapel of

S . Clement . The au mbry is on the north and the piscina on the south side of the position which the altar used to occupy . The R o o d - S c r e e n at the entrance to the choir from 1 88 the nave was erected in 9 , , and is a memorial of Arch

W r . M . G . deacon alker . It was designed by T arner At the point where the arms of the cross meet is a figure “ representing the Agnus Dei , and at the extremities of the cross are carvings of the four -winged figures of the cherubim . P u l i t i r The p was designed by S Gilbert Scott , and is a memorial of Dean Hook . It is very elaborately carved , and T h is made of Caen stone and Purbeck marble . e four figures L M w M . are intended to represent atthe , ark , uke , and John The L e c t e r n of brass was presented to the church as a

a R w . memori l of ichard O en , of Chichester, by h is daughter The F o n t under the south - western tower is a copy of an l o o d one in the church at Shoreham . It was the gift of Bish p D urnford , as a memorial of his wife . The M o n u m e n t s i n t h e N a v e have in many cases m t suffered fro bad usage, and in most instances hey do not n ow occupy their original places i n the building . The canopied memorial to Bishop Durnford under w hich is a recumbent effigy , forms part of the screen between

1 T h e figures i n paren th es i s re fer to th e n umb ers on th e pl an a t th e end. R CH ICHESTE CAT HEDRAL .

’ h n . S . Clement s c apel and the south aisle of the ave It was

designed by Mr . Garner . There are several tablets in the

nave and aisles by Flaxman . The best are those to the memory ’ ’ of Captain Cromwell s wife and daughter in S . Clement s o ne e chapel , and on the north side of the nave , in the chap l V of the Four irgins, as a memorial of Collins the poet ,

who was a native of Chichester . The two recumbent figures under the arch leading into this same Chapel are said t o be R z - those of ichard Fit Alan , Earl of Arundel , and his wife z - I t was restored by R ichardson . Fit Alan was beheaded 1 in 3 9 7 . Some say that these two figures were removed from the chapel of the monastery of the Grey Friars at the R time of the eformation , and were placed in their present 1 8 position in 43 , having been found embedded in the

stonework of the chapel wall close by . The base upon

which the figures rest is modern . The earl is represented

in full armour . At his feet is a lion , and at his head, under ' ’ the helmet , is a coronet and a lion s head . At the countess s

feet is a dog , and her head rests upon two pillows . The most beautifu l monument now remaining in the w e e M s church is that hich is said to r pres nt aud , Countes of Arundel (1 2 7 0 ) The modelling of the whole figure and the l ong flowing lines of her robes are worthy . of careful study . The whole pose and the disposition of the two angels at the head arranging the pillows , with the two dogs upon which her feet rest , have been finely conceived and well executed . The hands are clasped over the breast, with the forearms bent upwards slightly towards the face . On each of the long sides of the base supporting the figure e are six elongated quatrefoil pan ls , contai ning in all six female figures and six shields . Between the quatrefoils are w z inged heads of ten angelic figures . The bla oning of the shields is entirely gone , and the brilliant colouring that once covered the entire m onum ent is only to be trace d in a few places . The outer robe still shows some signs of the rich w u blue with hich it sed to be covered . The face of the figure m ' appears to be badly mutilated , but the da age to the features has been don e principally by an endeavour to preserve them . A thick coat of plaster had been placed over the face to protect it from inj ury , perhaps in the seventeenth century

% or earlier, and this was never completely removed . It had THE I NTERIO R . become gradually polished like the material of the figure m ’ itself, and so it re ains , with a cut across it , to represent a mouth . The remains of the real face are still h idden beneath .

° h o t o . Co . B . o l a s 6 . B S , p

E E E P T H SACRISTY (S .

f Close to this e figy, but in the aisle farther to the east , and i on the north wall , are two admirable memorial tablets wh ch m were designed in the eighteenth century . One is In me ory 8 8 C HICHESTER CATHEDRAL .

of Dean Hayley and his wife and the other in memory of

Henry Baker and his wife and their . only child who, by m e n co parison with the other tabl t , appears to have bee a m a second wife of the same Tho as H yley . Close to the porch in the south aisle is the only complete a n s a 1 2 old br ss in the buildi g It i d ted 5 9 , and records “ the fact that M r. W illiam B radbridge w as th rice Maior of ”

Ci tt ie d . this , and had vi sonnes viii aughters The e M other monuments i n the nav are those of atthew Quantock , D ean Cloos , Bishop Arundel , and William Huskisson ,

sometime member of Parliament for Chichester . One on the south side of the west porch is Bishop Stephen de ’ B e r h s t ead s g , and the other opposite on the north is a

work of the fifteenth century . T h e h i r a n a — C o d S n c t u a ry . These are very diffe rent n o w in appearance from what they were, as will be seen by

reference to the chapter on the history of the fabric . R e r e o s M 8: The d was designed by essrs . Slater Carpenter ,

and has never been completed . It is generally considered that it is not at all i n keeping with the character of the . m da building , and there is so e hope that it may be one y r - removed . The subject of the figu e work in the panel is “ ” The Ascension . A l t a r M r . The was presented by the late J . F . France , and r is made of oak . Some of the f ontals are very elaborate

examples of modern embroidery . The P a v e m e n t s are composed of many specimens of

various coloured marbles . The St a l l s are those which have been in use since the A l l fourteenth century . the furniture of the choir had been removed for safety before the fall of the tower and s pire ; b u t ’ t h e bishop s throne (9 ) and the stalls for the dean and t precentor have been added since that ime . The Can d e l a b r u m which hangs fro m the vault was pre L F ea i rs t onh au h l adi es 1 n sented by ady t e g and two other , the eighteenth century The I r o n G r i l l e s which screen the eastern part of the choir from the aisles are good examples of simple modern ironwork copied from old examples ; they were made in

Chichester by Halsted Sons . The O rga n was placed on th e north side of the choir

9 0 C HICHESTER CAT HEDR A L . after it had been removed from its earlier position on the

‘ 1 8 8 8 r Arundel screen ; and in , when it was largely e a ne w fo r modelled , oak case was designed it . It was made 1 6 8 originally by Harris in 7 , and had then only one manual and no pedals but between this date and the last alteration , a it h d already been enlarged no less than at six different times .

As the choir stalls are immediately under the crossing, ne w above which rises the central tower and spire , they are a convenient place from which to examin e the wo rk of n w restoration . The e work represents as nearly as possible all that was there before the collapse of the old piers and arches . In the S o u t h T r a n s e p t the most important feature is the beautifully designed stonework of the tracery in the south h C r window ; but t is may be seen better from the loiste s , as the crude vulgarity of the bad painted glass makes it difficult to examine it from within the building . S a c r i s no w The ty used as a choir school and vestry , is a large vaulted chamber, lighted on the south side by six small windows (see page

Ch a e l o f S . P a n a l e o n I I t h e The p t ( ) , on the east side of transept , still retains the old piscina in the south wall ; but it is u sed now as the vestry for the dean and canons . The vaulting ribs in the part of the transept between this chapel and the sacristy are carved like those in the last bay of

t h e - the presbytery next to lady chapel , and are of the same e date . They appear to be part of the work don during ’ Bishop Gilbert L eoph ardo s episcopate . The P i c t u r e s by Bernardi on the back of the choir stalls

l l V . . 1 1 e Cea dwa a (see illustration , p 3 ) repres nt and Henry II I granting and confirming privileges to the bishops of their day . The portraits of the bishops of the see from Wilfrid to Sherborne are in the north transept . T h e S o u t h A i s l e o f t h e Ch o i r is entered from the south trans ept unde r a d e eply moulded arch . On the south ’ is the priest - vicars vestry and at the east end the c h a p e l of S M a r M a d a l e n a e M . . y g . This ch pel was r stored by essrs

G . . e . G a F Bodl y, and T arner , rchitects , in memory R e w h o v . . . of the T F Crosse , was precentor and canon of r t h e the cathedral . The aumb y in north wall was the ’ rec eptacle in which 8 . R ich ard s head was preserved in a ’

m W . case of silver . This is entioned in illiam de Tenne s will T H E N 1 I TERI OR . 9

.

On the other side is the old piscina . The paintings in th e M L panels by iss owndes represent , on the north s ide

' h t o . l a s (9 o . o . B . B o 5 C , p

T H E TRI FORI UM I N T H E CHOIR .

m ’ (i) S . R ichard celebrating the Eucharist in S . Ed und s

Chapel , (ii) the same bishop preaching , and (iii) his death ; M L ’ on the south , (i) ary anoints our ord s Feet , (ii) The L 9 2 CHICHESTER CAT H E D RA .

d R . an Crucifixion , (iii) After the esurrection The carved

painted reredos is of stone . Close to th is Chapel is the door way into the church from the east walk of the Cloisters ; in

the spandrels of the arches , both inside and outside , are the w arms of William of Wykeham . Above it is a windo , the glass i n which was given by Cardinal Manning (when

Archde acon of Chich este r) in memory of his wife . P r e s b e r - The y t y , Ambulatory , or retro choir , is the space

t ' H . C. Co r l et e, d el i n .

