Power, Policies, and Algorithms-Technologies of Surveillance in the European Border Surveillance Regime

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Power, Policies, and Algorithms-Technologies of Surveillance in the European Border Surveillance Regime Power, policies, and algorithms-technologies of surveillance in the European border surveillance regime Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE (Dr. phil.) von der KIT-Fakultät für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) angenommene DISSERTATION von Georg Johannes Huber KIT-Dekan: Prof. Dr. Michael Schefczyk 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Armin Grunwald 2. Gutachter: Univ.—Prof. Dr. phil. Stefan Böschen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19.11.2020 This document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en Contents Deutschsprachige Zusammenfassung p. 5 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................. p. 20 Chapter 1: Introduction............................................................................................ p. 21 Chapter 2: Treaties, policies, and border building – the history and development of the European border regime.................................................................................. p. 29 2.1 The origins of the European border regime.............................................. p. 31 2.2 The Single European Act and the completion of the internal market....... p. 32 2.3 The Schengen Agreement......................................................................... p. 34 2.4 The policy domain of Justice and Home Affairs (the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice)............................................................................. p. 35 2.5 The Dublin Convention and the development of the Common European Asylum System...................................................................................... p. 40 2.6 The Tampere, the Hague, and the Stockholm Programmes, and the development of the CEAS p. 42 2.7 2.7 The Tampere, the Hague, and the Stockholm Programmes, and non-CEAS related JHA Affairs................................................................................ p. 47 2.8 Integrated border management................................................................. p. 54 2.9 Pushing the borders outwards – the strategy of externalization............... p. 61 2.10 The 2015 refugee crisis........................................................................... p. 66 2.11 Chapter conclusion.................................................................................. p. 77 Chapter 3: The European border surveillance regime as a power structure............. p. 80 3.1 Networks of power.................................................................................... p. 84 3.1.1 Michael Mann’s networks of power............................................. p. 84 3.1.2 G. 3.1.2 G. W. Domhoff’s Elite Rule Theory............................................. p. 90 3.2 Panoptic networks of power..................................................................... p. 99 3.2.1 Foucault’s theories of panopticism............................................... p. 99 3.3 Chapter conclusion.................................................................................. p. 112 3.3.1 The European border regime as a panoptic power structure...... p. 112 3.3.2 Competing networks of power in the European border surveillance power structure........................................................................... p. 116 3 3.3.3 Hypotheses and guiding questions for the following chapters ... p. 125 Chapter 4: Digital walls and algorithmic border gates – the European border surveillance system ....................................................................................... p. 129 4.1 The properties of the European border surveillance system ................... p. 131 4.2 Chapter conclusion ................................................................................. p. 149 Chapter 5: Indirect panopticism, power structures, and policy-making – praxes of power in the European border surveillance regime ...................................... p. 151 5.1 The European Border regime as a form of indirect panoptical power .... p. 152 5.2 5.2 The politics of the border surveillance system ....................................... p. 167 5.2.1 Putting surveillance on track – networks of power and policy initiation with regard to the European border surveillance system ................................................... ................................................. p.167 5.2.2 Resistance to mass surveillance ................................................. p. 182 5.3 Chapter conclusion ................................................................................. p. 187 Chapter 6: Conclusion ............................................................................................ p. 192 Appendix I – a note on the interviews .................................................................... p. 201 Appendix II – explanatory charts ........................................................................... p. 204 Appendix III – a note on the source material ......................................................... p. 209 Glossary ...................................................................................................................p. 211 References .............................................................................................................. p. 214 4 Deutschsprachige Zusammenfassung der vorliegenden Dissertation Power, policies, and algorithms-technologies of surveillance in the European border surveillance regime (Macht, Strategien und Algorithmen – Überwachungstechnologien im europäischen Grenzüberwachungsregime) gemäß § 12 (3) PromO der Fakultät für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie Der Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist das wachsende Grenzüberwachungsregime der Europäischen Union. Der Begriff Grenzüberwachungsregime bezeichnet das technologische Ensemble der verschiedenen Überwachungstechnologien, welche dazu dienen, das europäische Grenzregime zu implementieren und durchzusetzen. Dies umfasst komplexe Meta- Überwachungssysteme wie Eurosur (European border surveillance system – Europäisches Grenzüberwachungssystem), eine Reihe großer Datenbanken wie z. B. das Schengener Informationssystem II (SIS II) oder das Visa Informationssystem (VIS), aber auch einzelne klassische Überwachungstechnologien wie die Überwachung per Flugzeug. Überwachungstechnologien sind hier definiert als Jede Art von Technologie, die der Überwachung, Registrierung, Verhaltensanalyse, Vorhersage und Bewertung von Menschen, Tieren oder Dingen, ihres Verhaltens und ihrer Beziehungen dient. Sie kann Elemente von Entscheidungsfindung, Kontrolle und Steuerung enthalten. Das europäische Grenzregime wiederum ist hier definiert als die Summe aller Gesetze (EU- Verordnungen und -Richtlinien, nationale Gesetze), Verordnungen, Richtlinien, administrativer Regeln, Verwaltungsakten, Mikrostrategien und Makrostrategien, Institutionen, Technologien und technologischer Artefakte, welche der Aufrechterhaltung des Schengen-Regimes sowie dem Schutz der Schengen-Grenzen (EU-Grenzen und Nicht-EU-Grenzen) sowie der EU-Grenzen (Schengen- und Nicht-Schengen-Grenzen) dienen und das Ziel haben, die Passage von Menschen, Tieren und Waren über diese Grenzen zu kontrollieren. Dies umfasst den Schengen- Acquis , d. h. den gemeinsamen Besitzstand aller rechtlichen Regelungen zur Umsetzung der Schengen-Verordnung sowie alle Rechtsinstrumente zur Umsetzung des gemeinsamen Europäischen Asyl-Systems (GEAS). Die inkludiert alle staatlichen und supranationalen Behörden, Agenturen und Institutionen, die mit dem Grenzschutz sowie der Umsetzung der genannten Rechtsinstrumente betraut sind. 5 Das europäische Grenzüberwachungsregime erfuhr als Bestandteil des europäischen Grenzregimes ein signifikantes quantitatives und qualitatives Wachstum, das fortwährt. Dies betrifft die Anzahl der eingesetzten Systeme, die Anzahl der in ihnen gespeicherten Datensätze, die Ausweitung der überwachten Personenkategorien, die Art der gespeicherten Datensätze (z. B. den zunehmenden Einsatz biometrischer Daten), die Vernetzung der Systeme untereinander sowie die Qualität der Überwachung (z. B. durch den Einsatz von Scoring-Technologien). Der dadurch entstehende Umfang der Überwachung an den Schengen-Grenzen wirft die Frage auf, ob hier ein Überwachungsregime entsteht, welches im Sinne Foucaults als panoptisch zu bezeichnen ist (Foucault, M., 1995/1975, S.195-228). Diese Entwicklung der Versicherheitlichung des Grenzregimes durch Überwachungstechnologie ist untrennbar mit dem Prozess der Digitalisierung verknüpft und wirft die Frage auf, ob sich das Grenzregime als solches in einem Prozess der Digitalisierung bzw. Algorithmisierung befindet. Die Kernforschungsfrage dieser Dissertation lautet daher: Entwickelt sich das europäische Grenzregime zu einem algorithmischen Panoptikum? Die Entstehung der Grenzüberwachungsregimes als solches ist erklärungsbedürftig. Die Entwicklung des europäischen Grenzregimes war und ist ein politischer Prozess. Der Begriff des Politischen bzw. des politischen Prozesses (p olitics ) wird hier, H. D. Lasswells klassischer Definition folgend, als der Prozess definiert, der klärt, welcher Akteur im politischen Handeln „was, wann und wie bekommt“ (Hill, M., 2005, S. 13). 1 Dies inkludiert die Frage, welche Akteure ihre materiellen Interessen und normativen Vorstellungen in der politischen Auseinandersetzung durchsetzen. Die Entwicklung des Grenzüberwachungsregimes
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