EC T O O T H E T O F T H E Y - C H PE D ORA I N N VAUL LAD A L ,

B Y T H . BE A 1 1 S E E P . RN RDI , 5 9 (

S cal e b et 1 n s t 1 i n ( a o ut 4 fe 0 i . o ) .

between th e back of the reredos an d the entrance to the l ady difl ere nt chapel . The design in detail of these two bays is very

i n character from the three in the choir, which are like those

in the nave . The two piers of Purbeck marble are circular, and about them are grouped four detached shafts of the same

material . They are u nited only at the base and by the a u abacus above the capit ls , which are beautif lly carved (see

page The main arches in the two bays are not pointed,

9 4 CHICHESTER CATHEDRAL .

but round , like those in the , nave and choir ; but , unlike th e d latter, they have deeply cut moul ings in three orders . The r triforium arcade above , on the no th and south sides, has

moulded and carved details of a similar character . Some of t h e beautiful ly carved figu re - work still remains in the spandrels

between the s u b s idi ary p oi n te d arches . But the most beautiful piece of design in al l this work is in the arches of the triforium

- passage across the east wall , above the entrance to the lady chape l . It should be noticed that the sub - arches in the triforium are here pointed , not round , as in the case of those in the

same position westward of this portion . And the support e to th se arches in the centre , is a group of shafts instead of

. f only one column The clerestory , however, o fers a greater

contrast to the earlier work in that the central arch , as well e U as the side ones , is lift d p much higher, the detached e columns be i ng lengthen d to obtain the alteration . Each

arch also , at this level , is now pointed . R ’ S . ichard s shrine occupied the bay in the presbytery

immediately behind the High Altar . It stood upon a platform

which was approached on its eastern side by steps , and was

enclosed by iron grilles . The platform was removed at the 1 8 6 1 — 1 8 6 time of the general restoration in 7 , and upon it use d to stand also the tombs of Bishop Day and Bishop

Ch ri s t oph e rs on or Cu rt eys . L a d - Ch a e l l The y p , as its walls and vaulting c early show , m was once co pletely decorated with designs in colour . The windows n o w are the only parts that indicate an ' at temp t to w rene this portion of its earlier condition . The new reredos is

a M l . of labaster , and was designed by essrs Carpenter Inge ow The N o r t h C h o i r A i s l e contains some monu ments which

are referred to separately . The now unused Chapel at its

n . a eastern e d was dedicated to S C tharine . The L i b r a ry is approached through a doorway in this

aisle . There is a chamber above in which was the library - h e a e of pre R eform ation days . T present libr ry formed the chap l a 1 of S . John the B ptist and S . Edmund the King ( 3 ) u ntil it e G became the chancel of the parish church of S . P ter the reat , t the north transept being used as its nave . Par of the vaulting

in it is unlike any other in the building , having the chevron or z igz ag ornament cu t on the side of the mouldings of the ribs (see page - THE LADY C H A P E L . 9 6 CHIC HESTER CAT HE DRAL .

The library collection contains many relics of various kinds ’ Os l ac s S el s ea among them are grant of land to the church at , ’ Cranm r s A . D 0 e . 7 8 a manu script of the twelfth century copy “ ” of the Cons u l tati o of Herman of Cologne ; an old Sarum missal ; the sealed book of Charles II . ; fragments of eccle “ ” s i as ti cal vessels and a leaden Absolution of Bishop Godfre y

dating from the eleventh cent u ry . The N o rt h T r a n s e p t has on its west side two of the

- -a old twelfth century round rched wi ndows , and opposite are the two large round - arched openings into the library and the chamber above it . The vaulting of this transept is not the same in detail as that to the south of the choir, and is rather earlier in the type of its mouldings . Close by the south springing of the arch leading to the library is one of th e few

- pieces of figu re carving in the Church . It is a head full of vigour and character . The M o n u m e n t s i n t h e T r a n s e p t s a n d Ch o i r have ' been injured and restored or removed at various times . The ’ large one (1 4) under the south window is Langton s tomb and e ffigy (d . The new one nearest to the singing school M r is a memorial and effigy of . John Abel Smith , of Dale Park , who represented Chichester in the House of Commons . On

' the east wall is another tomb of Tudor date I with nich es

- for sculpture . The tomb next to the back of the choir stalls

(1 6) is that of Bishop R ichard de la Wych . The two pan e l s in relief in the south aisl e of the choir are works of about the twelfth century (see page It is supposed that S el s a originally they were brought to Chichester from e . They were discovered in 1 8 2 9 hidden in the wall behind the wood “ work of the stalls in the choir , and were subsequently placed i n their present position . The subject of the one n earest to “ R L z the transept is the aising of a arus , and of the other, “ L M M ” Our ord with ary and artha at Bethany . These are two of the most interesting relics of earlier days that remain in the cathedral . Historically and artistically , they are of much value , but at present no more than has been stated is ’ known about them . Bishop Sherborne s monument was a built during his lifetime, and at his de th he provided for Ne w h ad its care by College , of which he been a fellow . It is still well cared for ; but with its original decorations it must have been a very beautifu l obj ect .

9 8 C HICHESTER CAT HED RAL .

Bishop Day ’s tomb On the south side of the lady

chapel , close to the entrance, are the memorial slabs of e Greneford two early bishops , p rhaps Hilary and John de ,

° B Bo a s (3 o . h ot . S . . l C , p o

H T E LIBRARY .

’ beneath the arch where Bishop Gilbert s effigy was placed . On the opposite side is a space under an arch in which may be traced the lines of some decoration which once ornamented TH E INTE RIO R . 9 9

some memorial . Upon the floor below is the memorial of Bishop R alph the builde r of the first portions of the w al l cathedral . Close by is a large tablet in memory of Bishop

- Thomas Bickley . It is a design of the seventeenth century

e . U period , and is inter sting of its kind nder the arch on ’ the north side of the presbytery, opposite Day s tomb , is that of Bishop Ch ri s t Oph ers on or Cu rt eys and against the wall of the aisle near the chapel of S . Catharine is a e m curious marbl slab with so e carving upon it . It represents m n two hands , with parts of the ar s , supporti g a heart , and the I CY G ST LE CCE U R D E full inscription , now almost gone , was I ” “ M A U DDE ( Here lies the hea rt of It is evidently work of an early date , but nothing is accurately known of its history, though it has been assumed that it was made in the twelfth or thirteenth century To the west of this is a bust of Bishop Otter In an arched recess i n the wall nearer to the library is the to mb and effigy of Bishop Storey Close to th is are two m e morials of the sixteenth are ce ntury . On the west side of the north transept the

l G . monuments of Bishops Henry King , Car eton , and rove S a i n e d G l a s s th e al l e a n d The t in cathedral is mod rn , s d most of it i of the worst possible kind . It is bad in esign a nd a n d m crude in colour , uch of it is not really stained glass

a . at all , but a p inted substitute The only really good window i n the building is that at the e ast end of the south choir aisle ’

w a M r . E e . s e . . in S . Mary Magdalen s chap l It d signed by C th e - e Kempe . The glass in lady chapel windows is bett r a m th e than most of the rest , and it is d itted that worst glass that w a s ever place d in any cathedral church by a g e nerous m u nificen ce is th a t w hich is now in the large window of the south transept . ’ I h otoch r o m Co . L td . h , , p o to .

T H E TO C OSS WN R .

B l t b B s S t re c . 1 0 0 ui y i hop o y , 5 .

1 0 2 CHICH ESTER CAT HEDRAL .

a. e A nd re de s c ea s t er w el Ciss besi ged , and slew all that d t

o ne . therein , so that not even Briton was left This fortress A nde rida e R ca str a m of , which had be n a oman , occupied e t h e - e the spot now called P vensey , landing plac of a later m m 0 N 1 66 . conqueror , the or an Willia , in It guarded on the east the strip of land between the South Downs and e e l m the sea ; and wh n it f l before the , the Saxons became e e t h e e A n dre desl ea mast rs of the r gion to north known th n as , A n dre des w ol d th e re A n der ida t h e or , fo st or weald of To ’ R e m Ci s s a s Ceas ter west was gnu , , or Chichester, another of those fortresses which th e provident and energetic R omans a a n had est blished lo g the South Coast . ’ O ne A e l l e s r am e of followe s , n ed Boso , or Bosa , settl d at r e e the head of a b anch of Chich st r harbour, and , as in

a e i r C m e n . the c se of his sup r o , y , the place was named after

a s B n h a . o s e m . him , , or Bosham This was in the fifth century e e i n Augustin began his work in Kent lat the sixth century , B i ri n u s w a s e e R m and , who sent ind pend ntly direct from o e , had u ndertaken th e conversion of t h e We st Saxons fifteen e r th e m e e years b fo e iddl of the succe ding century . But neither by thes e m issionaries nor their brethren was the te rritory of the South Saxons affected e e e e The West Saxons , by conqu st , xt nd d their rule west ' a t h e w rd and northward , and missionary enterprise followed cours e of military success and subsequent civil protection . w The original British occupiers of the land withdre to Wales , e r or lse became subject to the conquerors . Simila had been the cours e of events which followe d th e taking of Ken t by the Jutes . So when Augustine arrived he was welcomed A e th el be rh t e fe r by , whos wi Be tha , a Frankish princess, was re d al a y a Christian . e e Augustine having found d the see of Cant rbury , was e t h e soon nabled , by help of political and social influence , m L e ee . R e e to effect the establish nt of other s s och st r , ondon , and York wer e soon ce ntre s of a ctivity ; but th e s e neighbour n f t h e pri cipalities had not , ecclesiastically , a fected territories that were close to th e ir re specti ve domains ; for the kingdom of the South Saxons remained , nearly two centuries after ’ A el l e s e as e conquest , in the sam heathen condition pr vailed in his day . a Bede rel tes that at Bosham , Dicul had founded a monastery T H E O E A D D I C SE N S E E . 1 0 3

w where, surrounded by oods and water, lived five or six L brethren , serving the ord in humility and poverty . But ” e e no one cared to emulate their life , or list n to their t aching . D icul came from Ireland , and it is supposed that he had been educated in the monastic centre of m issionary life which

e . in the sixth century had been founded ther It is not, how fe w ever, known how these men found their way to the e i South Saxon shores , and their presenc there had no nfluence upon the minds of those invaders who h ad possessed themselves r h u of the adjacent lands . A quarrel in the No t mbri an kingdom 6 A D was the cause which sent a missionary to Sussex in 8 0 . . E c fri th W i l fr i t h g and his witan had banished , Archbishop n m . e e m of York , fro his see The u fortunate exile wand r d so e time in search of welcome . Eventually he found his way to A eth el we al h e e Sussex , where and his Christian wife off r d him a n e w field for his energies . Twenty years earlier he had been in the same kingdom . On that occasion , having been m consecrated by the Bishop of Paris , he was returning fro Gaul when the vessel in w hich he travelled was driven upon e the coast and stranded . W hile in this helpless condition th y were discovered and attacked by the South Saxons , who were three times beaten off, but whilst they were continuing their

a noth er v ass au l t preparations for , the vessel rose with the tide U n and escaped . nder other circumstances he was now amo g T h e e e these people again . famine which prevail d at the tim of his arrival gave him the necessary opportunity to gain their H e affections by first satisfying their material needs . showed the starving folk h ow to catch fish with n e ts which he and his w a s companions had made , and then able to teach them m other things . He preached with success for so e time, and bapti z ed m a ny who heard him . Bede has left a record characteristic of h is day , in which he relates that immediately “ th ey had accepted the faith which he taught , the rain , so ” long withheld , revisited the thirsty land . ’ A eth el w al h W il frith s e , grateful for aid , granted him lands a e at S el s e . The bishop at once gave freedom to those famili s h o a z and their slaves w occupied the district , and b pti ed them ,

‘ a a giving them rele se , as Bede has told , from spiritu l and S el s ea e t e mporal bonds at the same time . thus becam another see from which Christian principl e and practice might be - r e . taught in the midst of the sur ounding trib s In this spot , 1 6 4 CH ICHES TER CATH E D RAL .

a t h e e e ne r r sid nce of the king , a church was built , in which ’ w the bishop s cathedra was place d . The structure as dedica te d w a s r a to S . Peter , and the fi st cathedr l church in Sussex . It is not now known wh a t t h e architectural character of this a a m building w as . P e rh ps there w s so e attempt in its design to take a dvantage of su ch suggestions a s the R omans l e ft e e R m b hind th m at egnu , for we find in early instances of English archite cture that s u ch examples h ad exe rcised some m e t r e f r e a i nfluence upon the ele n a y fo ts of thos d ys . But it is more lik e ly that his first church w a s nothing but a small ' a e e e and simple b rn , for men w r not then burden d with the e d h r e idea that a cath ral must be a big churc , provided it se v d as a centre from which th e bishop could u s e his pastoral ’ W il fri th s a S el s ea m responsibility . During st y at any changes took place . eadwal l a e A e dil wal ch A eth el Then C , who had defeat d , or w eal h m a r , confir ed the gr nts to the Chu ch made by his e r th e m predecessor, in r tu n for kindness he had received fro il frith W some time before . U e S el s ea nder their new head the missionari s at undertook , ’ r a with the king s sanction , to conve t those who inh bited the

' neighbouring island of Wight a n d also parts of th e m ai n l a nd n w e t n ew er e which o were subj ct o the rul . But aft r five . years in the south W i l fr ith returned to his old diocese of

. e York Sussex , to a large ext nt, had accepted the faith he u e m a e endeavo r d to teach , and ny churches w re established and organised before his depar ture . For some years after W i l fri th h ad re tu rned to York there was no bishop in charge of the newly founded diocese in

Sussex . The community of worker s he h ad brought toge th e r

“ at S el sea still continued to exist ; but Sussex in eccl e siastical e r e a affairs was subject to Winchest during this int rv l . Ceadwal l a K e n twi n e e e 6 8 , when , King of W ssex , di d in 5 , “ h ad e m th e h a s begun to striv for the kingdo , so chronicle m e recorded , and having established hi s lf upon the throne , er e e he succeeded also in conqu ing the rul r of Suss x , and so n W i l fri th h a d c on brought both ki gdoms under h i s sway . verted him to the Christian faith ; but wh e n this prelate was e o n e h ad e a recall d to his former diocese , no be n ppointed to r F o r e r ca ry on the work he h ad begun . twenty y a s this

a n e . h a er t h e a Ceadwal la I n e vac cy continu d T en , ft de th of , ,

1 0 6 CHICHESTE R CAT HED RA L .

' his successor , divided the large diocese , wh ich was subject to r t e the Bishop of Wincheste , by making , wi h the cons nt of his l n S e s ea . witan , a new see at Sherburne and revivi g that of E a db e r h t Of this latter, was appointed the first bishop in 0 S el s ea E adberh t the year 7 9 . The community in over which had pre sided before his consecration was a secular foundation . e was r What ver the p inciple upon which it had been founded , there seems no doubt tha t during the interim which elapsed before a bishop was place d in ch arge some e lementary form of government was carried on by a succession of ele cted e presidents . This body was either compos d of secular d clergy , who were istributed throughout the diocese , living as r i n sa ca to fou n da priests in charge of pa ishes , or it was a tion supported by those who l ive d according to a r ega l a . T h e regulars were those who lived together, having vowed e obedience to some particular form of rule . Th se were m en e unmarried , who used one building , property , ref ctory , m Not and dormitory of the institution in co mon . all of these were ordained , as there were among them lay brothers a — as well as those who were priests . But the secul rs those in the world— were not subject to rules and conditions such M as these . any , as priests living in their parishes , were married men . ’ After the consecration of E adb erh t and his installation as S el s ea Bishop of , the cathedra , or episcopal chair , was T h e occupied successively by twenty prelates . period during f fe w which these held o fice , including the intervals when for

a time the see remained vacant, extended over about three L hundred and seventy years . ittle is known of these bishops further than that their signatures are to be found attached to

various charters . These were all called Bishops of the South

Saxons . A e t h e l r l ga was Bishop of S e s ea in 9 8 0 . He had been a

e e . member of the monastic colony at Glastonbury, n ar W lls

After occupying the see for about eight years , he succeeded

Dunstan as Archbishop of Canterbury . Bishops O r db e r h t and A e l m e r were bishops after A eth el gar ; and then the next prelate of importance was A e t h e l r i c e , who was a B nedictine of Christ Church , a l Canterbury . He was learned in the ncient aws and e e customs of his country , and when a v ry old man act d as T H E A ND DIOCESE S E E . 1 6 7 one of the arbitra tors appointe d to settle th e differences a e L a nd which had ris n between anfranc Odo , Earl of Ke nt . A e th el ric had been consecrated by Stigand , Archbishop of r P Cante bury , who was removed from the rimacy by William a L the Conqueror to m ke room for anfranc , his own nominee . The see of S el s ea was governed by th ree other bish ops o n e f till William appointed of his chaplains to the o fice . T h i s was S t i ga n d (1 0 7 0 but not th a t Stigand (the Primate) who at the same royal bidding had to make room L e O for anfranc . It was whil he was still an ccupant of the f r see that the transfer to Chichester was ef ected . He ea ned the displeasure of the king by refusing to consecrate Gau s b ert to the Abbey of Battle unless the m onk would come to

. m Chichester for the ceremony H e had so e trouble , too , a L r c n with h is metropolit n , anf anc , on account of a dispute o r cerning the limits of his ju isdiction . Certain parishes within t h e territory of his dioce s e were claimed as subj e ct to the m more eastern see . The Pri ate established his right to these “ ” e t h e a peculiars , and the right obtain d u ntil l st century , when all such holdings were abolish e d by law . G o dfr e y (1 0 8 7 — 1 0 8 8) evidently incurred the dis pl easure of his papal superior , as the only known record of his very brief episcopate is represented by a discovery which was 1 8 0 PO e made i n 3 when an absolution from the p , inscribed upon a leaden cross , was dug up in the paradise close to the south choir aisle . It was not till three years had elapsed since Godfrey ’s death — that R a l p h d e L u ffa (1 0 9 1 1 1 2 3 ) was consecrated to the M vacancy by Thomas , Archbishop of York . eanwhile the king enj oyed the temporalities of t h e see . In his person we meet a figure of much importance ' to the history of the fabric e ne r and and see , for to his gy initiative we owe the greater

- part of the cathedral building that remains to day . ’ R alph s activity was not wholly absorbed by his interest in the architectural idea wh ich he hoped to realise . He spent much time and care attending to the needs of the churches of which he was the oversee r . He visited them regularly three times in the year for the purpose of effecting reforms when they were necessary , for teaching , and for develop ing the organisation of the diocese as it w as affected by the f condition of each parochial unit . Thus by his o fice and 1 0 CH E TE T E R 8 ICH S R CA H D AL . ove r sight he w a s e nd eavouring to m aintain the n e ces sary relations betwee n t h e particul a r church e s an d th e ir cath e dral I e m e r t h e centre . n d fence of these sa membe s of local and general e cclesiastical body h e w as obliged to rese nt the m e . attempted interf rence of two kings of the real Henry I . w ished to fill his pockets by imposing fines u pon t h e Clergy . To oppos e this t h e bishop clos e d al l t h e chu rches in the e th e n e h diocese and block d up entra c s wit thorns ; and so, m a t h e O e of except in the on steries , ff ring public worship w m e e e . e a s e ceas d The r striction in ti r mov d , and th e king ’ acknow ledged t h e bishop s ple a that h e should endeavour e r s ee a r to replenish the coff s of his poor , so th t the inj u ed a r b e e e e r r c thed al might r pair d , rath than educe it to poverty by e xtortion . “ ” 1 R alph is cr edite d with having e stablish e d t h e office of dean — t h e a e r at Chichester the first of four c th d al dignitaries , of w t h e are t h e rmce n t or hich others p , the chancellor , and the treasu rer . ’ S e ffr i d P e l o c h i n d E s c u r e s 1 1 2 e , or ( 5 ced d to ’ t h e king s aggre ssion t h e rights a n d p r ivil e ges R alph had gained . ' 1 1 e He was obliged to vacate the see in 4 5 , and r turned to G a e a e l stonbury, wh re he had been bbot b fore he was made u H o e den bishop . His name fig res in the list which R oger of v m gives in his chronicle , as one a ong the bishops who were 1 2 at the Council of London in 1 9 . H i l a r y (1 1 4 7 — 1 1 69 ) was a bishop w h o was befor e all things ’ ’ a n 0 R a L f ecclesiastic . T lph uf a s foundation of the dean s o fli ce h e e e t h e a e r re u add d thos of ch nc llo and t as rer , if not

a raece n t or . a also, as is supposed , th t of the p With Hil ry began the traditional post of confe ssor to th e que e n of the rea lm . e h i m f a nd m Stephen had giv n this o fice , at the same ti e added to t h e p rivilege a perp e tual Ch a plaincy in connection with the castle at Peve ns e y .

T h e e e a n d e . l tters from Popes Eug nius Alexand r III , which confirmed the possessions h e ld by t h e s e e and guaranteed a a t h e h e are a p pal protection of church in C ichest r, mong the l i a r ra T h e e e co lect on in the c thed al lib ry . prop rti s these deeds — acknowledge includ e th at por tion of t h e city— one fourth i n which the clos e was situ a t ed ; a nd within this are a we re

m s e t h e h r t h e a l an d t h e co pri d c u ch itself, epi sco p l pa ace , 1 I m 1 I S e en s . . t ph , p 49

R 1 1 0 CHICHESTER CAT HED AL . bounds of the property owned by the see they we r e to rule f “ without restraint , and in the presence of a royal o ficial the ’ ” view of Frank Pledge was to be held in the bishop s court . e In the patent rolls of King John ther are two entries , dated 6 A 1 2 0 A . D . 1 2 0 . D . 5 and , by which the bishop was granted permission to take Purbeck marble for the repair of his church n 1 without hindra ce, from the coast of Dorset to Chichester . But pre caution s were taken to prevent any of the material thus obtained from being used elsewhere . A further grant , e the evidence of which is now removed , allowed the chapt r o t build premises beyond the precincts northward , which encroached twelve feet into the roadway now known as West

- Street . A row of lime trees now stands where these houses remained till the middle of the last century . For six years ’ t h e and d after Simon s death John kept see vacant , uring the interi m enjoyed the te mporal ities . R i c h a r d P o o r e w as 1 2 1 then consecrated bishop in 5 . a He had been Dean of Old Sarum . But fter occupying t wo the see for no more than years , he was translated to

Salisbury . — R a n u l f o f W a r h a m (1 2 1 7 1 2 2 4) bequeathed some 2 e e prop rty to the see ; but oth rwise he did little, except as ' - a fortunate collector of cattle , for the support of which his successor provided pasturage . — R a l p h N e v i l l e (1 2 2 4 1 2 44) was a bishop of more than L L t . local celebri y ike angton , the archbishop , he withstood e the demands which the papacy and Henry III . made in th ir ende avours to i mpoverish the Church in England . For this opposition the king re moved him temporarily from the post of R e m e 1 2 2 6 Chancellor of the al , a position he h ld from to “ 1 2 40 . His fame rests more upon his repute as a statesman

' faithful in many perils , and a singular pillar of truth in the ” 3 H d t h e affa irs of the kingdom . e succee ed in procuring payment to the Church of tithe from some royal p roperties e d which had been withh l , and left provision for the supply of h twelve qu arters of wheat annually to the poor in Chic ester . Some notes preserved in the cathedral records lead to the S upposition th a t the portion of the old central tower above the roof and up to the parapet at the foot of the spire was

1 M a h 1 2 0 . ee Wa . 1 n e c 2 t S lcott, p 5 , ot , y 4 , 7 2 3 S te h ens . . a . Par s . p h p 5 7 M tt i A ND - THE DIOCESE SEE . 1 1 1

’ R s ee built, or at least begun , during alph s tenure of the . One of these memoranda shows that he released from twenty days ’ penance those who should visit the cathedral and e contribute to the maint nance of the fabric . The others state b e on e m that expended hundred and thirty arks upon repairs , and his executors paid over one hundred and forty marks to the dean and chapte r for the purpos e ofi fini s h i ng a stone 1 e tower which it had be n found necessary to repair . Three years after his death it was nearly completed . Bishop Neville ’ e L L died at h is house by Chanc llor s ane , now Chancery ane . His property late r passed into the hands of the Earl of L w as i nn l incoln , and known then as the , or hospita , of Lincol n . The estate is now covered by the buildings of L ’ 2 incoln s Inn , and that portion which is still the property n “ R ” of the see is k own as The Chichester ents . ’ R alph s succ e ssor was Ri c h a r d o f W y c h (1 2 45 generally called St . R ichard . He had studied unde r Edmund G a t and rosseteste Oxford , and also in Paris and Bologna . R m a U eturning fro Europe , he became Ch ncellor of the niversity h e t e u . of Oxford , th n of diocese of Canterb ry Having a withdrawn ag in to France , he was ordained priest at Orleans , a s and then worked vicar at Deal , from which post he was f “ called upon to occupy again his earlier o fice at Canterbury .

Then came his appointment to Chichester . The canons e e e R P as s el ew e e had l ct d obert , but the archbishop obj ct d . r Henry II I . , having supported the fi st nominee , disputed h ’ M R ic ard s e lection . eanwhile the king appropriated the te rn e R a I oral i t ie s . V p for two y ars ichard appe led to I nnocent . , who confirmed th e appointment and consecrat e d R ichard at

L 1 2 . e nd e yons in 45 This did not the diff rence , for on the ’ n e w bishop s return he was oblige d t o accept th e hospitality

e th e n . of his cl rgy , king bei g still hostile But he did not allow these difficulti e s to interfere with his atte ntion u to episcopal duty , for he walked thro ghout the diocese , organising and teaching as he went . In his leisure he followed the pursuits of his youth , and spent his spare e time in farming and gard ning . He was an excellent man h i s , whose peculiar sanctity rests largely upon having succe e ded in doing the duties some of his predecessors had

1 ee W a . 1 n t e c. S lcott , p 5 , o 2 ’ ” ee S e en s . 6 1 . rra s es er. S t ph , p , cf Mu y Chich t 1 1 2 CHICHESTER CATHED RAL .

e a e fo r a disr g rd d , and a generosity which outr n his income . Acce pting tha t law wh ich the papacy h a d added to those of r e th e m e e t h Ch istianity, he tr ated arri d cl rgy with e seve rity

' e h e e his sense of duty and obedience urg d , for d prived them b enefice s r e e of their , and thei wives w r denied the offices u e r of the Ch rch both b fo e and after death . Any bequests e r h e e re b e a e to them by th i husbands , d cla d , should confisc t d , and the funds derive d by this means devoted to the nee ds of the cathedral building R a th e r inconsiste ntly h e taught the be n e fic ed cl e rgy that th e y should u s e hospita lity a nd e M a r e charity ; but like anoth r lachi , he emind d men that to withhold the tithe of their increase from t h e Church made o f t h e e a them robbers not clergy , but of th ir Cre tor . He ’ t h e e a instituted fund aft rwards known as S . R ich rd s ” m a Pence . It was a syste by which regul r offerings should be made for the compl e tion an d m aint e nance of the ca th e dral a r a h . t e r fabric And , ch racte istically , he obt ined suppo t of the archbishop and seve n other pre la te s in their a pproval of his wish that they should “ recommend visits and offerings ” e th e e th e a e ra to Chichest r , for r pair and completion of c th d l . This is anoth e r evid e nce of the great ext e nt of those building operations th a t were in progress throughout the thirte enth e h e e a r century . Just before his d ath b gan to pre ch a c usade , but died at Dove r . In his will h e still rem e mbered th e ca thedral by le aving a legacy of fo rty pounds for the ne e ds of the fabric . oh n C l m i n 1 2 — 1 2 6 2 u e e d J of y p g ( 5 3 ) s cc ed R ichard . His episcopat e a pp e ars chi e fly re ma rka ble fo r t h e growth of sto ries a bout t h e mira culous powers and sa intly life of his pre dece ssor . S t e p h e n o f B e r gh s t e d (1 2 6 2 — 1 2 8 8 ) now occupi e d the e a R w as see . During his piscop te ichard canonised , a e a R m e e deputation , s nt at gre t cost to o , having succeed d in V e a m e e persu ading Urban I . that his m rits and f e d s rved an honour w hich should bring w ea lth a n d cel e br ity to the see in whose cath e dral his body was l a id ; so in 1 2 7 6 th e remains of his body w ere remove d fr om their tomb and placed a a e at the back of the high ltar in a shrine , or feretory , dedic t d to him . — G il b e r t d e S a h e t o L e o p h a r d o (1 2 8 8 1 3 0 5 ) was a R e e m h is a bishop who , like S . ichard , d vot d hi self to dioces n

1 1 S AT H ED 4 CHIC HE TER C RAL . duties with a s i ngl ern i n de d purpose which was not a common a virtue with all medi eval prelates . He endeavoured to regulate the habits of those Clergy who accepted th e ir privileges but were inclined to neglect the duties and responsibilities these involved . His interest in the fabric of the cathedral was expressed principally by the additions that were made to - a the lady ch pel during his episcopate . — J oh n L a n gt o n (1 3 0 5 1 3 3 7 ) took a conspicuous part in the suppre ssion of the knights templars during the re ign of t h e r e Edward II . in o bedience to papal o der r garding them . He was Chancellor of the R ealm before his e levation to the w e episcopate , and sho ed his en rgy as a statesman locally by com manding the r estoration of rights to some vicars of the cathedral who had been suspended in accordance with the provisions of certain statut e s which the dean and chapter m e L e . G ad without his cons nt ike Bishop ilbert , he was an instrument by whos e sanction more changes were made in the building . R o b e r t o f S t r a t fo r d (1 3 3 7 another statesman

e L a . bishop , succeed d ngton He had also been chancellor ,

' and asse rted his episcopal auth ority as st e rnly as h is prede cessor . Of W i l l i a m o f L y n n (1 3 6 2 — 1 3 68) and his episcopacy little record re mains ; but — W i l l i a m R e d e (1 3 69 1 3 8 5 ) earned some repute as a e M L scholar, and was the found r of erton College ibrary in s h im a t h e Oxford , and it i to th t the diocese is indebted for s preservation of the early re cords rel ating to the ee . Nothing of i mportance is known of the next three bishops : T h om a s R u s h o k e (1 3 85 R i c h a r d M e t fo r d (1 3 8 9 R o b e r t W a l db y (1 3 9 5 R ob e r t R e d e (1 3 9 7 whos e register is the earliest e a t h e among thos that rem in , occupied see during the reign I V m of Henry . This record contains any interesting details concerning the part its compiler took in the endeavour to suppress the doctrines of Wycliffe and the L ollards ; and it also shows that m uch disorder pre vailed among the canons an th e d vicars of cathedral . One of the canons , besides “ m a stealing money fro the treasury , ppropriated for his private use some materials which h ad been inte nde d for the repair D E E A ND EE THE IOC S S . 1 1 5

th e of church . R ectors of parishes allowed their cures to fall i a nto a st te of destitution , and left them to the care of poorly w . paid vicars hile they themselves, resided elsewhere The e see was not fill d for two years after the death of R ede . Then followe d in succession S t e p h e n P a t r y n gt o n H e n r y W a r e J o h n Ke m p T h o m a s P o l don J o h n R i c k i n ga l e S i m on Sy d e n h a m No registe rs remain re lating to the affairs of the episcopate during the t wenty years covered by their occupation of the see . In the register left by Ri c h a r d P r a t y (1 43 8 — 1 446) there is evidence that many of the negligences censure d by B ishop R ede were still without correction . The discipline of the monastic houses in Sussex is represente d as having become very lax . d a m M o l e n s or M o l n e u x 1 6 A y , y ( 44 was a th e e V I instrumental in arr nging marriag of Henry . with ' M e Margaret of Anjou . any conc ssions were granted to him e b u t by the king for the benefit of hims lf and the diocese , having be come unpopular he was murdered by some sailors m e 1 0 wa a in Ports outh arly in 45 when on his y to Fr nce . “ R e gi n a l d P e c oc k (1 45 0 being convicted of ” h e e s o t h e heresy, resign d his bishopric, say the records of c athedral . J o h n A r u n d e l (1 45 9 The record of his episcopal administration has b e en lost ; but it is known that h e built H e th m . w e screen na ed after him appears , ho ever, to have e been much less restl ss than his predecessor . — E d w a r d S t o r e y (1 4 7 8 1 5 0 3 ) has left in his register full accounts of his deeds and the condition of the diocese . It e shows the latter had again becom very disordered . Both the regular and secular bodi e s are charged with abusing the e trust committed to them . Bishop Storey tri d to correct this w th e state of things . He proved his usefulness , other ise, by G - foundation of the Prebendal , or Free rammar School , in M e r Chichester, and also by giving the ark t C oss to the city for t h e be nefit of the poor . 1 1 6 CHICHESTER CATHED R A L .

— Of Ri c h a r d F i t z -J a m e s (1 5 0 3 1 5 0 8) and his administra tion there i s but l ittle information . — With R o b e r t S h e r b u r n e (1 5 0 8 1 5 3 6) we come to the — clos e of a long period of eccl e siastical history one during e which the distinctly Christian , as oppos d to the pagan , principles and forms of art had been developed . As bishop at Chichester he repre sented the Church and those principles which then in the west were taught in her name . A c “ ’ c o rdi ngl y he p rotested against the King s most dreadfu l com mandm e nt concerning (with oth e r things) the uniting of t h e Supreme h ead of the Church of in] England with the Imperial Crown of this realm ; and also t h e a bolishing and secluding out of this realm the enormities and abuses of ’ ” R m a n e the Bishop of o e s uthority, usurped withi the sam . 1 r n He wrote thus in 5 3 4 to C omwell . And obeyi g this i e e command from the civ l authority , he caus d th se orde r s e th e e to be publish d throughout dioc se . As a subject h e e e n o t a s obey d his king but , being hon st , he could a bishop and a man disregard his principles wh en h e found such e e ob edience involved their d nial . Consequ ntly he resigned 1 6 the s ee in 5 3 . — R i c h a r d S a m p s o n (1 5 3 6 1 5 43 ) took pa rt in t h e R efor h e h ad e e e mation move ment . Although d f nd d the princi l e “ that the king was to be considered high governor u nder ” God m t h e , and Supre e head of Church of England , his principles appear to h ave be e n easily affected by the political weath e r that prevailed . His attitud e in favour of e very principle involve d in the accepta nce of t h e papacy a ppears in the support h e gave to doctr ines which h a d b ee n rej e cted rm H e by the party of refo . no doubt feare d the results that ’ might follow upon another att e mpt to ad apt the Church s e constitution to chang d conditions . — In the tim e of G e o r ge D a y e (1 5 43 1 5 5 2 ) the pendul u m moved again across the face of the political and eccl e siastical clock . He was a man whose convictions led him to suppo rt those same six articles which h ad be e n upheld by Bishop Sampson ; and h e attempt e d to pr e vent t h e introduction a - V I 1 of the first pr yer book of Edward . in 549 , as well as th e dest ruction of the earli er s e rvice - books in t h e followi ng H w a b e e e . e s y ar a man to r spected , for in the face of general opposition he pro ve d that h i s convictions on i mportant

1 1 8 CH I CHESTE R CATHED R AL .

Ri c h a r d C u r t e y s (1 5 7 0 — 1 5 8 3 ) found the revenues of his see so reduced that he was unable properly to fulfil the ordinary obligations of his position . He did not spare himself in his endeavour to do the duties he had undertak e n . With the assistance of others he methodically instructed t h e e dioc se under his charge , and so well was this done that a “ e w z ea contemporary said the p ople ith ardent le , wonderful re oi ci n e e a e j g , and in great number , tak f rr and long journeys ” 1 to be partake rs of his good and godly lessons . This man th e excellent , however, owing to political spoliation of

1 8 . the church , died impoverished in 5 3 1 8 1 8 From 5 3 till 5 5 no bishop was appointed , but in th e latte r year T h o m a s B i c k l e y (1 5 8 5 — 1 5 9 6) was e select d . — A n t o n y W a t s o n (1 5 9 6 1 60 5 ) wa s Bishop of Chichester e wh n James became king . He was occupied much in ’ furthering W h i tgift s endeavour to improve the condition of the Church i n England by urging conformity to the n e wly orde re d methods of eccle siastical government and procedure . L a u n c e l o t A n d r e w s (1 60 5 1 60 9 ) then ruled the diocese until he was transferred to Ely . He was followed by S a m u e l H a r s n e t t (1 6 0 9 t who was an opponent of the Cal vinistic attitude of though . T h e records of his visitations ask some pertinent questions, which show how the Cath e dral Church itse lf was being served . “ H e e inquir s , Have not many of the vicars and lay vicars b e en absent for months together ? Is the choir sufficie ntly e ? h furnished , and are the boys prop rly instructed W at has be come of th e cope s and vestm e nts ? Who is responsibl e for the custody of them and of the books ? Are there not al e - houses in the close ? Why are all th e s e things not ” am e nded since t h e last visitation ? This was th e state of affairs in the cathedral church of the diocese at the beginning of th e seventeenth century and during th e t wo hundre d years

that followed there is but little improvement to remark . ’ — Certainly in G e o r ge C a r l e t o n s 1 6 1 9 1 6 2 8) and in ( , ’ R i c h a r d M o n t a gu s day (1 6 2 8 — 1 63 8) there w a s not much “ change , for the latter asks in every parish whether com ‘ ’ m u n i cant s e meekly kn el , or whether they stand or sit at

’ ’ 1 - enne n s r es er . 1 . K tt s Notes : s ee Steph ens Diocesa Hi to y of Chich t , p 9 7 I A D THE D OCESE N SEE . 1 1 9 the time of reception : Whether the Holy Table is profa ned e at any time by p rsons sitting upon it , casting hats or cloaks upon it , writing or casting up accounts or any other indecent ” 1 e e e us u age . And in cons qu nc the archbishop desired to restore some s e nse of order and decency to the m inds of both th e clergy and laity by replacing the altars in th e ir B r i a n proper positions again . He asks , therefore , Bishop D u p p a (1 63 8 in the qu e stions p u t during the first

- visitation of parish churches , Is your communion table , or ? s e t altar, strong , fair and decent Is it according to the — practice of the ancient Church , upon an ascent at the east

‘ th e e th e n o rth and end of chanc l , with ends of it south ? Is it compassed in with a handsome rail to ke e p it from profanation according to an order made in the met rop ol ic al 2 visita tion — During the e piscopate of H e n ry Ki n g (1 64 2 1 6 7 0 ) the e diocese was a thea tre of rebe ll ion and civil war . Chichest r e 2 th 1 6 2 t h e was taken on Dec mber 9 , 4 , by Waller and

Parliamentary soldie rs after a si ege of eight days . Bishop R e King repaired , after the estoration , the wrecked cath dral e and the episcopal palac , but this appears to be all that is known of him . — P e t e r G u n n i n g (1 6 7 0 1 6 7 5 ) was the first Bishop of

Chich e ster a ppointed after th e R e storation . He had suffered for th e t e nacity with which h e clung to his principles during a e the pe riod of t h e R ebellion . H ving been eject d from a r h e L a nd fellowship at Camb idge , came to ondon , there , with e m e a n d a a n d no littl audacity , he inist red taught as a loy list

Churchman . But R a l p h B ri d e o a k e (1 6 7 5 — 1 6 7 8 ) watched the political H e and ecclesiastic al weathercocks , and feathered his nest . “ a Le nth al l had been Chaplain to Spe ker , who gave him the rich living of Witney , near Oxford , where we are told ‘ L ’ he preached twice every ord s Day , and in the evening catechised the youth in his own hous e ; outvying in labour ’ and vigilancy any of the godly brethren in thos e parts . ’ ‘ et m y In 1 65 9 he was made one of the triers , y i mediatel after the R estoration he was rapidly promoted to a canonry at Windsor, to the Deanery of Salisbury , and finally to the

’ “ S D es a n H s r . 2 1 6 . teph ens ioc i to y , p 2 “ 6 e S t e ens D esan H s r . 2 1 . Quot d by ph , ioc i to y, p 1 2 0 R R L CH ICHESTE CATHED A .

” 1 Bishopric of Chichester . Though Bishop Henry King had endeavoured to restore the cathedral and the buildings of the a l precincts , these still were in _ state of extreme di apidation , ’ for Bishop B rid e oake s record of his visitation shows that the e towers , windows , and cloisters had not yet been repair d . — G u y C a r l e t o n (1 6 7 8 1 685 ) was a R oyalist bishop of a

most consiste nt type . On two occasions h e had be e n turned “ ” out of a cure by the Parliam e ntary triers for his O p inions but in his eighty - second year he came from the see of Bristol

to Chich e st er . R h ad Another oyalist, who as a soldier supported the cause

I . . of Charles , occupied the see after Carleton This was J o h n L a k e (1 68 5 He was one of those seven ’ bishops who protested aga inst James s Declaration of I n u l e n d g ce . S i m o n P a t r i c k R o b e r t G r o v e J o h n W i l l i a m s T h o m a s M a n n i n gh a m T h o m a s B o w e r s and E d w a r d W a d d i n gt o n (1 7 2 4) s e rved e a e i n the piscop t successively . F r a n c i s H a r e 1 1 — ( 7 3 1 7 4 0 ) then fill e d the vacancy . He

wasted some of his time in u seless controversy, and , as the ’ e e M l , f e , Duk of arlborough s chap ain made his o fic ch ap though . a U perhaps popular , by occasion lly dilating in his sermons pon e r of the g nius and milita y skill of his patron . He was a man e a w h o m m a som c pacity , advised confor ity to the e gre and a starved ide als of the then acc e pt e d orthodoxy . App rently e m e e a e e e he d e d th is cours a s f one , where ther could , it app ars , a e h ad a e be little other guid nc for those who still any f ith , xcept in th e conve ntio naliti e s of what had become ecclesi a stical a custom . H e saw th t the interpretation which individual opinion in its practical r ejection of Christian ordinances would read into fa ith was likely to be no more than a new expression m a e e of early and edi eval h r sies . — M a t h i a s M a w s o n (1 7 4 0 1 7 5 4) was bishop after Hare ; — and th e n Sir W i l l i a m A s h b u r n h a m (1 7 5 4 1 7 9 9 ) came “ a - fiv e th e to the diocese nd occupi e d the s e e for forty years , ” 2 longest episcopate since the foundation of the s ee . Before the close of the eighteenth century J oh n B u c k n e r 1 — ( 7 9 9 1 824) succ e eded Ash burnham . ’ S e ens D esan H s r . 2 . t ph ioc i to y , p 33

e ens . 2 . St ph , p 45

T R L 1 2 2 CH ICHESTE R CA HED A .

a ministration , to restore or enl rge their churches and schools , and to provide new ones wh e n they had t h e opportunity e D afforded by sufficient means . Bishop Ott r and ean Chandler succe eded in establishing a theological college in the city . P h i i N Sh u e w o r h 1 8 0 A s h u r s t T u r n e r l p . t t l t ( 4 — G i l b e r t (1 84 2 and R i c h a r d D u r n fo r d (1 8 7 0 1 8 9 5 ) E r n e s t R o l a n d W l b e r o r c e were succeeded by i f , the s e e Ne present bishop , who was translated to the from wcastle 1 in 89 5 .

D E A N S O F C H I C H E S T E R .

R 1 1 . 1 1 1 . Odo , 5 ichard Talbot , 4 5

W m M 1 2 0 . R 1 1 1 . ichard , 5 illia ilton , 4 W a n fle M 1 1 2 . te atthew, 5 John Patten , or y ,

R 1 1 . 1 2 . ichard , 44 4 5

f r 0 . r h r 1 2 Gre ne o d 1 1 C u t c e e . J ohn de , 5 John , 4 9 W fl t 1 M l b u rn 1 1 6 . a n 8 e e ee . Jordan de , 7 Joh n y , 4 7 l o 1 1 G os 8 . effri de 1 1 8 . S , 7 John , 4 P r ar 1 0 1 M e e 1 1 8 0 ch d . atthew de Chich st r, . John y , 5 m s n 1 0 N 1 1 0 . G e S o . icholas de Aquila , 9 eoffr y y , 5 4

i . S effr de 1 1 . . . , 9 7 John Young (Bishop) , S T P

e 1 2 2 0 . 1 0 8 . Simon de P rigord , 5

1 2 0 . e e r Walter, 3 William Fl shmong , l 1 2 2 1 Li h fie d R e 1 . c . Thomas de , 3 ichard Camd n , 5 4

l 1 . G f 1 2 0 . Gl es e . . eo frey, 5 Eyr , S T D , 5 49 ' ‘ l ri n 1 2 6 l ra h e r n e de G oc e s t . o Walt r , 5 Bartholomew , — B rakel sh am 1 2 6 . 1 1 1 2 . William de , 7 5 5 5 5 B er h s t e de 1 2 6 p Thomas de g , 9 . Thomas Sam son , f l d 1 0 2 1 2 — 1 de Grene e . William , 3 5 5 5 5 3

Leo h ardo 1 0 m P e 1 . Joh n de St . p , 3 7 . Willia y , 5 5 3 2 1 8 G 1 . . Henry de arland , 3 3 Hugh Turnbull , 5 5 6 . is 1 6 1 2 R Cu rte . Walter de Segrave , 3 4 ichard , 5

L e 1 6 . R 1 0 . William de enn , 3 5 Anthony ushe , 5 7

M D 1 . R F r n 1 6 . et o Ma e . oger de , 3 9 rtin Culpepp r, , 5 7 7

R l e 1 8 . 1 60 1 . ichard Scrope , 3 3 William Thorne , l l n 6 0 L u ton 1 . William de y g , Francis Dee , 3 — — 1 6 R 1 6 . 1 8 1 0 . 3 9 3 9 ichard Steward , 34 3 5

Ma denh it h 1 0 0 . R v es 1 6 6 . John de y , 4 Bruno y , 4

H as el ee 1 0 1 660 . Joh n , 4 7 . Joseph Henshaw ,

L 1 1 0 1 66 . . u H enry ovel , 4 Joseph G lston , 3 THE DIOCESE A ND SEE . 1 2 3

L . L L . D . N A M . 1 athaniel , ord Crew, , Thomas Ball , , 7 5 4 .

1 66 . 1 0 . 9 Charles Harward , 7 7 L 1 6 1 M . 1 0 Thomas ambrook , 7 Combe iller , 7 9 .

G 1 8 1 . eorge Stradling , Christopher Bethell , 4

6 2 . 1 8 2 1 7 Samuel Slade , 4 . Ge Francis Hawkins , orge Chandler ,

e 1 6 . 1 8 0 . William Hayl y , 9 9 3

1 1 . D . D Thomas Sherlock , 7 5 Walter Farquhar Hook , . ,

N 1 2 . 1 8 . John ewey , 7 7 5 9

D D 1 D . D . Thomas Hayley, . . , 7 3 5 John William Burgon , ,

6 1 8 . 1 7 3 . 7 5

. D . 1 . D . 1 . D D . 8 8 James Hargraves , , 73 9 Francis Pigou , , 7 R . R William Ashburnham , Bart , ichard William andall ,

D . D . 1 2 1 1 . 8 . 74 , 9

H P F E L E A F E B R T B I S O S O S S A T R R A D E .

1 B r B rn u s 0 E ol l a . e ne e eo e , 7 4 g , or g , 9 9

S i a . 2 2 . gg , or Sigfrid , 7 3 3 9 — A l u b e rh t . A e l fred 1 0 . , 7 3 9 , 9 3 9 4 — — 6 . h 0 A e t e l ar . Osa , or Bosa , 7 5 7 7 g , 9 44 9 5 3 i r — l eh r 0 O db ri h t 6 . G s e e 8 . , 7 g , 9 3 9 7 9 — E l m . 8 . a ar Totta , 7 5 , 9 44 9 5 3 — — i h t n P l t u n 8 0 A e th l ri I 1 0 2 1 0 8 . W o u e e 8 . e c . , or , 7 9 5 , 3 3 — — A e th el wu l f 8 1 1 8 1 6 . H ec ca 1 0 1 c . , , 4 7 5 7 — — A h l ri 1 0 8 1 0 0 . en red 8 2 8 8 . et e c C , 4 3 I I , 5 7 — G u th eard 8 6 0 8 6 2 . S fi and 1 0 o . , g , 7 1 2 R R L 4 C H ICHESTE CATHED A .

ANCIENT B U I L DI NGS I N T HE CITY .

e e e r m e e Amongst oth r inter sting archit ctu al onum nts , clos ly t h e a e ra t h e ma connected with c th d l or bishops , the following y be particularly notic e d : ’ T h e B i s h o s P a a c e an p l has interesting chapel , in which “ a small fresco of the V i rgin and Child of a n e arly date i s still

- e . m h as a e pr served The dining roo panelled wood n ceiling . ’ e The painting on it was originally exe cuted in Sh rborne s day, but it has suffered by decay and a ttempts a t resto ration since e the sixte nth century. ’ V c a r s H a l l - ea th e The i is to the south st of cathedral . C a n o n G a e e e The t is the archway in South Str t , which th e a e th e a n d e e leads to pal c , deanery , oth r buildings connect d with the cathedral . The M a rk e t C r o s s was b u ilt by Bishop Stor e y about

1 0 0 r . the year 5 (see illust ation , p ’ i S . M a r y s H o s p t a l w as founded about the middle of the t welfth century ; but the existing building dates from th e e nd o f the thirteenth century . It maintains five aged e a a n d wom n by a weekly llowance to each , with fuel medical ‘ a t e ndan e e c fre .

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AE T H E LG A R B i s H OP 1 0 6 LADY — A L 26 e xt er r 6 , , CH PE ; ; io , 9 A et h el r i c B s 1 0 6 nt er r , i hop , i io , 9 4 A s al t er m na t n 8 2 La n t n B i s 2 6 1 1 p id i io , , 9 , 4 g o , hop , , 4 Ar n e B s 2 L eo h a rd o G l b e r t d e B s 20 u d l , i ho p , 3 p ( i i hop , , E a rl f W ll a m 6 C nt es s o , i i , ; ou f 8 6 L b ra r e xt e r r 1 nt er r o , i y , io , 7 i io , 9 4 m n me n t s 8 6 L ffa R a l h d e B s 8 1 0 o u , u ( p ) , i hop , 5 , , 7 s ree n 2 6 c , 3 , 4 MA N N I N ARDI NA L 2 G , C , 9 BAR LOW BI S O 1 1 M au dde ns r b e m n me n t t o , H P , 7 , i c i d o u , Bel t w e r 0 8 l o , 3 9 B er na r i a i n t n s b M o l e n s B s 1 1 d , p i g y , 34 y , i hop , 5 B r i d eo a ke B s 1 2 0 M num e nt s i n na e 8 i n t ra n s e t s , i hop , o v , 5 p B ut t re s s e s na e 8 a n d r 6 , v , 5 choi , 9

A L S a e t o na e 2 NA V e xt er r n t e r r 8 1 CH PE dd d v , 4 E , io , 5 3 , 7 3 i io , a l a n l l e f S . a t r e N e e B s 2 0 2 1 1 0 Ch p o C h i , 9 4 vi , i hop , , 3 , f S l e me nt 8 6 o . C , f F r V i r ms 8 O R A N 0 8 8 o ou g , 5 G , 4 , M r M a a l e n 0 8 Ot t er s h 1 2 1 f S . a B o y gd , 9 , 9 , i op , S Pa n t al e n 0 f . o o , 9 ma a n E m n 8 P T S o n t h e w l 1 f SS . T s d u AI N I N a s o n o ho d d , 5 G l , 4 ; ' a t er H u s e 2 t h e a ul t s 6 Ber na r s 0 Ch p o , 7 v , 4 ; di , 34 , 9 ; ' Ch O I r e xt er r 6 — 1 n t er r 8 8 M s s L n e s 1 ( io ) , 5 7 i io , i ow d , 9 l s t er 6 2 P r e s t s u t n rt 6 C oi , o ch , w , 5 3 ; o h , 5 9 ; o h , 7 C o n s ecra t Io n 6 1 P res b t er ns t ru t e 1 , , 9 y y co c d , 7 C ns s t r u rt 8 nt er r 2 o i o y Co , 3 i io , 9 C u rt e s B I S h o 1 1 8 P l t 8 y , p , u pi , 5

DA Y BI S O 1 1 6 R D W I L L IA M BI S O 0 1 1 E , H P , 3 5 , E E ( ) , H P , 3 , 4 ; D rn f rd B s 8 R b ert 1 1 u o , i hop , 5 o , 4 R e f rmat n 6 o io , 34 , 3 FIR f 1 1 1 o f r 1 8 6 1 0 R ere s a n en t 2 8 m ern E o 4 , 5 ; 7 , , do , ci , , 43 , 47 ; od , F l n b ut t res ses 1 66 8 8 yi g , 5 , 5 7 , F nt 8 R - s reen 8 o , 5 ood c , 5 R f 6 oo , 5 G U N N I N BI S O 1 1 G , H P , 9 SACRI S T Y 6 1 0 , , 9 H AR B I S O 1 2 0 Sa m s n B s 1 1 6 E , H P , p o , i hop , H a rs n et t B s 1 1 8 S l t u re s r m a n es ue 6 , i hop , 3 5 , cu p , o q , 9 H l a r B s 1 0 8 S ee t ra n s fe r f 8 f u n a t n i y , i hop , , o , 4 , 5 , ; o d io H k Dea n h i s m n m ent f 1 0 1 oo , , o u , 97 o , 2 1 8 I NDEX .

’ S effr id d E s cu res B s 1 0 8 Tr f r m 6 , i hop , i o iu , 3 , 94

I I . B s 1 , i hop , 9 S el s ea ar e an el s fr m 6 r V AU LT ns t ru t e 1 2 , c v d p o , 9 ; chu ch co c d , a t 1 0 b s s f 1 2 , 3 ; i hop o , 3 S erb u rne B s 1 1 6 W A T S ON BI S O 1 1 8 h , i hop , 34 , , H P , S re 0 0 2 6 fa l l f 8 W e l l es S m n d e B s 2 0 1 pi . 3 , 4 , 4 , 7 ; o , 4 ( i o ) , i hop , , S t a n d B I S h O 1 0 VVil fr I t h Ar b s h 1 0 ig , p , 4 , 7 , ch i op , 3 S t re B s 1 1 W n w w e s t ea s t 6 o y , i hop , 5 i do , , 5 3 ; , 9 W i n s n a e t ra n dow , v , 5 7 , 7 3 , 7 5 ; TOW R e nt ral 2 6 0 S t a ne l a s s i n 8 E , c , 3 , 47 , 7 9 ; i d g , 9 — T w ers fa l l f 1 2 1 0 W ren S Ir C . 2 o , o , 4 , , 37 4 , , 37 , 4 S R rd 0 w es t ern 1 W . a f B s 2 , 5 , 5 5 ych ( ich o ) , i hop , ; Tra n s e t s u t 6 0 n r t 2 6 S r n e f 2 8 1 1 1 —1 1 2 p , o h , 4 , 9 ; o h , 9 , 9 h i o , , 3 5 , 9 4 , ; Trea s u r 8 t m b 6 y , 3 o , 9

’ ’ CHI S WICK PRE S S : P R I N I E D B Y CHAR L E S WHI T T I NGHA M AN D c o . T OO S COUR T C A NC RY L A N L ONDON K , H E E , ,

Opin i ons of th e Press .

F or th e r s e a t e aim e are a m ra ne and pu po which th y th y d i bly do , there are few vis itan ts to any of ou r n oble s h ri nes who will not enjoy th eir s th e e er for e n rn s e one es e e s vi it b tt b i g fu i h d with of th d lightful book , ' can b e s e n th e o ck et and arr e eas e a nd i s which lipp d i to p c i d with , yet n n m n dis ti ct a d l egibl e . A volu e s uch as that o Canterbu ry i s exa ctly a w e an and o n o u r n e s w e a e u I wh t w t, xt vi it e hop to h v it with s . t i s t r e and th e e s t e a r an d i t s n e a e ra ho oughly h lpful , vi w of h f i city obl c th d l are ea . m es m re er s er e m re an a em rar b utiful Both volu , o ov , will v o th t po y ” r s e and are — t n d r i r s r as e as e . N o es a u e es . pu po , t u two thy . w ll d lightful Q “ W e a e s o re en i n es e mns r e th e an ea h v f qu tly th colu u g d w t of ch p , e - s ra e and e - r en an s ou r a e ra s a e w ll illu t t d , w ll w itt h dbook to c th d l , to t k th e a e th e - of—a e a ns a s e ers a w e are pl c of out d t public tio of loc l book ll , th t gla d to h ear th at th ey h a ve b een taken i n han d by M essrs George B ell ’ - n S i . a m s s a z e So s . j e G T h e m es ar e an i n s z e m era e i n ri e e s ra e an d volu h dy i , od t p c , w ll illu t t d , r en i n a T h a r n w itt s cholarly S pirit . e his tory of c th ed a l a d city i s i h t el l igentl y s et forth and a ccompan ie d by a des criptiv e s urvey of th e i n al i t a h n l s e . T e s ra ns are s and e s e e e buildi g d t il illu t tio copiou w ll l ct d ,

‘ and th e s eries bids fa ir to b ecom e an indis p ensabl e compani on to th e ' r _ T z s a e a r s i n n an . nz c th d l tou i t E gl d e . T e are n e r e i n e on a er an d n a n h y ic ly p oduc d good typ , good p p , co t i n mer ra n ar e r en an r W s s s e d e ea . e s u ou illu t tio , w ll w itt , v y ch p hould imagine architects and s tuden ts of a rchitecture will b e s ure to buy th e ” f r n a n i n r m a a n s er es as e a ear o e e e rma n . i th y pp , th y co t i b i f uch v lu bl i fo tio ' ' ' ‘

B r z t z sfi A r e/z z z eet . ’ ’ e s a e ra S er es s o a m ra e e i s m re an a d escri B ll C th d l i , d i bly dit d , o th p I t b e a tion of th e va rious Englis h cath ed ra ls . will a va lu ble his torical re r and a r m s er e a s th e ar . T h e s ra ns co d , wo k of uch vic l o to chitect illu t tio are e s e e e and i n man ases n ot mere a ar e ra ra n s w ll l ct d , y c b ld chit ctu l d wi g re r ns e x s e s ne an es e i n e r rea m en but p oductio of qui it to f ci , touch d th i t t t by ” e r — S t ar fan cy and guid d by a t . . Ea ch of th em contains exa ctly th a t amoun t of information which th e n e en s r i s n o t a s e a s s a e . T h e di s i t llig t vi ito , who p ci li t, will wi h to h v s n of th e ar s ar s i s s r r n e an d th e s e i s po itio v iou p t judiciou ly p opo tio d , tyl r r a e T h e s ra n s s a r er m r an ea re e ve y ead bl . illu t tio upply fu th i po t t f tu ; th y a r n m er and A s er es ann a b e e me e both u ou s good . i which c ot f il to w lco d ” by al l who are interested i n th e eccles ias tica l buildings of Englan d . l as ow H er a l d G g . T se e er for r s es r es s na s o r for a re ho who , ith pu po of p of io l tudy cultu d ‘ ’ re rea n find e x e en th e En s a e ra s e m e c tio , it p di t to do gli h c th d l will w lco ’ ‘ ’ n s s et s i s an th e b egi n ing of Bell s Cath edra l S eries . Thi of book a em ns m re s e and i n rea er e a an th e s a tt pt to co ult, o clo ly, g t d t il th u u l - e s th e nee s s rs th e a e ra ns . T h e s er es guid book do , d of vi ito to c th d l tow i r I n ea a s nes s - e cann ot but prove ma k e dly s uccess ful . ch book bu i lik des cription i s given of th e fab ric of th e church to which th e volume

- re a es and an n eres n s r th e re a e es e. T e s are l t , i t ti g hi to y of l tiv dioc h book

en s ra e and are s ma e a ra e as e a s ns r e . pl tifully illu t t d , thu d tt ctiv w ll i t uctiv Th ey cannot but prove welcome to al l class es of readers interes ted e ith er ”— t an . r s r r i n e a r re S eo .rnz i n Engli sh Chu ch hi to y o eccl s iastic l a chitectu . Th ey h ave n othing i n common with th e a lmo s t in variably wretch ed a es s a e r a an d e r n m e rs i n th e a and loc l guid v po t bility , th i o ly co p tito qu lity e r n en s a re er x ens e an d m s rare r s ea quantity of th i co t t v y e p iv o tly wo k , ch ‘ - - T h e of a s iz e tha t s ugges ts a packin g case rath er than a coat pocket . ‘ ’ S er s are m r an m a ns n ern n s r a r Cath edra l ie i po t t co pil tio co c i g hi to y , chi t e re and ra a nd ar en for s as a e an ctu , biog phy , quite popul ough uch t k y